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pol( rrlg roXdr4rog trdycr:rqg enrrdluvoq5.

H r{ioooq rivr;oq5.Ag o,ro(qrqooup€r6po rrlv e{i-

o<ooqrivqols, rrlv e(iococrq 6qlo5q nou 0o ;.rog6iver
rq Oioqrou rrvqro6oe xil0elpovrrq orryp{.
Oeopod;rerr1crXioqu = uo+ dt odv rdno ouvdp-
rrlorls pe ;rercxptrqrig
rr1'rroXrirqro Kdrrov 1p6vo
rcoro1e6rd(oup€ rrl ypocprrqnopdorooq. Ano6er-
rv6eror6'rrro eppoEdv rou OAB|0o poq6iverrqv r-
pnrns F€r0rornorls.
To oX4pa eivor rpand(ro orrdre Lx : 1/z(u0+ u) t.
Alld u : uo * of orr6re Ax : uot I 1/:rct2.
Av ouprgovrloouprevo eivqr Xo: 0 on6re Ax : x rrporfrrrer q e-
€iocoon

x=uot*l/zo;l'

11onoio pag 6ivtt r4 O(.oqrou nv4ro6 oe xd)e ptAAovnx4 orry-

F4, ya rr1veu06ypappryoyaAd emrayovriyevq xivrloq.

Ilcparqp{ocrg
1. H peror6rrrorl uot t 1/zort2eivor d0porcryo
i) rrlg peror6nroq5 uotrrou 0o rropouokt(e ro rrvodprevoovrrre ipe-
vo sv 6ev urrrlpXeerrrrdluvoq
ror ii) rqg;.rerordnroqSl/zort'rrou 0q trrrpouoi'o(ero xrvodp€voq-
vrrreipevo ldyo rr15enrrdXuvorlg

2. Irrg 66o e{rocbo€rs u : u0 + ot Korx,= tsot* 1/zot'ro ofppolo

rrou ovogipovrdr oe 6rovuo;.rorrrd peyr10r1 rrcpro, dvouv rrg ovri-
ororx€Solyepprrig rrpdg cogrrpog rdrrorov <i{ovo x.
Av Oecopqooupre drr to : 0, Xo: 0 rcr drr () rrpooovqrofuopdvogd{o-
vog eivor iror c6oreuo>0, T6r€:
a) erpd,oovq rore60uvon rns errrrdXuvorlgouprrrirrrer ;re ereivq rqg
oplrqg roXdrqroq, 0q efvoro>0.
T

T HI K]NH:H:
H N E P IIPAOH
 Uo
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o q o

I'curq rrlv rr€pfrrroon n roxfTrlrq ouvElcis0o qu€dverorKsl

orfs €qfocOo€rg u : uo+ qt Kqrx : uotI 1/zst6trc ra odppolo 0a o-
vrlororxodvoe eenKi,qroodrnr€s.
p) erpdoovrl Korrdeuvorlrrls €TTrrdxuvong eirrorqvrie€rl 0116rK€r'-
vrl rrls opxrrlg rcrxdrrlrds(u">0)

+-
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0o eivqr q<0 (orr6re o : -lql) rar pnoporlF€vo ypdgouprerr5 66o

e{roc6oergpe rq poprp{:
u : uo- lolt ror X : uot - 1/zlalt'.
I' aurq rqv nepinrororl -potrovdrr ex6r1l6v€ror pro ouvepl5 eldr-
Toorl rrls roldrqrog, ro ovrrxefpevo6qlo6r1 xrveiror 6tro ror rrro
CIpyd- q rcivqoq,orrl yl<6ooq trls guorrq5, Oecopeirorxivrloryye
ora)ep1 enrrdyuvoq. I6;.rrpovc F€ rrl guorK(, 11rrcpouoio errrrd-
XUvolSos pro euOriypoppqrivrloq ;rnopef vo 'nporotrioer eire s6€rl-
oq eire etrdrrcooqrq5 raX6rqra5.

3. Av q opXrrrl rolirrlro eivor ioq pe prr16d'r,

11e{iocrrorlrivqoqg
rroipverrn popqn

x=
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i) Av eivoryvcoorddrr prroriv4o4 eivoropotrd,:rrrrcrXuv6pevrlr6re 4
e{iocoorlourrl pd5 6iverrq 0ioq (oMd Korrq ;reror6rrroq)rou rrvrl-
ro6 oe rdOepretrlovrrrrl orryprl.floporqpof;lr pro ovotroyioovd;re-
oo orrs rrpi5 rrlg peror6rrrorlsKqroro rerpdyrovorou Xpdvou.
ii) Avriorpogo, yrd vo crro6ei{oupe6rr prroer'06ypoppr1 riv4orl1<o-
pig opp14 ro1614ro eivorotrrotrd errrroluv6pevrlapref vo 6ei{oupe
drr or ;rerororrioergrou xrvqrodeivqrqvdloyss rov rerpoyr6vcov
rarv 1p6v<ov.
Aurd irove ror o Fotrrlqiogdrov epeuvorjoe rrlv ele60epqnrc6o4.

H N E P ITP A OH
TH I K IN H :H )
 Opofui errrruluvdpevr;xiv4o4 (xo= 0, t = 0, uo= 0)

x=1ot'
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2 "'
e[iooorl rrou FqS6iverrr10Cor1
TouqvrrK€rpivou oe rd0e
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t
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rrlv ra16rqr0 rou ovrrrerpivou
oe rdOepellowrri onypri.
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l

Av orprlooupeond,ro i6ro6rgogror rrlv i6roorryprlivo gdllo

lerirog rr ivcxpop6 p6roolo, ro pdroolo oe o6yr<pron ps ro
rp6Mo0c r<rvq0e i Trposro d6ocpognol6 rrroypqyopCI.
Av po5 porqoouv <<yruri ro p1roaAon'(.gru mo ypqyopap 11
ondvrqorl rrou pos dpleror ou0dppqrrxvo 6c6ooup€ (Kce6S
ppioreror rovrd orrlv rorvq troyrxq)dvar ntEru nro yp4yopa
ynri eivatpapirepo.

Anorov Aprororetrq
orov fOtrltroio
'Orov o l-olrtroiogdploe vo epeuvdro cporr'6pevo rqg nrc6ons rcrlv
oopdrcov 4 dnotpq 6n ra pap1repcrr(.Erouvrtoyprlyopa Kuprop-
lorioe qrr6luro. Er<rdg orrd ro drr oXerl(6rov p€ rqv r<orvr1
loyrr<r1
, erle <or pa0rig pi(eg pdoo oro dpyo rou dltrqvo,prl6oogou Aprorordlrl.

