AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

PROGRAM:

Clc;

Clf;

Clear all;

% orthogonal basis function

N=0:1:39

Y1=2*sin(2*pi*2*n/40);

Subplot(3,2,1);

Plot (yl);

Title(‘orthogonal basis function1’);

Xlabel(‘time (sec)’);

Ylabel(‘amplitude (v)’);

Y2=n*0;

Subplot(3,2,2);

Plot (y2);

Title(‘orthogonal basis function2’);

Xlabel(‘time (sec)’);

Ylabel(‘amplitude (v)’);

grid;

% message bit generation

X=randsrc (1,10, [1 -1]);

Subplot(3,2,3);

Title(‘input bit stream’);

Xlabel(‘time (sec)’);

Ylabel (‘amplitude (v)’);

Stem(x);

axis([1 10 -1.5 1.5]);

grid;

% ask waveform

Z=0;

For i=1:10;

If(x(i)==1);

Z=[z yi];

Else

Z=[z y2);

End;

End;

Subplot (3,2,4);

Plot(z);
Title(‘ask waveform’);

Xlabel(‘time (sec)’);

Ylabel(‘amplitude (v)’);

axis ( [0 400 -2.5 2.5]);

% decoded signal

K=1;

For i=1:401;

B(i)=z (i)*y1(k);

K=k+1;

If(k>40)

K=1;

End;

End;

A=0; r=1;g=1;m=40;

for j=1:10;

for i=g:m-1;

a=a+b(i);

end;

if(a>0)

p(r)=1;

else

p(r) =-1;

end;

a=0;r=r+l;g=g+40;m=m+40;

end;

subplot(3,2,5);

stem(p);

title('decoded signal');

xlabel('time (sec)');

ylabel('amplitude (v)');

axis ([1 10 -1.5 1.5]);

grid;
 FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

PROGRAM:

Clc;

Clf;

Clear all;

% orthogonal basis function

N=0:1:39

Yl=2* sin(2*pi*2*n/40);

Subplot(3,2,1);

Plot(yl);

Title(‘orthogonal basis function1’);

Xlabel(‘time (sec)’);

Ylabel(‘amplitude (v)’);

Y2=2* sin(2*pi* 2* n/80);

Subplot(3,2,2);

Plot (y2);

Title(‘orthogonal basis function2’);

Xlabel(‘time (sec)’);

Ylabel(‘amplitude (v)’);

% message bit generation

X=randsrc (1,10, [1 -1]);

Subplot(3,2,3);

Title(‘input bit stream’);

Xlabel(‘time (sec)’);

Ylabel (‘amplitude (v)’);

Stem (x);

Axis ([1 10 -1.5 1.5]);

Grid;

% fsk waveform

Z=0;

For i=1:10;

If(x(i) ==1);

Z=(z y1);

Else

Z=(z y2);

End;

End;

Subplot(3,2,4);

Plot(z);

Title(‘fsk waveform’);
Xlabel(‘time (sec)’);

Ylabel(‘amplitude (v)’);

Axis ( [0 400 -2.5 2.5]);

% decoded signal

K=1;

For i=1:401;

B(i)=z (i)*y1(k);

K=k+1;

If (k>40)

K=1;

End;

End;

A=0;r=1;971;m=40;

For j=1:10;

For i=g:m-1;

a=a+b(i);

end;

if (a>0)

p(r)=1;

else

p(r)=-1;

end;

a=0;r=r+l;g=g+40; m=m+40;

end;

subplot(3,2,5);

stem(p);

title('decoded signal ) ;

xlabel('time (sec)');

ylabel ('amplitude (v)');

axis ([1 10 -1.5 1.5]);

grid;
 n‹thngenal basis function1
2

0 t£I 20 30 40
time(sec) time(sec)
fsk waveform
i 2

2 4 6 6 10
time(sec)
decoded signal

10 ,
 SIMULATION OF BPSK

PROGRAM:

Clc;

Clear all;

B=input(‘enter the bit stream’);

N=length(b);

T=0:0.01:n;

X=1:1n+1)*100;

For i=1:n

If(b(i)==0)

u(i)=-1;

Else

u(i)=1;

End

For j=i:0.1:1+1

bw(x(i*100i+1)*100))=

(i); End

End

Bw=bw(100:end);

Sint=sin(2*pi*t);

“st=bw.*sint;

Subplot(3,1,1);

Plot(t,bw);

Xlabel(‘n-’);

Ylabel(‘amplitude ’);

Title(‘input bit stream’);

Grid on;

Axis([O n -2 +2]);

