Ex. No.

1 SIMULATION OF ARBITRARY ECG SIGNAL AIM :

To simulate an arbitrary ECG signal using labview 8.6

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Labview 8.6

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Open a blank VI. Step 2: Right click on the block diagram window and choose simulate arbitrary signal block from the input function. Step 3: add a graph indicator to the block. Step 4: double click the simulate arbitrary signal block and click define signal. Step 5: define X & Y values to plot the ECG [use a reference standard ECG signal for defining the co-ordinates] Step 6: right click on the block diagram window and choose from ddt block from the signal manipulation function. Step 7: connect the simulate arbitrary signal block and from DDT block.
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Step 8: again right click and choose reverse 1D array from array option of programming function. Step 9: connect from DDT and Reverse 1D array. Step 10: choose Rotate 1D array from array option of programming function and connect its array input with reverse 1D array. Step 11: create a knob control with name speed. Add a while loop (choose from the input function after right clicking on block diagram window) over all the blocks. Step 12: a multiplier is choose from comparator option of arithmetics and comparator by right clicking on block diagram window. Step 13: the speed knob is connected as 1st input to multiplier, while constant i of while loop is connected as 2nd input. The output of multiplier is given to constant input of rotate 1D array.

Step 14: place one more reverse 1D array and connect the output of the rotate 1D array to it. Step 15: right click on the block diagram window and go to mathematics function. From that choose math script from script and formula option. Step 16: add 2 inputs to the math script say x and n. Step 17: connect the output of 2nd reverse 1D array to x input and create another knob control to n input and name it as Frequency. Step 18: the following codes should be entered in the math script. X1=[]; For i =1:n; X1=[X1 X]; End Step 19: add an output to the math script and name it as X1; Step 20: create a graphical indicator for the output X1 (right click create graph indicator). Step 21: right click on block diagram window and choose Time Delay block
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from the input function and place it with in the while loop. Step 22:Run the application and verify the output. Also save the application.

RESULT:
Thus an arbitrary ECG signal was simulated using labview and the output was verified. The speed and frequency were controlled and varied using knob control.

Ex. No. 2 SIGNAL AIM:

ANALYSIS OF SIMULATED ECG

To analyse the simulated ECG signal using labview 8.6

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Labview 8.6

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: open a blank VI. Step 2: right click on the block diagram window and choose Read from Measurement file block from the input function. Step 3: create a graphical indicator for the output X1 (right click create graph indicator). Step 4: double click the read from measurement file and choose Ask user to choose file and click ok. Step 5: right click on block diagram window and choose threshold peak detector from signal operation of signal processing function.
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Step 6: connect the signal of read measurement file to the input of peak detector through from DDT. Step 7: create a constant for the Threshold input and enter a value of 0.8. Step 8: create two numerical indicators for indices and count output of threshold peak detector. Step 9: create a MATLAB Script by choosing it from the script and nodes option of mathematics functions script and formula. Step 10: add two inputs to mat lab script say L and n. Step 11: the indices output of peak detector id connected to L and count output is connected to n.

Step 12: write the following codes to the mat lab script. Time = L*(1/1000) H=n; While n>1 I(n-1)=time(n)-time(n-1); n=n-1; end a=sum(i)/(h-1); bpm=60/a; Step 13: add 3 outputs to the mat lab script say a, i and bpm. Step 14: add numerical indicator to each of the output. Step 15: place a while loop over all the blocks by choosing it form input function. Step 16: also place a time delay block from the input function with in the while loop. Step 17: save the application. Step 18: run the application and verify the output.

OBSERVATION:
Heart Rate : 80 BPM R-R Intterval : 0.75 seconds No Of Peaks :6
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RESULT:
Thus the analysis was done to the simulated arbitrary signal and the values of heart rate, R-R interval, count of peaks and indices were found and displayed. The output was verified.

