PRACTICAL 6 : SOAPS AND DETERGENTS

Aim Materials / apparatus

: :

To prepare soap using the saponification process. Palm oil, sodium hydroxide solution, sodium chloride powder, filter paper, distilled water, beaker, measuring cylinder, spatula, glass rod, filter funnel, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, test tube.

Diagram

Security precaution 1. Handle the solution carefully, especially when pouring it. 2. Light up the match first before turning on the Bunsen burner. 3. Do not use the paper to light up the Bunsen burner. 4. Do not waste gas. 5. Throw the match stick and solid substances into the rubbish bin, do not throw into the sink. 6. Wash your hands or skin with a lot of water after using the substances.
Procedure :

1. About 10 cm of palm oil was poured into a beaker. 2. 50cm of 5 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution was added to the palm oil. 3. The mixture was heated until it boils. 4. The mixture was stirred with a glass rod. 5. The mixture was allowed to boil for 10 minutes. 6. The beaker was removed from the heat. 50 cm of distilled water and three spatulaful of sodium chloride were added to the mixture. 7. The mixture was boiled for another 5 minutes. 8. The mixture was allowed to cool. 9. The soap was filtered out. The soap was washed with a little distilled water. 10. The soap was pressed between two pieces of filter papers to dry it. 11. The soap was felt with my fingers. A small amount of soap was placed in a test tube. Tap water is added into the test tube. The mixture was shaken. 12. The observations were recorded.

Results :
Vegetable oil Palm oil Physical state White semi solid Smoothness Slippery With water Lather

Discussion : Esters are derived from carboxylic acid that contains COOH group, and in an ester the hydrogen in this group is replaced by a hydrocarbon group by the same kind that could be an alkyl group like methyl or ethyl. Ester can be prepared by heating ethanol using sulphuric acid by a method of process called esterification using ethanol and glacial ethanoic acid, where both are slow and reversible. In this process, the concentrated sulphuric acid acts as a catalyst to speed up the rate of the reaction. The boiling chips are also added to the solution to prevent the solution from gushing out while the heating process takes place. The following equation represent the process of preparing ester : CH3COOH + C2H5 OH
H2 SO4

CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

The physical properties of ester are that they have a very fragrant, plesant and fruity smell. It is golden or light in colour and can easily dissolve in water as the hydrogen bond can react with water molecules. These are the reasons why esters can be most commonly found in fragrance.

Conclusion : Ester can be prepared by heating alcohol with carboxylic acid ( COOH group ) using concentrated sulphuric acid ( H2 SO4 ) as catalyst by the process called esterification. Ester has pleasant smell, insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

Questions 1.

Describe the properties of soap produced.

It is smooth when touched with wet fingers and plenty of bubbles or foam are formed when stirred with water.

2.

What is the function of sodium chloride in the experiment ? To reduce the solubility of soap that formed.

3.

Write a word equation for the saponification process involved in this experiment. Palm oil is boiled with sodium hydroxide solution

Add sodium chloride and water

Cool and then filter he solution

Residue is soap 4. Explain another method of preparing ethyl ethanoat. Ethyl ethanoat can also be prepared by reacting ethanol with acyl chloride at room temperature.

5.

Predict your observation if tap water is replaced by distilled water in procedure 11. Explain your answer. To react with sulphuric acid to form carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) and to remove it from the solution.

6.

Name two different techniques used in making soap. As a dehydrating agent to remove access water from the ester.

7.

What are the disadvantages of commercial soap? Water have 2 layers that is insoluble but acetone have only a layer that is soluble.

8.

What are the materials used in he industry to manufacture detergent ? Ethyl butanoate

9.

Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the reaction above.

