ijil|;, ijil|Salvr;, ~|k>lgUfI;î

DkG:sRy dlq[v/lm[

Þrj*X)[ calPlreoGi; Q\kSvSg!fjrluj rj*

xjHrj'k fs' rj*X)[ Tndsx c{<[mj)kduk;
rj*X)jmujH c[Sr|ik; dlgknUik; K!l)kduk;
svu[ff[ LisRy ésspi\jsRyê p{<[mlÔ*xjH
seMfsYf. fJG&uluk; LfjH vjÔj)k' wr*X)[
p{<[mlÔak![.ß DkG:R, yo; 21

ÞQl ark<USg, Qgk :f[alijHrj'[ rj*sx c{<[mj

)kduk; LfjHrj'kfs' LfjsRy Tnsuuk;
c{<[mj)kduk; Li g!jHrj'kaluj Plglx; c[YfJ-
ekgk<Ølsg é>oajujHê eg\kduk; svu[f rj*xksm
gÊjflijsr rj*X coÊj)kijR.ß DkG:R 4î 1

ÞL#l|k rj*X)[ rj*xjHrj'kfs' Tndsx

rjC[vuj&kfgjduk; rj*xksm TndxjHrj'[ ekYf
eOYfØlsg Yeplr; sv$kduk; r# ic[fk)X
:|lgaluj rh[dkduk; svu[fjgj)k'k.ß
DkG:R 16î 72

ijil|;

ark<UiGz\jsRy rjhrjh[ejrk; dkmk;~*X f+jhk= ~r[P*X)k;

Lmjc[Flr; ijil|aldk'k. ark<UiGz\jsRy rjhrjh[eln[ ijil|\j
sRy Lmjc[FlrhÊU;. >Ypalu dkmk;~\jrk; Lfkiqj :SglzUdgalu
cao|\jrksals) Lmj\y eldk'fk; iUd[fjdX f+jhk= KmÙmjujhosm
rjhijH igk' ijil|~r[Paln[.
:SglzUik; ijSidikak= ]sflgk :nk; seÑk; dkmk;~wJijf;
ruj)lR :Yz|j)kdsu'f[ Yed{fjuksm >lzaln[.
dkmk;~; t' >Ypalu clao|jdZmr sdMj/mk)k'fjr[ :nk;
seÑk; ijil|\jH ]Gs/mk' gJfj)[ ark<UvgjYfS\lx; eq)ak![.
]sy ijCkp[Pikalnf[.
ssiil|jdwJijfs\ L;zJdgj)l\ c;c[dlg*X ark<Ur[ Lw[Bl
faln[. Shlds\ t#l c;c[dlg*xk; Lf[ dkmk~Zmr)k= KelPj
uluj rjC[vuj)kduk; ijil|; dqj)lR ukil)sx SYelf[cl|j/j)k
duk; sv$k'k.
ijil|\jr[ vjh PlGajdvjMdxk![. dkmk;~wJijf; eliralujgj)n;.
TndX PlGajdakydX alrj&ksdl![ LrkiprJugJfjujH ijil|sa'
KmÙmjujhosm Qgk dkmk~aluigldn;. LPlGajd gJfjuk; Lij|jfSiq[v
uk; Lijsm elmj#. Tfln[ t#l af*xksmuk; dlq[v/lm[. TO gJfjsu
rjgldgj& glwU*xjshls) Lij|jfaluj zG>; Pgj)kduk; Yecij)k
duk; sv$k' ~lhjdalgksm tÑ; iGPj&kigjduk; Ligksm cÔfjdX
Lff[ glwU*xjH rjuaYeC[r*X K!l)kduk; sv$k'fluj eAr*X
sfxjuj)k'k.
 :SglzUak= ]sflglxksmuk; Yed{fUluk= ilcruln[ TnSvgH.
TO fIgsu LrjuYÔjfaldgkf[. Lfjsr c;c[dgj)lR Cd[falu PlGaj
dCjÊn*X LrjilgUaln[. DkG:R TO g;z\[ aËk c;c[dlg*xjH
rj'[ fjd&k; iUfUc[falu PlGajdakydxln[ Shld\jrk akÙjH ig&k
dlnj)k'f[. ssh;zjdf)[ SYegdaluk!ldk' YeShl>r*sx rjuYÔj
)lrk; L\g; cl|vgU*sx coÊj)kilrk; DkG:R Cd[faluj :I
CUs/mk'k. TO PlGajd Clcruksm >lzaluj DkG:R eyÉkî
ÞijCIlcjdSxlm[ eyukdî LiG f*xksm p{<[mjdX flq[\sM. zk|U
>lz*X coÊj)kduk; sv$sM. wJijfijCkp[Pj)[ Lfln[ K\a;. LiG
YeiG\j)k'f[ sspi; d!ksdl!jgj)k;. ijCIlcjrjdSxlmk; eyukdî
LiG f*xksm p{<[mjdX flq[\sM. elfjYifU; dl\ksdl=sM. f*
xksm Lh(lg*X sixjs/mk\lfjgj)sM-cIu; sixjilusflqj&[. f*
xksm akDem; flq[\jujM[ alykdX ay)sM.ß -DkG:R 24î 30-31
c'Ulc; Lrk<[Aj)nsa'[ DkG:R :iCUs/mk'j#. Lfjrlhln[
dqjik=iG ssiil|jdwJijf\jH ]Gs/mnsa'k; L#l\iG ssh;zjd
cplvlg; dl\kcoÊj)kilR Yif; Lrk<[Aj)nsa'k; ak|+p[r~j
:iCUs/Mf[.
ijil|\jsh ukd[fj
dkmk;~wJijf\jrk; cao|\jsRy rjhrjh[ejrk; DkG:R SYelf[cl
|j/j& c;ijPlraln[ ijil|;. iUd[fjdxk; cao|ik; QgkSelsh ijil|
\jsRy cp[Eh; Lrk>ij)k;. LSflsml/; YePlrs/M vjh ukd[fjdxk;
Lfjrk![.
1. ssh;zjdijdlg*xksm Car;.
wJijdxjH ]sy Cd[fjuk= ssidlgjdiC; ssh;zjdaln[. Lf[ Caj
/j)k'fjrk= Qgicg\jrk Si!j arÍ[ aFj&ksdl!jgj)k;. ij|jfalu
gJfjujH Caj&js#(jH Lf[ arÍjsr LcIc[Fal)kduk; vJ\ulu
gJfjdxjSh)[ fjgjulR c+G`; svhk\kduk; sv$k;.
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YePlrs/M alGzaln[ ijil|;. ssh;zjdCar\jrluj vJ\ alGz*xj
Sh)[ YeSiCj)k'fjHrj'[ Lf[ ark<Usr fmuk'k.
2. cÔlrh~[Pj.
dkmk;~~r[P\jsRy c;gÊn;, cÔlrh~[Pj t'ji)[ DkG:R
rjC[vuj&, fjd&k; ukd[falu gJfjuln[ ijil|;. YeilvdR eAj/j&kî
ÞdomkfH c[Sr|j)kduk; domkfH Yecij)kduk; sv$k' c[YfJdsx
ijil|; dqj)kd.ß
3. alf{-ejf{ijdlg*xksm c;gÊn;.
alflejfl)sx sspifkhUgluj znj)k' cao|*xk; c;c[dlg*xk;
Shld\k![. TO ijdlg; ]sy K'faln[. t'lH cÔlr*xks!(jH
alYfSa L\g; ijdlg*X)[ Yecd[fjuk=o. cÔlrgl|jfU; TO ijdl
gs\ clÊlf[dgj)j#. alfli[, ejfli[ t'J ~r[P*xksm K'f ijdl
galn[ dkmk;~g;z\[ c[Sr|\jsRyuk; dlgknU\jsRyuk; ilf[chU
\jsRyuk; >li*X K!l)k'f[.
4. dqjikdxksmuk; K\gilpj\\jsRyuk; Sel<n;.
dkmk;~wJijf\jSh)[ YeSiCj)kilR :Yz|j)k' iUd[fjdX Lfj
rliCUalu dqjikdX ijil|sa' vjÔ Kmshmk)k'Sflsm fs' ixG
\jsumk)k'k. c[YfJ Lixksm K\gilpj\egjPjujH igk' iJm[egjelhr;,
cÔlr*xksm egjvgn; fkm*ju SaDhdxjhk; ekgk<R dkmk;~egjel
hr\jrliCUalu SaDhdxjhk; :iCUaluj igk' dqjikdX cIlu\al
)lR domkfH YCp[Pj)k'k. TO gJfj dkmk;~\jsRy SÊa\jrk; ekSgl
zfj)k; isg dlgnaldk;. ej'Jm[ igk' svhikdX)[ domkfH Kh[elp
r\jH ]Gs/mkilrk; clÙ\jdg;z; >Ypal)k'fjrk= SaDhujH YeSi
Cj)kilrk; Tf[ iqjsi)k'k. Lf[ iUd[fj)k; dkmk;~\jrk; cao|
\jrk; QgkSelsh zkn; sv$k'k.
5. :ukÍjsRy sspGZU;.
Lijil|jfgk; Y~|[avlgjdxk; :u :xkdX wJij)k'fjsr)lX
domkfH dlh; dkmk;~wJijf; ruj)k'iG wJij)k; t'ln[ yjS/lGMk
dX covj/j)k'f[. alrcjdik; ClgJgjdikalu :SglzUaln[ TfjsRy
YePlriC;.