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Ex. No. 3

RECORDING OF ECG SIGNAL

AIM:
To record the ECG signal from the subject using Elvis and labview.
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SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Labview 8.6 Elvis Electrodes Lead system

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: the Elvis is configured to the computer that has labview software. Step 2: the Bio Amplifier is connected to the lead system and also to the Elvis. Step 3: the input 1 is connected to LA lead and 2is connected to the RA lead wire while the output pin is connected to ACHO +channel of Elvis. Step 4: the power supply is provided by connecting +15 of elvis to +15 of Bio Amplifier and similarly -15 to -15. Step 5: the RL lead, ACHO- channel and Gnd point of Bio amplifier and all connected to the gnd point of Elvis. Step 6: open a blank VI. Step 7: right click on the block diagram window and choose DAQ assistant block from the input function.
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Step 8: choose Acquired signal and then Analog input then voltage and select aio(channel 0) and give finish. Step 9: select continuous sample in the Acquisition mode and 4K as samples to read and rate as 1K. Step 10: right click on the block diagram window and choose Filter block from the signal analysis function. Step 11: place 3 filter blocks and change the settings as follows.

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Step 12: for first filter block, select type as BAND STOP and fix the range as 48 and 52. select the topology as bessel and order as 27. Step 13: for 2nd filter, select the type as Smoothing filter and moving average as
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Triangular and half width average. Step 14: the 3rd filter, select the type as LOWPASS and cut off range as 70. Step 15: create two graph indicators one for the DAQ Assistant block and other for the Filtered signal from the third filter block. Step 16: right click on block diagram and choose write to measurement file from the output function. Step 17: place a while loop over all the blocks. Step 18: run the application. Step 19: verify the output.

RESULT:
Thus the ECG signal was recorded from the subject using lead system through Elvis and written using labview.

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Ex. No. 4 SIGNAL AIM:

ANALYSIS OF RECORDED ECG

To analyse the acquired ECG signal using labview 8.6

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Labview 8.6

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: open a blank VI.
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Step 2: right click on the block diagram window and choose Read from Measurement file block from the input function. Step 3: create a graphical indicator for that block. Step 4: double click the read from measurement file block and choose Ask user to choose file and click ok. Step 5: right click on block diagram window and choose filter from signal analysis function. Step 6: choose high pass filter with cut off range 0.5 and connect both the blocks. Step 7: right click on the block diagram and choose spectral measurements from signal analysis. Also choose Amplitude and level measurements from the same. Step 8: in the spectral density select Power spectrum and result as Linear. Step 9: similarly in Amplitude and level measurement select, Maximum peak, Minimum peak and peak to peak and give ok. Step 10: connect filtered signal to both Amplitude and Spectral block.
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Step 11: create 3 numerical indicators for amplitude blocks output (peak-peak, positive peak and negative peak). Step 12: create a graph indicator for power spectral output.

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Step 13: right click on the block diagram window and choose threshold peak detector from signal operation of signal processing function. Step 14: connect the filtered signal to the input of threshold peak detector through a from DDT. Step 15: create a constant for threshold input with a value 0.5. Step 16: create two indicators for indices and counts output and also give them as input to matlab script (by choosing it from the script and nodes of
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mathematics functions script and formula). Step 17: two inputs are added say L and n and choose the Ls types as 1D array [L - indices; n - count]. Step 18: write the following code in MATLAB script. Time=L*(1/1000); h=n; while n>1 i(h-1)=time(n)-time(n-1); n=n-1; end a=sum(i)/(h-1); bpm=60/a; Step 19: add 3 outputs to the matlab script say a, i and bpm and create numerical indicators to each of the output created. Step 20: place a while loop over all the blocks by choosing it from the execution and control function. Step 21: run the application. Step 22: verify the output Step 23: close the application.

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OBSERVATION:
Peak-peak interval : 4.87833 mv Negative peak : -1.4653mv Positive peak : 3.41297 mv Heart rate : 82.8625 beats/min R-R interval : 0.725 s Number of peaks : 7

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RESULT:
Thus the analysis of the acquired ECG signal was done and the following results were found.