, H Aprcrortfurcy Eooxrl, rqv onoia 66dyrr7rceo faAtAaioc,oro l-Isvetw

: orr1ptorqg flieas, unomrlpt(t 6n ro uhrc66Auv rwv eilyerutv owpdruv
: rpotpycrrx cnd rqv avdpefq ru-w rtood,puv nrperapxtrcitv> orotyti-
1.uw. Ts rf.ooepaorotyeia, 11fry,ro'Y6utp, o Arlp xtt ro l-lup 6u npf.nu va
: ra,ur((ovratorq orc(.,pr1 IJc'gp€ nq ouoieganrd ng onokq nrlpav ro 6vo-
: pa rouc,.To rcoru6vep6, yn napd\erypa, e?eupt.irooav €va peiypa ruv
, reood,p<uv orotyeitavoro onob emrcparo1oero orotXeio'Y6tnp.Kd)e t-
: vctsn6 rs rrpurxpryrcdorotyeia eiyerq cpooxrl':ou 0tor1ptoa orov errl
i yercXdtpo. Ilto'4tqAd r1ravro l1up, xdrru an6 aord o A4p, ycpqA6rtpa
: ro'Y6up Katrflo rcdxn an6 6Aa ryrav r7guoxrl 0f.or1rou o'roryeiou fr1.
1 LriltEuva, ndvrct, ye rq Euox7 rou AprcrortAq ro rcd1eorotyeio eOecl-
, p{ro 5n epEavi(etrqv rdoq va rcwq1{ npoe r\ rpuoxQrou 0fo4. Av yn
I napd\uypa tva odspa, rou neptyet rcupiusg, ro ororytio l1up, ppe)ei yn
1 rcdnoto Adyo rcdru anr6 ro ororyeio Ar1p,
0a npi',ra va av6pu ndvut dn'
: dur6. Mn n(lpa nou agryverar eAetj?epr1 orov ct(pcx0a ruvry)tirpog ro
; d6ogog rcat11xivryoryrr:,C0a eivat 11ouv€nen rr:,,;utrepoyr1qrou mory{-
'; oo fq oe ouv\uctoyd yt rr10tor1orqv onoia ppt1trlxe.
: ftvtrcSrtpa Kuprapxoioc 11dnoQrl 6n 11goootxrlrcivr1or1 evdq o-
I

H NEPIIPAOF']
TF']IKINF']IH:
 norcu64TorE otbyarog rca)opi(erat (a) un6 rr1vavaAoyia IrE rnv o-
noia ra rtooepa npurapyrcd ororyeia oopyertyouv orq o6v0eor7
rou Ka,r(p) an6 rrl' 0tor7 roo €.ytt oe xdtroru orrypry oe oytorT pe nq,
guo tx(.q,0(.oeq r<nv reoodp<nv moqlei<utt.
H eAe60epr7 rnd:or1 ev69outparog e1eapeiro KAsoK6 napd\erypa
guoxrTs au06pyrTrqgxivqo7s.Eriltguva pE rrlv dTroqrl aurry rcd)eore-
pe6 odtpa nou agrlverat e\e60qo anorcrd p6vo rou Ko.roE ofvroyo
ypovtx6 8dorrTpa yru ma1eprl raXtjrryra trroor1s rqv otroia orq ouv€-
Xen \nrr1pei ptypt ro r€Aogrr1c, rcivqoqS.flototnapdyovreg xa1opi(ouv
aurq rr1vrayjrqra; O AprorortAQCunootrTp(t 6n ro papoq rou avrr-
xe4t€vououypdMet orov npoo\rcptoltd aurrls rq; raXtirqrag. To ou-
pntpaopa r1ravp€oa otq troyx( rqsyewrccirepQg9eutpiac,otiygcuvo ye
rqv onoia q arria rou pdpouq eivar q na,couoia ptoa oro odtpa rou
TpurdpxlKot orotyeioo 14,ro onoio iyet r4 guotx7 rdory va xtveirat
Trpoq,ra xdr<o.'Ero4 €va avnxeiylvo rno pry6, 6r7Aa6q tva avnxeiltevo
nou repdyet yeycA1reprl noo6rryra sr6 ro orotyeio fr1, napouofi(u
prd rno tvrovq rdory vc rcvq)ei npog rrl.<Eoorxrl>rou 0tor7an6 tvc dA-
Ao rcatouvendtq,anorcrdptyoAdreprl rayjrqra rnuorys.
lnq, apyf.q,rou 'l7ou anitva 11avriAqrprl aurq 6y p6vo eiye rcu-
pnpyr1ott aAAd eiye nephrou evotopar<u)ei orqv rcotvr1Aoyrcr1. Av
pdAtoro A7g1ei ur6rgrT Ko,rro xtipog rcu AptorortAq, 0a rcura\d-
pouyc ynri eiXegrdou va )etupeirar av<xygrcpqrqra <ouorrp.

O l-qtrrlqiogdpyrloe vo crrorrrloer Bepor6rqro drr ro qvqpgr-

oprlrqro 0o prnopotio€vo oprgropqrq0e(. Tetrrrdrqv andrrrloe.
Aplroe vd urroornpi(et 6rt ereivo rrou roOuorepoJoero elorppld
oc6pcrc, 6rrog fva g6llo 6iv6pou 11gro vrgd6o 1ovro6, qrov q
<rropouoio>rou o6po. Avri0erc, oe ovrrreipevo oXerrrd pcprd ror
ou;;noyq ot ouvdneregrq5 ovrioroorls lou oipo yivovrov oXerrrcd
oorl;ravreg.To errd,pevovoqrr16 pr1;ror,:o0uor6pr1oe, otrld refurd
npsypcxrorrorq0qre.O fofuloio5 rcrdrpe pe vo gsvroorei6rrppig
rrlv ovrioroon rou cxdporo avrrrefpevcr0c 6rregrov raurdlpovo
xot drr iorogfvog evrcfogv6pog 0o pnopo6o€ vG roX6eryro rqv
nrc6orl 6tr<lv r<ov oropdrcov rrpos Tn yn.
A6o oopapd epn66ro opOrovovrovror ircxvqv o66vcrq rqv on6-
6er{q.To npc6ro rlrcrv6rr r4v enoXrl ereirq 6ev erlov oxdpq rrnvon-
Oeipi0o6oryro rrl 64prroupyic rKcvofiotq'rrrodrevo6.To 6edrepor1-
rov 6rt ro o<6poro <prd(ovrcv> rrdpo n'otr6vo <pOdoouvoro i6o-
qos KqrorXpovol.rsrprloerg pe rc 6pywo rrou 6ri0ere rlrov c66voro
vo 6c6oouvrdrr o{rdrrro'ro.
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H tIEP]IPAOH
TH: K NHII-1:
0 fohloioq(Galileo yevu{0rye
Galilei) oqv lli(oro 1564xor6(qoepdxprro 1642.'Eterve
ornvllfvropo6dxooptl
xoryrivrpo
ro nro64proupyrr6
;1pdvro, r4qrtfyxoouqs
lprivror4q(o{g rou.Exei6polero 0epdlrn entqftlplqnou61et
o1604pero nvo0pevo oriporo.

Mnpoord oro o6rd{o6o o fqtrrtrqioga{rorroiqoe pra ordrgq gor-

voprevrrdorrlrl. Xp4orporroiqoedva r<erfuprivo errirre6o,rrdvo orrl
loyrrrl drr o loporrqpcg rrlg rivrloqs FrCIS ogofpog nou rutrder
rrdvco rou €i'vori6ro5 preereivov r4g ogoipos rrou nirprer ele60e-
po. To rertrrpivo errirre6oqrr6 rn pro rreprripr(erqv nopdppooq
rou odpc ror qrr6 rrlv dMq i6rve rqv €uKqrpiqyrd Xpovoperprloerg
rrpooerrrrig ror etreyX<ipreveg.flpfrrer vq iyrvdv erorovrd6es rr€r-
pdporo pe prrdleg rrou o<prlvovrovvq rulrloouv oe outror<rioe rg
ndvco oe oovi6e5 pe opropdvrlrliorl <ognpo(; rov opi(ovrc. Or pe-
rprloe rg r<lv lp6vrov yivovrov prepdorl rrlv noo6rqro vepo6 nou
po(eu6rcv roOcbgiorct(e oroy6vo - orcrydv,r o116'ro 6o1eio.
O i6rog o [atrrtrofo5ypdcper:<...Acpqoaptrqv pndAs va n(.ou
xard yfircoq,r7q,autrdx<uons Ko; oqptttboayt ro yp6vo rou Xped-
orqK€.y,d vs 6nv6oet 6Ao ro erftre\o. 14 6r<r6rrooia aurq €TCvd-
trdpaye noA\€q goptc, tbore va eipaore an'6Aura ptparu yn ro
I