TndXî sspijdp{<[mlÔ;

c[YfJuk; ekgk<rkalnS#l ijil|\jH egc[eg; Sulwj)k'f[. Tf[

Yed{fjrjuaaln[. >oakD\k= t#l wJiwlh*xk; TnSvgH YeYdjuuj
hosmuln[ cÔlr*sx rjhrjG\k'f[. ark<Urk; Tfjr[ Leilpa#. TO
gJfj fjd&k; sspijdaln[. DkG:R eyÉkî
ÞLiR rj*X)[ cIwlfjujHrj'kfs' Tndsx c{<[mj&kf'fk;-
Ligksm cl'jPU\jH rj*X ClÔj rkdglR- rj*X)jmujH c[Sr
|ik; dlgknUik; K!l)j\'fk; LisRy p{<[mlÔ*xjH seMfldk'k.
fJG&uluk; vjÔj)k' wr\jr[ TfjH Plglx; p{<[mlÔ*xk![.ß
DkG:R 30î 21
TO ivr\jsh c[Sr|;, dlgknU; t'ji plÙfU-dkmk;~wJijf;
akS'lMk sdl!kSeldk'fjrliCUalu :f[aJSulelPjdxldk'k. cÔlr*
xksm Kh[elpr;, KewJirij>i*xksm plr; t'jiukaluj ~r[Ps/M
YeSulz*xkaldk'k Lf[. c[Sr|ik; dlgknUik; arÍjHrj'[ LyefUÊ
aldk'Sflsm cÔlSrlh[elpr;, dkmk;~egjelhr; t'J Lmjc[Flr zkn
*xjHrj'[ ark<UG Ld'kalyk;. Liuksm L>li\jH dkmk;~g;z;
tS/lqk; dhk<ik; LcIc[Ff rjyÉfkalujgj)k;.
c[YfJuk; ekgk<rk; dkmk~\jsRy ixG&ujH egc[egeogd*xln[.
Q'jsr Liznj&ksdl![ c[Flraj#. TO elgc[egU\jH c|iG\j\ik;
c|dgnik; ijMkiJq[vukaln[ YePlr;. Lfjrrkcgj& YeSulzik;
dlq[v/lmkaln[ DkG:rjrk=f[. >lgUl->G\l)ØlG t' L>jc;S~lPr
u# DkG:sRyf[. TndX t'sYf Lf[ KeSulzj& clS(fjdep;.
Lfjrlhln[ c|dgnik; ijMkiJq[vuk; dkmk;~wJijf\jsRy akDakYp
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DkG:R 4-l; LPUlu\jH 19-l; ivr\jH covj/j&fk dlnl;. Þrj*xjH
K\aR dkmk;~S\lm[ r# rjhujH iG\j)k'irlsn'[ YeilvdR
fsRy Lrkulujdsx L>Ucj/j&fk; TndX egc[eg; elhjS)! TO
c;c[dlgs\uln[ iUd[fal)k'f[.

