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ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to investigate the performance of multi-branch Switch and
Examine Combining with Post-examining Selection (SECPS) combining schemes. In this
system, when no acceptable path is found after examining all paths, the best path among
all these unacceptable paths is selected. With such a system, only one receiver is needed
for all branches. We evaluate the performance of this system by considering the effects of
spacing distance between antenna elements at Base Station (BS) and the maximum
Doppler Frequency (fd) on Bit Error Rate (BER) performance under optimum conditions.
These effects are not clarified until now on this system. Moreover, simulation results are
calculated under Rayleigh fading.
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Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal
Start
Γ =0 , m=0
Estimate γm
No
γ m f γ th
Yes
Update output SNR
Γ =max {γ 1 , γ 2 , γ 3 , γ 4 } Γ=γm
Yes
mpM No stop
#1
#2
#3
#4 M.F. 1 M.F2 M.F3 M.F.4
Code1
sampling
Walsh code C2
C3
C4
Decision
Transmitted data
Received data
Base Station Mobile Station
Figure 3: System model.
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Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal
3 COMPUTER SIMULATION CONDITIONS we notice that, the BER decrease with increasing fd
AND RESULTS due to increase in the speed of the MS. The lowest
value of fd that gives better BER is 90 Hz .
3.1 Simulation Condition: By using different values of thresholds to determine
To model the Rayleigh fading, we consider a set which one is the best, we find that increasing the
of eight plane wave arrives in random direction from value of receiver threshold will improve the
0 to 2π at MS. Angle spread of incident waves performance at the expense of complexity. Therefore,
arrives within the range of 12 degrees at the BS [7] it is suitable to compromise between complexity and
because the BS is located on long tower. Each of the required BER. We use the value of threshold equal to
plane waves has constant amplitude and takes the 21.20db. Increasing the distance between antenna
random initial phase distributed from 0 to 2π. The elements at BS from 0.5λ to 6λ improve the BER
distribution of arrival angle is the uniform performance, this is shown in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 at
distribution. Therefore, the Doppler frequencies have maximum Doppler frequencies 5.56 and 90 Hz
also uniform distribution from -fd to +fd. Where fd is respectively.
the maximum Doppler frequency. The multipath
propagation model at BS in the case of flat fading is 4 CONCLUSIONS
shown in Fig. 4. Table 1 show the simulation
parameters. Signal combining is a very important part of a
diversity system. Switched diversity is a simple
3.2 Simulation Results: diversity combining and can be a good compromise
The success of diversity techniques depends on between performance and complexity. We evaluate
the degree to which the signals on the different paths the performance of multi-branch Switch and
are uncorrelated. This correlation is determined by Examine Combining with Post-examining (SECPS)
antenna element spacing, angle spread of incident selection schemes. SECPS takes full advantages of
waves (φ) and direction of arrival (θ) [8]. The the available path estimation. Its performance was
distance between antenna elements at BS is a first clarified by considering the effects of different
criterion that can affect the performance. conditions such as antenna elements spacing at BS
Therefore, we have to look for the optimum antenna and maximum Doppler frequencies in the Rayleight
separation that yields good BER performance. Fig. 5, fading. Computer simulation results show that the
shows this effect. The ratio of distance between BER performance is better with wide antenna
antenna elements to the wave length (d/λ) are varied element spacing than with short antenna element
between 0.1 to 10, where λ is the wavelength of the spacing at BS due to multi path diversity. Inversely
carrier. From the figure, we can see that as the speaking, the BER performance is deteriorates with
separation increased, the performance of the BER is increasing the maximum Doppler frequency.
better and the optimal BER occur at d/λ =6. we can Moreover, increasing the value of the receiver
see also, when the value of (d/λ) more than 6 does threshold which is the most important criterion in our
not give us any noticeable benefits. Fig. 6 gives us proposed system give us good BER performance but
the optimum value for arrival angle of the signal (θ) this increase complexity and the system will
which is 30º. To give the optimum value of angle approach the selection combining schemes.
spread of incident waves (φ) in the simulation, we Decreasing this threshold to a lower value will
vary φ between 0 and 90 º, from Fig. 7, we can see deteriorates the BER performance. Therefore, we
that the optimum value for φ is 12 º. must compromise between the BER performance
Fig. 8 shows the effect of maximum Doppler required and the complexity.
frequency fd on BER performance. From this figure
ϕ
12˚
MS
BS
Figure 4: Multipath propagation model.
Modulation QPSK
Demodulation coherent detection
Symbol rate 30Ksps
Angle spread of incident waves 12 degree
The number of incident waves 8 waves
Maximum Doppler frequency 5.56Hz, 90Hz
Arrival angle of the signal 30 degree
Spreading factor 128
Spreading code Walsh
Nurmalized distance vs. BER arrival angle of the signal vs. BER
-2
-2 10
10
-3
10
BER
BER
-4
10
-5
10
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 20 40 60 80 100
Normalized distance
theta in degrees
Figure 5: Normalized distance (d/ λ ) vs. BER Figure 6: Arrival angle θ of the signal vs. BER
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Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal
-3
angle spread of incident waves vs. BER comparison
0
between distances 0.5 & 6 at f =5.56 and TH=21db
10 10
distance=6
distance=0.5
-2
10
BER
-4
BER
-4
10 10
-6
10
-5 -8
10 10
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 5 10 15 20
fay in degrees Eb/N0
Figure 7: Angle spread of incident waves ( φ ) vs. Figure 9: Comparison between distances 0.5 and 6
BER at f=5.56Hz, Threshold=21.20db
-1
maximum doppler frequency vs. BER for Eb/N0=5db comparison between distances 0.5 & 6 at f =90 and TH=21db
10 0
10
one antenna distance=6
two antenna
distance=0.5
-2
10
BER
BER
-2 -4
10 10
-6
10
-3 -8
10 10
80 100 120 140 160 180 0 5 10 15 20
maximum doppler frequency (hz)
Eb/N0
Figure 8: Maximum Doppler frequency (fd) vs. BER Figure 10: Comparison between distances 0.5 and 6
for Eb/N0=5db at f=90Hz, Threshold =21.20db
5 REFERENCES
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