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Ex. No. 5 SIGNAL AIM:

RECORDING AND ANALYSIS OF EEG

To record the EEG signal from a patient/subject and to analyse the signal using Elvis and labview.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Labview 8.6 software Elvis board Lead system Electrodes

PROCEDURE: ACQUISITION OF EEG SIGNAL

Step 1: the Elvis is configured to the personal computer with labview. Step 2: the EEG amplifier is connected to the electrodes from subject. The common is connected to the earlobe. The 1 is connected to cz position and 2 to the fpz position. Step 3: the output leads are connected to the channel 0 of Elvis [Red to ACHO+ abd vkacj ti ACHO-].

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Step 4: using the channel selector, select the appropriate channel in the EEG Amplifier. Step 5: open a blank Vi and choose tile right and left window. Step 6: right click on the block diagram window and choose DAQ Assistant Block from the input function. Step 7: choose acquired signal, analog input then voltage and select aio(channel 0) and finish. Step 8: select continuous samples in acquisition mode and 1.5K as samples to read and rote as 500. Step 9: right click on the block diagram window and choose Filter Block from the signal Analysis function.

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Step 10: place 3 filter blocks and change the settings as follows. Step 11: for 1st filter, choose LowPass type with cut off frequency 40hz. Step 12: for 2nd filter, choose smoothing type with half width average as 3 or 9 and moving average as Rectangular. Step 13: for 3rd filter, choose bandpass type with cut off between 8Hz to 13Hz; to get the alpha wave component from the EEG signal. Step 14: create 2 graphical indicators. One for EEG from filter 2 and other for alpha from Filter 3. Step 15: right click on the block diagram window and choose write from measurement file from the output function. Step 16: connect it to the filter 2 and choose ask user to choose file. Step 17: place a while loop over all the blocks.

ANALYSIS OF EEG SIGNAL

Step 1: open a blank VI or continue in the same. Step 2: if in a blank VI, right click on the block diagram and choose Read from
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measurement file from input function and select ask user to choose file. Step 3: right click on the block and create a graph indicator. The signal is then connected to the band pass filter with cutoff 8 to 13Hz. Step 4: create a graph indicator for filtered signal. Step 5: right click on BD, and place a spectral measurement block from signal analysis functions. Step 6: select power spectrum and linear result in that block. Step 7: place a Time Domain block from arithmetics and comparators and select summation operation with per segment calculation. Step 8: create a numerical indicator. Step 9: choose > block from comparators and give the summed up
signal as one input and other as constant threshold. This is set based on the subjects activity.

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Step 10: the output is given to Boolean indicator which glows whenever the subject closes their eyes. Step 11: place a while loop over all the blocks. Step 12: run the application. Step 13: verify the output.

RESULT:
Thus the EEG signal of the subject was acquired and the presence of alpha waves was detected using labview. The output was represented in graph indicator.

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Ex. No. 6 SIGNAL AIM:

ANALYSIS OF ACQUIRED EEG

To analyses the acquired EEG signal using labview 8.6

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SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Labview 8.6

PROCEDURE:
Step 1: open a blank VI. Step 2: right click on the block diagram window and choose Read from Measurement file block from the input function. Step 3: create a graphical indicator for that block. Step 4: right click on the block diagram window and choose amplitude and measurement and spectral measurement file from signal analysis function. Step 5: connect the signal form read from measurement file to both the above mentioned blocks. Step 6: choose positive peak, negative peak and peak-peak options for amplitude and level measurement. Step 7: create a numerical indicator for each one of them. Step 8: choose power spectrum and linear result for the spectral measurement and create a graphical indicator.
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Step 9: place a while loop over all the blocks. Step 10: right click on block diagram. Step 11: choose time delay block and place it with the loop. Step 12: run the application. Step 13: verify the output.

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OBSERVATION:
Positive peak: 4.0880 v Negative peak: -2.3652 v Peak to peak: 6.45336 v Frequency spectrum: 40 Hz.