DkG:rjH

dkmk;~wJijf\jsRy >Ypf)[ DkG:R rjGS`Cj& Cd[falu KelPj

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r~j Yec[flij&kî c[YfJ rlh[ dlgU*X)luj ijil|; sv$s/mlyk![.
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:pGC\jrldn; t'fln[ YePlr;.
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)kd ark<Uc|waln[. eh c;zfjdxk; Tfjr[ SYegdalSu)l;. rjy;,
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gjdik; clÙ\jdikalu dlgU*X uFlGF :dG<n*x#, Lisuls)
rCj)k'fln[.
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af\jsRy Lrkulujdxlsn(jhk; igSrl iPkSil :sg(jhk; QglX
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iglsn(jhk; : ijil|~r[Ps\ rjgkf[cl|s/mk\kduln[ YeilvdR
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gluj ixgk; t' :C(uln[ Yec[fkf coÊ[af)[ rjplr;.
ijil|\jr[ DkG:R si& :dG<n; :pGCalsn'[ vkgk);.
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)hk; DkG:R ]dsspiijCIlcjdsx Lrkipj)k'j#. DkG:R eyÉkî
Þ~|ksspiijCIlcjrjdsx rj*X ijil|; dqj)gkf[, LiG ijCIlcjrjd
xldk'fkisg.ß
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c[YfJdsx ijil|; dqj)lR Lrkipj&jMk![. TO Lrkilp\jrk; ayk
iCak![. ]dsspiijCIlcjulu ukifjdsx wof-ssYdc[fi ukil)X)[
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akc[hj;c[YfJdxjH K!ldk' a)X Lakc[hj;dxlikd cIl>lijdaln[.
]dsspi\j(H Tf[ Qgj)hk; cIJdlgUa#.
aocl, TOcl fkm*ju Shld\[ :zfglu t#l Yeilvdgjhk; ijCI
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uicg; ak|+p[r~jsu Yeilvdrluj L;zJdgj)l\ wofSrl Ydjc[fU
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sa' dlgU\jH c;Cuaj#. Lijsm LiX fsRy afs\ egjfUwj)k
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Sulzj)lR rjG~r[Pj)s/mkdSul svu[Sf)l;. LfjrlH fs' akc[hj;
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ijh)kduk!luj.
fjgsÉmk/[
c[YfJ ekgk<sRy cGicIaln[. LiX Lulxksm d{<jujmik; elG/jm
ik; wJijfe(lxjuk; z{|rlFuk; cÔlr*xksm alflik; :ClSdYÕik;
g|cU*xksm coÊj/kdlgjukaln[.
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ujgj)k;. LfjrlHfs' LiX)[ Lrh[ea#l\ c[Flr; dkmk~g;z
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sÉmkS)!f[. en\jrk; cOÕgU\jrk; LfkdqjÉk alYfSa Yecd[fj
uk=o.
K\aulu c[YfJ :glsn'[ YeilvdR eAj/j&f[ T*srî ÞrJ Lisx
Srl)julH rjs' LiX cSÔl<j/j)k;. Lixksm dlgU\jH rJ cfU;
svu[flH LfiX eoG\jul)k;. LixjHrj'[ rJ Ld'lH rjr)k
Si!j LiX fsRy CgJgik; rjsRy Prik; dl\kcoÊj)k;.ß
alrUalu vkËkelmjH ixG'ixldkd, ClÔYed{f)lgjulikd, alrcjd
ssid{f*X T#lfjgj)kd, ijpUl>Ulcak=ixldkd, drUdulujgj)kd,
alyliUlPj T#l\ixldkd, r# c;c[dlgak=ixldkd, clÙ\jdaluk;
Yelu\jhk; fs')lX flsquk=ixldkd fkm*jui fjgsÉmk/jH
egjznj)s/Sm! zkn*xldk'k.
c+f; LrjilgU;
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ijil|;. Tfjr[ c[YfJuksmuk; ekgk<sRyuk; c+f; :iCUaln[. f*
xksm flh[egU*X)[ akRznr rh[dj a)sx LiG)[ T<[maj#l\
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)[ Sulwj& Tndsx ds!\kilR alflejfl)X Lisg c|luj)kd
uln[ svS$!f[.
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rjG~r[P; ejmj)k' vjh gÊjfl)xk![. fMjuk; akMjuk; seNdkMjuksm
dÑJgjH TqÉkrJ*k' Yec[fkf plÙfU; selMj\dglR ]sy cau
sal'k; Si!jigj#.
c+f; il*k' dlgU\jH c[YfJsuS'l ekgk<srS'l K= idfjgji[
K!ldgksf'[ rjua; LrkClcj)k'k. vgjYf\jH Tfjr[ Lrk>iclÊU
*X Plglx; dlnl;. ekgk<sRy Lrkilp; Selsh c[YfJuksm Lrkilp
ik; ]sy YelPlrUak=flsn'k vkgk);.
a|[G LFil ijil|aohU;
