Ky Thuat Xung VI

Bi ging K thut Xung Chng 6
Ths. Nguyen Trong Hai Trang 88

6h00h 6.
Mk6h k hkI

I. khkI hIEM
He thong mach ien t co the tao ra dao ong nhieu dang khac nhau nh:
dao ong hnh sin (dao ong ieu hoa), mach tao xung ch nhat, mach tao
xung tam giac... cac mach tao dao ong xung c ng dung kha pho bien
trong he thong ieu khien, thong tin so va trong hau het cac he thong ien t
so.
Trong ky thuat xung, e tao cac dao ong khong sin, ngi ta thng dung
cac bo dao ong tch thoat. Dao ong tch thoat la cac dao ong ri rac, bi
v ham cua dong ien hoac ien ap theo thi gian co phan gian oan. Ve
mat vat ly, trong cac bo dao ong sin, ngoai cac linh kien ien t con co hai
phan t phan khang L va C e tao dao ong, trong o xay ra qua trnh trao
oi nang lng mot cach lan lt gia nang lng t trng tch luy trong
cuon day va nang lng ien trng tch luy trong tu ien, sau moi chu ky
dao ong, nang lng tch luy trong cac phan t phan khang b tieu hao bi
phan t ien tr ton hao cua mach dao ong, thc te lng tieu hao nay rat
nho. Ngc lai trong cac bo dao ong tch thoat ch cha mot phan t tch luy
nang lng, ma thng gap nhat la tu ien.
Cac bo dao ong tch thoat thng c s dung e tao cac xung vuong co
o rong khac nhau va co the lam viec cac che o sau : che o t dao ong,
kch thch t ngoai.
Dao ong a hai la mot loai dang mach dao ong tch thoat, no la mach tao
xung vuong c ban nhat cac dang a hai thng gap trong ky thuat xung nh
sau :
1. Marh a haI 8aI 0n (ksIabIa MuIIIvIbraIor)
ay la dang mach khong co trang thai on nh (a hai t dao ong, t kch).
Chu ky lap lai va bien o cua xung tao ra c xac nh bang cac thong so
cua bo a hai va ien ap nguon cung cap. Cac mach dao ong a hai t kch
co o on nh thap.
Ngo ra cua bo dao ong a hai t kch luan phien thay oi theo hai gia tr
mc thap va mc cao.
Z. Marh a haI on 0n (MonosIabIa MuIIIvIbraIor)
Khi mach hoat ong che o nay, neu khong cung cap ien ap ieu khien
t ben ngoai th bo dao ong a hai nam trang thai on nh. Khi co xung
ieu khien, thng la cac xung kch thch co o rong hep, th no chuyen sang
che o khong on nh trong mot khoang thi gian roi tr lai trang thai ban
au va ket qua ngo ra cho ra mot xung.
Thi gian bo dao ong a hai nam trang thai khong on nh dai hay ngan
la do cac tham so cua mach quyet nh. Ngo ra cua bo dao ong a hai n
on co mot trang thai on nh (hoac mc cao hoac mc thap). Mach nay con
co ten goi la a hai i, a hai mot trang thai ben.
Xung kch t ben ngoai co the la xung gai nhon am hoac dng, chu ky va
bien o do mach quyet nh.
8. Marh a haI haI Trang ThaI 0n }nh khong oI Xung (8rhmIII TrIggar)
ay la dang mach sa dang xung e cho ra cac xung vuong. ien ap ngo ra
mc cao, thap va qua trnh chuyen oi trang thai gia mc thap va mc
cao la tuy thuoc vao thi iem ien ap ngo vao vt qua hai ngng kch
tren va kch di.
4. Marh a haI haI Trang ThaI 0n }nh oI Xung (8IsIabIa MuIIIvIbraIor)
Dang mach nay con goi la Flip-Flop (mach lat hay bap benh). ay la phan
t quan trong trong lnh vc ien t so, may tnh. Bao gom cac loai Flip-Flop
RS, JK, T, D, no c tao ra bi cac linh kien ri. Ngay nay chu yeu che tao
bang cong nghe vi mach.
6. 6ha Iao marh da haI
Co nhieu cach tao ra mach a hai, trong o ta quan tam en
Dung vi mach tng t (OpAmp)
Dung vi mach so
Dung vi mach chuyen dung (VD 555)
Dung linh kien ri (BJT, FET)
Dung cac linh kien co vung ien tr am (diode tunnel hay UJT)
Dung dang mach dao ong nghet (blocking oscilator)
II. Mk6h k0 0h k hkI 0h 6k6 LIhh kIEh T00h T0
1. Marh 8rhmIII TrIggar
Trong lnh vc ieu khien, cac thiet b ien ch lam viec mot trong hai trang
thai, tng trng bi hai mc 1 va 0 nh trong ky thuat so. Ngi ta dung
mach Schmitt Strigger e oi t tn hieu lien tuc ra tn hieu vuong co kha
nang chong nhieu cao.
Mach Schmitt Trigger la mach co hai trang thai can bang on nh va co kha
nang chuyen mot cach ot bien t trang thai can bang nay sang trang thai can
bang khac khi mach c kch thch
Cac Schmitt trigger c s dung rat rong rai trong ky thuat xung nh em
xung, chia tan, tao cac xung ieu khien trong cac mach tch phan, mach tao
ien ap bien oi ng thang v.v

