Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LI M U ................................................................................................................................................ 1
CHNG 1: L LUN C BN V H THNG TI CHNH V TH TRNG TI CHNH PHI
SINH .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.1. Tng quan v th trng ti chnh phi sinh trong h thng ti chnh ................................................ 3
1.1.1. H thng ti chnh ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.1.1.1. Khi nim .............................................................................................................................. 3
1.1.1.2. Cu trc h thng ti chnh ................................................................................................... 3
1.1.1.3. Th trng ti chnh - B phn trung tm ca h thng ti chnh ......................................... 4
1.1.2. Th trng ti chnh phi sinh trong h thng ti chnh ............................................................... 7
1.1.2.1. Mt s khi nim................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.2.2. Phn loi th trng ti chnh phi sinh................................................................................. 7
1.1.2.3. Cc thnh phn tham gia th trng ti chnh phi sinh ........................................................ 9
1.1.2.4. Li th ca th trng ti chnh phi sinh ...........................................................................10
1.2. Cc cng c ti chnh phi sinh.........................................................................................................11
1.2.1. Khi nim v c im ...............................................................................................................11
1.2.2. Cc cng c ti chnh phi sinh c bn ......................................................................................11
1.2.2.1. Hp ng k hn (Forwards) ..............................................................................................11
1.2.2.2. Hp ng tng lai (Futures) ..............................................................................................12
1.2.2.3. Quyn chn (Options) .........................................................................................................14
1.2.2.4. Hp ng hon i (Swaps) ................................................................................................17
1.2.2.5. Cc cng c ti chnh phi sinh khc ..................................................................................18
1.2.3. ng dng ca cc cng c ti chnh phi sinh ...........................................................................20
1.2.3.1. Phng nga ri ro ................................................................................................................20
1.2.3.2. Cng c u c....................................................................................................................21
1.2.3.3. Cung cp thng tin hiu qu hnh thnh gi ........................................................................23
1.3. S pht trin th trng ti chnh phi sinh .......................................................................................23
1.3.1. Tnh tt yu ca vic pht trin th trng ti chnh phi sinh ...................................................23
1.3.2. Cc tiu ch nh gi s pht trin ca th trng ti chnh phi sinh .......................................25
1.3.2.1. Tnh phong ph ca cc cng c trn th trng .................................................................25
1.3.2.2. Khi lng giao dch...........................................................................................................25
1.3.2.3. S lng khch hng ...........................................................................................................26
1.3.2.4. Tnh ph bin ca hot ng ti chnh phi sinh.................................................................26
1.3.2.5. Cng ngh k thut .............................................................................................................27
i
2.3. nh gi thc trng pht trin th trng ti chnh phi sinh Vit Nam ........................................74
2.3.1. Kt qu t c ........................................................................................................................74
2.3.1.1. C quan qun l v h thng php l ..................................................................................74
2.3.1.2. n v cung cp cc hp ng ti chnh phi sinh..............................................................75
2.3.1.3. Sn phm giao dch trn th trng .....................................................................................75
2.3.1.4. Nh u t ...........................................................................................................................76
2.3.2. Hn ch v nguyn nhn ............................................................................................................76
2.3.2.1. Hn ch ...............................................................................................................................76
2.3.2.2. Nguyn nhn .......................................................................................................................77
Kt lun chng 2 ....................................................................................................................................82
CHNG 3: GII PHP PHT TRIN TH TRNG TI CHNH PHI SINH NHM HON
THIN H THNG TI CHNH GP PHN N NH NN KINH T V M VIT NAM.......... 83
3.1. Tim nng pht trin th trng ti chnh phi sinh Vit Nam ......................................................83
3.1.1. Mi trng kinh t chnh tr .......................................................................................................83
3.1.2. C hi hi nhp kinh t quc t .................................................................................................84
3.1.3. S quan tm ca cc i tng tham gia ...................................................................................85
3.2. nh hng pht trin th trng ti chnh phi sinh ........................................................................85
3.2.1. nh hng v tin pht trin................................................................................................86
3.2.2. nh hng v cu trc th trng .............................................................................................87
3.2.3. nh hng v ni dung pht trin ............................................................................................87
3.2.4. nh hng phm vi hot ng ca th trng ..........................................................................88
3.3. Mt s gii php pht trin th trng ti chnh phi sinh Vit Nam.............................................89
3.3.1. Gii php t pha qun l Nh nc ..........................................................................................89
3.3.1.1. a ra c khi nim v th trng ti chnh phi sinh ....................................................89
3.3.1.2. Hon thin h thng vn bn php l v chnh sch lin quan n ti chnh tin t ...........89
3.3.1.3. Thc y pht trin cc th trng lin quan.......................................................................91
3.3.2. Xy dng c ch phi hp hiu qu cc bn tham gia ...............................................................93
3.3.3. a dng ha sn phm v nng cao cht lng giao dch..........................................................94
3.3.4. Pht trin h thng thng tin ......................................................................................................97
3.3.5. Tng cng xy dng c s vt cht k thut............................................................................98
3.3.6. o to i ng cn b...............................................................................................................99
Kt lun chng 3 ..................................................................................................................................101
KT LUN................................................................................................................................................ 102
Danh mc ti liu tham kho ..................................................................................................................... 103
iii
Din gii
TCPS
TSCS
Ti sn c s
TTCK
NHNN
Ngn hng Nh nc
NHTM
TCTC
T chc ti chnh
TCTD
T chc tn dng
VCB
BIDV
ACB
Eximbank
Vietinbank
Techcombank
MB
Sacombank
Agribank
Ngn hng Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn Vit Nam
UBCKNN
TTGDCK
TP.HCM
Thnh ph H Ch Minh
SGX
HKFE
HKEx
OTC
Phi tp trung
iv
Ni dung
Trang
Bng 1.1
13
Bng 1.2
16
Bng 1.3
16
Bng 1.4
17
Bng 1.5
33
Bng 2.1
59
Bng 2.2
60
Bng 2.3
63
Bng 2.4
63
Bng 2.5
63
Bng 2.6
64
Bng 2.7
66
thng mi
Bng 2.8
67
mi
Bng 2.9
67
Bng 2.10
Yu t tc ng n ri ro ca doanh nghip
70
Bng 2.11
71
nghip
Bng 2.12
73
cc doanh nghip
S hiu
Biu 1.1
Ni dung
T trng s hp ng theo sn phm thi k 2005 2010
Trang
36
ti HKEx
Biu 2.1
60
Biu 2.2
60
Biu 2.3
64
Biu 2.4
64
Biu 2.5
65
Biu 2.6
65
Biu 2.7
Yu t tc ng n ri ro ca doanh nghip
70
Biu 2.8
72
nghip
Biu 2.9
73
ca cc doanh nghip
S hiu
Ni dung
Trang
S 1.1
S 1.2
S 1.3
14
S 1.4
37
S 2.1
51
Nam
vi
LI M U
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti nghin cu
T khi hi nhp vi nn kinh t th gii th nn kinh t Vit Nam lun phi
i mt vi nhng ri ro t gi v ri ro li sut v cng ln. l l do ti sao cc
cng c phi sinh trn cc ti sn ti chnh l tin t, li sut, vng vi mc ch
phng nga ri ro bt u xut hin trn th trng ti chnh Vit Nam. Th
trng ti chnh phi sinh hnh thnh v pht trin s gp phn hon thin h thng
ti chnh, tng tnh thanh khon ng thi bo him ri ro cho ton th trng. Tuy
nhin th trng ti chnh phi sinh mi ch manh nha, cha thc s pht trin
Vit Nam. Cc cng c ti chnh phi sinh cn cha c trin khai y , mc
p dng cn hn ch, c bit l cha c mt th trng ti chnh phi sinh chnh
thc. iu lm km hm s pht trin ca th trng ti chnh phi sinh, nh
hng ti qu trnh hon thin h thng ti chnh nhm pht trin n nh nn kinh
t v m. V vy pht trin th trng ti chnh phi sinh Vit Nam nhm hon
thin h thng ti chnh l mt nhu cu tt yu v rt cp thit trong bi cnh kinh
t y bin ng hin nay. Xut pht t nhng l do trn, nhm chng ti chn
ti : Pht trin th trng ti chnh phi sinh nhm hon thin h thng ti
chnh gp phn n nh nn kinh t v m Vit Nam tin hnh nghin cu.