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KmÙmj rjhijH igk'f[. :pGCselgk\ak= :G)k; T\g\jH
ssiil|jdwJijf\jH ]Gs/mlik'fln[.
ijil|aohU; c[YfJuksm LidlCaln[. LfjH ekgk<r[ LidlCaj#.
DkG:R eyÉkî
Þc[YfJdX)[ Ligksm ijil|aohU; arÈc;f{e[fjSulsm rh[dkd. t'lH
LfjH i#fk; LiG arÍl rj*X)[ ijMkfgk'eÊ; rj*X Lf[
cSÔl<eoGi; ckDaluj >Êj)kd.ß -DkG:R 4î 4
ijil|aohUaln[ ijil|; rjhijH igk'fjrk= KelPj. LsfYful
dnsa'[ dnjCfuj#. QlSgl glwUs\uk; rm/kdxln[ Lfjr[ alr
pn[};. cIGnalSul enalSul c[YfJ)[ Kedgj)k' asËsÔ(jhkSal
:uj Lf[ rjC[vuj)lik'fln[. QlSglgk\gksm dqjik; cOdgUik;
SulzUfuk; egjznj&kSin; Lf[ rh[dkilR. LSfuicg; ijil|aohU;
TYfuldnsa'[ Qgj)hk; dnjCf si)lrk; emj#. t'lH c[YfJuksm
cOÕgU;, dkhJrf, ijpUl>Ulc;, ~kp[Pj, drUdlfI;, fyilm[, ssipz[pU;
t'ji akÙjHsi&[ Liu[)[ afjulu LxijH sdlmk)kdfs' Sin;.
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egjznj)l\fkaln[. Tf[ c[YfJuksm LidlCalsn(jhk; Lf[ ekgk<
rjHrj'[ ssdeSË!f[ Lixksm ejfliln[.
>lgUuksm K\gilpj\*X
|jfdgalufk; dkËdga#l\fkalu t#l dlgU\jhk; >G\lijsr
Lrkcgj)H >lgUuksm K\gilpj\aln[. >lgUuksm Lrkcgn; >G\l
ijsRy LidlCikaldk'k. ak|+p[r~jSulm[ Lijms\ ef[rj :TC
éL#l|k Lisg f{e[fjs/msMê Qgj)H Svlpj&kî ÞQgk c[YfJ)[ ]Ëik; domkfH
dm/lmkdxk=f[ :Sglmln[? Lijm'[ aykemj rh[djî fsRy >G\lijSrlm[.
LiG fkmG'k Svlpj&kî Qgk ekgk<r[ domkfH ~lPUfuk=f[ :Sglmln[?
Lijm'[ eyÉkî fsRy alflijSrlm[.ß
>G\lijsRy Prik; CgJgik; dl\kcoÊj)kd, LS`|\jsRy cÔl
r*sx uFlijP; egjvgj)kd, LS`|\jr[ siyk/k!l)k' dlgU*X
sv$lfjgj)kd fkm*j eh dlgU*xk; >lgUuksm ~lPUfuluj igk'k![.
>G\lijr[ cSÔl<ik; dkxjGauk; rh[dkdsu'fln[ K\aulu >lgU
uksm rjhelm[. >lgU >G\lijsRy g|cUcoÊj/kdlgjuln[. Lfluf[,
fsRy CgJg\jhk; >G\lijsRy Pr\jhk; iÖr dlnj)l\ixlniX.
c[YfJdxksm TO K\gilpj\rjGi|ns\ ijCkp[Pukp[PS\lmln[
YeilvdR Keaj&f[.
Qgk c[YfJsu c;~r[Pj&[ sspi; f{e[frldk'f[ Lisx c;~r[Pj&[
Lixksm >G\li[ f{e[frldkSÙlqln[. >G\li[ Sdlej)k' wJijfgJfjd
xkaluln[ Qgk c[YfJ agj)k'sf(jH LixjH sspiSdle; >ij)k'fln[.
>G\lijr[ T<[maj#l\isg iJMjH duËlfjgj)kd, LS`|s\ egj
vgj)kd, LS`|\jsRy dosm flacj)kd, LS`|; rh[djufksdl![
f{e[fjs/mkd fkm*ju dlgU*X >lgUuksm rjG~r[P ~lPUfdxldk'k.
>G\lijsRy K\gilpj\*X
>lgUuk; >G\lik; SvG' dkmk;~wJijf; elgc[egU\jsRy SaDhul
dk'k. plÙfU~r[P\jH ]Gs/Misg DkG:R TndX t'ln[ ijSC
<j/j&f[. : ~r[P\jH Tq SvG'jgj)k'f[ c[Sr|ik; dlgknUik
aldk'k. Lijsm >lgU egjvlgduk; >G\li[ Lixksm Scir\jr[ LPj
dlgjukalu# dqjSu!f[. >lgU)k=fkSelsh ~lPUfdX >G\lijrkak![.
g![ ij>lz\jsRyuk; ~lPUfdX rjGi|j)s/mkSÙlqln[ plÙfUwJijf;
ckDdgaluj akS'lM[ Selikd.
c[YfJ Yed{fUl fs' pOG~hUak=ixln[. ClgJgjdaluk; alrcjdaluk;
ekgk<sRy dgk\[ LiX)j#. Lixksm ClgJgjdik; alrcjdikalu Yed{
fjuk; iUfUc[faln[. Lh[e; afj Lixksm arÍ[ fdgkilR. LfldsM
dkmk;~g;z\[ ]sy LcIc[FdX K!l)kduk; sv$k;. LfjrlH c[YfJ
uksm Yed{f; arÍjhl)j segkalykdsu'fln[ >G\lijsRy ihju
~lPUf. Lfjrlhln[ ak|+p[r~j, ÞfsRy iJMkdlgjSulm[ r'luj segkal
yk'irln[ rj*xjH K\aR t'[ eAj/j&f[.
:iCU\jrk; LrliCU\jrk; Sdlej)lfjgj)n;. LiX)[ alrUalu
gJfjujH, fsRy dqjijsrl\ gJfjujH svhijr[ sdlmk)n;. Lixksm
dosm ulYf sv$n;. Lixksm ijpUl>Ulc\jrk= ]G/lmkdX sv$n;.
fsRy iJMjHrj'[ eky\kdm)kilR eËl\ gJfjujH Lijsm fs' ejmj&k
rjG\gkf[. ]sfls) g;z*xjH Lixksm LidlC*xkS!l Lf[ id
si&k sdlmk)n;. fsRy cIfIik; iUd[fjfIik; egjznj)s/mk'ksi'[
LiX)[ Sfl'kaly[ Lisx :pgj)kduk; fsRy fs' >lzaluj dlnk
duk; Sin;. Tmu[)jsm fsRy alflejfl)sx dlnlrk= Lixksm
:Yz|s\ Qgj)hk; rjgldgj)gkf[. Lfjr[ Lisx Lrkipj)kd alYf
a#, >G\li[ Lisx Lrkzaj)kduk; Sin;.