TF]:K IN F]:H :
H N E P ITP A OH
 Troo6 rou Xp6vou ro onoio ror( 6tv pprircapeva \nE€pet oirt rca,-
rd ro tva 6(.rcarou6q oguyl-totj.'Yorepa agqoape rryv i6rupndAa
va ntoet ydhc, xard ro tva ri.rapro rou prlrcouqrqc auAdx<noqs
xo; yerprloape ro yp6vo. Bprlxag 5n o yp6voq,aurdq aroreAei ro
prc5 axpptbg rou npcbrou. Zrq ouvf.ylc xdvape ro i6to neipapa
Ka,ryn aAAa pr1rcqrcate{eraospE ro X1>6vo6Aou rou yqxouq tng
Trpocro ypdvo rou ptoot yryxouc,,ruv ,560rpiruv, ruv rpui;v re-
rdpr<ov rcarrthxd xd9t dAArTs uno\raiptorlg. Me nupdyara nou
ru tnavaAdpape ercar1 rcatndvut qop(q, ppferyrce6n rs 6rcor4-
para tivat yera{6 rouc,Snutq ra rerpdy.avc ru)v yp6v<lv. Ku ro6-
ro gdvqxe 6n rcyiu yn 644 nc, rcAiotgrou ttnr€6ou...)).
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vdloyc pe ro rerpdytrlvo 'r<rlvXpdvov, 1 errrrdXuvon rrls rcivqorlg
0a rrpfrrer vo eivcr oroOepq.

flivoxog
rouG.Bezuolinounoprm6ver dvoneipopo rouFohlorouolv lli(0.Aploepdxorde{rd,
pploxowotot owinolotrou lolilrqiou.Ae{t6eiuoro npiyxrnoq
l(op6u rrrlvMedixorv
xoroprorep6or
exnp6oonorrou Axod4poixori 6oyporroporioruppevor ndvtooe reipevorouAptoorel4.0 foArloioq
eivornepinoumo xdvrpo-o t1rqAdTopoq- neplrpryupropdvogonrirouqgoO4rdqrou.
I

T H: KINH:H)
H I I E D I IPAOH
 flop' 6leg rrg a6uvopie5oro (r1r4porrlg orr6lurrlg rrerorrx6rrl-
rqS, r) npoorrdOercr rou fohloiou vo fipoos'fyioelpe riroto rpdrro
ivo v6porrlg rprloqgriXer8roordoerstoroprKrl5. O ouv6ucop6gr45
r€rpcIpclrrr{5 6oulerris pe 14 ;roO4porrr{ uvriluoq d6tllo€ro
upr6ro roOoprinopri6ery;rqro)v ps066ov rqg vda5 entor{p4g
rrou 0q svorrruoodrqv Fs e{orperrrrierntulia orous crt6vegnou
axoto60qoov.
Zrq 6rdpreror45 (olrlgrou fotrrtrofou 4 Eqproupyio <xevo6> 6ev
fipoypCIrolror1104re nori. Aryolpdvro opyrirepo(1650)oro Mo-
y6eypofpyo rr15feppcviogo Otto von Guericke('Orro cpov[xipr-
xe)rriruXe vo KorooK€udoet rrlv trpcbrrlovrliq revo6.Iro trovo-
norqrr16xev6rrou 6qgroupyq0qre <ou0o6rd:(ovtogl os Frqor6po
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pdvorepr<iiopqvov, ro (o-rcniOorvov,o f 1og qrov o66voro vo
pero6o0ef.
Aryocpydrspo KorooKeudorqxe rat o yuritrtvogooltrrlvogxtvo6,
;.riooorov orroio6rjo onorou6rlnorepdpou<; ovrtreipevodrregrov
rour6lpovo rp0dvovrogorrl pdoq rou ocolrlvo rqv i6roorrypq ror
Fs rrlv i6rarc16rqro. Irq 197Oo oorpovo;6rqgDavidR.Scotte-
rrdleoe ro rrefpoparq5 ele60eprlg rrr6oqg rrro rev6ndvar ornv €-
rncpdve ro rou qelToprof. 'Evoelorpp6cprepd rr dvo orpupfno}6
pup6repo o<pdOqrov orrd rcx16prorou rour6lpovo rcxtouvdvrq-
oov ro oelqvrar<6 e6ccpo5rqv i6roarprpc6q crrryp4.

O voposrrlsetreuB€prl5,
nrcborls
Arrd ro <r-r6poxpovdp€rpo) rou lotrrtroioup6;1prro prdoorrou 6ra0f-
re r 11odyXpovrlenoXrl,11orrdorooq eivor <pucrrrdrepdorto. 14pepo,
pe rq orpopoororlrrq ;rd0o6o<npolopoivoup€)/XopiSvo Xpetoorei
vo errrvorloouH€ ro rerhpdvo errirre6o.
Me orpopoordnro, rrou 6rlprroupyo6v 30 glog ovd 6eulep6tre-
firo/ pfiopotiprevo noipvoupreg<ilroypoqir,; ;.rragprKp{Sogoipog
rrou rrigrer Kor vo 6rcrrrorr6voupe drr ra 6raorri;raro eivqr ovd-
lolc pe rc rerpriyrovq rt'rv;1p6varv.
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poprorrrd crroEerrvdercr drr :
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p) H eletlOepr1nr<ror1 xd?t ou.tparog {var u)rjypappq opaAd t-
nrayuv6yevq xivryory.
I

H N E P ITP A OH
TII: K IN H IH :
 Me rrg 66orrpoqyo6peveg rrpor,ioers6rorun<overoro ley6-
vdpog
;.revo5 r4g ele60eprlgnrc6oq,;.
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roxdpurpod€ovo)11rivqorlrdOeovrrxerpdvou nou rrdrpreroro
revdrreprypdcperor perrg e{,roc6oer<;

, =L*' u=s t
orrg onoiegro ofypotroy rroprorirver rq 0dor1rou ovrrrerpi-
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oov 0sopr10e i <rr5oplq rcrrvxp6vov q orrypqTrouogdoqrevo
rrdoer.To ofppolo g noprordverrr1popurrr( enrrdXuvorl n o-
rroio r) rord 14 6rdpr<ero rqg nrc6oqgnopap6veroroOepqrot
rr)eivorove{dprqrqan6 ro FdpoSrou orf)Foro5ro onoio rrdgrer.
Iro prero{6orprBefgprerprloe rgf6er{;ovdrr, dv rreproprorodpe
orr1verrrgdv€rq rls Oriloooog,rl rrF4rrlg popurrrrl5errrrdluvoqg
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ro g eivar9,78 mfs',oro y€cr>ypogrrc6 rrtrirrosrrou ppiorceror
q EIld-
6o yfveror9,81 mls'evc6oro Bdperof'l6lo grdv€r rrlv rrpq 9,83
m/s'.To potrdprrrou 0o nioer ond ro ldpro evd5louq6o6 poOqrrl
prd(ercrlfyo neproo6repovo ouvovrrlOefpe ro f6c<poq,oe oXdorl
;reivo potr6prnou 0o ndoeroro i6o<po5'rou[1epori.