RESULT:
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Thus the acquired EEG signal was analyzed and result was obtained and the spectrums frequency was limited with in 40Hz.

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Ex. No. 7 DIATHERMY AIM:

STUDY OF ULTRASONIC

To analyze the working of Ultrasonic diathermy for various power levels with their corresponding output voltages and to note down the crystal frequency.

APPARATUS REQUIED:
I. Ultrasonic therapy unit. II. Transmitting and receiving probes. III. CRO.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Power supply 230VAC/50Hz. 2. Frequency 1MHz 3. Power output continuous 15 Watts/sq.cm. pulse 21Watts/sq.cm.

THEORY:
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Ultrasonic are used for therapeutic purposes. Heating effect is produced due to the ultrasonic energies of the tissues. The effect of ultrasonic on the tissue is thus a high speed vibration of macro massage. Massage has been used in the treatment of soft tissue lesions. The thermal effects of ultrasound are dependent on I. The amount of energies absorbed. II. The length of time of application. III. The frequency of ultrasound generated. Ultrasonic generators are constructed on the piezo electric crystal. A high frequency A.C. current is applied to a crystal whose acoustic vibration passes the mechanical vibration of the transducer head, which itself is located directly in front of the crystal. These mechanical vibrations then pass through a metal cap into the body tissue through a coupling medium. The transducer may be barium titanate or lead zirconate crystal having 5-6 cm^2 effective radiation area. Ultrasonic waves are emitted from this plate to the body tissue. TABULAR COLUMN WITH SUBJECT: S.No Power (W/Cm2)
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Output (V)

WITHOUT SUBJECT S.No Power (W/Cm2) Output (V)

The power required in most applications is usually 3 watts per cm^2 of the transducer area that is in contact of the body to be
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treated. The timer can be a mechanically spring loaded time or an electronic one allowing time settings from 0 to 30 minutes.

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Rotate the power control knob to extreme left position and switch on the therapy unit. 2. Connect the transmitting probe to the ultrasonic therapy unit. 3. Connect the receiving probe to the CRO. 4. Set timer for desired period of treatment by using set switch provided. 5. Apply the mineral oil or coupling agent on the area to be treated. 6. Rotate the power knob to first position and note down the corresponding voltage in CRO. 7. Increase the power and note down the corresponding voltages respectively.

RESULT:

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Thus the working of ultrasonic diathermies was analyzed for various power levels with their corresponding voltage and crystal frequency is noted as 1/0.5s=2 MHz.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SHORT WAVE DIATHERMY

Power supply RF Oscillator RF Power Amplifier

Tuning Circuit

To Patients Electrodes

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Ex. No. 8 AIM:

SHORTWAVE DIATHERMY

To study about shortwave diathermy equipment and its application.

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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Shortwave diathermy kit.

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION:
Diathermy therapeutic measure used in medicine to generate heat in the body tissues. Electrodes and other instruments are used to transmit electric current to surface structures thereby increasing the local blood circulation and facilitating and accelerating the process of absorption and repair. SWD is an electric field that oscillates at varying frequencies and different wavelength and is applied to a patient by capacitor field treatment or coil free treatment. The oscillating fields produce distortion of medicine, rotation of dipoles and vibration generates heat within the tissues. the RF field can be continuous or pulsed depending on the application. A timer is often installed for the length of the treatment. With the capacitor field treatment, the treatment site is placed between the plates of a capacitor and becomes dielectric The RF energy is diffused through the part of the body located between the plate electrodes. In the inductive field treatment, a coil of wire is wound around the area to be treated.
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TECHNICAL TYPICAL VALUES:

Up to 400w continuous, 900w pulsed, 30MHz, 400ms pulse width.