ijil|Salvr;

]sy sfËjPgj)s/M ij<ualn[ fIhlD[ LFil ijil|Salvr;.

plÙfUwJijf; ClCIfalujgj)lrln[ DkG:R rjGS`C; rh[dk'fk;
:Yz|j)k'fk;. wJijfliclr; isg rjhrjh[)kdsu' hÊUS\lsm
K>udÊj dglyjhosmuln[ ijil|~r[P; rjhijH igk'f[.
plÙfU~r[P*sx |rj)k' ]f[ dlgUs\uk; DkG:R siyk)k'k.
Lfjrlhln[ ijil|Salvr; ]dsspi\jr[ ]sy Sdleak= dlgUalsn
'[ ak|+p[ r~j eAj/j)lR dlgn;. LS`|; eyÉkî ÞL#l|kij(H
]Ëik; siyk)s/M LrkiprJu dlgU; ijil|Salvraldk'k.ß
rjÍlgalu ]sf(jhk; dlgn\lH fsRy plÙfUwJijf; akyj&iR
DkG:sRy p{<[mjujH ijCIlcikaluj Qgkfg\jhk; ~r[Paj#l\irln[.
Qgk c[YfJ fsRy cIlGFhl>\jrk Si!j >G\lijHrj'[ ijil|Salvr;
SfmjulH LiX cIGz\jr[ LidlCju#lfluj\Jgk; t'[ YeilvdR
Lgkxkduk!luj.
LrkiprJu dlgn*X
LrjilgUalu ZM*xjH alYf; KeSulzj)lik' KelPjuluj DkG:R
ijil|Salvrs\ idujgk\kduk!luj. LfjrlH fs' ijil|Salvr
\jr[ Kvjfalu rjaj\*xluj vjh dlgU*X Lf[ rjC[vuj)kduk!luj.
Qgkrjh)k; Q\kSeldlR clPj)l\fk; Qgk S~lPif[)gn\jrk;
ijSPualdl\fkalu cI>lipo<Uik; segkalËik; >lgUujHrj'k!lulH
Lijsm ijil|Salvraln[ egj|lg;. fdG'khÉ plÙfU~r[P; ekrÈ
c[Flej)lR Qgk Sel;iqjukajs#(jH >G\lijr[ DkG:R rh[dju L|jf
dgalu Sel;iqjulnf[. :mjukhÉk; LcIc[Faluk; : ~r[P; akSÙlM[
sdl!kSeldnsa'[ DkG:R :iCUs/mk'j#.
ssh;zjdcplvlg; T#l\ixldkd, efjYifu#lfjgj)kd, iUd[faluk;
pkGi{\j sv$k'ixldkd fkm*ju dlgn*X ijil|Salvr\jr[ Li
h;~j)s/mlik'fln[. T\g; dlgn*X ej'Jm[ i<xl;ijP; ixgk
ilrk; dkmk~; rCj)kilrk; dlgnaldk;. >lgUujHrj'k!ldk' T\g;
LcIc[Ffdsx c|j&k; Êaj&k; wJij)lR DkG:R ekgk<sr rjG~
r[Pj)k'j#.
ekgk<sRy LidlC;
ijil|Salvr; ekgk<sRy LidlCaln[. plÙfU\jhosm goes/M Qgk
dkmk;~\jsRy clÙ\jdSYclfÍk; dkmk;~\jsRy SaHSrlM)lgrk;
ekgk<R :ufjrlhlnjf[.
Yed{fjukd[falu rjC[vu; domjulnjf[. sesM'[ ijdlg\jrmjs/mk'
Yed{fjuldk'k c[YfJuksmf[. TO cl|vgU; rjhrjh[s) ijil|Salvr
\jsRy LidlC; Lisx ]h[ej&jgks'(jH Lixf[ sesM'[ KeSulz
s/mk\kalujgk'k. t'lH Lisx LSeÊj&[ ekgk<R ]sy ClÔrln[.
sesM'[ ijdlg\jrmjs/M[ SalCs/M gJfjujH Yefjdgj)k'ir#. dlgU
*sx ~kp[Pjegaluj ssddlgU; sv$lR c[YfJsu)lX edIfuk; ijSi
dik; Lirlnk=f[. Lfjrlhln[ ijil|Salvr\jsRy LidlC;
Lisr ]h[ej&f[.
Lsfuicg; Y>lÔØlgksmuk; h|gj~lPjfgksmuk; ijdlg*X)mjs/M
igksmuk; Sdler[PsRyuk; ijil|Salvr; clPkildkduj#. flsq ey
uk' ZM*xjhk= ijil|Salvr*X)[ rjuaclPkfuj#.
1. ~l|Uc+G`*X)[ ijSPualuk= ijil|Salvr;
2. h|gj~lPjsRy ijil|Salvr;
3. Sdlelr[PsRy ijil|Salvr;
4. falCuluk= ijil|Salvr;
5. LYCp[Paluk; ijc[a{fjulhkak= ijil|Salvr;
6. Lr[Plxj&isRy ijil|Salvr;
plÙfUwJijf\jr[ ijgla; rh[dk'ksi'[ covj/j)k' ]f[ Yei{\j
akSDruk; ijil|Salvr; c;>ij)k;. Lf[ ilvjdaldsM, igsalqjuldsM
fIhlD[ clPkildk'fln[. t'lH ijil|Salvraluj znj)s/mlik'
ijP\jH pÙfjdX f+jH SiGejgjÉjgj)k' cau\[ LFil T`ujH
:ujgj)n; Lf[. >lgUuksmSul >G\lijsRySul :sg(jhk; Qglxksm
af;alË; Selhk= c;>i*X K!lulhk; ijil|Salvr; c;>ij)k;.
Qgkaj&k= ao'[ ijil|Salvr;
g![ finuln[ ijil|Salvr;. QË\inuluj salqjsvl#julH
fs' ijil|Salvr; clPkildk;. t'lH T`ldlh\[ >lgUsu fjgj
s&mk)lrk; Lfjr[ clPUalujs#(jH Lfjr[ SC<; ekrGijil|; sv$l
rk; DkG:R ekgk<r[ Lrkilp; rh[dk'k. Lfluf[, g![ finuln[
ijil|Salvr;. ao'l; fin ijil|Salvr; LÔjaaln[. ejs' LiG
f+jH SiGejgjukd fs' Sin;. DkG:R eyÉkî
Þijil|Salvr; g![ YeliCUaldk'k. LrÔg; alrUalu gJfjujH dosm
rjyk\kdSul r# rjhujH ejgj&u)kdSul sv$n;.ß
ao'[ ijil|Salvrik; QËumj)[ sv$kduk; ej'Jm[ fjgjs&mk)nsa'[
Sfl'kduk; svu[flH clPUa#l\fjrlhln[ T*sr ao'[ fIhlDkdX
éijil|Salvr;ê rjC[vuj&f[. Lfluf[, DkG:R rjuaaluj rjC[vuj&
ijil|SalvrgJfj Q'jr[ SC<; Q'[ t' rjh)ln[. Q'las\uk;
g!las\uk; ijil|Salvr\jrk SC<; fjgjs&mk)lik'fln[. ao'la
S\f[ svl#j)qjÉlH ijil|Salvr; eoGnaluk; rjhijH igk;. ej'Jm[
LiG)[ plÙfU\jH fkmglR clPUa#. : c[YfJsu asËlglX ijil|;
dqj)kduk; cIl>lijdalu gJfjujH LiG f+jH ijil|Salvr; svu[fk
SiGejgjukduk; svu[flH alYfSa LiG)[ iJ!k; Qgkaj)lR clPj)kd
uk=o. DkG:R eyÉkî
ÞLulX Lisx ijil|Salvr; svu[flH LrÔg; LiX asËlgk
>G\lijsr ijil|; dqj)k'fkisg LulX)[ LiX rj<jp[Puln[.ß

