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Objectives
Know the backgrounds of evolution Know system architecture of LTE Know key features of LTE
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References
3GPP TS 36.401
3GPP TS 36.101 3GPP TS 36.211
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Contents
1. Overview 2. LTE system architecture 3. LTE key features
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Contents
1. Overview 2. LTE system architecture 3. LTE key features
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3GPP Releases
HSPA Evolution is aimed to be backward compatible while LTE do not need to be backward compatible with WCDMA and HSPA
GS M 9.6kbit/s Phase 1
HS DP A 14.4Mbit/s Release 5
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>1.2Gbps /80MHz
Spectral Efficiency
New Key Tech Title 300Mbps .
UMTS
150Mbps /20MHz
FDD LTE
/20MHz
Relay
CDMA
42Mbps /5MHz
84Mbps /10MHz
4x4 MIMO DC 2x2 MIMO 4x4 MIMO
TD-SCDMA
21Mbps /5MHz
OFDM
TDD LTE
WiMAX
64QAM
64QAM
2100MHz
UMTS
GSM
1800MHz GSM GSM UMTS LTE 2010 2011 2012 LTE
LTE
mRRU MRFU
900MHz 800MHz
LTE
SDR
SDR
GSM+LTE Spectrum refarming starts from 900M/1800M, which can be utilized for LTE deployment. SDR technology supports flexible and smooth transition from 2G/3G to LTE.
800M
900M
1800M
2100M
2.6G
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Reduced delays, in terms of both connection establishment (less then 100ms) and transmission latency (less then 10ms)
Increased user data rates: (Peak data-rate requirements are 100 Mbit/s and 50 Mbit/s for downlink and uplink respectively, when operating in 20MHz spectrum allocation)
Simplified network architecture Reasonable power consumption for the mobile terminal.
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LTE adopts shared-channel transmission, in which the timefrequency resource is dynamically shared between users. This is similar to the approach taken in HSDPA
LTE supports flexible spectrum allocation in terms of duplex arrangement which support both FDD and TDD and bandwidth allocations which ranges 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
Support SON
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2.1GHz, 1.9GHz, 1.7GHz, 2.6GHz, 900 MHz, 800 MHz, 450 MHz, etc , refer to 36.101 for details.
Channel Bandwidth [MHz] Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB] Transmission Bandwidth [RB]
Channel edge
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Channel edge
Resource block
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17
FDD
734
746
5730
5730-5849
704
716
23730
23730-23849
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
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eNB
FUL = FUL_low + 0.1(NUL - NOffs-UL)
UE
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Example
100kHz Raster Uplink Downlink
1937.4MHz
2127.4MHz FDL = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL - NOffs-DL) NDL = NDL = (FDL - FDL_low ) 0.1 + NOffs-DL
Frequency
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The specification document for LTE is 36 series, inherits the structure of UTRAN 25 series:
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Contents
1. Overview 2. LTE system architecture 3. LTE key features
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MME / S-GW
MME / S-GW
X2
eNB eNB
S1
eNB
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X2
S1
S1
X2
S1
E-UTRAN
An evolved core network, the Evolved Packet Core is at the same time developed, which generally is called System Architecture Evolution.
The philosophy of the SAE is to focus on the packet-switched domain, and migrate away from the circuit-switched domain
HSS eNodeB MME S1-MME S6a Gxc S11 Rx Gx PCRF Control plane User plane
LTE -Uu
X2
S1-U
S5
SGi P-GW
Operator's IP Service
S-GW
UE
LTE
SAE
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E-UTRAN functions
Inter-cell interference coordination Connection setup and release Load Balancing Distribution function for NAS messages
Paging
Positioning
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Contents
1. Overview 2. TE system architecture 3. LTE key features
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Due to the fact that two modulated OFDM subcarriers are mutually orthogonal, multiple signals could be transmitted in parallel over the
same radio link, the overall data rate can be increased up to M times.