Tnh n thi im hin ti, c mt s ti nghin cu v hot ng phi
sinh nhng cc ti mi ch dng li vic cp ti tng loi cng c ring
bit, trin khai ri rc trn tng loi th trng. Do , c th ni im khc bit
ln nht trong ti ny l chng ti tin hnh nghin cu tng quan tt c cc
cng c ti chnh phi sinh ng dng trn th trng ti chnh ng thi hng tp
trung nghin cu pht trin th trng ti chnh phi sinh trong tng th pht trin
h thng ti chnh.
2. Mc tiu nghin cu
H thng ho cc l lun c bn v h thng ti chnh v th trng ti chnh
phi sinh, cng c ti chnh phi sinh. Tm hiu v mt s th trng ti chnh phi
sinh trn th gii.
im qua v nh gi s lc qu trnh pht trin ca h thng ti chnh Vit
Nam t sau i mi. Phn tch qu trnh ra i v ng dng cc cng c ti chnh
phi sinh Vit Nam, nh gi nhng thnh tu v hn ch, qua rt ra nhng
kinh nghim pht trin th trng.
1
Ngn sch Nh
nc
Th trng ti chnh v t
chc ti chnh trung gian
Ti chnh dn c,
t chc x hi
Ti chnh i
ngoi
3
Vn
Cc t chc ti chnh
trung gian
Ngi i vay
Vn
Th trng ti
chnh
Ti chnh trc tip
1. Hng kinh
doanh
2. Chnh ph
3. H gia nh
4. Nc ngoi
Cn c vo cch thc t chc th trng giao dch: Th trng giao dch tp trung
v th trng phi tp trung.
a) Th trng giao dch tp trung (Exchange Traded Derivatives)
Th trng giao dch tp trung l ni cc sn phm TCPS c mua bn tp
trung ti mt a im nht nh hoc thng qua mng li kt ni ng truyn
n h thng my ch.
c im
- Th trng giao dch tp trung hot ng cng khai, theo quy nh ca php
lut, cc nguyn tc ca s giao dch. S giao dch l mt t chc c t cch php
nhn, c th do Nh nc thnh lp hoc do nhiu t chc t nhn thnh lp.
- Thnh vin tham gia th trng giao dch tp trung phi p ng yu cu
nht nh v ti chnh, k qu, hn mc, nng lc php lut, hnh vi i vi mi
gii vin, l ngi a cc lnh mua v bn ca khch hng vo h thng th phi
c chng ch hnh ngh theo quy nh ca php lut.
- Cc b phn cu thnh th trng giao dch tp trung gm: S giao dch l
b phn quan trng nht; trung tm thanh ton b tr; trung tm lu k; cc cng ty
mi gii TCPS.
Quy trnh giao dch trn th trng giao dch tp trung
Cc giao dch mua bn hp ng TCPS c thc hin theo nguyn tc u
gi cng khai. Khi lnh mua, lnh bn ph hp vi nhau v gi c, s lng, thi
gian th lnh s c khp. S hin din ca c quan mi gii, s giao dch, s m
bo cc lnh khp lun c thc hin. Thi gian giao dch ca cc hp ng
TCPS ti th trng tp trung thng din ra theo gi hnh chnh ca nc . V
vic giao dch cng c th c t chc thnh tng phin nu l khp lnh nh k
hoc tin hnh lin tc c ngy nu l khp lnh lin tc.
b) Th trng phi tp trung (Over The Counter Derivatives Market)
Th trng OTC l ni m cc sn phm TCPS c giao dch ti bt c u,
c th ti quy hoc qua in thoi, fax, mng Internet theo nguyn tc tho
thun trc tip gia cc bn hoc gin tip qua mi gii. Trn th trng OTC cc
8
10
12
Ban u
Duy tr
GBP
CAD
EUR
JPY
CHF
12.500.000 125.000
1.148$ 1.485$
608$
1.755$
4.590$
2.565$
850$ 1.100$
450$
1.300$
3.400$
1.900$
Thng 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12
7:20 sng n 2:00 chiu
13
Tin
Bn H
tng lai
Trung tm
thanh ton b tr
Ti sn c s
Ti sn c s
14
15
In the money
(c tin)
At the money
(ngang gi)
Out of the money
(mt tin)
Quyn chn bn
Gi th
trng
Kt qu thc
hin quyn
Khng thc
hin
Thc hin hoc
+1.000
khng
19.000
20.000
1.000
-1.000
+1.000
20.000
20.000
1.000
-1.000
21.000
20.000
1.000
0 Thc hin
22.000
20.000
1.000
1.000
16
Gi thc
hin quyn
Li nhun v thua l ca
Ph quyn nh u t
Ngi mua
Ngi bn
Kt qu
thc hin
quyn
Khng thc
+1.000
hin
Thc hin
+1.000
hoc khng
22.000
20.000
1.000
-1.000
20.000
20.000
1.000
-1.000
19.000
20.000
1.000
0 Thc hin
18.000
20.000
1.000
+1.000
17
19
Trn th trng TCPS cn xut hin rt nhiu loi cng c TCPS khng
chun nh hp ng quyn chn bt u trong tng lai - l loi hp ng ta phi
tr ngay nhng ch bt u ti thi im no trong tng lai hoc hp ng
quyn chn hn hp - hp ng da trn cc hp ng quyn chn khc.
1.2.3. ng dng ca cc cng c ti chnh phi sinh
1.2.3.1. Phng nga ri ro
Khi th trng bt n, gi c bin ng kh lng th cng c TCPS l mt
trong nhng cng c hu ch nht phng nga ri ro. Th trng TCPS cho php
nhng ngi mun hn ch ri ro chuyn giao ri ro cho nhng ngi sn sng
chp nhn, chnh l nhng nh u c. V vy, th trng ny rt c hiu qu trong
vic phn phi li ri ro gia cc thnh phn tham gia. Cng v th, h sn sng
cung cp nhiu vn hn cho th trng ti chnh, to iu kin pht trin nn kinh
t, pht huy kh nng huy ng v gim chi ph s dng vn.
Gi ca TSCS trong cc hp ng TCPS u c xc lp trc cho ngy
o hn. Ti ngy o hn:
- Vi hp ng quyn chn, ngi nm gi c th thc hin theo gi tho
thun hoc khng nu mc gi khng c li cho mnh. Bng vic tr ph mua
hp ng quyn chn, ngi mua c th gii hn c khon l ti a ca mnh
chnh bng ph quyn b ra. Vi quyn chn mua, nu gi th trng thp hn
gi thc hin th ngi nm gi khng thc hin quyn m mua TSCS theo gi th
trng. Ngc li, vi quyn chn bn, nu gi th trng cao hn th ngi nm
gi bn TSCS theo gi th trng. y l mt u im ca hp ng quyn chn.
- Vi hp ng tng lai, vic thanh ton b tr hng ngy hn ch c ri
ro bin ng t gi, li sut do cc bn c th d dng chm dt v th ca mnh.
- Vi hp ng k hn, hai bn bt buc phi thc hin nhng iu khon
k kt cho d gi trn th trng l bao nhiu. iu ny gip cc bn tham gia c
th c tnh c thu nhp hay chi ph phi b ra m khng cn tnh n s thay
i ca gi TSCS, t hn ch c ri ro bin ng gi.
20
24
a b
x100%
b
- Mc tng tuyt i =
- Tc tng tng i =
a b
x100%
b
a b
x100%
b
trng giao dch cc cng c TCPS trong ton b cc giao dch (hoc cc giao dch
ti chnh) ca nn kinh t. T trng ny c tnh theo cng thc:
X
x100%
T trng =
Y
Trong :
ng TCPS.
Y l s giao dch (s giao dch ti chnh) ca nn kinh t hay
tng doanh s t cc giao dch (giao dch ti chnh) hoc GDP.
T trng cng cao ng ngha vi cc cng c TCPS cng c ph bin. V
d, Chu u nm 2005, th trng phi sinh ng gp hn 20% tng doanh thu
ca ton b ngnh ti chnh, thm vo l to vic lm cho khong 20.000 ngi.
Nm 2006, cc nh u t phi sinh ng gp vo GDP trn 41 t Euro (0,4%).