DkG:sRy rjGS`C;
ijil|; Qgk dglylsn'[ covj/j)kduk!luj. c[Sr|ik; dlgknUik;
Êauk; ijMkiJq[vukaln[ TO dglyjsRy LFil plÙfUwJijf\jsRy
dlfH. vjh cÕG>*xjH >G\li[ >lgUsu siyks\'kigl;. vjhS/lX
fjgj&k; c;>ijS&)l;. Lfjr[ YeSfUdj&[ dlgnik; dS!)l;. t'lH
L\g; ZM*xjH Êaj)kduk; selyk)kduk; svu[f[ plÙfUwJijf;
akSÙlM[ sdl!kSeldnsa'ln[ DkG:sRy rjGS`C;. DkG:R eyÉkî
ÞLigkaluj é>lgUalgkalujê rj*X alrUaluj c;cGz\jH ]Gs/mkd.
rj*X)iSglm[ siyk/[ Sfl'k'ksi(jH, rj*X Qgk dlgUs\ siykS\
)l;. t'lH L)lgU\jH rj*X)[ L#l|k Plglx; rØdX si&jMk!l
ujgj)k;.ß -LPUlu; 4î 19
plÙfUg;z\k!ldk' t#l YeC[r*X)k; ijil|Salvr; sv$kdu#
DkG:sRy gJfj. pÙfjdX g!kSegksmuk; dkmk;~*xjHrj'[ QlSgl Yefj
rjPj iJf; Qgkaj&kdomkduk; ij<u; eAj&[ g!kSesguk; g+UfujH t\j
)lrk= iqjdX :glukduk; sv$nsa'[ DkG:R LrkClcj)k'k.
DkG:R eyÉkî
ÞLiG)jmujH ejxG/[ >us/MlH LisRyuk; Lixksmuk; dkmk;~\j
hk= g![ aPUc[FØlsg rjSulzj)kd. LiG Sulwj/[ KS`Cj)k'ksi(jH
L#l|k LiG)jmujH Sulwj/[ Yeplr; sv$k'fln[.ß -DkG:R 4î 35
rjÍlg dlgn*X)[ ijil|;Salvr; sv$lif#. elC[vlfU glwU*
xjH rjhijhk= ijil|Salvr c;>i*X ixsg rjÍlg dlgn*xlhln[
rm)k'f[. aj)S/lqk; ekfju dlakdjsu ds!\julH fs' :pUs\
c[YfJukaluk= SiGejgjuH Ky/luj. DkG:R TO gJfj cIJdgj)k'j#.
pÙfjdX f+jhk!ldk' t#l YeC[r*sx c;~r[Pj&k; eAj)kduk;
Sel;iqj :glukduk; clPUaldk' ijMkiJq[vdX svu[f[ YeC[r; egj|
gj)nsa'k; DkG:R :iCUs/mk'k. Qgk ijil|Salvr; c;>ij)lfl
gj)lrln[ Lf[ :Yz|j)k'f[.

T`

T` Ly~jepaln[. tÑ;, dn)[ ts'ls)uln[ LfjsRy LGF;.

ijil|SalvrSC<Sal >G\lijsRy agnSC<Sal c[YfJ ekrGijil|;
ijh)j Lm*jujgjS)! dlh\jrln[ T` t'[ clS(fjdaluj eyuk
'f[.
ijil|Salvr; sv$s/M c[YfJsu Ligksm elMjr[ ijmkilR DkG:R
Lrkipj)k'j#. c[YfJ cIu; eky\kSelikduk; Lgkf[. DkG:R eyÉkî
ÞLigksm éc[YfJdxksmê T`ldlh\[ rj*X Lisg ijil|Salvr; sv$k
d. T`ldlh; Cgj)[ dn)l)kd. rj*xksm gÊjflilu L#l|kijsr
coÊj)kd. T`lSixujH Lisg Ligksm iJmkdxjHrj'[ eky\l)gkf[.
LiG cIu; eky\[ Selikdukagkf[. t'lH iUd[falu pkG'm/jH LiG
YeSiCj&jMks!(jH Lisg eky\l)k'fjH ijSglPaj#. Ti L#l|k
rjC[vuj& egjPjdxldk'k. i#irk; L#l|kijsRy egjPjsu h;Zj)k
'ksi(jH rjC[vu; LiR fS'lmk fs'uln[ LYda; YeiG\j)k'f[.
QgkeSÊ, L#l|k Lfjr[ SC<; Sulwj/jrk= i# alGzik; K!l)jSu
)kSal t'[ rjr)yjukduj#.ß éfIhlD[î 1ê

T`uksm ukd[fj
T` rjG~r[Pal)jufjsh ukd[fj Tiuldk'kî
1. zG>lCu; Y>onakd[falSnl t'yjukduk; Lfkc;~r[Palu LiU
d[ff Qqjil)kduk sv$kd.
2. ijil|Salvr\jhosm egc[eg; SiGejgjÉ pÙfjdX)[ zkndgsa'[
Sfl'k' eÊ; iJ!k; plÙfU\jSh)[ fjgj&kiglrk= Licg; rh[dkd.
3. ijil|\jsRyuk; plÙfUwJijf\jsRyuk; zOgi; S~lPUs/mk\kd.
4. ~r[P; CjFjhalikduk; SiGejgjuhjsRy dlgn*X K!likduk;
svu[flH iJ!k; ~r[P; c[Flej)k'fjr[ c[YfJ Lh[e; Êaj)kduk;
dl\jgj)kduk; sv$kd.
ijil|Salvjf ao'[ :G\i)lh; ijil|; ijh)j Lm*jujgjS)!
fldk'k. >G\li[ agns/M c[YfJdX rlh[ alcik; e\k pjicik;
QqjÉjgj)n;. :G\i; rjh& c[YfJ ao'[ alcik; zG>jnj Yecij)k'
fkisguk; T` :vgj)n;. t'lH >G\likaluj Cur; rm)l\iX
T` :vgjS)!fj#.

DkHL[ écIu; SalvjfuldHê

plÙfU; akRSelM[ sdl!kSeldlR clPj)l\ ijP; YeC[r*X goÊ

aldk' Lic[FdX K!lSu)l;. Lf[ c[YfJuksm >lz\k rj'lsn(jH
c[YfJsu ejgj&u)lR ekgk<r[ Lrkilpak![. ekgk<sRy TO Lrk
ilp\jr[ fIhlD[ t'k eyuk'k.
YeC[r*X ekgk<sRy >lz\krj'k!likduk; plÙfUikaluj akRSelM[
SeldlR clPj)js#'[ c[YfJ)[ S~lPUalikduk; svu[flH ijil|
~r[P; y`[ sv$lR LiX)k; LidlCak![. c[YfJuksm TO LidlC
s\ DkHL[ t'k eyuk'k.
plÙfU~r[P; rjhijH igkSÙlX LfjsRy SegjH LiX fsRy
>G\lijHrj'[ tÔlSnl ssdeËjuf[ Lf[ fjgj&krh[djs)l!ln[ c[YfJ
ijil|Salvr; SrSm!f[. DkG:R eyÉkî
ÞTrj pÙfjdX Tgkigk; sspijdrjua*X elhj)kdujs#'[ rj*X
:C(j)k'ksi(jH LS/lX c[YfJ fsRy >G\lijr[ i#fk; YefjEh;
rh[dj Salvr; Srmk'fjH TgkiG)k; dkËaj#l\fldk'k.ß
-LPUlu; 2î 229
TO YefjEh; rUlualn[. dlgn;, ekgk<R ijil|aohU; rh[djs)l
!lnS#l plÙfU~r[P\jH ]Gs/Mf[. frj)[ :iCUalu ic[Yfik;
>Ênik; Lulxksm cÙ\jHrj'lnS#l LiX Lrk>ij&f[. Lixld
sM Lsfls) cIJdgj)kduk; Lrk>ij)kduk; svu[fjgk'k. t'lH
~r[P; Liclrj/j)lR LiX fs' akRssd tmk)kSÙlX LulX
rh[djusfSÔl Lf[ LulX)[ fs' fjgj&ksdlmk)kduln[ Si!f[.
DkHThosm Salvr; h>j& c[YfJ Qgk fin :G\iak!ldk' ZM;
T`ulvgj)n;.
TO SalvrgJfj)[ YeSfUd cau; T#. ]f[ cau\k; Lfldlik'
fln[. dlgn; c[YfJulnS#l Salvr; :iCUs/Mf[. LSflsm Lixksm
dlgU; Lixksm LPjdlg\jH igk'k. LulX)[ Trj Lisx fjgjs&mk
)lR clPj)j#. Lsfuicg; Lixksm c+fik; Lrkilpikaks!(jH
LulX)[ fs' Lisx ekrGijil|; sv$lik'fln[. ekfju ijil|al
ujMln[ Lf[ egjznj)kd.