hl

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'Orov {errvodoope ro rcegdAarorEprypaEry rr:,9xivrloqs prrlorioope
yro rlAerrp6vrofiou rcrvo6vrovy6po orrd rruprlvegKdryro gdtrlo
rrou rrdgrouv ro g0rv6fiopo. Ircr rrro notrld o1r' rq nopo6e rypro-
ro, or rrvqoer56ev erXavro yvc6proporrlg euOriypCIppns rpoldg.
flop' 6lo ourd, pdlpr rc6po neproprorllro;rep6vo orrg euOri-
xr qur6 ro xdvope ordrrrpcr.Eivorrrro onl6g orqv
ypo1rp€Sr<rvrloerq
rous Kor rour6lpovo ovcryxoiorrrotrorrdrr ytq vo qvrt-
rreprypcx<pr1
percorriooup€rrS rro}drrtrore5rapnutrdypCIJp€S r<rvqoerg rrou fio-
pouord(ovrororq quorl.
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rrg errine6eqropnul6ypopp€S r<rvqoerg, otr\d rr our6 6ev 0o 'vor
rrapd pro fipo€TorFooioyro rrlv neprypcrcpryrcov rcuxhrc6vrcvrloerov.
H ra;gir4ru. Irrg eu06ypoptlssrrvrloergrrcx6loxolouOrloape rnv ot-
ro66p4oq evdg peyfOous,'ro o-
rroio 6iver undvrqoq oro epotrrl-
pora <rrdcioyp4yoF,o)Kor (fipos
To fiou) r<rve ircr ivo cvrrre i;revo.
To 6rovuoporr16 ourd ;.rdye Ooq
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c) l-l6oqeivor 11ouvolrxq ondoroorl
rrou r<dluq-re; rnrq rrls;
p) nOoqeivott1peror6rrrorlrou;
2,54. L,io rre(c,n6porpoof(ouv orov i-
2.51. O ;loroorrlerror(g npoorrepvd 6ro 6pdpope oro0epd5rcX6rrlregror
ro yrorcXi oro 6rgog;rrogr<ol<ivo5rqg rrpos rrlv i6rc rcore60uvoq.O rrporro-
AEH crprpr6sorrs 09.20.Or 66o r<rvrl- peud;,revog d1er ropirqrcr 1,2 m/s ror oe
oer5yivovror preoro0epdgrcl6rqreg, rdrroro lpovrrrl orryp( rrepvder prrpo-
30 m/s o poroorxtrerror(s,23 mls to ord sr5 pfo crcorfo.T4v i6ro orryp1 o
ourorivqro. dtrloq, rrvoripruog;rerol6rqro 1 m/s,
flou 0q ppfoxeror o ;roroorr<lerrorrl5 ppioxeror20 prdrponfool.
onS 9.20.05; flou 0q ppiorercr o rrponop€udpevo5
flrioo 0o ofiixouv, rord rq orrypq e-
drov o 6edrepc,g cp0doer oro rjqo5 rqg
reivrl,rc 66o oXqprora;
ororiog; flou 0o ppioreror12 6eurepd-
2.52.Zttg12.15orprpri5ro pnpoorrvd Ierrro opy6rep,r;
rp4po r4g opa[oororlicg g0dver orqv
2.55. 'Evo ovr re ipevorrvefrcr eu06-
dr<pr1rou ro6vel ro orroio 6rao1f(er;re
ypotrpCIpe orcx0eprlerrrrdluvoq 3 m/s'.
oro0eprl 'roX6r4ro 20 mls. To prp<o5
Kcrd rq lpovrrryorry;rr1nou Oeopefror
rr15opo{oororliog eivor200 pdrpa r<or
ro pqro5rou ro6vel 800 pirpo. cosopx4 rcov;1p6vrov ro ovrrref;.rtvo
ppioreror orqv errivqoq oe rdrroro oq-
o) flou 0o ppior<ercrq o;-ro{oororlio
i) orrg 12.15.O8;ii) orr5 12.15.2O;iii) ;reioO. Oeopc6vrcgro O cogoplq rulv
orrg 12.15.4O; o{6vov oa5 (qr o6pre :
p) n<ior1rirpo 0o ppiore'ror ol6rdrlprl o) vo rrpopldqere ro (rrou 0c ppfore-
udoq oro rofvel; rcr))ro rrvq16lrerd o116rpio 6eurepS-
lenro,
2.53. Yno0droupedrr ;rio xopEep(vo p) vo unoloyicrererqv rol6rrlrcr rou
ncrder opr(6vrra eu06ypoppoKGro€ r<ordrq lpovrrri onypq 2s,
1opr1}6oXerrrd 69o9. Ie xdnorc Xpo- y) vo rdver€ rl ypogrKqnopdorooq
vrrq orryprrlne pvder 6irrlq qrrd Kd-
x : f(t') 6nou x 11Odoqrou Kort rlXpovr-
rroro rla6i. H lpovrr<r1ourq orryprrl0e-
rr1orryp1yrq rq 7 rp<ira,6eurepdle-
olpefror trrscpxn r<rrvXp6vcovoro 6rd-
rrr0 TrlSrivqoq,lrou.
ypqpFq 0ior15-1p6vou rrou rreprypd-
(p€rrrlv rivqorl rqg. 2.56. H eu06ypugprlr<ivqoq ev6goqprer-
q) noro tfvor ro ei6oqrrlg r(vqorlgrqq; oKodovrrK€rpdrrou neprypdrperor F€ ro
P) nof 0a ppioreror riooepo 6eurepd- 6rfypoppo ralir4rog-lpdvou rrou no-
Ierrrq apy6repo; f16or1eivor q roX6- pouord(erorrropordr<o,
I

e
 u(m/s) 2.58. Mro proroorxlirc rrrdver ro 100
km/h oe 7,5 s. Oeorpoivro5r4v errrrd-
B luvor1rqg oroOeprloog (qrdpe:
o) vo urrotroyioererrlv rrp( rrlg errrrd-
6 xuvons
p) vcr unotrc,yio€r€rrlv raX6rrpd rqg 5
6eurep6lerro perd rrlv errivrlorl
A
+ y) 1pr1or;ronorc6vrog Xapri prfu;.rerpivo
rdvere rq yparprrrl rropdorcorl rclti-
2 rnros - 1p<i',rouyrq rc 6 npc6ro 6eure-
p6lerrro rn(; Ki'vrlons.
0 2.59. Bao(fFrvor oro 6e6opivorou rrf-
vcro (x,t)
o)Tr er6ousrivqorleivorourrj;
F) floro eivcr 11errrrdXuvorlrou onpsrc-
ro6 cvrrxerpdvou
- rq lpovrrrlmry;.rrl3 s; a) vo 6ei€err d'rr q rivrlorl eivoropold e-
- rrllpovrrq orrypq 5 s; rrrraXuvtipevqKol
p) vo unoloyioere rqv errrrdXuvoqrou
y) flou 0o ppforerorro onperoK6ovrr-
rrvqro6.
reipevorord rr1lpovrrq orry;-r44 s, cv
or4v oppl rcov lpdvatv pplordrov oe 2.60. O lpdvog ovri6poo4g ev65o6q-
rdrroro oqpeioO; yod eivcr 0,,1s. Av q enrppd6uvcrrl rou
6) l-16o11eivor 11peror6rrror]rou rcqrd ourorrvqrorr eivor 5 mls', npoorroOrl-
ro npc6ro 6 6eure p6trerrror45 riv4- or€ vo npollldq.rereedv 0a cnogriye r
orls; rq o6yrpou<rr1 ;re ivo orivqro eyrr66ro.
Tq orrpq fi()u ro ei6ecrrerle qrrd aur6
2.57. O vecpdgpe ro pq1ovdrcr xrveirqr 50 ;rirpo rorr4 roX6rqrd rou qtav 72
pe oroOepqroXdr4rc 20 mls.Tq orryprl km/h.
rrou rrepvder ;rrrpoord o116ro rrepirrre-
po ro rr€pr1rofur6 pd(er prpos rcr apli- 2.61. H eu06ypopp4xivqoq ev65ovrr-
(er vo rov ruvqyderpe orc0epq errrrd- rerprivourrelrrypdgerorFr ro fiopord-
ro 6rdypoppo rcXtirrlrag-1p6vou.
XUVon 2 mls'.
q) Ie rrora orryp4 ro rreprrrofur6rqr ro
;rr1Xavdrcilouv ioeg roXdrqreg; I-16oo
0o crrdXouvrcrd rr1 orryprl ourr;; l-16-
oo 0q orrdXouvB 6eurep6lerrrc perd
an6 14 orryp( rrou {erivqor ro rrsprno-
furd; (r 4 o t(s)
F) fldre ro'neprrrofu16 0q gOdger rov
Io5 (qrdpe vc unoloyiorre:
;.roroorrlerrorr'1;
o) rqv errrrdXuvoqrou rord rrs Xpovr-
rdg olypri5 1s,2s,3s,6s, 7s ror
p) rqv perordrrrorlrou rrvrlro6 rord'rq
6rdprero rcrrv8 nprircuv 6eurepold-