Guard Band Subcarrier
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In order to transmit high data rates, short symbol periods must be used, In a multi-path environment, a shorter symbol period leads to a greater chance for
It also provides a high date rate with a long symbol duration, thus helping to eliminate ISI.
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Normally ,assume LTE sub carrier frequency f =1/Tu=15khz, and IFFT bin size N=2048, the sampling rate is fs =1/Ts =N f=30720000Hz S ubcarrier
Modulation Inverse F ast F ourier Transform
Coded Bits
S erial to P arallel
IF F T
R F Complex Waveform
R eceiver
F F T
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Cyclic-prefix insertion
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Cyclic-prefix insertion
Time dispersion on the radio channel may cause ISI To deal with this problem, cyclic-prefix insertion is typically used in
The last NCP samples of the IFFT output block of length N is copied and inserted at the beginning of the block, increasing the block length from N to N +NCP. At the receiver side, the corresponding samples are discarded before OFDM demodulation
Subcarrier orthogonality will then be preserved also in case of a time-dispersive channel, as long as the span of the time dispersion is
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Downlink CP Parameters
Configuration Normal Cyclic Prefix Extended Cyclic Prefix f = 15kHz CP Length (Ts) 160 for slot 0 144 for slot 1, 2, 6 f = 15kHz f = 7.5kHz 512 for slot 0, 1, 5 1024 for 0, 1, 2 Time ~ 5.208s ~ 4.688s ~16.67s ~ 33.33 s Delay Spread ~ 1.562km ~ 1.406km ~ 5km ~ 10km
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Advantage of OFDM
High spectrum efficiency - the bandwidth of each subcarrier would be adjacent to its neighbors, so there would be no wasted spectrum
OFDM is flexible in allocating power and rate optimally among narrowband sub-carriers (scheduling)
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Peak Average
Time
The drawback of OFDM is the high peak-to-average ratio of the transmitted signal, which greatly decrease the efficiency of the linear amplifiers
This is especially critical for the uplink, due to the high importance of low mobile-terminal power consumption and cost.
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SC-FDMA in uplink
SC-FDMA, which has much in common with OFDMA, such as multicarrier technology and guard interval protected symbol, but much higher power amplifier efficiency (lower PAPR) is adopt in uplink. SC-FDMA is just the DFT-S-OFDM, which can be seen as an OFDM system with a DFT pre-coding. The localized RB distribution makes each user occupy consecutive part of the whole bandwidth, which looks like a single carrier.
Time Domain Frequency Domain Time Domain
0 0 0 0 IDFT
S ymbols
DFT
S ubcarrier Mapping
CP Insertion
0 0 0
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TDD
FDD
eNB
Radio Channel UE
UE
OFDM (OFDMA)
eNB
OFDM
UE
(SC-FDMA)
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Frequency
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Anti multi-path interference Anti frequency selective fading Higher spectrum efficiency Easy to cooperate with MIMO for higher throughput
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Normal CP Configuration
Larger first CP when Normal CP is configured
DL Nsymb OF DM S ymbols (= 7 for Normal CP )
0
160 2048 144
1
2048 144
2
2048 144
3
2048 144
4
2048 144
5
2048 144
6
2048
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Time
Cyclic Prefix
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Channel-dependent scheduling
Basically LTE uses shared-channel transmission, similar to HSDPA, the time-frequency resource is dynamically shared between users
LTE can take channel variations into account not only in the time domain, as HSPA, but also in the frequency domain
For LTE, scheduling decisions can be taken as often as once every 1 ms and the granularity in the frequency domain is 180 kHz
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Fundamentals of MIMO:
The data to be sent will be divided into multiple concurrent data streams. The data streams are simultaneously transmitted from multiple antennas through the spatial dimensions, through different radio channels, and received by multiple antennas. And then can be restored to the original data according to the spatial signature of each data stream.