1.3.2.5. Cng ngh k thut
Cng ngh k thut l yu t khng th thiu trong bt c th trng hin i
no, th hin mc pht trin ca th trng. Mc pht trin v tnh hin i
ca th trng th hin ch cng ngh c s dng th no v mc ng dng
cng ngh mi ph hp vi trnh pht trin ca th trng. Tiu ch ny c
nh gi trn cc yu t nh c s vt cht my mc, kh nng ng dng cc cng
ngh mi nht vo hot ng. Cng ngh cng hin i cho php vic x l cc
nghip v giao dch d dng hn, kh nng i ph vi cc nghip v phc tp tng
ln ng k, t c th lm ny sinh thm cc cng c TCPS mi.
1.3.2.6. S hon thin h thng php l
Bt k mt th trng no mun hot ng tt, bn vng u cn thit c
trang b hnh lang php l y lm nn tng cho cc hot ng. Nh vy
nh gi s pht trin ca th trng th cn c s nh gi v s hon thin ca h
thng php l. Tiu ch ny c nh gi da vo s lng vn bn c p dng;
tnh thit thc, php l ca cc vn bn i vi hot ng v tnh thng nht ca
cc vn bn vi nhau trn phm vi trong nc v th gii. Th trng pht trin
din ra nhiu hot ng giao dch phong ph a dng, quy m ln, i hi s lng
27
vn bn nhiu hn, cc vn bn lut chi tit, cp nht lin tc trnh lng tng khi
x l, trnh xy ra tranh chp hay lm c s cho vic gii quyt khi tranh chp
xy ra. Nhn vo mc chi tit, y cng nh phm vi iu chnh ca h thng
php l, ta c th nh gi c s pht trin ca mt th trng.
Tiu ch ny rt kh nh gi bi khng c mt chun mc no xc nh
tnh y v thit thc. V th, nh gi tiu ch ny ta xem xt kh nng thc
hin giao dch thng sut, thun li, mc cc mu thun tranh chp trn th
trng hay so snh vi mt s th trng khc.
1.3.3. Cc iu kin pht trin th trng ti chnh phi sinh
1.3.3.1. Nhu cu phng nga ri ro th trng
Nh phn tch trn, mt trong cc vai tr ca cng c TCPS chnh l
phng nga ri ro. Do s pht trin ca th trng TCPS lun gn cht vi nhu
cu phng nga ri ro ca cc nh u t. Cc loi ri ro bao gm ri ro h thng
nh ri ro t gi, ri ro lm pht, ri ro khng hong v ri ro phi h thng nh s
ph sn ca cc TCTD, hay mt TCTD lm n thua l... Mc ri ro ny c o
bi nhiu yu t, trong yu t chnh l s bin ng ca th trng. i vi th
trng TCPS, iu kin ny c th hn thnh s bin ng ca t gi hi oi, gi
vng, li sut
Ri ro trong kinh doanh l khng th trnh khi, t ra cu hi lm sao hn
ch ti a ri ro. Khi ri ro bt u vt ngoi tm kim sot, cc nh u t cm
thy s cn thit ca vic phng nga ri ro v h tm n th trng TCPS nh
mt phng php hiu qu nht. Nn kinh t bin ng cng mnh, nhu cu phng
nga ri ro cng ln, ko theo s gia tng s lng cc nh u t mong mun s
dng cc cng c TCPS. y l mt yu t tc ng n s pht trin ca th
trng TCPS.
Chng hn, mt nh u t tham gia giao dch c lin quan n ngoi t
khng th bit trc c trong tng lai lng ngoi t h nm gi s quy i
c bao nhiu ni t. trnh gp phi tn tht trong trng hp t gi thay i
theo hng bt li, h c th s dng cng c phi sinh tin t nh hp ng mua
28
23.431
63.640
42.658
74.961
220.474
257.157
241.906
33
nm 2010 v khi lng, ch s Hang Seng cng chim 26,5% nm 2009 v 25,5%
nm 2010. Vi cc ti sn c s l ch s th hp ng tng lai c giao dich
nhiu, ngay ch s Hang Seng c t trng hp ng quyn chn nhiu nht cng ch
chim cha n 29%. T trng hp ng quyn chn trong ti sn khc chim cha
n 20%. Ngc li, vi cc ti sn c s l c phiu th hp ng quyn chn
chim a s vi t trng ln ti 99,6%.
Biu 1.1: T trng hp ng theo sn phm thi k 2005 2010 ti HKEx
thng thanh ton v thanh ton b tr phi sinh (DCASS). y l h thng thanh
ton b tr in t hon ton t ng v c kh nng h tr nhiu loi sn phm
phi sinh.
S 1.4: C ch giao dch ti HKEx
1
Khch
hng
Giao
dch vin
6
4
HKCC
HKATS
SEOCH
5
(1): Khch hng t lnh. C 3 loi lnh l lnh u gi, lnh gii hn v lnh dng
hot ng.
(2): Giao dch vin a lnh vo th trng thng qua h thng HKATS.
(3): Lnh mua bn c khp theo gi v thi gian.
(4): Cc giao dch quyn chn c phiu th c t ng chuyn ti SEOCH cn
cc giao dch khc th ti HKCC ng k v thanh ton b tr.
(5): Sau khi x l, giao dch c chuyn v my trm HKATS.
(6): Giao dch vin thng bo cho khch hng.
HKEx thu ht c ng o cc nh u t t c nhn cho n t chc, t
cc thnh vin trong nc n cc c nhn, t chc v nh ch nc ngoi. HKEx
cn c s tham gia rt tch cc ca cc nh to lp th trng.
37
Kt lun chng 1
Vi s hi nhp su rng ca nn kinh t t nc, h thng ti chnh Vit
Nam tr thnh mt h thng m v ngy cng pht trin hon thin hn thng qua
vic xy dng v pht trin cc th trng b phn. Xy dng v pht trin th
trng ti chnh phi sinh chnh l mt bc rt cn thit trong l trnh hon thin
h thng ti chnh.
Trong phn ni dung ca chng 1, chng ti tp trung trnh by nhng l
lun c bn v h thng ti chnh, th trng ti chnh v th trng ti chnh phi
sinh nh khi nim, chc nng v vai tr, phn loi cc th trng, cc thnh phn
tham gia trn th trng, c im v ng dng ca tng loi cng c... Qua lm
r hn cc khi nim v th trng ti chnh phi sinh, cng c ti chnh phi sinh,
phn bit vi cc khi nim phi sinh khc, nh v th trng ti chnh phi sinh
trong th trng ti chnh ni chung. Bn cnh , chng ti i su phn tch nhng
iu kin pht trin th trng ti chnh phi sinh, a ra cc tiu ch nh gi s
pht trin, ng thi nghin cu m hnh th trng ti chnh phi sinh ca mt s
nc trn th gii nh Singapore v Hng Kng nhm rt ra kinh nghim pht trin
cho Vit Nam.
38
sut tho thun trong hot ng tn dng, cc TCTD xc nh li sut cho vay bng
VND trn c s cung cu vn th trng, mc tn nhim ca khch hng, c
tham kho li sut c bn do NHNN cng b. Vai tr ca li sut trong nn kinh t
c nng cao, gn li sut trong nc vo th trng khu vc v th gii to iu
kin Vit Nam ho nhp kinh t th gii.
K t y li sut trn th trng Vit Nam c nhng cung bc mi, chu
nh hng kh nhiu t li sut th trng khu vc v th gii. Nhng nm gn
y, li sut lun bin ng mt cch kh lng, c bit vo nm 2008. Tnh
chung c nm, NHNN 3 ln tng v 5 ln gim li sut c bn.
Su thng u nm 2008, li sut lin tc tng cao. Ti thng 6/2008, mc li
sut tng n 14%, mc cao nht chu , t mc 12% trc . Th trng lin
ngn hng ghi nhn mc li sut qua m neo mc 43%. Su thng cui nm,
din bin li sut li o chiu, th trng chng kin mt t thoi tro li sut.
Li sut c bn lin tc gim t 14% xung cn 8,5% vo thng 12/2008.
i vi li sut huy ng v cho vay bng ngoi t, NHNN ra Thng t
s 09/2011/TT-NHNN quy nh mc li sut huy ng ti a bng USD ch cn
3% v c hiu lc thi hnh k t ngy 13/4/2011. Qui nh tc ng mnh n
cung cu USD trn th trng, lm gim t gi trong ngn hn.