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H T'IEP THI KINHIH:
fir(Dv rrls Krvnorls/
2.62, An6 rrlv ropucprlevd5oupovo{6- o) rq ;reropohl rqg rglir4rag yro rrl
orq o<pqverorivo ovrrrefpevoror rp0d- lpovrrrl 6rdpreru
vcr oro d6c9ogperd ond 3 6eureprile- B)
rrro. fl6oo rlgog dler o oupovo{6orq5;
2.63. Ar'6 dvo oqpeiorou flrlpyou rqg
l-li(cg oe 619o5120 prdrpovogqveror i-
vo cvrrxefpevo.[16re cpOdvel oro i6o-
gog; Me rroro roXrjrrlrc;
2.64. H npr6rrl rrfrpo ogrlveror qrr6 ro
leilog rou yrpepodorrg 12.00crprp<65. 14 exaroorcilv.
'Yorepo o116;.rro66eurepdlenro, o116
ro i6roorlpeio,c<pqvercrq 6efrepq.
l-lou0o ppiorovrar 66o 6eurepdlenrq
prerdrr5 12.OO;fl6oo 0o anilouv; floro
raldtqrcr 0c dler q ;rio ror noro q dltrrl 2.67.'Evsoqperor<6
rord rr1orrypq erefvrl;
2.65.2t fvo np6ypopFonpooopoicoor;g
;re urroloyrotl, ro rrovrirr exro{e6errq
prrp4 ogoipo rorcr6pug0 npos rq
ndvo. Iro o1rlpo 6ivovrqr ro pirpo
rq5 rol6rrlros TnSo<poipc5lS Xpovr-
xd5orrypdgtr= 1 s Kqrt3 : 3 s.
Oecoprlore6rr q rivqorl eivaro;rald errr- reirqr rrdvo orrv rrldKq rou rrrKdrrKsr
rcrXuv6;revq pe cpXrrrlrcrl6rqro.
t4=4u
u3=30.5i *it t t-,=3s
tz =b
Ynotroyiore:
(11,
t3).
rrlv enrrdXuvoq rrlg popdrqrcg.
y) ro prdrpo rq5 op1rr15 rollrqrog;
6) rqv raXdrrlrorr1lpovrrqoryp4 tq: 4 s.
e) oe rr6oo 1p6'ro 11ocpoipo0o errcrvil-
Oeroro lipr rou rrovrrrrof;
2.66.Mro pouorrrlqpdon 4 onoia 6rcp-
reiog 10 6eure66lenrc eyypdrprroro€
6foxo 33 o'rpoqr<6v KGrot piorl orriva
l-ldooeivorro HriKoS rou r6{ou fiou Ko-
l6nre r n €]rypoq4rqg ;.rouorrqsqpd-
oqs;
cvrrrefpevoo€ KU-
rfurr1 xivqoq 1pe rd(eror 20 6eurep6le-
rrrq yro rdOen),r1pqrreprorpogrl.H rre-
prgfperorou xUrlou eivor60 prdrpo.c)
f1dor1eivorq ou;1v6rr1rcrr15nepro6rxrl5
ourqg riv4oq5; l3)n6oq efvcr11rcrX6rq-
Td rou oqperorc'6cxvrrre rpdvou;
2.68.'Evo56ioxog33 orpocp<6v ronoOe-
opli(er vo rof(er. Bd(oupendv<ooro
6foro dvq prrrcp6 Xoprdrr M oe qndorq-
otl 14 srcroorcr srr6 rov d{ovc rrepr-
orpocp45.
o) Yrroloyiore ro ;rirpo rq5 ral6rqrog
rou M oe m/s.
p) n6oq andorcxoq6rqv6erro Xoprdn
oe Xp6vo12 6eur-epolirrr<rrv;
2.69.'Evscurorivrlro noipvelrq oTpo-
<pr1pe 72 km/h. 116o4eivor 4 r<evrpo;.r6-
log enrr&Xuvorluv q orpo<pqeivor16{o
orrivog 40 pdrpurv;f1dor1revrpopdlog
errrrdluvoq qrrcrrreirqrc6orevq rrdper
rqv i6roorpogq ue6rntrdorqrol6rqro;
To ouroriv4ro vcrOecopr10e i orlpero16o-
vrr<efpevo.
2.7O.'Evsoq;rerrxrdovrrxefpevo oe KU-
rlrrrl rivrlorl crrfvog 40 ercrroorc6v
H T]E P IIP A OH
TH I K IN H IH )
 Xperd(ercr6 6eurep6trcnrc yro rdOe 2.73. H Ielrlvrl <o56opucp6po5 rqg l-q5
rrlnpn rreprrpopd. rdver pro *\4pn rreprgopdoe 27,33 q-
fldoo eivorro pirpo rqg ropirqrdg rou; Fipss.
Kord rr16rdpxero aurrlg rq5 rivqoq5 11 o) fl6oq eivurq rol6rqrd rrls trls npos
rcrXrir4ro odre peyolc6verodre prrpciver ro rivrpo rrlg l-qg;
c}Id peropdMeror.Tr oqpoiverour6; F) l-16ooperorrveiruroe dvq 6eurepdle-
[6oo eivarro pdrpo rqg peropo]{S trlS nro; fldvro an6 dvq lfudperpo;
rcrX6rqrog oe 3 6eurep<ilerrro; y) l-16o4eivrrrq revrpoprdlo5enrr&Xuv-
fldoq eivor11percpotrrlrou pirpou rrlg o4 rnS rcrci rrlv treprcpopdrrlg; I-ldoe5
ruXrlrrlro5 orov i6rolprivo; qopis eivar prrrpdrepqcnd r4v errrrd-
Xuvorlrrlgpop6rqrog;
2.71. H povd6opirpo ;rrlrougop(orqre T4v rivqo'r1 rqg lelrlvqg y6po and rq fr1
og ro 1:10 000 000 rr15on6oroo45rou va rq 0e<oprloere rurfurrl r<ivqoq
orlpsro-
B6peroufld,Iou crrd rov loqpre prv6. H rof cvrrrer;.rivou.H orrdoraorl rou ri-
povd6c -l 6eurepdlenro opiornKs oS vrpou rqg Letrrlvqgon6 ro rdvrpo rqg
ro 1: 86 400 rqg 6rdprera5rqS nH€p4- fqq eivor60 <popdg peyol6rep4and rqv
oros rr€prorpog{srns fns. Boor(6pevor qrrivo rrls I-qSq orroic eivcr6370 km.
orous 6rio aurori5 opropo6goa5 (qrd- (Na lpqorporrorqoere xoyrrrourepdrr).
preva urroloyioererqv ro16rqro.
2.74. O 6eu'repolenro6eirrqgev6gpo-
o) ev6gr0cryevo65 o orroiogrorpdror oe
troyroriiler pqro5 20 eraroord. IaS (n-
;rio neprol( rq5 (o6yxlog rou Apc(ovi- ro6pe vc uroloyioere
ou ndvo or<prBc6g orov lorlpreprv6,
p) ev65rrryrouivounou ppiorersr nd- c) ro ;rdrporqg rcrXtirqrqsrou drpou rou
p) ro pirpo rrlg (6ravuoparrrrl5) pero-
vor arprpc6gorov Bdperol-16tro. Og ori-
9ol4S rqg ro16r4rcg prdoo oe 15 6eu-
ornFCIovcgopd5 vo Oeorprloere dvo rep6trerrrc
o6orqpo ouv6e6e;rdvo pe ro rcdvrporq5
(ocporprrrlg)fqg. 2.75.L,io 6popei5{errvo6v'rcur6Xpovc o-
nd rq onFsioA ror B rou oro6iou rar
2.72. O frotipr froyxdprv rlrov o npc6- rrpcryHorolroro6v dvoy6po oe rpoXri5ocrr,r
rog dvOpolrrosrrou ixave dvc ro{f6r rr ourig fiou rrdplordvovrqroro op;po.
oro 6rdorqpro.Tov Atrpinror-ou1961 H ondorooq AB eivor6 m rcr or roX6rq-
prdoooe er6rrd ordcpog6rdyporpeprrc rig rou5 dXolrvoroOepdpdrpo8 m/s.
nl(pn rpold y6porarr6 rr1fq oe 89 tre-
rrrd r45 6pqs. Io5 (qrorjpe, 0eopc6-
vros rrlv rpoldT ou rurfurrl oe <6qo5>
240 1fuo;rdrpcrrv,
a) vq urroloyioere rqv rc16rr1ro rou
ordgoug Korvo rr1 ouyrpivcre F€ rrlv
rcrX6rqro evd5cry<ovr ort ro6 opl prcrog,
p) vo unotroyioererqv revrpopr6loerrr-
rdluvoq rou ordrpous Korvq rnv ou-
yr<pivere p€ rnv enrrdluvoq rqg pap6- O 1p6vognou lperd(eror o ivc5 6popd-
rrlros (9,81m/s'?).H qrr(va rq5 frlg ei- oSyro vq rdverivo yripo eivorpreycl6re-
vqr 6.370Xrhd,;.rerpo.(Nc lpqolponorrl- pog orrd ror'1p6vo nou Xperd(€ror o
otr€ Koprrourepdr<r). dllog. Florqefvor 4 6rocpopdr<rrv6do