Hnh 6.1.ac tuyen cua trigger
Noi chung cac trigger eu co ac tuyen U
ra
= f(U
v
) co dang la mot vong tre
nh hnh tren, cac mc ien ap U
ng1
U
ng2
c goi la cac mxc ien ap
ngng

t
1
t
2
U
ng1
U
ng2
U
v
U
ra
t

0

t
1
t
2
U
1
U
2
U
ra
U
v
a. Dang Mach Dung Chuyen Mach BJT
Dang 1

Hnh 6.2. Schmitt trigger dung BJT
Trong s o mach tren, 2 transistor T1, T2 c ghep trc tiep va co chung
R
E
. e co ien ap ra la xung vuong th hai transistor phai chay che o bao
hoa, ngng dan. Khi T1 ngng dan se ieu khien T2 chay bao hoa va ngc
lai khi T1 bao hoa se ieu khien T2 ngng dan
Ngng cao va ngng thap cua mach (sinh vien t chng minh qua 2 trang
thai tat va bao hoa cua BJT)
U
ng1
= V
TH+
= 8 . 0
2
+
+
E
E C
CEsat CC
R
R R
V V

U
ng2
= V
TH-
= 8 . 0
1
+
+
E
E C
CEsat CC
R
R R
V V

Dang 2

Hnh 6.3
+Vcc
Rb
Re

Vi n

Vout
Rc2
0
0
Rc1
Vv
Vcc
T1
C
0
Rc2
Rb
R
Rc1
Re
Vra
T2
Vcc
Mach bao gom hai Transitor T
1
va T
2
, cac ien tr phan cc tnh. ien tr R
E

tao phan hoi, tu C : tu tang toc (nang lng tch luy trong tu se lam phan cc
moi noi BE cua T
2
nhanh hn).
Mach c thiet ke sao cho trang thai bnh thng T
1
tat T
2
dan bao
hoa.Trong hai trang thai phan biet cua mach th moi trang thai ng vi mot
Transitor dan va mot Transitor tat.
Giai thch nguyen ly hoat ong
Khi v
v
= 0, T
1
tat, dong I
C1
= 0, toan bo dong I
RC1
qua R va R
B
en cc B cua
T
2
, lam T
2
dan bao hoa. ong thi tai cc E cua T
1
co ien ap
V
E
= I
E2bh
.R
E
, lam T
1
tiep tuc tat.
Ta co v
r
= V
C
= V
E
+ V
CE2bh.
S chuyen oi trang thai se dien ra khi tn hieu vao vt qua mc ngng
kch tren (tng ng vi V
E
trang thai nay), ngha la v
v
= V
E.
Luc

nay T
1

bat au dan, dong I
C2
tang len lam dong I
B2
giam. Va nh qua trnh hoi tiep
qua ien tr R
E
lam T
2
tat, do o v
r
= V
CE
. Neu tiep tuc tang v
v
ln hn na
th T
1
ch dan bao hoa sau them, con mach van khong oi trang thai.
Khi T
1
ang dan, T
2
ang tat, e a mach ve trang thai ban au can phai
giam tn hieu vao v
v
xuong di ngng kch di. Luc o dong I
C1
giam
manh, nen ien the cc thu cua T
1
tang len, lam V
B2
tang. Va nh tac dung
cua hoi tiep qua R
E
, qua trnh nhanh chong a en T
1
tat va T
2
dan bao
hoa.
Ta co : v
r
= V
E
+ V
CE2bh

b. Dang Mach Dung Op-Amp
Dang Mach 1
Xet mach ien co dang sau :

Hnh 6.4
R1
R
Vv
R2
+
-
Vra
ien tr R = R1//R2 lam giam dong ien off set e hoat ong gan vi Op-
amp ly tng, nham muc ch lam cho mach hoat ong on nh hn.
Ta co
r r
Av
R R
R
v v =
+
=
+
2 1
1

Va v
-
= -v
v

Khi v
v
>v
+
th v
r
= -V
Do o AV
R R
R
V v =
+
=
+
2 1
1
. ay la ngng kch mc thap.
Khi v
v
< v
+
th v
r
= +V, do o AV
R R
R
V v =
+
+ =
+
2 1
1
. Ngng kch mc cao.
Dang song vao ra

Hnh 6.5
Quan he vao ra
Khi v
v
> AV th v
r
= -V
Khi v
v
< -AV th v
r
= +V

Hnh 6.6

0
V
ra
V
V
-AV

+AV

Nhan xet.
Hai trang thai cua Schmitt Trigger tng ng vi mc ien the bao hoa
dng +V va bao hoa am V cua ngo ra bo khuech ai thuat toan. Dang
song ngo vao c sa thanh xung ch nhat.
Dang Mach 2

Hnh 6.7
Ta co v
-
= v
v
1 2
Re
1 2 1 2
ra f
R R
v v v
R R R R
+
= +
+ +

Khi v
v
> v
+
th v
ra
= -V
Do o
1 2
Re
1 2 1 2
f
R R
v V V
R R R R
+
= +
+ +
= -AV+B : ngng kch mc thap.
Khi v
v
< v
+
th v
r
= +V
Do o
1 2
Re
1 2 1 2
f
R R
v V V
R R R R
+
= +
+ +
= AV + B
Quan he vao ra
Khi v
v
> -AV + B v
r
= -V
Khi v
v
< AV + B v
r
= +V

Hnh 6.8

R
Vref
R1
+
-
Vv
R2
Vra
c. Dang Mach Dung cong logic

Hnh 6.9.

