COMPUTATIONAL HEAT

TRANSFER AND FLUID FLOW TRANSFER AND FLUID FLOW

PRADIP DUTTA
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
BANGALORE
Outline Outline
B i f H t T f Basics of Heat Transfer
M h i l d i i f fl id fl d h Mathematical description of fluid flow and heat
transfer: conservation equations for mass,
momentum energy and chemical species momentum, energy and chemical species,
classification of partial differential equations
generalized control volume approach in Eulerian g pp
frame
HEAT TRANSFER HEAT TRANSFER
BASICS
What is Heat Transfer? What is Heat Transfer?
Energyintransit duetotemperaturedifference. gy p
Thermodynamics tellsus:
Howmuchheat istransferred(oQ)
H h ki d (oW) Howmuchworkisdone(oW)
Final stateof thesystem
Heat transfer tellsus: eat t ansfe te sus:
How(bywhichmechanism) oQistransferred
At what rateoQistransferred
Temperaturedistributionwithinthebody
Heat transfer Thermodynamics
complementary
Heat transfer Thermodynamics
complementary
MODES MODES
Conduction
- needs matter
- molecular phenomenon (diffusion process)
i h b lk i - without bulk motion of matter
Convection
heat carriedawaybybulkmotionof fluid - heat carried away by bulk motion of fluid
- needs fluid matter
Radiation d o
- does not need matter
- transmission of energy by electromagnetic waves
APPLICATIONS OF HEAT
TRANSFER
Energyproductionandconversion Energy production and conversion
- steam power plant, solar energy conversion etc.
Refrigeration and air-conditioning
D ti li ti Domestic applications
- ovens, stoves, toaster
Cooling of electronic equipment
Manufacturing / materials processing
- welding, casting, forming, heat treatment, laser machining
Automobiles/ aircraft design Automobiles / aircraft design
Nature (weather, climate etc)
(Needs medium, Temperature gradient)
T
T >T
.. . . . . . . . .
T
2
T
1
T
1
>T
2
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
q
. . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . .. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
q
. . . . .
solidor stationaryfluid
.. . ..
RATE:
. . . . . . .
solid or stationary fluid
RATE:
q(W) or (J /s) (heat flow per unit time)
Conduction
(contd ) (contd)
x
Rate equations (1D conduction):
T
1
T
A
Differential Form
q = - k A dT/dx, W
k=Thermal Conductivity W/mK
q
T
2
k = Thermal Conductivity, W/mK
A = Cross-sectional Area, m
2
T = Temperature, K or
o
C
k
x = Heat flow path, m
Difference Form
q=- kA (T
2
T
1
) / (x
2
x
1
) q k A (T
2
T
1
) / (x
2
x
1
)
Heat flux: q = q / A = - kdT/dx (W/m
2
)
(negative sign denotes heat transfer in the direction of
decreasing temperature)
movingfluid
T
s
>T

moving fluid
T

q
T
ss
Energy transferred by diffusion + bulk motion of fluid
Rate equation
(convection)
q
y
y
U

T(y) u(y)
U

Heat transfer rateq=hA( T T ) W

q T(y)
T
s
u(y)
Heat transfer rate q = hA( T
s
-T

) W
Heat flux q = h( T
s
-T

) W / m
2
h=heat transfer co-efficient (W /m
2
K)
not a fluid property alone, but also depends on flow p p y , p
geometry, nature of flow (laminar/turbulent),
thermodynamics properties etc.
Convection
(contd)
Free or natural
convection (induced by
buoyancy forces)
May occur with
phase change
(boiling,
Forced convection
(inducedbyexternal
(boiling,
condensation)
(induced by external
means)
Convection (contd) ( )
Typical values of h (W/m
2
K) yp ( )
Free convection gases: 2 - 25
liquid: 50 - 100
Forced convection gases: 25 - 250
liquid: 50 - 20,000 q ,
Boiling/Condensation 2500 -100,000
T
1
q
1

T
2
q
2

RATE:
q(W) or (J /s) Heat flowper unit time q(W) or (J /s) Heat flow per unit time.
Flux : q (W/m
2
)
Rate equations
(Radiation)
RADIATION:
Heat Transfer by electro-magnetic waves or photons( no
medium required. )
Emissivepower of asurface(energy releasedper unit area): Emissive power of a surface (energy released per unit area):
E=coT
s
4
(W/ m
2
)
c= emissivity (property)..
o=Stefan Boltzmannconstant o=Stefan-Boltzmann constant
Rate equations
(Contd ) (Contd.)

