UK LINGUISTICS OLYMPIAD ROUND ONE, February 2010 Advanced Level 150 minutes Data and questions (Write your

answers on the separate answer sheets.)

Question 3: Say it in Abma (15 marks)
[There is no question 1 or 2 in this paper.] Abma is an Austronesian language spoken in parts of the South Pacific island nation of Vanuatu by around 8,000 people. Carefully study these Abma sentences, then use the answer sheet to answer the questions. Note that there is no separate word for the or he in these Abma sentences. Mwamni sileng. Nutsu mwatbo mwamni sileng. Nutsu mwegau. Nutsu mwatbo mwegalgal. Mworob mwabma. Mwerava Mabontare mwisib. Mabontare mwisib. Mweselkani tela mwesak. Mwelebte sileng mwabma. Mabontare mworob mwesak. Sileng mworob. He drinks water. The child keeps drinking water. The child grows. The child keeps crawling. He runs here. He pulls Mabontare down. Mabontare goes down. He carries the axe up. He brings water. Mabontare runs up. The water runs.

Now, here are some new words in Abma: sesesrakan (teacher), mwegani (eat), bwet (taro, a kind of sweet potato), muhural (walk), butsukul (palmtree) 3.1 (10 marks) Translate the following sentences into Abma. a. The teacher carries the water down. b. The child keeps eating. c. Mabontare eats taro. d. The child crawls here. e. The teacher walks downhill. f. The palmtree keeps growing upwards. g. He goes up. 3.2 (5 marks) Translate these Abma sentences into English: a. Sesesrakan mweselkani bwet mwabma. b. Sileng mworob mwisib. c. Mwelebte bwet mwesak.

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Question 4: Lost in Yerevan

(10 marks)

Millie has got lost in Yerevan, the capital of Armenia. She is at the station named Shengavit but her friends are waiting for her at the station named Barekamoutyun. Some other stations are called Gortsaranain, Zoravar Andranik, Charbakh and Garegin Njdehi Hraparak. Your answers on the question sheet, based on this metro map, can help Millie meet up with her friends.

4.1 (5 marks) Assuming Millie takes a train in the right direction, which will be the first stop after Shengavit? (Give the name of the station transcribed into English.) 4.2 (2 marks) How many stops will it take Millie to get from Shengavit to Barekamoutyun (counting the next stop as one, the one after that as two, and so on)?

4.3 (3 marks) Transcribe into English the name of the station at the end of the side-line which has four stations. (The character that looks like S is, in fact, T!)

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Question 5: Turkish delight

(25 marks)

Here are some Turkish words and their English translations. The Turkish words are all formed by a stem and an ending (or suffix); for instance, grei consists of grefollowed by -i. grei gzc ikbalsiz isimsiz ormanc sonsuz ikici takatsiz barutu stsz balk parasz mumcu wrestler lookout, optician unsuccessful nameless forester endless drunkard lacking strength gunpowder maker lacking milk fisherman cashless candlemaker Pronunciation notes: , c and like the first consonant in church, job, shoe. e, i are like in pet, pit, with the lips spread. and are like e and i, but with the lips rounded. o and u are like pot and put, with the lips rounded. a and (NB: no dot) are like o and u, but with the lips spread.

5.1 (4 marks) Two of the above words are exceptions because they are loanwords from another language, and so dont follow the same rules that the other words follow. Which two words are they? 5.2 (4 marks) Translate into Turkish: (a) milkman (b) blind. (NB Make sure you distinguish i and in your answer; it is better not to use capital letters.) 5.3 (8 marks) Here are two more Turkish words (which are not loanwords): dil (language), kalp (form, shape) Translate into Turkish: (a) linguist (b) mute (c) moulder (i.e someone who makes moulds or shapes things) (d) shapeless (Again, make sure you distinguish i and in your answer; it is better not to use capital letters.) 5.4 (9 marks) a. What rules determine how the consonants in these suffixes vary from word to word? b. What rules determine how the vowels in these suffixes vary from word to word?

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Question 6: Tangkhul tangle

(30 marks)

Tangkhul is a language spoken in the northernmost district of the Indian state of Manipur. Like Manipuri (or Meithei) and many other languages of Northest India, Tangkhul is related to Tibetan and Burmese rather than to Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Gujurati, or other major languages of India. Tangkhul words can be very long and quite complicated in their structure. Sometimes single words may have to be translated with whole sentences in English. Also, pronouns (words like he, she, it, and they) can be left out if their meanings can still be filled in from context. Following is a list of sentences from Tangkhul and their English translations (not given in the same order). In the English translations, pronouns are enclosed in parenthesis when they are left out of the Tangkhul sentences. Tangkhul makes a distinction between singular, dual (indicating two) and plural (more than two), shown in the English translations as sg, du or pl. a. masikserra b. ni masikngarokei c. thum masikngarokngil d. ini thingarokei e. nathum thil f. ithum thingihirara g. rserhira h. thum rra i. nathum rserhiral The next list contains their English translations, but not in the same order: 1. Do they want to pinch each other? 2. Do you(sg) see (it)? 3. Have you(pl) all come? 4. (He/She) will pinch all (of them). 5. (They) all have come. 6. They(du) pinched each other. 7. They(du) will come. 8. We(pl) have seen (it). 9. We(du) saw each other. 6.1 (18 marks) Match the Tangkhul sentences with their English translations. 6.2 (6 marks) Translate the following sentences into Tangkhul: a. Do you(du) want to come? b. You(pl) have seen (it) all. c. We(pl) will want to see one another. 6.3 (6 marks) Translate the following sentences into English: a. nathum masikserngira b. thum thiei c. thiserhiral

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Question 7: Texting, Texting, One Two Three (20 marks)

The respected espionage-supply company Z Enterprises is about to release a new version of their Z1200 model wristwatch, popular among spies (and also high-school students) for its ability to discreetly send text messages. Although the Z1200 had only four buttons in total, the user could input characters by pressing three-button sequences. For example, if we call the buttons 1, 2, 3, and 4, a was 112, A was 113, b was 114, SPACE was 111, the END sequence that finished the message was 444, etc. The Z1300 has the same button layout, and it was planned that it would use the same text-input method. In the design stage, however, a new engineer proposed that he could significantly reduce the number of button presses needed for each message. Unfortunately, the manual had already been printed and the new Z1300 shipped without any information regarding how to use this new input method. But if you were a spy, you could work out how it works just from a few examples couldnt you? Here are the examples: Testing testing 332221432241423411222143224142341331 Does anyone copy 3323332214313142343324221124232342343331 be vewy vewy qwiet im hunting wabbits 234121123422134434312342213443431234423444121221412431231241422241423 4113443123412341412243331 Mission failed Tango not eliminated 332434143434132421244314123221233133223142341321423222121232412434142 312221233331 my boss Z is a pain in the 24334312341324343133234441414313113423141421414212223121331 uh oh no backspace on this thing 241231132231142321234131242234343342312422113242122231414312223141423 41331 just kiddin boss 2344324143221234341233233414212341324343331

[The questions are on the next page.]

Page 6 Questions: 7.1 (10 marks) What are the codes for each of the lowercase letters? 7.2 (5 marks) What message does the following sequence of button presses encode? 23121232232321414313142343234132233343123241432221424142341331 7.3 (5 marks) With what sequences of button presses would you input the following messages? a. help b. Mayday mayday SOS