Chnh sch t gi
Qun l t gi c bc t ph k t nm 1994, khi bt u thnh lp th
trng ngoi t lin ngn hng. Qua , NHNN s cng b t gi c bn chnh thc
km theo bin dao ng cho php lm cn c xc nh t gi th trng.
Ngy 24/2/1999, Thng c NHNN ra Quyt nh s 64/1999/Q-NHNN v
Quyt nh s 65/1999/Q/NHNN ban hnh c ch iu hnh t gi bnh qun trn
th trng ngoi t lin ngn hng, vi nguyn tc c bn l t gi c xc nh
theo cung cu th trng, c s iu tit ca Nh nc.
Trc tnh hnh suy thoi kinh t quc t nh hng mnh n Vit Nam,
trong nm 2008, thc hin iu hnh chnh sch t gi, NHNN 3 ln ni bin
t gi to nn mt cn st vo gia thng 6. Ngy 10/03/2008, NHNN tng bin
40
S pht trin cn th hin ch th quan trng tham gia trn th trng lin
ngn hng l cc TCTD. D mi ch i mi trong hn 20 nm nhng Vit Nam
c nhiu loi hnh NHTM, TCTD khc cng cnh tranh pht trin p ng nhu cu
vn v dch v ti chnh cho nn kinh t. Tnh n cui nm 2010, nc ta c 5
ngn hng 100% vn nc ngoi, 48 chi nhnh ca 39 ngn hng nc ngoi, 5
ngn hng lin doanh, 37 NHTM c phn, 2 NHTM Nh nc c c phn
ho, 3 NHTM Nh nc. Bn cnh cn c Ngn hng Chnh sch x hi (thnh
lp nm 2003) vi mng li phng giao dch n tt c cc huyn th x v im
giao dch n tt c cc x trn ton quc. Ngoi ra phi k n Ngn hng Pht
trin, Qu tn dng Trung ng v 1.016 Qu tn dng Nhn dn c s. Tuy l mt
loi hnh doanh nghip cn kh mi nhng hin ti Vit Nam c 17 Cng ty ti
chnh v 13 Cng ty cho thu ti chnh. Tnh chung li, h thng ngn hng nc
ta pht trin nhanh ln ti 105 NHTM v s ng cc TCTD khc.
Khng ch c s pht trin v s lng v cc loi hnh ngn hng, cht
lng ca cc NHTM cng c s tng ln ng ghi nhn. Nng lc vn ca cc
ngn hng c ci thin r rt. Tnh n u nm 2011, c 5 NHTM Vit Nam c
s vn iu l vt 10.000 t ng (trong , Agribank c vn iu l ln ti
20.708 t ng tnh n ngy 21/02/2011); 34 NHTM c phn c vn iu l t
3.000 t ng, s cn li thp nht l 2.000 t ng. S lng cc chi nhnh, phng
giao dch cng tng ln nhanh chng, khng ch c chi nhnh trong nc m cc
ngn hng cng m rng phm vi hot ng nc ngoi. ng u l
Agribank vi 2.300 chi nhnh (tnh n 28/6/2010), BIDV 113 chi nhnh v hn
500 phng giao dch Cng ngh ngn hng cng c nng cao r rt. Mt s
ngn hng nh VCB, BIDV, Techcombank s hu nhng cng ngh tin tin
hng u trn th gii, t tiu chun quc t.
b. Th trng vn
Mt th trng quan trng, c trng cho th trng vn l TTCK. TTCK
Vit Nam c chnh thc khai sinh vo ngy 11/7/1998 theo Ngh nh s 48/NCP ban hnh v chng khon v TTCK. TTGDCK TP.HCM c thnh lp ngy
42
11/7/1998 v chnh thc i vo hot ng thc hin phin giao dch u tin vo
ngy 28/7/2000.
TTGDCK H Ni chnh thc cho i vo ngy 8/3/2005. Khc vi
TTGDCK TP.HCM vn l ni nim yt v giao dch chng khon ca cc cng ty
ln, TTGDCK H Ni l sn chi cho cc doanh nghip va v nh.
Th trng UPCoM (Th trng giao dch c phiu ca cc cng ty i chng
cha nim yt) ra i v khai trng vo ngy 24/6/2009. thi im by gi
UPCoM c 10 thnh vin tham gia, trong c 5 cng ty chng khon.
TTGDCK TP.HCM bt u i vo hot ng mi ch c 2 doanh nghip
nim yt 2 loi c phiu (REE v SAM) vi s vn 270 t ng v mt s t tri
phiu Chnh ph c nim yt giao dch. Nhng tnh n 21/4/2011, HOSE c
337 chng khon nim yt, gm 284 c phiu, 48 loi tri phiu, 5 chng ch qu.
TTGDCK H Ni tuy ra i sau nhng cng c nhng bc pht trin
nht nh. Qui m nim yt th trng tnh n 21/4/2011 c 1011 chng khon
c nim yt, trong c 379 c phiu, 510 tri phiu v 122 chng khon nim
yt trn UPCoM. Trn ton th trng c 102 cng ty chng khon thnh vin.
Trong qu trnh pht trin, d cng c nhng bc thng trm nhng TTCK
Vit Nam lun c cc nh u t trn th gii quan tm bi s pht trin nhanh
chng v t ph ca th trng ny. iu ny c ghi nhn khi vo gia nm
2006, TTCK Vit Nam t mc tng trng 60% v tr thnh im c tc tng
trng nhanh th 2 th gii. Lut Chng khon c hiu lc t ngy 01/01/2007
gp phn thc y th trng pht trin v tng cng kh nng hi nhp vo th
trng ti chnh quc t. Tnh cng khai, minh bch ca cc t chc nim yt c
tng cng. Nm 2007, VN-Index t nh 1.170,67 im, HASTC-Index chm
mc 459,36 im. Nm 2009, trong giai on hu khng hong, TTCK trong nc
cng t c bc tin di khi VN-Index t tc tng ln th 8 trong
tng s 89 ch s chng khon quan trng trn th gii khi tng c 46% so vi
thi im u nm 2009. V TTCK Vit Nam cng c nh gi l im sng n
tng khi c tc phc hi nhanh nht Chu .
43
c. Th trng vng
Th trng vng Vit Nam thi gian qua c nhng bc thng trm ng
ghi nh. T trc nm 2007, th trng vng kh n nh nhng do nhng bt n
kinh t m th trng vng bin ng mnh m. T n nay gi vng lun
trong tnh trng nng st v lun cao hn gi th trng th gii. Th trng vng
lun lp k lc mi, gi vng trong nc tng lin tc v t nh l 38,2 triu
ng/1 lng. V nm 2010 va qua c v l mt nm ging bo ca gi vng
khi c thi im ch sau mt m gi vng gim 1,5 triu ng/1 lng vo u
thng 2 hay th trng phi chng kin cn in lon ca gi vng khi n lin
tc lp cc k lc mi 33,34 ri 35 triu ng ch trong 1 tun l. Giao dch trn th
trng vng trong nc hin nay l mua, bn kinh doanh vng vt cht v huy ng
di hnh thc pht hnh giy t c gi, cho vay vng ch tc, kinh doanh trang
sc. Cc giao dch din ra n l, khng c sn giao dch tp trung. Vng khng
cn l vn nh ca cc nh kinh doanh, m ang thc s tr thnh mt bin s
th trng c kh nng chi phi c tit kim, u t, cn cn thanh ton, d tr
ngoi t v hiu qu s dng vn ca nn kinh t.
2.1.1.3. nh gi chung v h thng ti chnh Vit Nam hin nay
H thng ti chnh Vit Nam nhn chung c nhng bc pht trin ln t
sau ci cch. Chng ta c mt nn kinh t vn hnh theo c ch th trng. Li
sut, t gi tr thnh nhng bin s kinh t ht sc nhy cm c dng o sc
kho ca nn kinh t. Khng ch vy, li sut v t gi cng chu nhiu tc ng
ca th trng khu vc v th gii. Do vy ri ro v t gi v ri ro li sut ngy
cng gia tng v c qui m nh hng ngy cng su rng hn n nn kinh t. Bn
cnh , vi thc trng gi vng bin ng khng gii hn trong giai on hin
nay, kt hp vi mt th trng c t l la ho cao nh Vit Nam th ri ro v
cng ln. Khi gi vng trong nc tng cao hn gi vng th gii, nhu cu li vt
qu cung s lm tng nhu cu v USD nhp khu vng, lm cho t gi gia tng.