q
d
T
s u r
q
co n v.
q
r a d.
Area=A T Area = A T
s
R di ti h b t l f d Radiation exchange between a large surface and
surrounding
Q =co(T
4
T
4
) W/ m
2
Q
r a d
= co(T
s
4
-T
sur
4
) W/ m
2
Substantial derivative Substantial derivative
( ) t x x x , , ,
3 2 1
| | =
d
dx
d
dx
d
dx D
3 2 1
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
| | | | |
dt x dt x dt x t Dt
3 2 1
c c c c
dx D c c | | |
dt
dx
x t Dt
D
i
i
c
c
+
c
c
=
| | |
D c c | | |


ti
local l substantia
i
i
x
u
t Dt
D
c
c
+
c
c
=
| | |
component
convective
component
oca
derivative
substa t a
Conservation principle(s) Conservation principle(s)
mass is conserved
momentum is conserved
energy is conserved gy
chemical species are conserved

}
( ) t x x x , , ,
3 2 1
=
D D Du
}
= u
V
dV

( )

source
V V V
change
dV dV
Dt
D
dV
Dt
D
Dt
D
} } }
= = =
u

Conservation principle p p
for an elementary volume dV::
( ) dV dV
Dt
D
=
( ) ( ) dV
Dt
D
Dt
D
dV dV
Dt
D

+ =
Dt Dt Dt
( )
|
|
|
|

|
+ =
dV
dV
Dt
D
Dt
D
dV

|
|
.

\
dV Dt
dV
u D
i
|
|

|
c
dV
x Dt
i
i
|
|
.

\
c
+ =

Conservation principle
( )
u D D
|
|

|
c
( ) dV
x
u
Dt
D
dV
Dt
D
i
i
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ =

dV
x
u
x
u
t
i
i
i
i
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=

( ) dV
(
(

c c
i i . \
( ) dV u
x t
i
i
(

c
+
c
=

Conservation principle Conservation principle

for an elementary volume dV::
c D
( )
c c

=
c
c
+
i
i
x
u
Dt
D
i d f fi l l V
u
i
V
( )

+
c
c
=
c
c
i
i
u
x t
integrated for a final volume V
bounded by a surface A::
u
i
n
i
dA
dV
V
AA
( ) ( )
} } }
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
V V
i
i
V
dV u
x
dV
t
dV
Dt
D

called as Reynolds
Transport Equation
} } }
= +
c
c
=
V V A
i i
dV dA u n dV
t

(RTE) - a relation
between a system and
control volume.
Conservation of mass Conservation of mass
Total mass remains constant. For a control volume,
the balance of mass flux gives the mass accumulation rate the balance of mass flux gives the mass accumulation rate.
( ) 0 dV
D
( ) 0 = dV
Dt

set :
- then density, =
- mass =
}
|
V
dV
- 0 source no =
Conservation of mass Conservation of mass
continuity equation
for an elementary volume dV::
V
( )
c c
i t t d f fi l l Vb d d b
u
i
n
i
dA
dV
V
A
( )
i
i
u
x t

c
c
=
c
c
integrated for a final volume Vbounded by
a surface A::
n
i
A
dA u n dV
t
V A
i i
} }
=
c
c

Here (n
i
u
i
) is a scalar quantity:
-for outward flow (away from
the surface)- positive
V
-for inward flow- negative
Incompressible flow Incompressible flow
for an incompressible fluid: =const : f p f
written for an elementary volume dV::
c
V
0 =
c
c
i
i
x
u
or a final volume V bounded by a surface A::
u
i
n
i
dA
dV
V
AA
0 =
}
A
i i
dA u n
A
Conservation of momentum Conservation of momentum
Rate of change of momentum will cause fluid acceleration.
For a control volume we consider the balance of momentum fluxes For a control volume, we consider the balance of momentum fluxes.
( )
j j
F dVu
Dt
D
=
j
j
F
Du
dV =
( )
j j
Dt
th l it d it u

force
j
on accelerati
mass
Dt

set :
momentum
then velocity, density
-
-
j
j
dV u
u
=
=
}

|

e unit volum per force -
j
V
F =
Conservation of momentum Conservation of momentum
momentum equation
for an elementary volume dV:
( ) ( )
c c
c
c c
o
( ) ( )
j i j
i
j
F u u
x
u
t
=
c
c
+
c
c

( ) ( )
i
ij
j i j
i
j
x
f u u
x
u
t c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c
o

d
ij
p
c
+
c

o
i j
x x c
+
c
Conservation of momentum
V
u
i
dV
V
integrated for a final volume V
bounded by a surface A::
u
i
n
i
dA
dV
A
( )

inlet outlet
convection
change momentum
} }
c

( ) ) . (
} } }
} }
=
c
c
d
A
i i j
V
j
dA dA dV f
dA u n u dV u
t


stress n deformatio stress spherical forces body
} } }
+ +
A
i
d
ij
A
j
V
j
dA n dA pn dV f o
Stress - strain relationshipp
xx
22
( )
2 1 1
x u u =
21
o
xx
22
xx
11
p
d
|
|

|
c
c
c o o
dV
x x
p
dV
x
dF
i
ij
i
ij
i
ij
j
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
o
o
o
3
3
2
2
3 2
0 0
u
x
u
x
u
u u
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
= =
1 1 u u u c
| |
c c
( )
2 1 1
1
1
0 x u u
x
u
= =
c
c