Ky hieu va ac tuyen cua cong NOT Schmitt trigger (74HC14)

Hnh 6.10
d. Schmitt Trigger chnh xac

Hnh 6.11. Schmitt trigger chnh xac

R1
Vi n
Q
D
/ Q
R
V
TH+
S
V
i n

+
-
Q
R
V
TH-

+
-
/ Q
Z. Marh FIIpFIop
a. Dang Mach Dung OpAmp
Xet mach sau :

Hnh 6.12
ien tr hoi tiep R1 co tr so kha nho so vi ien tr R. Mach F/F dung Op-
amp nh tren gom hai Op-amp lam viec nh hai mach khuech ai so sanh.
Op-amp trang thai bao hoa dng neu v
+
> v
-
v
0
= V
CC
Op-amp trang thai bao hoa am neu v
+
< v
-
v
0
= 0
Gia thuyet mach co trang thai ban au la v
r1
= V
CC
, v
r2
= 0.
Ngo vao am cua Op-amp 1 c hoi tiep t v
r2
= 0(v) ve qua ien tr R
1
,
nen van co v
+
> v
-
, do o v
r1
= V
CC
, on nh nh trang thai ban au.
ay la trang thai on nh th nhat cua mach F/F. Op-amp 1 trang thai bao
hoa dng va Op-amp 2 trang thai bao hoa am. e chuyen trang thai cua
F/F , cho cong tac S chuyen sang v tr 2. Luc o Op-amp 2 co v
-
= 0, v
+
= v
-

nen Op-amp 2 chuyen sang bao hoa dng, v
r2
= +V
CC
. ien ap nay hoi tiep
ve ngo vao am cua Op-amp 1 qua ien tr R
1
(R
1
<< R) se lam oi trang thai
cua no t bao hoa dng sang bao hoa am (do luc nay co v
+
< v
-
).
b. Mach FlipFlop C Ban
S o nguyen ly :

Hnh 6.13

Rb2
0
Rc1
Vra2
Vcc
Rc2
T1
-Vbb
0
R2
Vra1
T2
Rb1
Vcc
R1
1
2
Vcc
OpAmp1
R1
Vra1
+
-
R
+
-
OpAmp2
R1
R
Vcc
Vra2
0
Mach nay la ghep hai mach ao dung hai Transitor theo kieu oi xng.
Trong s o dung 2 nguon ien ap DC: Nguon V
CC
e cap I
B
va I
C
cho
Transitor dan bao hoa va nguon -V
BB
e phan cc ngc cho cc B cua
Transitor ngng dan.
Gia thiet 2 Transitor T
1
va T
2
cung thong so va cung loai. Cac ien tr phan
cc R
C1
= R
C2
, R
1
= R
2
, R
B1
= R
B2
. Nhng thc te hai Transitor khong the can
bang mot cach tuyet oi nen se co mot Transitor chay manh hn va mot
Transitor chay yeu hn khi ta cung cap nguon.
Gia s T
1
hoat ong manh hn T
2
, dong I
C1
manh lam V
C1
giam, tc V
B2
giam, nen T
2
hoat ong yeu hn. Do o I
C2
giam, dan en V
C2
tang, tc V
B1

tang, lam T
1
hoat ong manh hn va cuoi cung T
1
se tien en trang thai bao
hoa con T
2
tien en ngng dan. Khi o : v
r1
= V
CE1bh
= 0 , v
r2
= V
CC
. ay la
trang thai th hai cua Flip-Flop.
Mach Flip-Flop se mot trong hai trang thai tren nen c goi la mach
lng on. Tuy nhien phai chon cac ien tr va nguon ien thch hp th mi
at c nguyen ly tren.
8. Marh da haI dung TransIsIor
ay la mot loai mach co mot trang thai ben vng va mot trang thai khong
ben. Khi co xung kch khi, mach chuyen sang trang thai khong ben va sau
mot khoang thi gian nhat nh, mach t ong tr ve trang thai ben ban au.
Thi gian mach ton tai trang thai khong ben phu thuoc vao o rong xung
kch khi va phu thuoc vao cac linh kien trong mach.
a. Mach n on dung Transistor
S o mach ien c ban :

Hnh 6.14

Vra2
R2
0
C
R
Vcc Vcc
Vv
R
C
R3
T2
R1
Vra1
Rc1 Rc2
T1
-Vbb
ay la dang hai mach ngat dan ghep vi nhau. Cc B cua T
1
ghep DC vi
cc thu cua T
2
. Cc B cua T
2
ghep AC vi cc thu cua T
1
(qua tu C).
Mach c thiet ke sao cho che o T
1
tat va T
2
dan bao hoa. Nguon V
BB

phan cc nghch moi noi BE cua T
1
, do o T
1
tat khi cha co tac ong ben
ngoai. Con T
2
dan bao hoa nh cc B cua no c cap ien the dng t
nguon V
CC
.
Ta thay T
2
dan bao hoa v cac gia tr R
1
va R
C2
c chon e thoa man ieu
kien I
B
> I
Cbh

Do vay trang thai ben th V
r
= V
CE2bh
= 0
Do ghep trc tiep vi T
2
qua R
3
nen v
B1
= V
CE2bh
< V
BE1

Khi T
2
dan bao hoa th tu C nap ien qua R
C1
va qua moi noi BE2, gia tr
gan at en la v
C
= V
CC
- V
BE2
V
CC