Subplot(3,1,2);

Plot(t, sint);

Xlabel(‘time-’);

Ylabel(‘amplitude

’);Title(‘carrier

wave’); Grid on;

Axis([On-2 +2]);

Subplot(3,1,3);

Plot(t,st);

Xlabel(‘time’);

Ylabel(‘amplitude –’

Title(‘bpsk wave’);

Grid on;

Axis([On-2 +2]);
SIMULATION GF BPSK
 DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING

PROGRAM:

close all;

clear all;

clc;

B=[1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 ];

B not=~B;

count=0;

Dk=[];

for i=1:1:length (B);

if (B(i)==0)

count=count+1;

if (count>1)

Dk (i)=0;

else

Dk (i)=1;

end

else

if (B(i)==1)

Dk (i)=1;

count=0;

end

end

end

Dk_ not=~Dk;

result=[];

result1=[];

result2=[];

resulti=Dk& B;

result2=Dk_not&B_not;

result=xor (resulti, result2);

final=[];

for i=1:1: length (result+1)

final (1)=1;

final (i+1)=result(i);

end

main final=-final;

fs=1000;

n=0:1:39;

y1=2*sin (2*pi*2*n/40);
y2=2* sin(2*-pi*24n/40);

z=0;

for i=(1:1:length (main final))

if (main final (i) ==1)

z=[z y1];

else

z=[z y2];

end

end

Plot(z);

Xlabel(‘time (t)’);

Ylabel(‘amplitude’);

Title (‘DPSK[num2str (main final)]’);

Grid on
OUTPUT: DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING
 PHASE SHIFT KEYING

PROGARM:

clc;

clf;

clear all;

n=0:1:39;

yl=2*sin (2*pi*2*n/40);

subplot(3,2,1);

plot(yl);

title('orthogonal basic functioni');

xlabel('time (sec)');

ylabel ('amp (v)');

y2=2*sin (2*pi*2*n/40);

subplot(3,2,2);

plot(y2);

title('orthogonal basis function2');

xlabel('time (sec)');

ylabel ('amp (v)');

x=randsrc (1,10, [1 -1]);

subplot(3,2,3);

title('input bit stream');

xlabel('time (sec) ');

ylabel('amp (v)');

stem (x);

axis ([1 10 -1.5 1.5]);

grid;

z=0;

for i=1:10;

if (x (i)==1);

z=[z y1];

else

z=[z y2];

end;

end;

subplot(3,2, 4);

plot (z);

title('psk waveform');

xlabel('time (sec)');

ylabel ('amp (v)');

axis ( [0 400 -2.5 2.5]);

k=1;

for i=1:401;

b(i)=z (i) *y1 (k);

k=k+1;

if (k>40)

k=1;

end;

end;

a=0;r=1;g=1;m=40;

for j=1:10;

for i=g:m-1;

a=a+b (i);

end;

if (a>0)

p(r)=1;

else

p(r)=-1;

end;

a=0;r=r+1;g=g+40;m=m+40;

end;

subplot(3,2,5);

stem (p);

title('decoded signal')

xlabel('time (sec)');

ylabel ('amp (v)');

axis ([1 10 -1.5 1.5]);

grid;
OUTPUT: SIMULATION OF PSK
 SIGNAL CONSTELLATION OF QPSK

PROGRAM:

Clc;

Clear all;

Close all;

Data=[0010011 1];

Figure(1)

Stem(data,’linewidth’,3);

Grid on;

Title(‘information before transmitting’);

Axis([0 11 0 1.5]);

Data_NZR=2*data-1;

S_p_data=reshape(data_NZR, 2,length(data)/2);

Br=10^6;

F=br;

T=1/br;

T=T/99:T/99:T;

Y=[];

Y_in=[];

Y_qd=[];

D=zeros(1,length(data)/2);

For i=1:length(data)/2

P=data(2*i);

Imp=data(2*i-1);

Y1=s_p_data(1,1)* cos(2*pi*f*t);

Y2=s_p_data(2*i)* sin(2*pi*f*t);

Y_in=[y_in y1];

Y_qd=[y_qd y2];

Y=[y y1+y2];

If(imp==0)&&(p==0)

D(i)=exp(j*pi/4);

End

If(imp==1)&&(p==0)

D(i)=exp(j*3*pi/4);

End

If(imp==1)&&(p==1)

D(i)=expl*5*pi/4);

End

If(imp==0)&&(p==1)

D(i)=exp(j*7* pi/4);
 End

End

Tx_sig=y

qpsk=d

tt=T/99:T/99T*length(data))/2;