NEPIIPAOH
IHI KINH> H:
Xp6vov; To oplpc oe rdOe orpo<pr1
vo
qprrneprrpiperc.
Oe<opr;0ei
2.76. Kdnoroga<pqver, orrd ivo opropd-
vo orlpreioA, dva popd avrrref;.revo vo
rrioer rcror6purpo, evc6rqv i6rc mrypr;
dvo dMo pcxpdcvrrr<rf;revo erro{e6eror
o116ro i6rooqpeio (A) pe opr(dvrro rG-
lirqro 2 m/s. fldoo 0c orriXouv ro 66o
ovrrreipevapttdcn6 i) 0,1 s ii) 0,3 s iii)
0,5 s; To A ppior<eror
oe rirgog2 pirporv
on6 ro d6ogog.
2.77. Kdnoro5 erorpev6ovf(erfvc pd-
roqlo o116r4v napolfo npog rr1 0d-
trqooa. H polr; yiveror o1166rpogB0 cm
;re opr(6vrro rcrlfrqra 12 mls. flo6 0o
ppioreror ro p6roolo 0,2 6eurepdtre-
rrrc perd rr1 orryprl rrou erogev6ovf-
orqKs; [1ororcry6rr1ro0o dXer14 orry-
pr1nou 0c ouvrxvrqoer ro vep6;
2.78.,H roXdrrlra 'rou pefporog evdg
rroropori eivor I m/s ror ro rrldrog rou
rrorc;ro6210 nr. 'Evanlordpro ovoxco-
pei oe rdnorq rrrry;rr1cnd rr1 pio 5104
yro vo rrdercrrrlvqvrr.
H <r6ia>taylrqrd rou, erce ivq 611lo611
rrou 0q avirrruooe qv 6ev un(p1e perl-
pro(oe prc lipvq yrc ncpd6erypo),iler
rcre60uvoq rd0erq oro pefpc ror pri-
rpo 10,8km/h.
l-16oo51p6vog€toXperoore(yro vo grd-
oer qrrdvovrr;11oro0c efvor4 roreri-
Ouvor1 rqg rivrlc'q5rou;
TH: KINF']:F']I
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rou XoouE
rou lon Stewort
fn rouq,gonryr(.q,oro |lavtnrcrr1prc rr:,SPisa,ora 1580,r7Qnrl nptnu va xuAo1oe
ouvdpnd,oflrcd,ynri 7rdv ytd nepio\oq,ipapanxr1c qto66ou yd rqv av)putmvry
yvd)oq. ,aAAdo ev)ouonopdq 6ev pnopei va ouveXi(trcu oe rcd)eorrypq. 2r4 6fip-
Aeroopyiag ivcg Eotrqrqs rp€net va pap(.?r1xe,ru d,pytoe
K€.rdptc,serc<Ar1oo,ortrc11
va napa,rcoAou)ei€va yeydAo r,o2r.t€Aato nou raAavrttt6rav aTr'ro aepdn. TaAa-
vreu6rsv axdv6vrcra, qAAdo cponqrrls naparrlprloe 6't 6rav o noAutAuog drove
yn nAand,at<itpryor1 q rayjrryrd rou au{av6rav, ti)mt c'yp6voq,rnc, p'o'qarcbprlor1C
rou vd rapalttvet ora)epdg. PoA6yrcarcp$eioq6ev ellov axdya egeupe9ei,i.rot
ypovoytrprlo€ rov noAutAorcypqoryonoritvrds rov ogc'yy6 roo.
O gonqrrlq 4rav o falAaioq (CalileoCalileil,rrou pr'jxe oro [7cvenrcrr1yrcoe q-
Axia 6exaecprdypovtitv.
O faArAaiogouvtt\ryrotoirloe 6n ot ipeuveq rdv<u orry oxomy6rqra r@v Trpqy-
ydr<uv 6evnpooEipouv ortlv av0p<un6r4ra rcdnotov€A,tyyondvtu ors, guotxd Eat-
v6yevo.Avri Aom6v v' cvaputnfrat ynri nf.Eret r7ntrpcq avap<urq)qrc yn tvav a-
xppry npoo\roptoy6 roo rutg n(,gru. Avri yru rryvx(vryor1 rqS ZeAr1vqg, rou 6evyno-
po6oe va enqped,oetr7va pu9ltioet, peAirrloeoEaipeq rrou rcuAo6oavoe emxlrueiq
tmcpdvercq,.Ko; ot ltto €xp4}1 eoguidq,,enx{.vrpuoE rrlv rrpoooxrl rou oe Aiya pe-
y€9ry-xk&d: yp6vog, anr6orao4, raytrrlra, trndyuvo7, oppr1,pd(a, a6pdven.2e
yn eroyrl rou ava(qro6oe rqv ouoiq, xat rryv rodrqra,, pt rnv enAoyrl rou o fqh-
,laioq i6er€epnv a{tooatpdorn Kx'rdv67oqrav paoxu'tv peye1<itv,dc,irepa 6rav
nolAtq anr6nq perapA7rig rrou etrtAefe 6ev r1ravnooot'rxd dpeoa perpr1ot1ttg.
O yp6voq,,ouyrcexptltiva,oroilpoe oro fqAAqio roAtj novoxtgaAo. Aevyropeigva
ypovoy*pr1o€tq,yn rirpa nou r€,gre4 naparcoAou)<bvr<xq rqv perapoAqrou htpouq
ev6q,xepto1nou rcaiyerat.XprlotltoroirloepoA6yn vepoi xat rov i6n rou ro oEuy1t6,
xat 6r<nq urt)ne o ZriAAyavNrpflrc(StilmanDrake)io<o<;va youpltotjpt(e peAu6rftq,
6lo,np<bwa4 ro ypdvo 6ruq €voq,yottotx6g. fru vq enpp<r66va \uvaltxd gau6peva
xat va ptAn<itou rnv arcpipenruv XpovoHerprloeutv rod, preA*r1oeyn pndAa nou Kt)-
Ao6oendvu-toe yn eAagpd emtcAwr1 emgdven, ru 6y pn yrdAa o' eAe60epr1rn6-
or1.Ka4pe pn avdyefr1 gcvrconx<bv Ko;TrpaylJsnxcitv'rrepaydr<uv xar€Ar1€,e
oe t-
vav axptpfi npoo\toptolt6 rou mbsrEErouv ro odtyara, elariaq,rrlq,pap1rqraq.
L6ycpu-wanpoq ro rwtipa rrl,Sapyaiag EAArlwxrlsyturyerpiaq -rcard,ro onoio 6-
Aa.ra avnxeiyeva efiiawxeiowc4 (.ror <borepn ypaltpfi 6u €yetnAdroq,,tva eni-
rre6o6ev iXer rdyog- o laAAoiog e{6avixeuoe rq HrlXo.wKrT rou, 9eutpcovragox6trt-
yo va rapapAirpu xdtroteqem\pdoetc,-6rutq, rrTvavrioraoq rou atpa- rar vo 6re-
peovr1aetrqv anAdrrlrd rrou unr1pyexdrtu an' ra Earuipeva. fn vo fepnepi€,pet
ro rcoupdp rr19aAAqAe€dprr1or1q, r<nvendpdoELDvrtou sqreu)1vet rov guox6 x6-
opo, eivat xakirepa va fextvi,oetxoveig peAtrdvrag ivq,-tva ra vqyara.
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rrl etrrdXuvol . Or teXvqroi6opug6poro H $rar{Ploq rqs oP'
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l\'lATHEi'v{ATlCA. vo. Avd;reoo oro (rlrrlporo fiou fipcryForrudrov, Kupfop-
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LON DINI,