Tuy nhin Nh nc li qun l cht ch vn nhp khu vng, do vy dn n
hot ng nhp lu. T cng tc ng mnh n th trng ch en, vn t
44
48
Th trng ti
chnh phi
sinh Vit Nam
C quan qun
l
Ngn hng
nc ngoi
Cc t chc
ti chnh
Ngn hng
thng mai
T chc ti
chnh khc
Nh u t
T chc
C nhn
51
php cung cp, loi ng tin c php giao dch, k hn giao dch cng nh tiu
chun ca cc bn trong hp ng hay quy trnh thc hin hp ng...
M u s pht trin th trng TCPS bng vic cho ra i cng c hon i,
NHNN dn dn m rng quy m th trng khi cp php cho ngy cng nhiu
TCTC thc hin cc loi hp ng TCPS, trc ht l cp php th im cc giao
dch nh quyn chn ngoi t vi ngoi t ti Eximbank nm 2002, quyn chn
ngoi t vi ni t ACB nm 2005. Ht thi gian th im, NHNN cho php cc
TCTC thc hin rng ri cc nghip v ny. Tuy nhin, nhn thy bi hc kinh
nghim ca M nm 2008 khi th trng phi sinh to bong bng nh t v gy
nn cuc khng hong nghim trng, NHNN vn ht sc e d trong vic trin khai
cc hot ng TCPS. NHNN ch ng cp php nu cc ngn hng c xut v
c k hoch trin khai hp l. Vic cp php ca NHNN s ty theo tng trng
hp c th.
Bn cnh vic cp php cho cc TCTC thc hin cc hp ng TCPS,
NHNN cng thng xuyn theo st th trng kp thi ban hnh nhng vn bn
hn ch hoc cm nhng giao dch khng ph hp vi s pht trin hin ti ca th
trng TCPS Vit Nam. V d, nm 2009, NHNN ban hnh quyt nh s 1820 v
vic cm giao dch quyn chn ng.
2.2.1.2. Cc t chc ti chnh
Cc ngn hng thng mi, ngn hng nc ngoi v chi nhnh ngn hng
nc ngoi ti Vit Nam
Cc NHTM Vit Nam tham gia vo th trng vi vai tr chnh l cung cp
cc sn phm TCPS cho khch hng c nhu cu. Vi vai tr ny, cc NHTM khng
thc hin u t hay phng nga ri ro cho bn thn ngn hng m tin hnh kinh
doanh tm kim li nhun t cc khon ph hay t chnh lch t gi mua v bn
ngoi t. Cc NHTM h tr khch hng s dng cc sn phm TCPS, gii thiu chi
tit khch hng hiu r hn v cc sn phm; t vn khi khch hng quyt nh
s dng; tr gip v php l i vi nhng giao dch cha c tin l. Trong cc
52
54
55
Lin bang M cng b. T gi gia cc ngoi t khc vi VND hay gia cc ngoi
t vi nhau s da trn c s tha thun gia NHTM v khch hng.
Nhm hn ch ri ro i tc cho hp ng, mt s ngn hng yu cu khch
hng t cc hay k qu. V d ACB quy nh t l k qu 5% gi tr hp ng k
hn vng; Sacombank yu cu khch hng t cc x% (quy nh theo tng thi k)
tnh trn gi tr hp ng; hay Eximbank, GPBank khch hng phi k qu 3%
gi tr hp ng cho cc giao dch USD/VND v t 7 10% gi tr hp ng cho
cc giao dch c loi ngoi t khc.
2.2.2.2. Hp ng hon i
Hp ng hon i c NHNN cho php giao dch sm nht vo nm 1997
vi s ra i ca hp ng hon i ngoi t vi VND gia NHNN v cc NHTM
trn th trng ngoi t lin ngn hng v sau mt nm l hp ng hon i li
sut. Hp ng hon i pht trin mnh vi TSCS l tin t v li sut. Hp ng
hon i ngoi t v VND c khch hng la chn tng i nhiu. Hp ng
hon i li sut c pht trin mnh hn nhiu hp ng k hn li sut c bit
l gia cc NHTM trn th trng lin ngn hng.
Hin nay, hp ng hon i tin t v li sut c hu ht cc NHTM
Vit Nam cung cp, c th k n nh VCB, BIDV, Techcombank, Vietinbank,
Eximbank, Sacombank, MB, Agribank... i tng hp ng hon i ch yu l
cc doanh nghip, TCTC hoc cc t chc c php kinh doanh ngoi hi, giao
dch vi cc khch hng c nhn hu nh cha c. Hp ng hon i vng cho
n nay mi ch c Sacombank cung cp.
Thi hn ca hp ng hon i thng t 3 n 365 ngy hu ht cc
NHTM. Nguyn tc thanh ton hp ng hon i li sut l s tin gc khng
phi trao i, khng phi tr ph, s tin thanh ton c tnh da trn mc li sut
chnh lch gia c nh v th ni vo ngy thanh ton (nhn vi vn gc). Mc k
qu tng t vi hp ng k hn.
56
58
864.115
3.598.999
4.683.591
2.026.942
Sacombank
785.076
3.017.613
10.667.104
2.736.337
4.213.649
9.293.549
8.952.471
62.741.556
ACB
59
Nm
780
1251,27
3088,85
1668,5
Eximbank
30000000
Sacombank
ACB
20000000
10000000
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2007
2008
2009
Hai biu trn cho thy xu hng pht trin ca th trng TCPS Vit
Nam: tng trng u n t nm 2006 n nm 2008, 2009, sau th trng c
xu hng gim xung. Hu ht cc ngn hng c tc tng trng kh tt. T
nm 2007 n nm 2009, doanh s giao dch ca Eximbank tng hn 4 ln, t
xp x 4,7 t VND. Sacombank cn t mc tng n tng hn vi con s gn 11
nghn t VND, gp hn 13 ln so vi nm 2007. BIDV cng t vi mc tng gn
60
62
2007
(1)
2008
(2)
(1)
2009
(2)
(1)
2010
(2)
(1)
(2)
K hn
2.621,5 55,97
535 26,39
Hon i
623,9 72,2
2.062,1 44,03
1.491,9 73,61
Quyn chn
Tng
1.243 34,54
11,7
0,32
864,1
100
3.599
100
4.683,6
100 2.026,9
100
2007
(1)
2008
(2)
(1)
785,1 100
2009
(2)
0 2.451,2 81,23
Quyn chn
Tng
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
737,9
6,92
225,9
8,26
561,1 18,59
Hon i
5,4
0,18
2010
100 10.667,1
100 2.736,3
100
2007
(1)
2008
(2)
(1)
2009
(2)
(1)
2010
(2)
K hn
Hon i
22.577 35,98
2.913
4,64
132
Tng lai
0 3.170
35,5
Hon i li sut
0 1.878 20,98
3.851
6,14
100 62.741
100
4.214
100 9.293
955 10,67
(2)
Quyn chn
Tng
1,42
(1)
100 8.953
33.400 53,24
2006
2007
ng
(1)
K hn
780
100
Hon i
Tng
780
(2)
(1)
2008
2009
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
970
88,32
2710
90,6
1290
77,31
128,26
11,68
281,27
9,4
378,9
22,69
100 2991,27
100
1668,9
100
100 1098,26
(2)
100
100
80
80
Quyn chn
60
Hon i
K hn
40
20
Quyn chn
60
Hon i
40
K hn
20
0
2007 2008 2009 2010
0
2007 2008 2009 2010
64
80
60
Hon i li
sut
90
Tng lai
70
Quyn chn
40
Hon i tin t
80
60
Hon i
50
K Hn
40
30
20
K hn
20
10
0
2007 2008 2009 2010
2008
Ngn Hng
2009
(1)
(2)
MB
66,1
Vietinbank
74,8
Phng Nam
36,7
BIDV
363,3
(3)
(1)
(2)
2010
(3)
(2)
NA NA
(3)
NA
(1)
NA NA
NA
NA NA
NA
66
Bng 2.8: Chi ph hot ng phi sinh tin t ca mt s ngn hng thng mi
2008
Ngn
Hng
(1)
MB
(2)
2009
(3)
Vietinbank
Phng Nam
BIDV
(1)
2010
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
NA
NA
NA
42,3
2,9 967,2
0,30
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2008
2009
2010
MB
30,3
-54,7
NA
Vietinbank
-120
-165,9
-309,5
Phng Nam
36,7
346,3
NA
237,9
-171,7
NA
BIDV
Doanh thu
Doanh thu t cc cng c phi sinh tin t l tng tt c cc ngun thu nhp
t hot ng phi sinh tin t bao gm: ph trung gian, mi gii; thu nhp t chnh
lch t gi, li sut, gi c gia cc th trng; thu t hot ng t doanh, u c.