H2 SO4

C3 H7 COOH + C2 H5 OH (butanoic) (ethanol)

C3 H7 COOC2 H5 + H2O (ethyl butanoate)

Reflection From the experiment, now I can know how ester can be prepared. The method to prepare ester is called esterification. Although Ive learnt about this process much earlier, actually the experiment that was carried out made me understand better about the process in reality. The hands-on activity teaches me to handle apparatus that are involved in the process of preparing ester , thus it also increases my knowledge of knowing and handling new and rigid apparatus ; some of the apparatus are not commonly used in primary school where Ive been teaching. It also increases my knowledge about ester and its uses in our daily lives thus it is very important and related tin our daily life.. I also know the functions of concentrated sulphuric acid and boiling chips in the experiment. Observation while heating the alcohol with the carboxylic acid makes me understands more about esters. This experiment also teaches me about handling the apparatus and chemical used ( sulphuric acid and sodium bicarbonate ) carefully as some of the chemicals are dangerous to us. Refrence : 1. 2. 3. 4.
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http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/esters/preparation.html http://www.leffingwell.com/esters.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alcohols/esterification.html

5. 6. 7.

http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid1.htm http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4301084.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid

PRACTICAL 5 : AMMONIA, SULPHURIC ACID AND NITRIC ACID Aim Material / apparatus : : To prepare ammonium salt fertilizer Ammonia solution ( 2 M ), dilute sulphuric acid ( 1 M ), beaker, glass rod, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, filter funnel and filter paper. Diagram :

Safety precaution (if applicable): 1. Don`t waste the ammonia solution and dilute sulphuric acid, just use the little bit only. 2. Handle the test tube carefully. 3. Handle the sulphuric acid very carefully, it is dangerous especially to the skin. 4. Throw away the filter paper after being used. 5. Use only 1 filter paper at the time, dont waste. Procedure 1. :

30 cm of dilute sulphuric acid was poured into a beaker.

2.

The ammonia solution was added little by little into the beaker while stirring the solution.

3.

Ammonia solution will not be added when the solution smell amniotic.

4.

The solution was heated until it becomes 1/3 of the original volume.

5.

The solution in a mixture of ice and water was cooled. The salt crystals produced was flitted using the filter funnel and filter paper. :

Result

Based from the experiment, our group could not get the pure crystal form of ammonia fertilizer salt because the ammonia that we added in was not enough for experiment and the fire from the Bunsen burner was too high during heating. As the result, the solution becomes tepu'.

Discussion :

Rust is a common term for a very common compound, iron oxides. Iron oxides, the chemical Fe2O3 is common because iron combines very readily with oxygen so readily in fact, that pure iron is only rarely found in nature. Iron rusting is an example of corrosion an electrochemical process involving an anod ( a piece of metal that readily gives up electrons ) an electrolyte ( a liquid that helps electrons moves ) and a katod ( a piece of metal that readily accepts electrons ). The equation of rust is 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe 2O3. The factors that involves in rusting are oxygen and water.

Corrosive elements such as sulfur dioxide or sodium will cause iron to rust more quickly. When the iron comes into contact with this, it oxidizes and produces iron oxides, which is rusted iron that is extremely brittle. This layer flakes off and fresh iron is exposed, which then rusts and continues to the process until the whole piece of iron has rusted away. Alloy is a material that contains more than one element and has the characteristic properties of metals . Alloy can be used to prevent the rusting of metal such as iron. For the example, iron is the metal that can rust easily. So to prevent the iron from rusting, iron can be mixed with nickel or chromium to make steel which can slows down the process of rust. This practical shows the rate of rusting for three types or metals, iron nail, steel and stainless steel. The solidified jelly solution was used to improve the observation of the experiment. When it becomes solid, it will capture the rust from dissolving in the water and indicates that rusting occurs in the metal. The potassium hexacyanoferrate (lll) solution was used to indicate the rust. When there is the formation of rust, it will turn to blue in colour. The darker the blue colour, the higher the rate of rusting. Base on the results of the practical task, it shows that the iron have more rust because the blue colour in the jelly is darker than at the steel. Steel produced slightly a little blue colour, therefore it slightly rust. Stainless steel do not rust because no blue colour was formed in the jelly.

Conclusion :

Ammonium sulfate can be prepared by heating a mixture of ammonia and sulphuric acid.

Question 1.

Write a balance equation to represent the formation of ammonium sulphate in this experiment.

NH 3 + H2 SO

( NH 4 )2 SO4

2.

How does the addition of ammonium sulphate affects the pH of the soil ?

It will decerease the pH of the soil makes the soil more acidic. The soil is mostly neutral.

3.

Besides fertilizers, ammonium sulphate is also used as an agriculture spray adjuvant for water soluble pesticides. Explain the function of ammonium sulphate in this area.