Hnh 6.15
Khi kch mot xung dng vao v
v
cc nen cua T
1
, lam T
1
oi trang thai t tat
sang dan bao hoa. Luc nay th tu C phong ien qua moi noi CE cua T
1
, s
phong ien nay lam phan cc nghch moi noi BE cua T
2
, do o T
2
tat. Dong
cc thu cua T
2
la I
C2
giam xuong bang 0. Toan bo dong qua R
C2
se chay het
vao cc nen cua T
1
e duy tr trang thai bao hoa cua T
1
. ay la trang thai
khong ben cua mach.
That vay, ngay sau khi tu C xa ien xong th no c nap ien lai qua R
1
va
CE
1
. Vi thi hang la R
1
C. ien the cc nen cua T
2
luc nay tang dan do cc
dng cua tu C at vao no va khi at gia tr ln hn V

th T
2
bat au dan
lai. Trong luc nay, cung vi s tang cua dong I
C2
(do dong I
B2
tang dan), ien
ap v
r
giam xuong gan bang khong, tc ien the tai cc nen cua T
1
bang
khong, lam T
1
tat. Nh vay mach a tr ve trang thai ban au vi T
1
tat va
T
2
bao hoa v
r
= V
CE2bh
. Trong khoang thi gian ngan, tu C se nap tr lai t
nguon V
CC
thong

qua R
1
va moi noi BE cua T
2
ang dan e co ien ap xap
x bang Vcc . Mach ch i xung kch mi.

C
Vbe2
Vcc
Rc1
b. Mach bat on dung Transistor
Dang mach

Hnh 6.16
Mach c hnh thanh bi hai Transistor T
1
va T
2
. Cac ien tr R
C1
va R
C2

va cac tu C
1
va C
2

Nguyen ly hoat ong
Thong thng mach a hai phi on la mach oi xng nen hai Transistor co
cung ho va thong so. Cac linh kien ien tr R
B1
= R
B2
, R
C1
= R
C2
va C
1
= C
2
.
Tuy hai Transistor cung loai, cac linh kien cung tr so, nhng khong the
giong nhau mot cach tuyet oi. ieu nay lam cho hai Transistor trong mach
dan ien khong bang nhau. Khi cung cap ien se co mot Transistor dan
manh hn va mot Transistor dan yeu hn. Nh tac dung cua mach hoi tiep
dng t cc C
2
ve B
1
, t cc C
1
ve cc B
2
, lam cho Transistor nao dan
manh hn se tien dan en bao hoa, con Transistor dan ien yeu hn se tien
dan en ngng dan.
Gia thuyet T
2
dan ien manh hn tu, C
1
c nap ien thong qua R
C1
va moi
noi BE cua T
2
, lam cho dong I
B2
tang cao nen T
2
tien en bao hoa. Khi T
2

tien en bao hoa, dong I
C2
tang cao va v
CE2
V
CEsat
0,2 (V), tu C
2
(gia
thuyet luc au a nap ay) xa ien qua moi noi CE
2
. Khi tu C
2
xa, ien ap
am tren tu C
2
a vao cc B
1
, lam T
1
ngng dan
Nh vay, gia thuyet luc au la T
1
ang tat, T
2
ang dan bao hoa , va tu C
2
a
nap ien ay. Luc nay tu C
2
bat au phong ien qua moi noi CE
2
en cc E
cua T
1
, lam moi noi BE
1
b phan cc nghch, do o T
1
tat.
Do vay, tu C
1
c nap ien thong qua R
C1
va moi noi BE
2

Sau khi phong ien xong, tu C
2
lai c nap ien theo chieu ngc lai thong
qua R
B1
va moi noi CE
2
, luc nay ien ap tai cc B cua T
1
la V
B1
= V
C2
+
Rc2
RB2 RB1
Rc1
Vcc
T2
Vra1
C1 C2
Vcc
Vra2
T1
V
BE2
= V
C2
. (V
C2
ien ap ten tu C
2
) . Khi tu nap C
2
en gia tr ln hn V
BE1

th T
1
bat au dan, khi T
1
at en dan bao hoa luc nay tu C
1
phong ien qua
moi noi CE
1
en cc E cua T
2
, lam moi noi BE
2
phan cc nghch, T
2
tat.
Qua trnh lap lai t au va c tiep tuc nh the.
Dang song tai cac chan.

Hnh 6.17
Tnh Chu Ky Xung
T = T
1
+ T
2
. T
1
la thi gian tu C
2
xa ien qua moi noi CE
2
, lam cc B cua T
1

tang t - V
CC
len en V
BE1
. Va co khuynh hng tang len en +V
CC
, nen
ien ap tc thi cua tu C
2
(lay mc -V
CC
lam goc) la:
v
c
(t) = 2V
CC
. e
-T 1/ f
, vi
f
= R
B2
. C
2
Tai thi iem T
1
, tu C
2
xa ien t -V
CC
len 0(v) (bo qua V
BE
) la
V
CC
= 2V
CC
. e
-T 1/ f
,

e
-T 1/ f
= 2 2
1
In
T
f
=

T
1
=
f
. ln2 = 0,69 R
B2
.C
2

Tng t ta cung tnh c T
2
c tnh theo cong thc sau:
T
2
= 0,69 R
B1
.C
1

T = 0,69 (R
B2
C
2
+R
B1
C
1
)
Trong mach a hai bat on oi xng ta co
R
B1
= R
B2
= R
B
va C
1
= C
2
= C
Chu ky dao ong
T = 2 x 0,69 .R
B
.C = 1,4 R
B
.C
4. Marh da haI dung 0pkmp
a. Mach n on dung OpAmp
S o mach ien

Hnh 6.18
R
1
, R
2
: Tao ngng ien ap e so sanh
R, C: Tao mach RC nham thc hien qua trnh nap va xa cua tu
Diode D tao mach ghim ien ap, ngan mach tu C khi mach trang thai ben.