T s liu bng thng k kt hp vi phng vn trc tip mt s cn b kinh
doanh ngoi t ca cc ngn hng nh ACB, Eximbank, VCB... nhm nghin cu
nhn thy doanh thu t hot ng TCPS ca cc ngn hng c xu hng bin ng
67
68
Yu t
im 2
im 3
Tng
Trung bnh
Li sut
23
17
45
85
2,258824
T gi
20
32
33
85
2,158824
Nguyn liu
42
36
85
1,588235
Biu 2.7: Yu t tc ng n ri ro
ca doanh nghip
1.588235294
Nguyn liu
2.152941176
T gi
2.258823529
Li sut
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
im 1
im 2
im 3
Tng
Trung bnh
30
50
85
2,529412
Hon i
29
31
25
85
1,952941
Quyn chn
20
33
32
85
2,141176
Tng lai
14
40
31
85
2,2
71
2,2
Quyn chn
Hon i
2,141176471
1,952941176
K hn
2,529411765
72
im 0
im 1
im 2
Tng
Trung bnh
K hn
10
34
21
85
1,364706
Hon i
25
37
23
85
0,976471
Tng lai
60
25
85
0,294118
Quyn chn
19
40
26
85
1,082353
Tng lai
Hon i
K hn
1.082352941
0.294117647
0.976470588
1.364705882
hn, t gi hon i... Qua cc vn bn php l, NHNN quy nh quy trnh thc
hin giao dch TCPS v nhng yu t cn thit trong hp ng TCPS gia cc bn
i tc. Mt kt qu ng ghi nhn l NHNN ban hnh ch k ton i vi
cc hp ng phi sinh tin t v ch bo co ti chnh ca cc TCTD to iu
kin cho khch hng cng nh n v cung cp dch v c c s v phng php
hch ton thng nht, ph hp vi iu kin th trng hin ti.
2.3.1.2. n v cung cp cc hp ng ti chnh phi sinh
Hin nay, rt nhiu NHTM Vit Nam cung cp dch v TCPS cho khch
hng in hnh nh Agribank, Techcombank, BIDV, Vietinbank, Eximbank,
VCB... Ngoi ra cn c s tham gia ca cc TCTC khc nh cng ty ti chnh,
ngn hng 100% vn u t nc ngoi. Mi n v cung cp la chn cho mnh
danh mc dch v hp php ph hp vi iu kin ca mnh. Nh cc th trng
khc, th trng TCPS vi nhiu nh cung cp hng ti mt th trng cnh tranh.
2.3.1.3. Sn phm giao dch trn th trng
Giao dch u tin m u s pht trin ca th trng TCPS Vit Nam l
giao dch hon i gia NHNN v cc NHTM. Th trng ngy cng phong ph
hn vi s ra i ca nhiu loi cng c TCPS vi nhiu loi TSCS khc nhau v
cho n nay, trn th trng c mt hu nh y cc loi sn phm TCPS ch
yu. Vi hp ng hon i c hon i tin t, hon i li sut, hon i vng.
Hp ng k hn cng c nhng TSCS tng t. i vi hp ng quyn chn
c mt hp ng quyn chn ngoi t vi ngoi t, hp ng quyn chn ngoi t
vi VND tuy nhin quyn chn USD v VND b cm giao dch, hp ng quyn
chn li sut v c c hp ng quyn chn vng. i vi ti sn l giy t c gi,
c mt loi giao dch ang c trn th trng l giao dch k hn do cng ty ti
chnh in lc Vit Nam cung cp. Mt s loi phi sinh chng khon nh quyn
mua trc, hay quyn chn chng khon cng c mt trn th trng nhng xut
hin ch trong mt thi gian ngn sau b UBCKNN cm do cc n v cung cp
thc hin nhng nghip v kinh doanh khng c php v vi phm iu 33
Lut Chng khon ngoi S giao dch chng khon, trung tm giao dch chng
75
khon, khng t chc, c nhn no c php t chc th trng giao dch chng
khon. Nn n nay, th trng TCPS Vit Nam vng bng cc sn phm phi
sinh chng khon.
2.3.1.4. Nh u t
Hin nay trn th trng nhng thnh phn quan tm n cc cng c TCPS
nh l mt cng c phng nga ri ro v li sut, t gi. Trong s ny, phn ln
l doanh nghip v cc nh ch ti chnh, khch hng c nhn th cha nhiu v c
nhng sn phm NHTM khng cung cp cho khch hng c nhn. nh gi thc
trng ca khch hng tham gia in hnh l doanh nghip th c mt b phn
nh doanh nghip am hiu r v cc cng c TCPS v mt s am hiu mc
trung bnh. V cng c mt t l nh cc doanh nghip thng xuyn s dng cc
hp ng TCPS vi mc ch phng nga ri ro.
2.3.2. Hn ch v nguyn nhn
2.3.2.1. Hn ch
Th trng TCPS Vit Nam mi pht trin nhng bc i u tin, c
nh gi l mt th trng cha pht trin v cn thua km rt nhiu so vi cc th
trng trn th gii. Hn ch ca th trng TCPS Vit Nam c nhng biu hin c
th sau:
Sn phm n iu, khng phong ph, ch c mt vi sn phm truyn thng.
Cc sn phm ch yu nh hp ng k hn v hp ng hon i. Th trng
quyn chn cha pht trin, hp ng quyn chn khng ph bin cc ngn hng,
bn cnh li cm giao dch quyn chn gia USD v VND. Ngoi ra, trong giao
dch quyn chn, NHNN ch cho php cc NHTM ng vai tr l bn bn quyn
chn ch khng c l mua quyn chn t cc c nhn v t chc kinh t khc.
iu ny nh hng ti mc si ng ca th trng. c bit l th trng
TCPS Vit Nam cha c hp ng tng lai. Cc TSCS cn t, ch yu l tin t v
li sut, vng chim t trng nh, giao dch phi sinh chng khon cha c php
giao dch.
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81
Kt lun chng 2
Trong chng 2, phn u trnh by s lc v qu trnh pht trin ca h
thng ti chnh t sau i mi, din bin iu hnh cc chnh sch tin t ca
NHNN v thc trng th trng ti chnh Vit Nam t nm 2008 n nay. Cc th
trng ngy cng pht trin nhng khng c ngha l khng tn ti ri ro bi bt k
hot ng kinh doanh no cng tim n cc ri ro . H thng ti chnh cng gn b
cht ch vi h thng ti chnh ton cu th nhng ri ro v t gi, li sut ngy
cng gia tng, thc y nh u t khng ngng tm kim cc cng c phng nga
ri ro ph hp cho mnh.
Ni dung ca chng tp trung nghin cu v qu trnh trin khai v thc
trng ng dng cng c ti chnh phi sinh Vit Nam thng qua vic i su phn
tch cc chnh sch qun l v hot ng lin quan n hot ng phi sinh, phn
tch v nh gi mc pht trin ca th trng da trn s lng cc loi sn
phm ti chnh phi sinh c p dng, doanh s sn phm, li nhun t gc
ca cc t chc ti chnh cung cp cc sn phm v cc doanh nghip s dng cc
sn phm . Do tnh phc tp ca cc cng c ti chnh phi sinh v s non tr
ca th trng nn trong qu trnh trin khai khng trnh khi nhng tn ti v hn
ch bn cnh nhng thnh tu bc u. Nhng hn ch v nguyn nhn c
lm r trong phn trnh by lm c s a ra nhng gii php ng n ph hp
xy dng thnh cng th trng ti chnh phi inh Vit Nam.