PROCEDURE:
connect the 2 condenser pads to the o/p sockets provided right side of the unit. Place the condenser pads on the patients body where the treatment has to be given. TABULATION: goes off Power of RF and Distance at which the tube

Power (Watts)

Distance (cm)

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 Connect the mains label and switch on the unit, mains lamp until glow. Set the timer for desired time period. Set power control on desired position panel. Meter will show some reading. Adjust the tuning control to show maximum deflection of the meter. Generally position 2 or 3 of power control is sufficient.

APPLICATION:
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 Inflammation of shoulder joint. Inflammation of elbow joint. Degeneration of joints of neck. Low back ache. Plantar fascitus. Degeneration of joints like knee and hip. Ligament sprain in knee joints.

RESULT:
Thus the shortwave diathermy and its application and its functional uses in the field of biomedical engineering was demonstrated and studied.

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Ex. No. 9 MULTI CHANNEL BIOTELEMETRY AIM:

To measure the heart rate and respiration rate using multi channel biotelemetry and transmit those parameters to a distant receiver.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
I. Strain gauge. II. Photoelectric transducer. III. Transmitter and receiver biotelemetry kit.

THEORY:
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Multi channel telemetry system is employed for the transmission of several parameters. Transmissions of several parameters include ECG, EEG, and Heart rate, respiration rate, BP etc. In biotelemetry system, the physiological signal is sometimes used to modulate a low frequency carrier called a sub carrier. The RF carrier of the transmitter is then modulated by the sub carrier. If several physiological signals are to be transmitted simultaneously, each signal is placed on a sub carrier of a different frequency and all of the sub carriers are combined to simultaneously modulate the RF carrier. In multichannel telemetry, the no. of sub carrier used are the same as the no. of signals to be transmitted. For multichannel radio telemetry, various channels of information are transmitted on a single RF carrier. This technique is called multiplexing. There are 2 basic methods of multiplexing, they are, 1. frequency division multiplexing. 2. time division multiplexing.

OPERATION INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Switch on the power supply of both transmitter and receiver part. 2. Turn ON the switch both transmitter and receiver part.

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3. Connect the photoelectric transducer at the finger and the strain gauge at the diaphragm to measure the Heart rate and Respiration rate respectively. 4. Now select the knob to test position in Transmitter part.

TABULATION Respiration Rate (Breaths/min)

Subject Name

Heart Rate (Bpm)

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5. Then wait for few minutes until the display on the receiver part shows null readings. 6. Now select the knob to HRM/RPM in transmitter part. 7. Note down the readings of heart rate and respiration rate displayed on the receiver located at distant location.

RESULT:
Thus the working principle of multi channel biotelemetry was studied. The heart rate and respiration rate was measured and transmitted to the distant receiver and the values are tabulated.

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Ex. No. 10 ANALYSER AIM:

ELECTRICAL SAFETY

To determine the amount of leakage current and insulation level of the given equipment and to state about the electrical safety of the equipment.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Insulation tester. IACA leakage tester. RCCB Continuity test. Supply.

THEORY:
It operates by measuring the current between the conductors using a differential current transformer and opening the device contacts if there is a balance fault. Normal tripping current is in the region of 6mA to 30mA in some cases going up to 100mA. It is also referred to as Ground Fault Interrupter. RCCB are designed to prevent electrocution by detecting the leakage current. They are intended to operate within 25 40 milliseconds before electric
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shock can drive the RCP serve more as an additional fire safety protection them as an effective protection against the risks of electrical shock.

MEASURING PROCEDURE:
I. Leakage current measurement: 1) Connect the device to be tested to the break out box. Measure the load current of the device. 2) Clamp the leakage meter to the earth wire and measure. 3) Select the power ON/OFF/Hold Switch to ON position. 4) Select the 200mA/20A/200A to200mA position. 5) Press the trigger to open the current sense jaw. 6) Read AC mA leakage current on the display directly.