Nguyen ly hoat ong
che xac lap (trang thai ben), v(t) = -V (bao hoa am), luc nay
V A
R R
R
V v .
2 1
1
=
+
=
+

v
-
= v
c
(t) = -V
(do Diode D dan), khi o ta co dang mach nh sau:

+
-
R2
Vv
Vra
C D
R1
R

Hnh 6.19
Ma AV > V
-AV < - V
,
tc v
+
am hn v
-
,
Nen mach co v
r
= -V. ay la che o xac lap cua mach
Khi co xung gai dng v
v
kch thch vao chan dng cua Op-amp. Luc nay
v
+
dng hn v
- ,
nen v
r
= +V, do o v
+
= AV, D b phan cc nghch nen no b
tat. ong thi, luc nay tu C c nap ien qua ien tr R

Hnh 6.20
ien ap tren tu C tang dan cho en khi v
c
(v
c
= v
-
) dng hn v
+
(v
+
= AV),
th v
r
= -V, mach tr ve che o xac lap.
Dang song
Hnh 6.21
AV
V
Vra
R
-V C
Vra
R
C
Tnh o Rong Xung T
x

Thc hien phep di truc dang song tren, ta co hnh tng ng sau:

Hnh 6.22
Phng trnh nap ien cua tu :
v
c
(t) = (V + V
)(1 - c
-t / c
)
Tai thi iem t = T
x
, ta co
v
c
(T
x
) = (V + V
)(1 - e
-Tx/RC
) = (V
+AV)
V
V
V
V A
V
V
V V
AV V
e
RC T
x
) 1 /( ). ( 1
/
+ + =
+
+
=

at k =
V
V

k
A
e
k
A k
e
RC Tx RC T
x
+
=
+
+
=

1
1
1
1
/ /

)
1
1
(
1
1
/
A
k
In
RC
T
A
k
e
x RC Tx
+
= =
+
=

A
k
In RC T
x
+
=
1
1
.

b. Mach bat on dung OpAmp
Dang mach

Hnh 6.23
Mach ien nay la s o mach dao ong tch thoat dung Op-amp e cho ra tn
hieu xung vuong.
S o co hai mach hoi tiep t ngo ra ve hai ngo vao. Cau phan ap RC hoi
tiep ve ngo vao ao, cau phan ap R
1
va R
2
hoi tiep ve ngo vao khong ao. R
1
va R
2
tao ngng so sanh ien ap, con RC tao nap phong.
e giai thch nguyen ly hoat ong, ta gia s tu C cha nap ien.
Ta co v
+
=
R
R R
v v
r r
1
1 2
+
=
neu v
+
> v
-
th v
r
=
+
V

v
+
= +V, ay la ngng xen tren
neu v
+
< v
-
th v
r
= -v

v
r
= -V, ay la ngng xen di
Khi mi cung cap ien, ien ap qua tu C la v
c
= v
c
(0) = 0(V) va gia thuyet
Op-amp ang trang thai bao hoa dng
+
V . Ngo vao khong ao co ien ap
la
2 1
1
R R
R
V v
cc
+
=
+

Trong khi o, ngo vao ao co ien ap tang dan t 0(V). ien ap tang do tu C
nap qua R theo quy luat ham so mu vi thi hang la = RC. Va co gia tr la:
v
C
(t) = V(1 - e
-t / RC
)
Khi tu nap ien tang dan cho en khi

v
-
> v
+
th ngo ra chuyen sang trang
thai bao hoa am v
r
= -V. Luc nay, ngo vao khong ao co mc ien ap la
R2
Vra
C
+
-
R
R1
v
+
=
2 1
1
R R
R
V
+

ien ap ra giam ve -V, nen tu se xa. Khi tu C xa ien ap ang co th v
+
van
con ien ap am nen ngo ra van la trang thai bao hoa am. ien ap tren tu C
se giam cho en khi v
-
am hn v
+
th ngo ra se chuyen sang trang thai bao
hoa dng, v
r
=
+
V. Qua trnh nay lap lai t au va c tiep dien lien tuc tuan
hoan.

Dang Song Vao Ra

Hnh 6.24

Tm chu ky dao ong
Muon tm chu ky dao ong, ta thc hien phep di truc: Truc trung di en
thi iem t
o
va truc hoanh di en mc -V, ta c dang song sau:

Hnh 6.25
Trong khoan thi gian t 0 en t
1
, tu C xa ien theo phng trnh sau
v
c
(t) = (V + V) e
-t / RC
,

tai t =
2
T
; ta co v
c
(T/2) = V - V
V - V = (V + V) e
-T / 2RC
e
-T / 2RC
=
V V
V V

T
RC 2
1
1
=
+
ln

T RC =
+
2
1
1
ln

Vay f =
1
T

Nhan xet
Tan so phu thuoc vao R va C, t so =
+
R
R R
1
1 2
ch khong phu thuoc vao
nguon nuoi V.

6. Marh da haI dung I6666
a. Cau truc IC555
S o ben trong cua IC555

Hnh 6.26
Ve c ban, 555 gom 2 mach so sanh ieu khien trang thai cua FF, t
o lai transistor xa (discharge) va tang ra.
Chc nang mot so chan c mo ta nh sau:
- Chan 2: TRIGGER (kch khi), iem nhay mc vi
CC
V
3
1
. Khi ien
ap chan nay di 1/3 V
CC
th ngo ra Q cua FF xuong [0], gay cho
chan 3 tao mot trang thai cao.
- Chan 3: OUTPUT (ra) thng mc thap va chuyen thanh mc cao
trong khoang thi gian nh th. V tang ra tch cc ca 2 chieu, no
co the cap hoac hut dong en 200mA
- Chan 4: RESET khi ien ap chan nay nho hn 0,4V: chu ky nh
th b ngat, a 555 ve trang thai khong co kch. ay la chc nang
u tien e 555 khong the b kch tr khi RESET c giai phong
(>1,0V). Khi khong s dung noi chan 4 len V
CC
.
Comparator I
Comparator II
2
4 Reset
8 VCC
+
-
5
Discharge