82
pht trin th trng TCPS cn phi c tin hnh cng sm cng tt, pht trin
ton din, bn vng v theo xu hng hin i, hi nhp vi quc t. Vit Nam,
do quy m th trng cn hn hp nn rt kh c th pht trin th trng TCPS
c lp. V vy, phi pht trin mt th trng phi sinh chung cho c hot ng
phi sinh ti chnh v hot ng phi sinh hng ha. S kt hp ca hai nhm
TSCS s mang n s phong ph cho th trng, ng thi trnh c s pht trin
nh l, manh mn, pht trin mt th trng chung c quy m ln, sc ng
vng trc cc sc p. Trong , mc tiu c th chnh l phi xy dng v pht
trin th trng giao dch tp trung. ng thi hon thin h thng qun l hot
ng TCPS c hiu qu.
3.2.1. nh hng v tin pht trin
Theo kin ca nhm nghin cu, c th chia qu trnh pht trin th trng
TCPS nc ta thnh 2 giai on:
Giai on 1: T nay n khi xy dng xong S giao dch tp trung. Trong
giai on ny, bc u phi xy dng tin cho th trng TCPS tp trung, ng
thi tip tc pht trin cc nghip v TCPS ang c thc hin mc tiu to dng
c s, nn tng vng chc cho qu trnh pht trin th trng TCPS tip sau ny.
y l giai on Nh nc a ra chin lc pht trin, c th ha thnh cc k
hoch chi tit. Nhim v chnh l u t xy dng c s vt cht k thut, ngun
nhn lc cho th trng tp trung, ct li ca th trng TCPS. Cc TCTC tip tc
cung cp v pht trin cc sn phm TCPS, a sn phm ny i su vo cc hot
ng kinh t, to c hi cho cc nh u t lm hiu bit r rng hn.
Giai on 2: K t khi S giao dch tp trung ra i. Ni dung ca giai on
ny l pht trin th trng TCPS, mc tiu trin khai giao dch TCPS ti S giao
dch tp trung, ng thi cng c v pht trin hot ng ca th trng OTC.
Nhim v ca giai on ny l hon thin th ch chnh sch cho th trng tp
trung, cc tiu chun v giao dch v sn phm.
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88
93
nghim v giao dch sn phm tng lai nhm gp kin cho cc c quan xy
dng th trng giao dch tp trung, ng thi nng cao nghip v cho vic tham
gia vo S giao dch tp trung khi hon thnh. Bn cnh , sn phm tng lai
c a vo th trng s gip cc nh u t lm quen d trin khai khi th
trng tp trung ra i. Nh nc cng nn cho php cc cng ty chng khon, cc
TCTC pht trin nghip v kinh doanh mt s sn phm TCPS v chng khon
nh quyn mua trc c phiu, quyn chn c phiu, quyn chn tri phiu, mua
bn trc hn tri phiu Nhng ch c trin khai cc sn phm m Nh nc
c th qun l c mc bin ng ca gi, trnh c tnh trng lm gi. ng
thi trc mt ch nn cho trin khai trn quy m nh, chu s qun l cht ch, ti
mt s t TCTC yu cu v vn, v uy tn.
n giai on hai, khi th trng giao dch tp trung ra i, cc nh qun l
cn a ra h thng cc sn phm TCPS c php giao dch trn S giao dch tp
trung v cc iu khon thc hin cc giao dch . Cc sn phm mi nn c
a dng c v hnh thc (hon i, quyn chn, tng lai) v TSCS (tin t, li
sut, vng, ch s chng khon, chng khon). Trong khong thi gian u, do
th trng TCPS tp trung mi pht trin nn cn nhiu kh khn, v th khng nn
trin khai ng thi tt c cc loi sn phm cng mt lc m ch nn thc hin mt
vi sn phm c tnh an ton cao v kh nng pht trin cao. Tp trung pht trin
cc hp ng tng lai trc do hp ng tng lai c tnh chun ha cao, ri ro
thp. Sn phm tng lai tin trin tt s ko theo c s pht trin ca cc cng
c nh quyn chn, hon i. Trong giai on ny, cc cng c nh hon i,
quyn chn s giao dch ch yu th trng OTC.
Cc sn phm chng khon cng l mt hng i tt bi pht trin mt hng
ny s gp phn lm tng tnh thanh khon ca TTCK Vit Nam. Theo nh hng
ca Nh nc th th trng TCPS nc ta s th nghim sn phm phi sinh ch s
chng khon. Trn th gii, y l loi sn phm TCPS cao cp nht. Tuy vy, vic
pht trin sn phm ny Vit Nam s i hi rt nhiu yu t. Ti Vit Nam, cc
sn phm v chng khon v ch s chng khon rt nhy cm v chu s chi phi,
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97
ph bin cng nh cht lng dch v TCTC ni mnh nh giao dch v la chn
n v cung cp dch v ph hp.
Tng cng h thng thng tin gip thc hin cc nghip v, k c trong v
ngoi nc
quy trnh thc hin cc giao dch TCPS tr nn n gin hn, tit kim
thi gian v chi ph cho cc bn tham gia, cn to si dy lin kt thng tin gia
cc TCTC cung cp dch v trn th trng TCPS trong nc. Tip sau l khng
ngng pht trin v m rng h thng kt ni gia cc TCTC Vit Nam vi cc
TCTC th gii, thu ht cc nh u t nc ngoi ng thi to iu kin nh
u t trong nc tham gia vo th trng TCPS th gii, tn dng mi ngun lc
thc y th trng pht trin, a dng ho sn phm cng nh i tng khch
hng. Bn cnh , th trng TCPS Vit Nam nhanh chng hi nhp vi th gii,
nng cao cht lng nghip v, nng ng hn trong cc mi quan h, tin ti hnh
thnh uy tn v v th trn trng quc t. Vi v th mi hnh thnh v cn yu
km, th trng TCPS Vit Nam thc s cn thit phi c lin h cht ch vi cc
th trng trn th gii, t cc th trng khu vc nh Malaysia, Thi Lan,
Singapore n cc th trng chu lc nh Hn Quc, Hng Kng v c cc
th trng khc nh M, Chu u hc tp kinh nghim, m hnh ca h, ng
dng vo thc t nc ta.
3.3.5. Tng cng xy dng c s vt cht k thut
Trn th trng TCPS OTC, cc giao dch din ra vi tnh linh hot v t do
cao, ti cc a im khc nhau, thng l ti cc TCTC nh ngn hng, cng ty
chng khon Cc TCTC Vit Nam cng c trang b cng ngh thng tin
tng i hin i, kt ni mng Internet rng khp phc v cc giao dch thng
thng cng nh cc giao dch TCPS. V vy, c th tn dng nhng c s sn c
v thng xuyn cp nht cc cng ngh mi, nghin cu phn mm ng dng mi
vo cc giao dch TCPS nhm p ng cc hot ng ngy cng phc tp.
Nhanh chng tin hnh xy dng S giao dch tp trung. u t vo cc
cng ngh phc v cho mt S giao dch hin i, t h thng my tnh n h
98
nhn vin giao dch thnh tho chuyn mn, nng ng, nhy bn, am hiu nghip
v v thc t th trng nng cao cht lng phc v khch hng.
Tp trung bi dng lc lng cn b sn c i i vi vic xy dng i
ng cn b mi. Nhm phc v cho yu cu xy dng v pht trin th trng
nhanh chng trong mt vi nm na, tt nht l tranh th tn dng kinh nghim v
kin thc ca i ng sn c pht trin sn phm v m rng th trng. Hn
na, cc cn b kinh t, c bit l cc cn b chng khon, cc nhn vin kinh
doanh ngoi t chuyn sang lm hot ng TCPS s nhanh chng tip cn v
thch nghi vi th trng, trong ngn hn t hiu qu cao hn l nhng nhn vin
mi c o to. ng thi o to bi bn i ng cn b mi tr trung, nng
ng, chuyn su nghip v phc v cho mc tiu pht trin lu di. Lc lng
lao ng tr trung, nng ng, sng to, nhit tnh, d dng thch ng vi iu kin
lm vic v cng ngh mi, nu c o to tt v tch ly thm kinh nghim s
tr thnh lc lng nng ct ca qu trnh pht trin khng ch ca th trng
TCPS nc ta. thch ng kp thi cc bin ng ca th trng, cc c quan
ch qun cn thng xuyn t chc cc kha o to chuyn su, cp nht v b
sung kin thc mi cho cn b. Phi kt hp o to chuyn mn v o c.
hc tp kinh nghim t cc th trng TCPS nc ngoi, cc c quan
qun l v TCTC cn tranh th nhng c hi c cc b c nng lc sang nc
ngoi hc tp v lm vic, t chc cc cuc kho st cc S giao dch tp trung
pht trin mt s nc trn th gii. Bn cnh , khuyn khch i ng cn b
pht huy tnh ch ng sng to trong tm hiu kin thc, chn lc ph hp vi
thc trng Vit Nam trnh tnh trng p dng mt cch ch quan duy ch.