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Ammonium sulphate binds with iron and calcium iron that are both present in well water.

4.

Name three examples of natural fertilizers which are used in farming.

Chicken dung, cow dung and compose fertilizer

5.

Name three examples of synthetic fertilizers which are used in agriculture.

NPK fertilizers, urea fertilizers and ammonium nitrate.

6.

Write chemical equations to represent the formation of : a ) ammonium phosphate

NH3 + H3 PO4

( NH 4 )3 PO4

b ) ammonium nitrate

NH3 + HNO 3

NH 4 NO 3

c ) urea

NH3 + CO 2

( NH 2 )2 CO + H 2 O

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7.

Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in 1 mole of the above fertilizers. [ Relative atomic mass : H, 1; C,12; N,14; O,16; P,31; S, 32 ]

a)

( NH 4 )3 PO4

=3

[14 + 4 ( 1 ) ] + 31 + 4 ( 16 )

= 149

% N = 3 ( 14 ) X 100 % 149

= 28.2 %

b)

NH 4 NO 3

= 14 + 4 ( 1 ) + 14 + 3 ( 16 ) = 80

% N = 2 ( 14 ) X 100 % 80

= 35.0 %

c)

( NH 2 )2 CO

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= 2 [ 14 + 2 ( 1 ) ] + 12 + 16 = 2 ( 16 ) 12 + 16 = 60

% N = 28 X 100 % 60 = 46.7 %

8.

Which of the above fertilizer is most suitable for the growth of plants ? Explain your answer.

Urea because the % of the nitrogen is the highest compared to ammonium phosphate and ammonium nitrate.

Reflection :

My knowledgement of alloys has increased by the experiment being done and from the notes that Ive read. I will try my best to understand more especially the equation of alloys in rusting although to remember it is quite though for me. Now I know the uses of alloys in daily life is very important to make our live easier and how alloy is made off that is to prevent metals from rusting.

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References :

1.

http://qanda.encyclopedia.com/question/role-do-all

2.

http://www.allinterview/showanswers/21481.html

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PRACTICAL 3: ALCOHOL , ETHER AND AMINES

Aim: To prepare samples of ethanol and to investigate the chemical properties of ethanol.

Materials/ apparatus: Glucose, rice,mashed banana, yeast, lime water, distilled water, tap water, potassium dichromate (VI) solution, concentrated sulphuric acid, filter paper, conical flask, beaker, measuring cylinder, distillation flask, stopper with delivery tube, stopper with one hole thermometer, Liebig condenser, retort stands and clamps, tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, rubber tubing, filter funnel, boiling tube, blue litmus paper, evaporating dish, test tube holder, dropper, forceps.

Safety precaution: 1. 2. Do not waste the substance that use. Handle the test tube carefully.

3.

Light up the match first before turning on the Bunsen burner.

4.

Don`t use the paper to light up the Bunsen burner.

5.

Don`t waste gas.

6.

Use test tube holder to hold the boiling tube.

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7.

Throw the match stick and solid substances into the rubbish bin, don`t throw into the sink.

8.

Do not smell and taste the alcohol frequently.

9.

Handle the alcohol substances carefully and dont waste it.

10.

Read the label on the reagent bottle before use and do not pour unused chemicals back into the original bottle.

11.

Do not place any flammable substances near a lighted burner.

12.

Do not use your fingers to handle any chemicals substances. Instead use spatulas to handle solid chemical substances.

Procedure: A. 1. 2. 3. To prepare samples of ethanol About 20g of glucose was dissolved in 150cm of distilled water in a clean conical flask. About 10g of yeast was added to the mixture and was shacked well. The conical flask was closed with the stopper connected to a delivery tube. The other end of the delivery tube was dipped into the lime water in a boiling tube as shown in Figure 1. The apparatus was left in a warm place ( 35 C ) for about 1 2 days.

4.
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5. 6. 7. 8.

Any changes from the experiment was observed from time to time. After the 2nd day, the contents of the conical flask was filtered. The filtered was poured into the distillation flask. The apparatus for distillation was set up as shown in Figure 1 ( b ) The filtrate in water bath was heated and the ethanol that boils over 78 C to 80 C was collected.