~|k>lgUlcYÙplu;

Lmjc[Flregaluj ]d>lgUfIaln[ DkG:R L;zJdgj&f[. t'lH

dnjCalu KelPjdSxlsm ~|k>lgUlcYÙplus\ Lf[ L;zJdgj)kduk
!luj. iUd[fjegik; clao|jdikalu LrjilgUfdxln[ TO L;zJdlg
\jsRy Lmjc[Flr;. t'lH aOhjdcI>li; ]d>lgUlcYÙplualn[.
SaHcovj/j& KelPjdxjH ]Ë; Cd[faluf[ rJfjuldk'k. rjhijhk=
>lgU fsRy wJijfliCU*X)[ LegUle[fulufjrlH asËlgk ijil|;
dqj)lR rjG~r[Pjfrldkduk; t'lH g!k >lgUalG)kajmujH dnjC
alu rJfj rm/jhl)lR dqjukduk; sv$k'iG)[ alYf; rh[dju Tx
iln[ ~|k>lgUfI;.
t'lH >lgUalG)jmujH fkhUrJfj rm/jhl)kdsu'f[ clPlgn
ark<UYed{fjujH seMf#. DkG:R L)lgU; T*sr Yec[flij&kî
Þ>lgUalG)jmujH fkhUrJfj elhj)lR rj*X tYf fs' :Yz|j&lhk;
rj*X)f[ clPUaldk'f#. LfjrlH rj*X QgkiCS\)[ eoGnaluk;
vlÉksdl![ aËisx rjÍ|lulic[FujH ijSM)gkf[.ß -LPUlu; 4î 130
DkG:R aOhjdaluj ]d>lgUfIaln[ L;zJdgj&sf'k; rjG~r[P
cl|vgU\jH rJfj elhj)lR dqjuk'iG)k; Ligjhk!ldk' dkMjdX
)[ eC[velfj\aj#lsf svhijr[ sdlmk)lR SC<juk=iG)k; alYf;
Lrkipj&fln[ ~|k>lgUfIsa'k; Tf[ iUd[fal)k'k.
t'lH cao|; TO rjGS`C*sx sf#k; egjznj)lyj#. LfjrlH
fs' TO Txi[ pkgkeSulz; sv$ks/mkduk; QSg cau; rlh[ isg
sdMlrk= Lrkilpaluj Lfjsr pkgkeSulz; sv$kdukaln[ sv$k'f[.
TO ijigS)mjHrj'k!ldk' Yeinfdsx DkG:sRy ijaGCdG)[
Cd[falu QglukPalikduk; svu[fk.
Tc[hl; Yed{fjafaln[. ark<Ugksm wJijfulFlGFU*sx Lf[ egjznj
)k'k. sfËkdxjSh)[ iqkfjiJqlrk= t#l eqkfkdsxuk; Lf[ Lm&kdx
ÉjMk![. ark<Usg rjÍ|lufujhk; sfËjSh)[ rJ*lrk= cl|vgU
\jhk; ijSM)kdu# Lf[ sv$k'f[. L\g; pOG~hU*X dlShdoMj
d!ksdl!ln[ LrjilgUalu ZM*xjH KeSulzs/mk\lrk= vjh Tx
ikdX Lf[ Shld\jr[ caG/j&f[. Lfjshl'ln[ plÙfUg;zs\ ~|k
>lgUfI;.
~|k>lgUfI; :dlik' vjh vkËkelmkdxk!likd cIl>lijdaln[. Li
ujH YePlr; Tiuln[.
1. >lgU ir[PUulikd.
>lgUuksm ir[PUf c|j&[ wJijfdlh; akqkiR cÔlraj#lsf dqjÉk
domkd ark<Ur[ clPUa#. LfjrlH fs' :pU>lgUsu rjhrjyk\j asËlgk
ijil|\jH ]Gs/mkilR DkG:R ekgk<r[ Lrkilp; rh[djujgj)k'k.
2. >lgUuksm alyliUlPj.
>lgU alyliUlFjuk=ixk; ekgk<sRy plÙfU :iCU*X)[ Kedgj)l
\ixkalsn(jH Lisxuk; selyk\[ dqjÉkdomlR >G\lijr[ clPjs&
'kigj#. L\g; cl|vgU*xjhk; ekgk<r[ asËlgk ijil|\jH ]Gs/mk
ilR DkG:R Lrkilp; rh[dk'k.
3. >lgUuksm ssh;zjdflh[egU)kyi[.
vjhS/lX vjdjf[cj&lH Eh; dlnlik' fdglylnjf[. t'lH
Lfjrk; iq*l\ vjh cl|vgU*X K!lSu)l;. L\g; ZM*xjH
~|k>lgUfIaln[ L>jdlaU;. Ls#(jH ekgk<r[ fsRy ijdlg; Caj/j)lR
Lij|jfgJfj Lih;~jS)!jigk;.
4. ekgk<r[ Qgk c[YfJ alYf; afjuldlsf igjd.
ekgk<R domkfH :SglzUak=ulxk; Lulsx f{e[fjs/mk\k'fjH
>lgU LCd[fukalsn(jH ekgk<r[ asËlgk ~r[P\jH ]Gs/mkilR DkG
:R Lrkilp; rh[dk'k. ayj&lulH Lf[ ekgk<sRy egc[YfJzar\j
hln[ svs'\kd.
5. c[YfJdxksm tÑ; YdalfJfaluj domkd.
clao|jdaluk; vjh YeC[r*xk!ldlyk![. c[YfJdX ekgk<Ølsg)lX
tÑ\jH ]syuk!likdsu'f[ LfjH Qgk dlgnaldk'k. L\g;
ZM*xjH ~|k>lgUfI; Lrkipj&js#(jH Qgk ij>lz; c[YfJdX :wJi
rlÔ; Lijil|jfdxluj dqjSu!jigk;. L\g)lgjH ehgk; LeFcÖl
gjnjdxldlrk; clPUfuk![. egcUSal g|cUSal :u LeF Siq[vdxj
Sh)[ Lf[ cl|vgU; fky)kduk; ej'Jmf[ c;Ydaj)lrk; clPUfuk![.
6. cao|\jH ijPidxksm tÑ; domkd.
ukp[P;, dhle; Selhk= dkq/*X ]syuk; ekgk<Ølsguln[ ~lPj
)kd. L\g; cl|vgU*xjH ijPidX iGPj)k;. t'lH T\g; ijPi
dsx :gk; fsRy YeFa >lgUuluj cIJdgj)kdukaj#. LfjrlH ijPi
dxksm c;gÊn; t' rjh)[ SaHeyÉ KelPjdSxlsm Ligkaluj
ssiil|jdwJijf\jH ]Gs/mkduln[ Si!f[.
:pU; eyÉ rlh[ Lic[Fdxjhk; ekgk<r[ Sinsa(jH fsRy >lgU
su KSeÊj&[ ekfju ~r[P\jH ]Gs/mlik'fln[. t'lH Qgk c[YfJ
su rjglh;~ul)kdsu' LeglP; domj Lfjhk![. Lfjrlhln[ Lisx
si&kekhG\js)l!kfs' asËlgk\jsu SiX)kdsu'[ eyÉf[. ekgk
<sRy dqjijsruk; rJfjelhj)k; t' Ky/jsruk; :YCuj&jgj)k'kLf[.
~|k>lgUfI;î Spl<*X
~|k>lgUfI\jr[ dkmk;~g;z\[ tmk\keySu! fdglykdxk![. Qgk
>G\lijsRy dJqjH Qgjm\[ flacj)k' g![ >lgUalG)jmujH egc[eg;
LcIlgcU; K!likd clPlgnaln[. LiG)jmujH fG)ik; Lcouuk;
Yedmalujgj)k;. LiG f+jhk= YeC[r*X fJG)k'fjhlujgj)k; >G\l
ijsRy iUu; akqkiR. Tf[ ssiil|jdwJijfs\ LcIc[FeoGnal)k;.
LiG)jmujhk!ldk' dkMjdX)jmujhk; TO ssig; dlnl;. egc[eg;
Sulwj)l\ arÍkalujMlujgj)k; LiG wJij)kd. >G\lijsr cIÔal)l
rk= QlSgl >lgUuksmuk; egjYCa; Selsh ejflijsr cIÔal)lR dkMjd
xk; YCaj)k;. dmk\ LcIc[FdxjSh)ln[ Tf[ svs'\kd.
]sf(jhk; Qgk >lgUujShS)l ]sf(jhk; Qgk dkMjujShS)l vjhS/lX
arÍ[ vlsÉ'jgj)l;. vjhS/lX dkMjuksm ]sf(jhk; dqjijsRy Segjhl
dl;. Ls#(jH >lgUuksm tsÔ(jhk; zkn\jsRy Segjhldl;. Tf[ LrJ
fjujSh)[ rJ*lrk; LcIc[FfdX K!l)lrk; Tmul)k;. DkG:R
dGCraluj ijh)ju dlgUalnf[. DkG:R eyÉkî
Þt'lH LiG)jmujH é>lgUalG)jmujHê rJfj clPUas#'[ :C(j)k'k
si(jH Qgk c[YfJsu alYf; dhUln; dqj)kd.ß -DkG:R 4î 3
:PkrjdShld;
DkG:sRy ~|k>lgUlcYÙplus\ ehgk; tfjG)lyk![. eSÊ, ]de
f[rJYif; cIJdgj& eh c;c[dlg*xjhk; rlmkdxjhk; rmalmk' ssh;zjd
Legj<[d{ffI; dlnlsfSeldk'f[ r#f#.
Qgk c[YfJsu >lgUsu' epijujH LiSglPj)kduk; ijil|\jrk
akÙk; SC<ik; uSF<[m; c[YfJdxkaluj ssh;zjd~r[P; ekhG\kduk;
sv$k'igln[ elC[vlfU-eOgc[fUrlmkdxjhk= >ogj>lzik;. ssh;zjdaluj
dk\qjÉ wJijfaln[ Ligksmf[.
~|k>lgUfI; rjSglPj)kduk; PlGajdS~lP; r<[ms/mkduk; svu[f
Sflsm iU>jvlg; YdalfJfaluj iGPj)kduln[ Lijm*xjH c;>ij&f[.
c[doX dkMjdX Selhk; LVØlgk; L+algkaln[.
Y~jMrjH sflÑoy[ Cfalr; ekgk<Ølgk; Qgk El<rkSi!j >lgUalsg
ssdalyk'igln[. L\g; rlmkdxjH rm)k' zG>VjYp; ]syuln[. ~|k
>lgUfI; rjSglPj& ss|Õic;c[dlg\jH Selhk; ~|k>lgUfI; ]syuln[.
 DkG:rjsh ~|k>lgUlcYÙplus\ tfjG)kSÙlX fs' ark<Ugksm
T\g; dk\qjÉ wJijfs\)kyj&k; vjÔjS)!fk![.