T chc cc bui hi tho phm vi trong nc v quc t cng l mt gii
php tt. Gn y, Nh nc t chc kh nhiu cc cuc hi tho v vn th
trng phi sinh, c s tham gia ca cc chuyn gia nc ngoi. y l c hi tt
cho cc nhng ngi quan tm gp g trao i kinh nghim vi nhau, hc hi thm
nhng kin thc mi, cc chuyn gia ng gp cc kin cho vic xy dng v
hon thin. M rng quy m ca hi tho, thu ht thm nhiu cc nh u t bi
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101
KT LUN
Pht trin cc cng c ti chnh phi sinh l mt xu th tt yu ca th trng
ti chnh th gii ngy nay.
Trong chng 1, bi nghin cu a n ci nhn tng quan v th trng ti
chnh phi sinh trong h thng ti chnh v cung cp nhng kin thc c bn nht
v cng c ti chnh phi sinh. y cng chnh l nhng c s l lun lm nn tng
cho vic i su phn tch v nh gi thc trng pht trin th trng ti chnh phi
sinh a ra cc gii php.
Ni dung ch yu ca chng 2 l phn tch thc trng pht trin ca th
trng ti chnh phi sinh trong tng th h thng ti chnh. Trong , bi nghin
cu i su vo phn tch cc chnh sch qun l ca Nh nc, nh gi s pht
trin ca th trng. Vic phn tch nhm a ra nhng hn ch v nguyn nhn
cng nh nhng trin vng ca th trng lm c s thc tin cho cc gii php
pht trin.
chng 3, nhm nghin cu a ra tim nng pht trin th trng ti
chnh phi sinh. Trn c s , xut nhng nh hng v gii php pht trin
th trng ti chnh phi sinh Vit Nam. Nhng nh hng ny c xy dng
nhm a ra l trnh r rng ph hp vi chnh sch pht trin ca Nh nc cho
qu trnh pht trin th trng ti chnh phi sinh. Cng vi l nhng gii php
c th v cn thit nhm pht trin nhanh chng v vng mnh th trng ti chnh
phi sinh, hon thin h thng ti chnh gp phn n nh nn kinh t v m.
D c gng nhng do thi gian nghin cu cng nh kh nng v kinh
nghim ca nhm nghin cu cn nhiu hn ch nn ni dung bi nghin cu
khng trnh khi nhng khim khuyt v sai st. Chng ti rt mong nhn c s
thng cm v nhng ng gp kin t ngi c. Tuy nhin, chng ti cng hi
vng nhng ni dung c bi nghin cu c th phn no cung cp ci nhn tng
quan v th trng ti chnh phi sinh Vit Nam cho nhng ngi quan tm, nhng
gii php xut s gp phn pht trin th trng ti chnh phi sinh ni ring v
h thng ti chnh ni chung bn vng nhm n nh kinh t v m, pht trin t
nc.
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103
PH LC
1.1. C CU T CHC SGX
c lp T do Hnh phc
PHIU IU TRA
Pht trin th trng ti chnh phi sinh Vit Nam
Lu :
Khng
2. Theo anh, ch hot ng ti chnh phi sinh Vit Nam bt u pht trin t
bao
gi?.........................................................................................................
...........
nay..........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
4. Hin nay, nhng cng c ti chnh phi sinh no ang c giao dch trn th
trng Vit Nam? Anh ch c th c lng t trng ca loi sn phm ?
(nh s t 1 n 5 cho t trng sn phm gim dn v ghi con s c lng
ca anh, ch vo bn di)
Forwards
T trng
Futures
Swaps
Options
Structures
..
5. Anh, ch c th cho bit cc ti sn c s c p dng v con s c lng
chung ca anh ch v t trng ti sn c s ? ( nh s t 1 n 5 cho t
trng gim dn v ghi con s c lng ca anh, ch vo bn cnh)
Th t
T trng
Tin t
C phiu
Tri phiu
Li sut
Vng
6. Hin ti Qu Ngn hng ang thc hin nhng sn phm phi sinh no?
Futures
Swaps
Options
Structures
Li sut k hn (FRA)
.
9. Mc ch chnh ca cc doanh nghip v ngn hng khi tham gia vo th
trng ti chnh phi sinh l g?
Doanh nghip
Ngn hng
- Phng nga ri ro
- u c
- u t
- Kinh doanh
- Mc ich khc
- nh gi chung
.
...
11. Theo anh, ch nh gi, vic pht trin cc hot ng ti chnh phi sinh v
th trng ti chnh phi sinh Vit Nam hin nay ang gp nhng kh khn
ro cn g? .
.
........
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
..........................................................................
12. Theo anh, ch, thi gian ti nn pht trin loi sn phm ti chnh phi sinh
no?
Forwards
Structures Khc
Tin t
Li sut
C phiu
Tri phiu
Vng
Loi khc
..
13. Vit Nam c nn pht trin cc sn phm ti chnh phi sinh v chng khon
hay khng?
C
Khng
..
..
.
Xin chn thnh cm n s gip nhit tnh ca anh, ch v Qu Ngn hng!
PHIU IU TRA
Pht trin th trng ti chnh phi sinh Vit Nam
Lu :
Khng
2. Theo anh, ch hot ng ti chnh phi sinh Vit Nam bt u pht trin t
bao gi?..............................................................................................................
...........
4. Hin nay, nhng cng c ti chnh phi sinh no ang c giao dch trn th
trng Vit Nam? Anh ch c th c lng t trng ca loi sn phm ?
(nh s t 1 n 5 cho t trng sn phm gim dn v ghi con s c lng
ca anh, ch vo bn di)
Forwards
T trng
Futures
Swaps
Options
Structures
..
5. Anh, ch c th cho bit cc ti sn c s c p dng v con s c lng
chung ca anh ch v t trng ti sn c s ? ( nh s t 1 n 5 cho t
trng gim dn v ghi con s c lng ca anh, ch vo bn cnh)
Th t
T trng
Tin t
C phiu
Tri phiu
Li sut
Vng
6. Hin ti Qu Ngn hng ang thc hin nhng sn phm phi sinh no?
- Phi sinh ngoi t (nh s t 1 n 5 theo th t gim dn mc thng
xuyn thc hin. Nu khng c ghi s 0)
Forwards
Futures
Swaps
Options
Structures
Li sut k hn (FRA)
Ngn hng
- Phng nga ri ro
- u c
- u t
- Kinh doanh
- Mc ich khc
- nh gi chung
.
...
11. Theo anh, ch nh gi, vic pht trin cc hot ng ti chnh phi sinh v
th trng ti chnh phi sinh Vit Nam hin nay ang gp nhng kh khn
ro cn g? .
.
........
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
..........................................................................
12. Theo anh, ch, thi gian ti nn pht trin loi sn phm ti chnh phi sinh
no?
Forwards
Structures Khc
Tin t
Li sut
C phiu
Tri phiu
Vng
Loi khc
..
13. Vit Nam c nn pht trin cc sn phm ti chnh phi sinh v chng khon
hay khng?
C
Khng
15. Anh, ch c gi gii php g cho vic pht trin th trng phi sinh Vit
Nam?
- Th trng chung
...
...
- Th trng ti chnh phi sinh
..
...
- Th trng chng khon phi sinh
..
...
Nhng xut v kin khc t Qu doanh nghip:
..
..
.
Xin chn thnh cm n s gip nhit tnh ca anh, ch v Qu Doanh
nghip!