2
1
2
1
1
2
12
2
1
2
1
x
u
x
u
x
u
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= e
Stress-strain relationship Stress strain relationship
for Newtonian fluids :
1
2
cu
generalized :
12
2
1
12
2e o =
c
=
x
d
ij
d
ij
e o 2 =
deformation stress = = 2 X viscosity X deformation
strain rate
d
ij kk ij ij
e e o e + =
3
1
j j j
3
(
(

c
|
|

|
c
+
c
k i
j
d
u u
u
o
1 1
2
(
(

|
|
.

\
c
+
c
=
k
k
ij
j
i
i
j
d
ij
x x x
o o
3 2
2
Navier-Stokes equations Navier Stokes equations
( ) ( )
d
p
c
c c c
o
( ) ( )
i
ij
j
j i j
i
j
x x
p
f u u
x
u
t c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
o

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
i
j
i i
d
ij
x
u
x x

o
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
k
k
ij
i j
i
i
x
u
x x
u
x
o
3
2
|
|

|
c c
|
|

|
c
c
c
d
u
u o
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
i
i
j i
j
i i
ij
x
u
x x
u
x x

o
3
1
Navier-Stokes equations Navier Stokes equations
( ) ( )
c c
( ) ( )
|
|

|
c c
|
|

|
c
c c
=
c
+
c
j
i j
i
j
u
u
p
u u
x
u
t

1
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c

i
i
j i
j
i j
j
x
u
x x
u
x x
p
f
3
1
for an incompressible fluid =const
with a constant viscosity =const with a constant viscosity const
( )
2
1
j j
u
p
f u u
u c
+
c
=
c
+
c

( )
2
i j
j i j
i
x x
f u u
x t c
+
c
=
c
+
c
Surface force decomposition Surface force decomposition
dV
p
dV dF
d
ij ij
|
|
|

|
c
+
c
=
c
=
o
o
o
dV
x x
dV
x
dF
i i
ij
i
j
|
|
.

\
c
+
c
=
c
= o
since:
j i
ij
x
p
x
p
c
c
=
c
c
o
the total stress F
j
can be separated into the spherical and deformation components:
dV dV
p
dF
d
ij
j
c
c
+
c
c
=
o
x x
i j
j
c c
Work decomposition Work decomposition
dx dx
33
c
dV dV
dx dx
22
uu
22
1
1
2
2
dx
x
u
u
c
c
+
12
dx
c
+
o
o o
dx dx
11
xx
11
xx
22
1
1
12
dx
x c
+ o
12
o
total work done on an elementary volume:
dx dx
11
xx
11
xx
33
total work done on an elementary volume:
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
1
2
2 3 2 1
12
12
dx
x
u
u dx dx dx
x
o
o
=
. \
c
. \
c
2 3 2 12
1 1
u dx dx
x x
o
Work decomposition Work decomposition
( )dV u
x
dx dx dx
x
u
x
u
12 2
1
3 2 1
1
2
12
1
12
2
o o
o
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
generalized total work done on an elementary volume can be separated generalized - total work done on an elementary volume can be separated
into the kinetic and deformation components:
( )


i
j
ij j j ij j
i
x
u
F u u
x c
c
+ =
c
c
o o

work
n deformatio
work
kinetic
work
total
Conservation of mechanical energy
"change of kinetic energy is a result of work
d b t l f "
start with the momentum equation :
done by external forces"
( )
j j
F dVu
Dt
D
=
j
u
Dt
ij j j
u dV dV f
u u
dV
D
|
|
|

|
c
+
|
|
|

|
o


forces external by work change energy kinetic
2
j
i
j
j
j j
u dV
x
dV f dV
Dt
|
|
.

\
c
+ =
|
|
.