3 Output
7
+
-
6
1 GND
S
R
Q
\Q
Threshold

Trigger

Control
- Chan 5: Control Voltage (ien ap ieu khien), ben trong la iem
CC
V
3
2
. Mot ien tr noi at hoac ien ap ngoai co the c noi vao
chan 5 e thay oi cac iem tham khao (chuan) cua comparator.
Khi khong s dung cho muc ch nay, nen gan 1 tu noi at
F 01 . 0 cho tat ca cac ng dung nham e loc cac xung nh nhieu
nguon cap ien.
- Chan 6: Threshold (ngng) iem nhay mc vi
CC
V
3
2
. Khi ien ap
chan nay >
CC
V
3
2
. FF Reset lam cho chan 3 trang thai thap.
- Chan 7: Discharge (Xa) cc thu cua transistor, thng c dung
e xa tu nh th. V dong collector b gii han, no co the dung vi
cac tu rat ln ( F 1000 > ) khong b h.
- Chan 8: V
CC
ien ap cap nguon co the t 4,5 en 16V so vi chan
mass. Viec nh th tng oi oc lap vi ien ap nay. Sai so nh
th do thay oi nguon ien tieu bieu < 0.05% /V
b. Mach a hai bat on dung 555

Hnh 6.27

0.1 uF
C
555
2
6
7
4 8
5
Trigger
Threshold
Discharge
Reset Vcc
Output
CV
R2
R1
VCC
1
Vout
Dng sng ti chn 2 v 3

Hnh 6.28
Sinh vien ap dung qua trnh nap xa cua tu, xac nh chu ky tn hieu ra
c. Mach n on dung 555

Hnh 6.29
t
t
1
3
CC
V
2
3
CC
V
V
CC

V
2
(t)
V
3
(t)
R
0.1uF
V
kich

LM555
2
5
3
7
6
4 8
1
TR
CV
Q
DIS
THR
R VCC
GND
C
OUTPUT
V
CC

Dng sng ti chn 2, 6 v 3

Hnh 6.30

III. Mk6h Tk0 X0h 0h 60h L0I6
S ra i cua mach tch hp a anh dau mot bc ngoat quan trong trong s
phat trien cua nganh che tao linh kien ien t. ac biet cac mach tch hp so
vi chc nang a dang, phong phu, ch vi cac cong logic c ban nh AND,
OR, NOT ,v.v mach tch hp so c ng dung ngay cang rong rai trong cac
lnh vc ng dung cua ien t ky thuat, trong o co ky thuat xung
Rat nhieu mach tao xung trc ay dung linh kien ban dan ri nh BJT,
UJT, eu co the thay the bang cac mach tch hp so
Trong phan th nghiem trc, a gii thieu IC nh th 555 ng dung trong ky
thuat tao xung. Phan nay se gii thieu them cac mach tao xung chu yeu s
dung cac cong logic c ban

t
t
2
3
CC
V
V
CC

V
6
(t)
V
3
(t)
t V
2
(t)
1. Marh da haI don on
Mach a hai n on thng dung trong cac mach tao xung, tao delay, phat
hien o rong xung, mach loc thong dai v.v. Khi c kch khi, mach a hai
n on tao mot xung ngo ra co o rong oc lap vi o rong cua tn hieu ngo
vao.
Co 2 dang mach: mach co kha nang kch khi lai va mach khong co kha nang
kch khi lai. So sanh s khac nhau gia 2 loai mach tren nh sau

Hnh 6.31
a) Mach 1.
Mach a hai n on dung cong NOR

Hnh 6.32. a hai n on dung cong NOR
Mach gom 2 cong NOR, mot tu ien c noi gia cong I0 va I1. Tai thi
iem m ien, neu cac ngo vao I0 mc 0, ngo ra cua I0 se mc cao, gia s
V
C
ban au bang 0 th
V
Out I0
= V
DD

V
Out I1
= logic 0
Mach se gi nguyen trang thai nay do tu C khong nap ien c
t
1

nonretriggerable
retriggerable
t
1
Khi co mot mc ien ap cao at vao ngo vao I0 dan en V
Out I0
= 0 va gia s
rang ien ap tren tu khong thay oi ot ngot (V
C
= 0) dan en V
X
= 0 va V
out

= 1.
V
out
= 1 hoi tiep ve I0 v vay V
out I1
van gi mc thap mac du xung ngo vao a
xuong thap.
Luc nay nguon V
DD
se nap ien qua R, C lam ien ap tren C tang hay ien ap
V
X
tang, khi V
X
vt qua ngng logic cua I1 (V
IH
) . Ngo ra I1 = 0, mach lai
quay ve trang thai ban au
V
X
c tnh nh sau
Thay V
X
bang ien ap ngng V
TH
tnh c thi gian ton tai xung ngo ra
Mach 2.
Mach n on co kha nang kch khi lai dung 74HC123
74HC123 co cac chc nang sau:
c kch khi bang ngo vao co mc logic cao hoac thap
Trc tiep Reset
Cac ngo vao eu s dung Schmitt trigger ngoai tr ngo reset
74HC123 la mach n on co kha nang kch khi lai vi o rong xung ngo
ra c ieu khien bi ien tr ngoai va tu ien ngoai.
S o chan va bang s that nh sau:

Hnh 6.35
Cach mac ien tr ngoai

Khi gia tr tu C > 10000pF th o rong xung ra c tnh theo cong thc sau
t
W
= K x R
EXT x
C
EXT
vi t
W
o rong xung ra (ns)
R
EXT
:ien tr ngoai (k)
C
EXT
: ien dung ngoai (pF)

Z. Marh da haI baI on
a) Mach 1.
Mach ring oscillator
Mach a hai phi on n gian s dung cong la mach ring oscillator bao gom N
cong ao c ghep noi tiep nh hnh sau (vi N le)

Hnh 6.36. a hai phi on Ring Oscillator
Chu ky T c tnh nh sau
T = 2 N t
pd

Vi gia s rang thi gian tre cua xung len va xuong cua cong ao la bang
nhau va bang t
pd
. V t
pd
co the thay oi theo nhiet o, nha che tao nen chu ky
T tren co the thay oi
b) Mach 2.
Mach dao ong Schmitt Trigger

Hnh 6.37. a hai phi on Schmitt Trigger
Mach nay s dung cong ao Schmitt trigger vi ac tuyen nh sau

Tan so dao ong c tnh toan theo cong thc sau
f = 1/T = 1/RC
Giai thch
Hnh 6.38.
Dang song tai iem A, B

Gia s ban au Vc = 0 nen V
A
= 0 dan en ngo ra B mc 1.
V
B
= 1 se nap ien cho C qua R. Khi V
C
at en V
P
th ngo vao cong ao at
mc logic 1 va ngo ra la mc logic 0, luc nay tu xa ien qua R va ien ap tren
tu giam dan en V
N
, tai V
N
ngo vao cong ao chuyen xuong mc 0 va ngo ra
mc 1 tc thi.
c) Mach 3.

Hnh 6.39.
Tan so dao ong f = 1/(2.2RC)
Giai thch

Hnh 6.40. Dang song tai cac iem A, B, C, D

Tai thi iem au gia s ngo ra IC 1 mc cao va ngo ra IC2 mc thap
V
A
= V
B
= 1
Khi tu C nap ien, ien ap V
B
giam dan, toc o giam c quyet nh bi tu C
va R.
V
TH
la ien ap ngng cua IC 2
ien tr R
P
at vao mach nham muc ch chong lai qua dong tai ngo vao IC 2
va c chon khoang 10 en 100K
d) Mach 4.
Mach a hai phi on oi xng

Hnh 6.42. a hai phi on oi xng
Hai tu C la mach hoi tiep dng e tao dao ong. Cac ien tr R1, R2, R3
c chon e duy tr ien ap ngo vao cua 2 cong gan mc ien ap ngng
nen khi tu ien nap xa, ien ap ngo vao dao ong tren mc ien ap ngng
lam ien ap ngo ra dao ong gia hai mc 0 va 1
Gia s tai thi iem au Q=0 va 1 = Q , tu C1 nap tao dong qua R1 lam ien
ap ngo vao cong 1 mc cao. Khi tu C1 nap ay th mat dong qua R1 dan en
ngo vao cong 1 xuong 0 va Q=1. Tu C2 luc nay nap ien qua R2 dan en ngo
vao cong 2 mc cao va ngo ra 0 = Q . Qua trnh c tiep tuc
ien tr R1 thng chon bang R2. Tan so dao ong c tnh theo cong thc:

C R R
f
) ( 2
1
3 1
+
=
Mach ch thch hp cho cac tan so cao

C1
Q
C2
R2
R1
R3
/ Q
e) Mach 5.
Dao ong a hai n on dung cong NOT

Hnh 6.33. a hai n on dung cong NOT
Gia s ban au ngo vao cong ao A mc thap (ngo ra A se mc cao), xuat
hien dong qua Cy Ry Dy ngo ra cong ao B
Do tai thi iem au, V
Cy
= 0 , Cy co the c xem la ngan mach va v vay,
ngo vao cong B mc 1
Khi tu Cy nap ien, Vc tang dan en ien ap ngo vao cong B giam va khi qua
ngng logic (V
IL
) th ngo vao B mc thap ngo ra B mc 1 va at mc
1 cathode cua diode nen qua trnh nap cua tu Cy cham dt
Do V
Cx
ban au = 0 nen khi ngo ra B mc cao th ngo vao A mc cao. Tu
Cx bat au nap qua Rx va Dx. Qua trnh giai thch tng t

Hnh 6.34
Thi gian ton tai xung c quyet nh bi C, R va ien ap ngng V
T

Thi gian e ien ap at en ien ap ngng
Gia tr T
L
va T
H
(thi gian mc cao va mc thap) phu thuoc vao gia tr Rx,
Cx, Ry, Cy
Tan so dao ong
H L
T T
f
+
=
1

f) Mach 6.
Mach a hai phi on co ieu khien

Hnh 6.43. a hai phi on co ieu khien
Ngo A la chan nhan tn hieu ieu khien
Khi A=1, giai thch giong mach 4 phan a hai phi on
Khi A=0, lam cho cong NAND co ngo ra gi nguyen mc cao nen
machngng dao ong.