TABULATION LEAKAGE CURRENT TEST:

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Ground Wire Knob Position Hot wire (mA) Neutral Wire (mA) (Leakage current in mA)

INSULATION TEST: Equipment Insulation Level (M )

7) Note down the values of the leakage current should the leakage current be greater than 30mA the device will automatically trip with a click sound.
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II. OHM measurement: 1. connect black test plug into - terminal. 2. connect red test plug into + terminal. 3. engage function push button 200M /500v or 1000 v/1000v on function scale. 4. connect the test alligator clips into circuit under test. 5. push the test switch to ON position.

RESULT:
Thus the electrical safety analyzer has been studied. The amount of insulation revel and the leakage current of the equipment have been measured and from the measurement it is found that equipment is electrically safe.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

Rate Generator

PacePulse Generator

Current Amplifier

Isolation Transformer

Rate control

Int/Ext mode

Defibrillator Protection

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Ex. No. 11 AIM:

STUDY OF PACEMAKER

To study the demand pacemaker and its working.

THEORY:
The rhythmic beating of the heart is due to the triggering of pulses that originate in an area of specialized tissue in right atrium
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of the heart. This area is known as sinoatrial node. In abnormal situations, if this natural pacemaker leases to function or becomes unreliable if the triggering pulse does not reach the heart muscle, because of blocking by the damaged tissue, the natural and normal synchronization of the heart gets disturbed. By giving external electrical stimulation impulses the heart rate. These impulses are given by an electronic instrument called pacemaker. A pacemaker consists of 2 parts, 1. Electronic circuit which generates stimulating impulses of control rate and amplitude known as pulse generator. 2. the load which carries the electrical impulses form the pulse generator to the hear. A variety of pacemakers with various possibilities of operation are commercially each having some special advantages when used under particular circumstances. However, in almost all pulse of 1 3ms duration with rates adjustable form 50 to 150 pulses/min. External pulse generators cure usually battery powered. The generator can provided dem and or asynchronous pacing. They provided a pacing rate adjustable from 0.1 20mA. The pulse width is around 2ms. The maximum sensitivity is 1.5mV for a 40ms sine squared pulse. At maximum sensitivity, they are designed to reject mains frequencies interface (50 or 60Hz) up to a
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level of about 50mV. The refractory period is generally in the range of 200 300ms, initiated by the omission of a pacing pulse or the sensing on an R wave.

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The demand pacemaker allows the heart to pace at its normal rhythm when it is able to because they avoid competition between the hearts natural rhythm and the pacemaker rhythm. However, if the R wave is missing for a present period of time the pacer will supply a stimulus. Because the pacer is demand unit functions only when the R-R interval of the natural rhythm exceed a present limit. For this reason, it is called Demand Pacemaker.

PROCEDURE:
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1. Connect the instrument to the mains; put all knobs at zero position. 2. Put the DSO on storage mode, mode switch at DC position, time/ Div knob on the ms division, voltage/ Div knob on the 5v. 3. Connect the DSO at ECG output terminal. 4. Adjust the heart rate knob at required rate output between rates 30 to 120. 5. Press the arrhythmia button of tachycardia, bradycardia and AV block and see the waveform.

RESULT:
Thus the principle of pacemaker and the functional uses of demand pacemaker were studied.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM : MEASUREMENT OF EMG

Computer Power Supply
RS 232

Physiograph

Bio signal Amplifier

Ring Electrodes

Battery Supply

TYPICAL EMG WAVE FORM

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Ex. No. 12 RECORDING AND FATIGUE TEST OF EMG SIGNALS AIM:

To record the EMG signals and find the fatigue ness test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO 1 2 3 Components required Biokit physiograph. ring electrodes battery charger