\

Conservation of thermal (or internal) energy ( ) gy
Net heat flux entering a control volume results in rate
of change of internal energy of change of internal energy
( )
ij ij
i
q
dV
Dt
D
e o u +
c
c
=
q
i
dV
V
j j
i
x Dt c
T
k
c
n
i
dA
dV
A
i
i
x
k q
c
c
=
( )

i
j
ij
i i
x
u
x
T
k
x
dV
Dt
D
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
= o u



sfer heat tran
n work deformatio
sfer heat tran
conduction
change energy internal
. \
Conservation of thermal energy
set :
e temperatur heat specific - cT =
}

gy
energy internal -
V
u
T
dV cT
c
|
|

|
c c
=
}
|
fer heat trans -
i
j
ij
i i
x
u
x
T
k
x c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
= o
thermal energy equation
for an elementary volume dV:
( ) ( )
i
i
T
cTu
x
cT
t
c
| |
c c
=
c
c
+
c
c

i
j
ij
i i
x
u
x
T
k
x c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
= o
Conservation of thermal energy
integrated for a final volume V
u
i
dV
V
gy
bounded by a surface A:
i
n
i
dA
dV
A
( )


outlet inlet
convection energy internal
change energy internal
} }
c

dA u cTn dV cT ( )
} }
} }
c
c
=
c
A
i i
V
u
T
dA u cTn dV cT
t


k d f i d ti
} }
c
c
+
c
c
+
V
i
j
ij
A
i
i
dV
x
u
dA n
x
T
k o
sfer heat tran
n work deformatio
sfer heat tran
conduction
Conservation of chemical species
Net species mass transfer across the control volume faces + chemical reaction
within the control volume results in a change of concentration of chemical g f f
Species in the control volume
( )
s
s
i
s
R
q
dV m
D
+
c
=
q
i
s
dV
V
( )
i
R
x
dV m
Dt
+
c
=
s
c
n
i
dA
dV
A
i
s
s s
i
x
m
q
c
c
= D
( )

chemical to due
k source/sin
s
i
s
s
i
s
R
x
m
x
dV m
Dt
D
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=


D
reaction
chemical to due
transfer mass
diffusion
change ion concentrat

Conservation of chemical species
set :
ion concentrat mass pecies -
s
m s =
mass species -
s
V
s
dV m
| |
=
}
|
reaction chemical
and diffusion -
s
i
s
s
i
R
x
m
x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
= D
mass transfer equation
for an elementary volume for an elementary volume dV:
( ) ( )
i
s
i
s
u m
x
m
t
| |
=
c
c
+
c
c

s
i
s
s
i
R
x
m
x
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
= D
Conservation of chemical species
integrated for a final volume V
q
i
s
dV
V
bounded by a surface A:
n
i
dA
A
ti i
( )

outlet inlet
convection species
change ion concentrat species
} }
=
c
c

A
i i
s
V
s
dA u n m dV m
t

} }
+
c
c
+
c
V
s
A
i
i
s
s
A V
dV R dA n
x
m
t
D

reaction chemical
to due k source/sin
transfer mass
diffusion species
V A
i
Class of Linear Second-order
PDEs
Linear second order PDEsareof theform Linear second-order PDEs are of the form
h A H f ti f d l
H Gu Fu Eu Cu Bu Au
y x yy xy xx
= + + + + +2
where A - H are functions of x and y only
Elliptic PDEs: B
2
- AC < 0
( d h i i h h ) (steady state heat equations without heat source)
Parabolic PDEs: B
2
- AC = 0
(t i t h t t f ti ) (transient heat transfer equations)
Hyperbolic PDEs: B
2
- AC > 0
(waveequations) (wave equations)
MODULE 1: Review Questions
What is thedrivingforcefor (a) heat transfer (b) electric current flow
and(c) fluidflow?
Whi h f th f ll i i t t i l t ? Whichoneof thefollowingisnot amaterial property?
(a) thermal conductivity (b) heat transfer coefficient (c)emissivity
What is theorder of magnitudeof thermal conductivity for (a) metals
(b) solidinsulatingmaterials(c) liquids(d) gases?
What are the orders of magnitude for free convection heat transfer
coefficient, forcedconvectionandboiling?
Under what circumstances canoneexpect radiationheat transfer to be
significant?
An ideal gas is heated from40C to 60C (a) at constant volumeand g ( )
(b) at constant pressure. For which case do you think the energy
requiredwill begreater?Explainwhy?
A personclaims that heat cannot betransferredinavacuum. Evaluate p
thisclaim.
MODULE 1: Review Questions
(contd ) (contd...)
In which of the three states (solid/liquid/gas) of a matter, conduction
heat transfer ishigh/low?Explainyour claim heat transfer ishigh/low?Explainyour claim.
Namesomegoodandsomepoor conductorsof heat.
Showthat heat flowlinesandisothermsinconductionheat transfer are
l t h th Will thi diti h ld f ti h t normal to each other. Will this condition hold for convection heat
transfer?
Distinguish between Eulerian and Lagrangian approach in fluid
h i Wh i th E l i h ll d? mechanics. WhyistheEulerianapproachnormallyused?
DerivetheReynoldstransport equation.
Derivethecontinuity (massconservation) equationindifferential form
for incompressibleflow.
Definesubstantial derivative. What is thephysical significanceof the
substantial derivativeinanEulerianframework?