IV. k0 0h Thk6h khh
Tnh chat va mach tng ng cua thach anh: khi co yeu cau tao cac mach
dao ong co tan so on nh cao ma dung cac bien phap thong thng nh on
nh nguon cung cap, on nh tai, van khong am bao c on nh cua tan
so yeu cau th phai dung nguon thach anh e on nh tan so, v thach anh co
nhng ac tnh vat ly rat tot nh o ben c hoc cao, t chu anh hng cua
nhiet o, o am va tac dung hoa hoc.
Thach anh co tnh ap ien, ngha la di tac dung cua ien trng th sinh ra
dao ong c hoc va ngc lai, khi co dao ong c hoc th sinh ra ien tch, do
o co the dung thach anh nh mot khung cong hng. Tnh chat dao ong cua
thach anh c bieu dien bi s o tng ng nh hnh sau:

Hnh 6.44
CRYSTAL
Lq
Cq
Cp
rq
A
C
Q
R
Trong o Lq, Cq va r
q
phu thuoc vao kch thc cua thach anh va cach cat
khoi thach anh. Thach anh co kch thc cang nho th Lq, Cq va r
q
cang nho,
ngha la tan so cong hng rieng cua no cang cao. Cp la ien dung gia
Thng r
q
rat nho nen khi tnh toan ngi ta bo qua. Tr khang tng ng
cua thach anh c xac nh nh sau
q
p q
q q
p
L
C C
s
C L
s
sC
s Z
/ )
1 1
(
1
.
1
) (
2
2
+ +
+
=
Suy ra thach anh co 2 tan so cong hng: tan so cong hng noi tiep ng vi
Z(s) = 0 va tan so cong hng song song ng vi ng vi Z(s) =

q q
z
C L
1
=

+ =
p q q
p
C C L
1 1 1

Tuy nhien v C
p
>> C
q
nen
p z
v vay bieu thc
Z
thng c s dung.
Tan so dao ong cua mach c xac nh bang tan so dao ong cua thach anh
hn la bang cac phan t trong mach.
V du.

Hnh 6.45

CRYSTAL

R 2k
60p 60p
10M
CONG TAC CHONG DOI DUNG DAO ONG A HAI N ON

DAO ONG A HAI DUNG CD4047BC

CD4047B co kha nang hoat ong nh mot mach dao ong a hai bat on hay n
on. Yeu cau phai mac them tu ien ngoai (gia chan 1, 3) va ien tr ngoai
(gia chan 2,3) e xac nh o rong xung ngo ra dang n on va tan so ngo ra
dang bat on
Thiet lap mach a hai bat on dung 4047B bang cach at mc ien ap cao vao
ngo ASTABLE hoac mc ien ap thap vao ngo ASTABLE
Thiet lap mach a hai n on dung 4047B bang cach kch xung canh len vao ngo
trigger + hoac kch canh xuong vao ngo trigger
Khi ngo Reset o mc logic 1, ngo ra Q = 0
ac tnh
Nguon cung cap: t 3 en 15V
Kha nang chong nhieu cao
Tng thch vi ho TTL
ng dung:
- Mach thi gian
- Mach tre
- Nhan tan
- Chia tan
- Tach ng bao
Cong thc tnh o rong xung
t
Astable
(10,11) = 4.4 RC
t
Astable
(13) = 2.2 RC
t
Monostable
(10,11) = 2.48 RC

Bai tap chng 6
1. Cho mach hnh, vi nguon cung cap V V
CC
9 =
a). Giai thch hoat ong cua mach, ve dang song V
C
va V
OUT

b). T dang song tren, tm bieu thc chu ky T cua V
OUT

2. Cho mach hnh.
C
va V
OUT
.
b). T dang song tren, tm bieu thc chu ky T cua ngo ra V
OUT
c). Tnh toan thiet ke mach e ngo ra nh sau

R
Z
+
-
1
VouI(I)
6
2R
74HC14
R
C
V
OUT
0,125ms 0,025ms
0v
5v
3. Thiet ke mach a hai bat on dung OpAmp.
a). Ve mach, giai thch hoat ong cua mach, ve dang song V
C
va V
OUT
.
OUT
. Xac nh
gia tr cac linh kien e mach co tan so ngo ra f=5Khz; he so cong tac q=70%;
0 V V
=
4. Thiet tnh mot mach dao ong n on co bien o ra t (0V en + 5V) va o
rong xung Tx= 1 giay
a) Ve dang mach va giai thch.
b) Tnh toan gia tr cac linh kien.
5. Cho mach sau

a) Ve dang song tai iem F va dang song ngo ra khi P1=5K
b) Lap lai cau a vi ga tr bien tr P1 v tr min va max
c) Lap lai cau a neu tiep iem J1 c noi lai

6. Cho mach sau
a) Ve dang song tai iem F va dang song ngo ra khi P1=5K
b) Lap lai cau a vi ga tr bien tr P1 v tr min va max
c) Lap lai cau a neu tiep iem J1 c noi lai
d) Lap lai cau a neu at vao chan 2 tn hieu co tan so 1khz
e) Nhan xet g neu tang tan so tn hieu cau d
f) Tm trang thai cam cho mach

0.1 uF
0.1 uF 0.47 uF
U33
555
2
6
7
4 8
5
Trigger
Threshold
Discharge
Reset Vcc
Output
CV
2.2K
10K
J 1
1K
F1
E
F

7. Cho mach hnh.
X
va V
OUT1
.
OUT1
c). Tnh toan cac linh kien e mach co fout = 38Khz, q=40%

E
F
J2
J3
R3
1K
C8
0.1uF
INPUT
C5
0.1uF
LM555
2
5
3
7
6
4 8
1
TR
CV
Q
DIS
THR
R VCC
GND
R4
2.2K
C7
0.47uF
C6
0.1uF
F
D1
1N414B
OUTPUT
+5V
C5
1nF
10K
P2
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R5
1M
V
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74HC14
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Vout2
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Ky Thuat Xung VI

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Ky Thuat Xung VI

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Bi ging K thut Xung Chng 6

Ths. Nguyen Trong Hai Trang 88

(do Diode D dan), khi o ta co dang mach nh sau:

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