THEORY:
The bio electric potentials associated with muscle activity constitute the Electromyogram. These potentials maybe measured at the surface of the body near a muscle of interest or a group of
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muscle fiber the pattern is usually summation of the individual action potentials occur in both positive and negative potentials at a given pair of electrodes they sometimes add and sometimes canal, thus the EMG waveform appears very much like a random noise waveform, with the energy of the signal a function of amount of muscle activity and electrode placement. Although action potentials from individual muscle fibers can be recorded under special condition it is the electrical activity of the entire muscle that is the electrical activity of the entire muscle that is of primary interest. In this case the signal is the summation of all the action potentials within the range of electrodes each weighed by its distance from the electrodes. Since the overall strength of muscular contraction depends on the no of fibers energized and the time of contraction there is a correlation between the overall amount of EEG activity for the whole muscle and strength of muscular contraction, in fact under certain conditions of isometric contraction the voltage time integral of EMG signals has a linear relationship to the isometric voluntary tension in a muscle there are also characteristics EMG pattern associated with special conditions sucn as fatigue and tremor. TABULATION: RIGHT ARM
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LEFT ARM

Time (Min)

Amplitude (mV)

Time (Min)

Amplitude (mV)

Model Graph

EMG AMP (mV)

Time (min)

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PROCEDURE:
FATIGUE TEST: the ring electrode is connected first to either of the arms which in turn is connected to an EMG amplifier. EMG amplifier is connected to physiograp unit and it is powered by an external battery source. The physiograph unit is connected to the system and is AC powered. The picked up EMG waveform is found in terms of the fatigueness exhibited by the arm. EMG the picked up for several interval of time and corresponding amplitude values are noted. Graph is plotted between EMG value Vs time settling the gain at one particular value. Without changing the gain, the above procedure is repeated for other arm.

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RESULT:
Thus EMG signal from left to right limb has been recorded fatigueness in each limb has been found out and the graph has been plotted.

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STUDY OF DEFIBRILLATOR SIMULATOR

Ex. No. 13

AIM:
To study about the defibrillator simulator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Defibrillator with simulator Electrodes (paddles)

THEORY:
The heart is able to perform its important pumping function only through precisely synchronized action of the heart muscle fibers. A condition in which this necessary synchronism is lost is known as fibrillation. During fibrillation the normal rhythmic contractions of either atria or the ventricles are replaced by irregular twitching of the muscular wall. Fibrillation of atrial muscles is called atrial fibrillation; fibrillation of the ventricles is known as ventricular fibrillation. Unfortunately, fibrillation once began, is not self correcting. Hence a patient susceptible to ventricular fibrillation must be watched continuously so that the medical staff can respond immediately if an emergency occurs. The most successful method of defibrillation is the application of an electric shock to the area of the heart. If sufficient current to
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stimulate all musculature of the heart simultaneously is applied for a brief period and then released, all the heart muscle fibers enter their refractory periods together, after which normal heart action may resume. The discovery of this phenomenon led to the rather widespread use of defibrillation by applying a brief (.25 to 1 sec) burst of 60-Hz ac at an intensity of around 6 A to the chest of the patient through appropriate electrodes. This application of an electrical shock to resynchronize the heart is sometimes called countershcok. If the patient does not respond, the burst is repeated until defibrillation occurs.

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PROCEDURE:
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1. Connect the D.C Defibrillator to the mains. 2. Connect the electrodes pads at electrodes socket. 3. Connect SYNC connector wire to DCD and DCD simulator at SYNC input and output. 4. Select the mode as Sync or Inst. 5. From DCD simulator select the rhythms 6. Select the rhythms Brady, Tachy and Fibrillation as required. 7. Apply the electrodes on the Demo patient. 8. Press charge and adjust the energy by Energy control. The energy meter shows the energy. 9. Press the hand switch and energy to the patient.

RESULT:
Thus the principle working of defibrillator was studied.

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. PAGE No Simulation of arbitrary ECG signal 1 Analysis of simulated ECG signal 5 Recording of ECG signal 9 Analysis of recorded ECG signal 13 Recording and analysis of EEG signal 19 Analysis of acquired EEG signal 25 Study of Ultrasonic Diathermy 29 Study of Shortwave Diathermy 33 Multichannel Biotelemetry 37 Electrical Safety Analyzer 41 Study of Pacemaker 45 Recording and Fatigue test of EMG 49 signals TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT
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13.

Study of Defibrillator simulator.

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