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pluc Bi5lopol". ed vdrq rrou prrropo6vvo ouyKpt{Jorivpr6voprero dpyo rou
MDCLXXXVU

Aprorordlq, An6 dnorprl Hqenllclrrrqgc{iog ra Principia,

evdg 6rrco5ouvq0f(eror vo }dyovror, pdvo pt. ra Zroryelo rou Euxlei6r1
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rouprptriou.
;rropo6v vc ouyrpr0o6v.'Ooo yto rrlv s'rnorqpovtKrl
ovrirunou 0 oqpoofo rou5
rirtroqoroAorrvrxd eivor
Philosophiae Naturalis Kcf rrlv eni6pcoq orrg r6ieg r<ov ov0pcSrrov,pdvo p€ rqv flpotAtu-
PrincipiaMathemalica.on rav e66v rou Aoppivou 0o pnpodoov vo nopoptrqOodv.
0r 6ropOrioergdyouv
ylvsroflriTovi6roTov To dpyo 6ev rlrov xepcuvd5 nou {iorrooe oe 1p6vo ov6nonro.
Ne0Tovo. Iro 1p6vro rrou trporly1Orlrov,yeyov6ro ror dvOp<orror rrpoeroipro-
oov pro rrorrrlfo orrd <povorrdrrc>,rrou o6qyqoov o' ourd. Or dv-
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ourrl dcpepe orrlv errrcpdv€to ro (4rqpo rqg Me0d6ou,rrou 0a dvor-
ye ro 6p6po ornv Korvo6prorrrrpoporrr,.rjerlo'rq;rq. Tour6Xpovo,
pro poOproioono6io;reuoq orrd <prlooo,prxd5, Opqorceurrrigxor o-
orpoloyrrdg npororolrltl.rerg o6rlyqoeor1 ydveorlpros evrelog ror-
vo6pro5Aorpovop(og ror onordleoe ro )rdpopo prc5 errovdoroorls
trou {dorrooe or 5lr1 rqv entorrlprq.
I' our6 r-o xerpdtroro0o ooXolrl0ori;repe opropdvegpoorrig
ntreupdgrrls v€urcrlvrrrl5<puorrrlg.Iro errirev'rpo ppiorovror or
rpe rg vdpor rqg r<ivqoqgror q Oeopio rq; pop6rqrc5. I' ol6rlqpo
ro ipyo q ivvoro 66vayr1rrpcorcry<r>vrorei. l-r'our6 rpivoupreo16rrr-
provo {ercvrlooupsp€ ;rc }enropreprlovd\uorl rqg.

H N E Y T ONKH:YNOEIH
H dvvorq 8tvapqT
Mro rorvqorrioyronS enrrox0voelE
Ta yeyovdro
O 6rorrrlrqgogdpr{errivqlrt. H pndtroron'o0et(0qxeivrero p4-
;roro on6 tq ypqpp{ rou rippcrrog,ivog rrofrrrlg n(pe <p6porct
oodropepe ro 6e{i. H pndlo {erivrloepe rcte60uvorlro <YdFq)
rqg eoriog,o r€pl"rorog6troxogrrvdXrqrerrrt orrdrpouoe,rr15dtr-
rrlv rore60uvor1.
tro{e6r1tro6q

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pivor qrdXvouvyrc rrdrpeg treiegxor errirre6tg. M6trrgppouv roprd
rrou rous opdoet,Trlv €Kog€v6ovi(ouverrr6ri{,rorrpos rrlv rare60uv-
on rqs Odtrcooog.H rrirpo grdvet orqv errr<pdv€to rou vepo6, rd-
ver <cyrel>,dorepo rcr 6efrepo xct rpiro. Iro rilog puOi(eror.
Tqv dMq pipo ro rrp<oifvog undltrqtrog rprdvet pnpoord orrlv
E0vrrrlTpdne(o, 6ropd(er ndvco otqv rr6pr<xoO(oore, rq orrpo-
Xv€rKdrprrciver prioo.
Iro ;rero{6 pioo oe pro oXofurrlofOouoo dler opli(er vo yiverot
ivo neipol.ra.O ra0qyrlrrlg rpcrd€r orq ldpro rou prq ptrprl prrG
fuo.Tq pd(er rrdvor oro rporri(r, rr1 crnpcoXveryro trryorrpos ltto Ko-
re60uvoq rr riorepo rqv ocp4ver.fldvco oro peydlo rpar-(.(r rl Prrf-
trro opXi(er vq rtvei,ot rrpos rrlv rcre60uvorl rrou rqs 660r1xe,oMd
rqrd 6va nepiepyo rp6to q rpoXrd rr;g ropnutr<6verot.Ot poOqrdg
povdXo rroporotrouOodv. Fprlyopo 6rornott6vtluv 6tt rdrrou eref ro-
vrd pprordrov dva payv4rqg nou erri6pqoe rrdvo orrl or6epivro
I