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MIMO Modes
Transmission Mode
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4
Transmission scheme
single-antenna port (port 0) transmit diversity open-loop space division multiplexing Closed-loop spatial multiplexing
Reference
It is compatible with single-antenna transmission It weakens the interference caused by channel fading and is applicable within low SINR environment It increases the peak rate and is applicable within high rate and SINR environment It is weighted according to the channel characteristics, increases the peak rate, and is applicable within low rate but high SINR environment It improves cell throughput It increases cell coverage It weakens interference and increases cell coverage It increases cell throughput
Multi-user MIMO Closed-loop precoding with rank of 1 Beamforming, singleantenna port (port 5) Dual-antenna port: Dualstream BF
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Advantages of MIMO
Array gain: It increases the transmit power and can be used for beamforming. Diversity gain: It weakens the interference caused by channel fading. Spatial multiplexing gain: It doubles the rate within the same bandwidth after spatial orthogonal channels are constructed.
Data Streaming
MIMO Channel
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UL Virtual MIMO
Benefits
Improve the overall uplink cell throughput. Increase the UL spectrum efficiency.
Features
The uplink channels of paired users must be with good orthogonality to each other to prevent interference. Multi-users use the same timefrequency resource.
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eNode B
UE 1
Macr o
L LL T TT EEE
18.15%
16.4 13.88 9.42
SIMO MIMO
28.34%
12.09
15.12%
14.23 12.36
2x2 MIMO
eNodeB UE 1
ISD:500m Speed:3km/h
ISD:500m Speed:30km/h
ISD:1732m Speed:30km/h
xx.xx%: Gain
46.94%
34.15
46.40%
35.18
SIMO MIMO
Throughput (Mbps)
56.68%
26.87 23.24 24.03 17.15
Micro
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eNodeB
UE 1 UE 1
eNodeB
UE 2
4x4 MIMO v.s. 2x2 MIMO: ~ 50% gain in average cell 23%~90% increasing in edge user throughput throughput
2x4 MU-MIMO v.s. 1x2 SIMO: 23%~90% increasing in edge user ~50% gain in average cell throughput throughput
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Features
Provide higher-data-rate services Significantly improve the system throughput Improve users experience High-order modulation scheme used within excellent channel condition
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Codewords
Layers
Modulation Mapper Layer Mapper
Scrambling
Precoding
Resource Element Mapper
Scrambling
Modulation Mapper
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By restricting the transmission power of parts of the spectrum in one cell, the interference seen in the neighbouring cells in this part of the
spectrum will be reduced, This part of the spectrum can then be used
to provide higher data rates for users in the neighbouring cell
4 2 2 7 6 3 3 Cell 1,4,7
Power
Frequency
1 1
6 5 5 9 4 8
Cell
2,5,8
Power
Frequency
Power
Cell
7
3,6,9
Frequency
Different subband allocated for different cell edge users among cells Reducing the DL inter-cell interference among neighbor cells 30~50% throughput increased for cell edge users (<50% load)
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Operation & Maintenance Stage Network Operation & Maintenance Self-Optiz. & Maintenance Network Upgrade and evolution
Self-Organising Network (SON) SON effectively reduces human intervention in deployment and operation stage. Thus, SON saves both CAPEX & OPEX. SON with ICIC : SON helps inter-cell interference coordination to improve cell edge throughput and user experience
eNB 1
eNB 2
eNB 3
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Planning Phase
Deploymen t Phase
Optimization Phase
Maintenance Phase
Automatic PCI/TA Optimization Automatic Neighbor Relation Inter-RAT ANR,MRO, System Load Balance, RACH Optimization Inventory Management Sleeping Cell detection Antenna Fault Detection Cell/interface/sub. trace
SON makes LTE network more efficient and solves new challenges when network architecture changes
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File Server
EMS + DHCP
New
eNodeB
Save cost & Improve exactness Avoid first HO failure due to missing neighbor relation
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
HO successful rate
Optimizing cell reselection and handover parameters Reduce call drop rate, handover failure rate, Reduce unnecessary redirection
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Thank you
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