Figure(2)

Subplot(3,1,1);

Plot(tt,y_in, ‘linewidth’,3);

Grid on;

Title(‘waveform for inphase component in qpsk modulation’);

Xlabel(‘time(sec)’);

Ylabel(‘amplitude (volto)’);

Subplot(3,1,2);

Plot(tt,y_qd,’linewidth’,3);

Grid on;

Title(‘waveform for quadrature component in qpsk modulation’);

Xlabel(‘time(sec)’);

Ylabel(‘amplitude(volto)’);

Subplot(3,1,3);

Plot(tt, Tx_sig,’g’, ‘linewidth’,3);

Grid on;

Title(‘qpsk modulated signal’);

Xlabel(‘time(sec)’);

Ylabel(‘amplitude(volto)’);

Figure(3)

Plot(d,’o’);

Axis([-22-22]);

Grid on;

Xlabel(‘real’);

Ylabel(“img”);

Title(‘qpsk constellation’);
OL ITPLIT :

on

x 10 6
SIGNAL CO NSTELLATI ON OF QPSK
 OBSERVATION OF SIGNAL CONSTELLATION OF QPM

PROGRAM:

Clc;

Clear all;

N=32;

M=4;

No_of_rows=n/2;

No_of_bits_in_symbol=2;

Data in=randint(1,n);

Len_data_in=length (data_in);

Data_instp=reshape (data_in, no_of_rows, no_of_bits_in_symbol);

Size (data_instp);

Data_in_sym=bi2 de (data_instp);

Stem (data_in_sym);

Title (‘random symbol’);

Xlabel (‘symbol index’);

Ylabel (‘integer value’);

Mod_data=qammod (data_in_sym,M);

Scatterplot (mod data);

 OBSERVATION OF SIGNAL CON.STELLA TION OF CtAM

OUTPUT:
 ERROR CONTROL CODING SCHEMES

PROGRAM:

clc;

clear all;

close all. ;

g=input('enter the generator matrix:');

disp (g);

disp('the order of linear block code for generation matrix is');

[n, k]=size (transpose (g));

disp('n=b');

disp (n);

disp('k=3');

disp (k);

for i=1:24k;

for j=k:-1:1;

if rem (i-1,2^(-j+k+1)) >=2^(-j+k);

u(i, j)=1;

else

u(i, j)=0;

end;

end;

end;

disp('the possible code words are:');

c=rem (u*g, 2);

disp('c=');

disp('the minimum hamming distance dmin for given block code is=');

d_min=min (sum ( (c(2:2^k, :))'));

disp('d_min=');

disp (d_min);

r=input('enter the recieved code word: ');

disp('r=');

disp (r);

p=[g(:,n-k+1:n)];

h=[transpose (p), eye (n-k)];

disp('hamming code');

ht=transpose (h);

disp('ht=');

disp (ht);

disp('syndrome of a given codeword is');

s=rem (r*ht, 2);

disp('s=');

disp(s);

for i=1:1: size (ht);

if (ht(1, 1:3) ==s);

r(i)=1-r(i);102;

break;

end;

end;

disp('the error is in bit');

disp('i=');

disp (i);

disp('the corrected codeword ');

disp('r=');

disp (r);
OUTPUT:

Enter the green matrix:[1 0 0 1 0 1;0 1 0 1 1;0 0 1 1 1 1]

1 0 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 1

The order of linear block code for generation matyrix is

N=b

K=3

The possible code words are:

C=

The minimum haming distance dmin for given block code is=

D_min=3

Enter the received code word:[1 1 1 1 0 1]

R=

111101

Hamming code

Ht=

1 0 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 1

Syndrome of a given codeword is

S=

001

The error is in bit

I=

The corrected codeword

R=

111100

>>
 CYCLIC BLOCK CODES

PROGRAM:

Clc;

Clear all;

N=7;

K=4;

Disp(‘message bit’);

Msg=randint(2,k, [0,1]);

Disp (msg);

Disp(‘cyclic polynomial’);

Pol=cyclpoly(n,k, ‘min’);

Disp (pol);

Disp(‘code vector’);

Code=encode (msg, n,k, ‘cycliccodes’ pol);

Disp (code);

Disp(‘error pattern generation’);

Erranderr (2,n,(1,0;0.8 0.2));

Disp € ;

Disp(‘received matrix’);

R=rem (plus (code, e), 2);

Disp ® ;

Disp(‘decoded message bit’);

Newmsg=decode (r, n,k,’cyclic codes’);

Disp (newmsg);
 CYCLIC BLOCK CODES

OUTPUT:

Message bit:

1 1 1 0

0 0 10

Cyclic polynomial

1011

Code vector

1 0 0 1 1 1 0

1 1 0 0 0 1 0

Error pattern generation

0000000

0 0 0 0 0 00

Received matrix

100111 0

1 1 0 0 0 1 0

Decoded message bit

1110

0010
 SIMULATION OF COLTVOLUTION SCHEMES

PROGRAM:

Clc;

M=input(‘enter the input sequence ‘);

1=input(‘enter constraint length’);

Gl=input(‘enter impulse response’);

G2=input(‘enter impulse ‘);

T=poly2trellis ([1], [g1 92]);

Disp(t);

C=convenc (m, t);

Disp ©;

%decoding

Opmode=’trunc’;

Detype=’hard’ ;

R=input(‘enter received/code’);

Decorvitdec (r, t, 1, opraode, detype);

Disp (deco);

Code
 SIMULATION OF CONVOLUTION SCHEMES

OUTPUT:

Enter the input sequence [1 0 1 1 0]

Enter constraint length 3

Enter impulse response 5

Enter impulse 7

numInputSymbols:2

numOutputSymbols:4

numStates:[4x2 double]

outputs:[4x2 double]

1101001010

Enter received code [1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0]

10110

>>
 COMMUNICTION LINKED SIMULATION

PROGRAM:

clc;

clear all;

close all;

A=5;

fa=50;T=1/fa;

t=0: T/1000:2*T;

ya=3*sin (2*pi*fa*t);

figure (1);

subplot(3,1,1);

plot(t, ya);

title('modulating signal');

xlabel('time (sec)');

ylabel('amp (v)');

A=5;

fc=2000;

yc=A*sin (2*pi*fc*t);

figure (1);

subplot(3,1,2);

plot(t, yc);

title('carrier signal');

xlabel('time (sec)');

ylabel ('amp (v)');

ym= (A+ya). *sin (2*pi*fc*t);

figure (1);

subplot(3,1,3);

plot(t, ym);

title('modulating signal');

xlabel('time (sec)');

ylabel('amp (v)');

ym=tA+ya).*sin (2*pi*fc*t);

figure (2);

subplot (4,1,1);

plot(t, ym);

title('received signal');

xlabel('time (sec)');

ylabel('amp (v)');

A=5;

fc=2000;
yo=A* sin(2*pi*fct);

figure (2);

subplot (4,1,2)

plot(t,yc);

title('carrier signal');

xlabel('time (sec)');

ylabel('amp (v)');

ymm=ym. *sin (2*pi*fc*t);

figure (2);

subplot(4,1,3);

plot(t, ymm);

title ('recievedsignalafter multiplication of carrier signal');

xlabel('time (sec)');

ylabel('amp (v)');

wc=200/50000;

[a b]=butter (2,wc, 'low');

sig=filter (a, b, ymm) ;

figure (2);

subplot(4,1, 4);

plot(t, 2*sig-5);

title('am demodulated signal');

xlabel('time (sec)');

ylabel ('amp (v)');

 COMMUNICATION LINKED SIMULATION
OUTPUT:

OOS
 EQUALIZATION

PROGRAM:

clear all;

close all;

hold off ;

sysorder=5;

N=200;

inp=randn (N, 1);

n=randn (N, 1);

[b, a]=butter (2,0.25);

Gz=tf (b, a,-1);

sh=ldiv (b, a, sysorder);

h=[0.0976;

0.2873;

0.3360;

0.2210;

0.0964;] ;

y=lsim (Gz, inp);

n=n*std (y) / (10*std (n));

d=y+n;

totallength=size (d, 1);

N=60;

wrzeros (sysorder, 1);

for n=sysorder:N

u=inp (n:-1:n-sysorder+1);

y (n)=w'*u;

e (n)=d (n) -y (n);

if n<20

mu=0.32;

else

mu=0.15;

end

w=w+mu*u*e (n) ;

end

for n=N+1: totallength

u=inp (n:-1:n-sysorder+1));

y (n)=w'*u;

e (n)=d (n) -y (n) ;

end

hold on
plot(d) ;

plot(y, 'r');

title('system output').;

xlabel('samples');

ylabel('true and estimated output');

figure

semilogy ( (abs (e))) ;

title ('error curve');

xlabel('error vàlue');

figure

plot(h, 'k+');

hold on

plot(w, 'r*');

legend('actual weights', 'estimated weights')

title('comparison of the actual weights and estimated weights');

axis ( [0 6 0.05 0.35])