9. 10.

The colour and the smell of the distillate collected was examined. Steps 1 to 9 using mashed banana and rice were repeated to replace glucose.

B. B-1

To investigate the chemical properties of ethanol Aim : To investigate the combustion of ethanol.

Procedure : 1. 2. 3. About 2 cm of the prepared ethanol was poured into an evaporating dish. A lighted wooden splinter was used to ignite the ethanol ( Figure 1 ) The combustibility of ethanol was noted. : To investigate the oxidation of ethanol

B 2 Aim 1. 2.

About 10 cm of potassium permanganate solution was poured into a boiling tube About 10 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid into the boiling tube using a dropper.

3.

About 3 cm3 of ethanol was added to the mixture.

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4. 5. 6.

The apparatus of was set up as shown in Figure. The boiling tube with a gentle flame was heated until the mixture boils. The product was smelt.

Result : A. Substance Glucose and yeast Mashed rice and yeast Mashed banana and yeast Observation Lime water turns cloudy Lime water turns cloudy Lime water turns cloudy Inference Carbon dioxide is released Carbon dioxide is released Carbon dioxide is released

B1 Test Combustibility Colour of flame Sootiness of flame

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Observation Easy to light up Pale blue / Golden None / No soot

B2 Observation Purple colour is decolourise Inference Ethanol change to carboxylic acid ( oxidation process )

Discussion Alcohol that is consumed at bars or parties ( ethyl alcohol or ethanol ) is created by fermentation, a process in which the yeast feeds on the sugars ( glucose ) and/or starches in certain plants such as barley or grapes and excretes alcohol along with carbon dioxide. It is a compound which one or more hydrogen atom in alkane have been replaced by OH group. It has high boiling point and melting point and the density increases when the molecular weight increases. The solubility is lesser as the molecular weight becomes higher. Ethanol is manufactured by reacting ethene with steam using phosphoric(V) acid as catalyst that is reversible CH 2= CH2(g) + H2O(g) CH2CH3OH(g) From the experiment ethanol can be extracted from glucose, mashed banana and rice that reacts with yeast that was added in the solution. Yeast acts as an enzyme zymase that breaks down the larger molecule into simpler molecule such as ethanol and carbon dioxide. As a result, the lime water turns cloudy and the solution becomes stinks. The combustibility of ethanol is higher, so it is flammable and undergoes complete
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combustion. It produces a pale blue colour flame and does not releases soot. Potassium permanganate was heated with ethanol in the process of oxidation that produces ethanoic acid as the purple colour from potassium permanganate changes to colourless. It is caused by the purple manganate M nO4+ reduces to Mn+ ions, which are colourless. Therefore the purple colour is decolourise.

Questions: 1. Name the enzyme present in yeast that decomposes glucose into ethanol. The enzyme present in yeast that decomposes glucose into ethanol is zymese. 2. Write the balanced chemical equation to represent the decomposition of glucose into ethanol. C6H12O6 3. 2C2 H5OH + 2CO2

Explain the use of fractional distillation in this experiment . To separate ethanol from the mixture because the boiling point of ethanol is at 78 C, therefore the water vapour released and condensed in distillation fractional.

4.

Write the balanced chemical equation to represent the combustion of ethanol. C2H2OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

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5.

What is the function of potassium permanganate solution in this experiment ? To oxidize ethanol to ethanoic acid ( carboxcylic acid )

6.

Write the balanced chemical equation to represent the oxidation of ethanol. C2H5OH + 2 ( O ) CH3COOH + H2O

7.

Predict your observation when apparatus set up in Figure 1 is left for more than a week. Explain your answer. Ethanol to ethanoic acid.

8.

Can ethanol be used as vehicle fuel ? Explain your answer. Yes because it produces less soot, decease in polluting the air

Conclusion : The fermentation of glucose, mashed banana and rice that reacts with yeast can produce ethanol. Ethanol is easy to light up therefore it burns with pale blue and produces less soot into air.

References : 1. 2. 3. Vijaya Visvanathan 2009. New Vision 3G SPM Chemistry.Eastview http.//www. pamf.org/teen/risk/alcohol/whatis.html http.//www.eastchester k12/ny/us/schools/my/alcohol/my/alcohol

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