ijil|; dqj)H
rj<jp[Palu c[YfJdX

gd[f~r[P\jhosmuk= ]q[ ij>lz; c[YfJdsx ijil|; dqj)k'f[

rj<jp[Paldk'k. K+alG, cIÔ; seNdkMjdX, cS|lpgjdX, alf{-ejf{c
S|lpgjdX, cS|lpgekYfj, cS|lpgJekYfj t'jiG.
akhdkmj ~r[P\jhosmuk; ]q[ ij>lz; c[YfJdX rj<jp[Paldk;. akhuo
Mju c[YfJ, akhdkmj ~r[P\jsh cS|lpgj, : ~r[P\jsh cS|lpgjuksm
ekYfj, akhuoMju alflijsRy adX, : ~r[P\jhk= cS|lpgekYfj,
akhdkmj ~r[P\jhk= ejflijsRy cS|lpgj, akhdkmj~r[P\jhk=
alf{cS|lpgj.
ijil|~r[P\jhosm rlh[ ij>lzs\ dhUln; dqj)H rj<jp[Paldk;.
1. >lgU)[ :pU>G\lijH éK!lujgks'(jHê K!lu adX.
2. >lgUuksm K+. K+uksm K+. >lgUlejflijsRy K+
3. adsRy >lgU. adsRy adsRy >lgU.
4. ejflijsRy >lgU.
g![ cS|lpgjdsx QSg cau\[ dhUln; dqj)k'fk; asËlglxksm
>lgUleF\jhjgj)k' c[YfJsuuk; ijil|; dqj)k'fk; rj<jp[Paldk'k.

fulyl)juf[î
whJH flqSÌgj