H N E Y TON IK H :Y N OE IH
 pnifuoKorrrls dllo€e rrlv xaredOuvoq.
H Oeopqnrti ordqr4
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oos, vo 6roxpivoupre 6rr undplet xdrr xorv5.Is rdOepio nepinr<rr-
oq eilope ivo rouldXrorov ovrtKefpevo fiou fiopouoiqoeperapo-
l{ orqv rrv4rrx{ rou rurdorqon. Irov rro6oogorplr<6 oyc6vor1
pndtro nrlyorvefipos ro 6ixruo, oltrd r,r ldpr rou repprorogfloro
rq5 dltro(e rrlv xore60uvor1.H enr<pdvero rr'1gOdloooog dtrtro{e
rqv rolirqro rqs rrdrpog,q n6pro dvcr{epdtrlgrqv dorrpar{ero
ldpr rou unotrl(trou,11prriXrcrdrto qrrrl rqv eni6poorlrou pc)^/4-
rr1dllo{e rore60uvoq.Aq rrpoo6{ou;retrryorrq orrieg.Ee r<d0e ne-
pinrororl q peropolq rrls KrvrlrrKrlg
rorcioroo4g rlrov onordtreotrro
prog6rogoperrrrlg-rdOe gopds- erlipl3ooqg11eni6poorlg,drrcog
tr6peouv40dorepo.
H cpuorrrl,yto vo rorocpfpervo neprypdqrsrp€ ivqv evroio
rp6rro 6tregaurig rrs gorvopevrrd firacpoperrr<fg e'nr6pdoer5,d-
1er 6q p roupyrloer
opropdve5 ouorrlpri npoo6lopropdveg 6woreg.
H 66vopr1,4 c66r1or1 xor 4 evdpyero,:ivor preprrigpdvo o116ou-
rdg. Oo fi€proprorodpre, npog ro-nopdv, orq 66vo;rq.Kd0e
gopd rrou er6r1trc6veror olloyrl rqg rol6rqrqs -4 otrfu<i5crl-
rdyuvoq- oe dva ovrrre fpevo,rl otri'q eivor 1.rro66voprr1.fro vo
xo'rovorlooupsps rroro rpdrro rn )'pnorporrorefq (Duorr<r1, 0o
Xperoorei nporlyoug.tivosvo e{orrer<oOorip€ Fs rrs dworeg o16-
Ftr Korrreprptillov.
lro rrlv enrorrlyq ro outya eivgr p161 troylxrlev6rrlro rrou
prrroporipe,rdOr rpopd, vo rrlv cno;.rovc6voup€ Fs rq orirprl
;rog orrd ro urr6trorrroodprrov, rrou ourdporo yiverot rrepr-
K60eUeTopotr[fiqv pdAAov.H ;rrrdlo eivordvq oc6pro. To i6roprnopofpevo norjpeyro
rox0rnro rr1or6ep6vrc prriXrorqv c6porou nerpdproros.KdOerpopdrrou 0i-
on0t0u6fnors
0np0ivel, louprevo prrl4oouF€
ovilKeru6v0u yro rrlv orrio otrtroytjg
rq5 rolirrlrog, trdpre
6-
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o' ourd rr ro rd6e ovrrref;levorou rreprpdtrlovrog oorei o' our6 rrou €-
x6noro
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peig0e<opodpe oc6popro 66vopq.To Xflrrrou r€ppororprjtroro o-
orei orqv pndlo 66vop4.O poyvqrrl5ooxeiorq or6epdvro ;rrriXro
;rro 66vapr4,
6rr<o9 r<orq errrcpdv€rq
rrl 0<itroooo5
orrlv rriT po rrou
drreotrrdvo rqg.
H 66voprq, trorrrdvtreprypdrper
rrlv eni8poonrou rreprBdlrlovrog
os ouyKsKprprfvo o<6po.Mnopo6pevo 6c6ooupre rov opropd.
, Ariva;r4)tdyercl11crrio onotuodrinorr entrdluvons. Oo rr1
ouppotri(oup€ p€ ro ypdppo F oplrr<6rrg li{qg Forcerrou oqpof-
r
h

F']NEYTON
KH:YNOE:H
vu 66vdpr7.
Or enr6ptioergeivar4 pic privorirpqrov cl[4)\rnr6pdoeov
Ko06go r€pporog6}oro5 orrorpoderrqv prrrdtro, rour6Xpovo1ru-
rrriror o116ourrlv. I' ourq rqv npoodyyrcq,o<byaOeropeiror o rro-
6oo<porprorr;qror 11prndlo orrorelei ovrrrcipevorou neprpdtrlo-
vrog.O Fcrl,v4rrlsoorei eni6poorlorrlv prriXro,alld rar ourrj 6fXe-
ror eni6pooq.Ko0rrlgo undtrlqtrogonpc6lverrrlv t6pro rrlg E0vr-
xr15Tpdne(o5,oroQdveror Korrcdrroro eni6p<xo4 rrdvorrou.
To (rlrqpo eivoryevrrd,repo ror ocpopd6tregrrg errr6pdoe rg.
Mnoporipe,6qlo6r1,vo rroripre5rr rd0e enitipoorleivcr q pio p6vo
dqq rou vopfoporogutrlrllenf6pcoq.H 66'roprq eivordvo urr6 ro
ercppoorrrdepyoleio,rrou Xpnorporroref rl (puorK4, orrlv rrpoond-
Oerorqg vo <prrtr4oer) yro rrs otrlqlenr6p.doerg.l-leproodrepo rrptr\,-
poro yrc 6lo ourd 0o ouvovrqoouFtorov rpfro veurorvtr6vdpo
r4g rcivqoqg.

H perpqon
rrls8uvopqg
Yndple r, d,H.S, Kdr FrGdltrq rorqyopio yeyovdro)v, rrou prnopodv
vo OropqOodvorroreldopraro 6uvdpecov.A,{,rorrorc6vrog rr5 i6re5
prurrig6uvor6r4res rrou progemrrp6rrouvvc( 6rlproupyofp€€firro-
1dvoer5,ptroporiprevo revr<iooupreivo trdorrXo,vo roOopiooupei-
vo noprordtrr prero lipro pro5,vq rooloKc6cioupt ivo cp6ltrolopri
r] vo ou;rnrdooupero oolqvdpro yrq vo pyrrr11o6ovr6rpe po. Kor
oro pero{6 6vog payvqrqg prropeivo revrr6oer fvo e}orqpro, rrou
0o i1e r npoo6epdvoorrlv drpq rou dvo roprpdrr oi6epo. 'Olq ourd
eivor yeyov6ro rrou ilouv dvo xorvdyvc6propo.Ie dtro eprgovi(eror
ga napclt6pguon ruv o<nydrut%;re orrieg, i6regprerrg orrieg rrou
rrporolodv errrrcrX6voe rg.
Or peropotrd5rol6rqrcxs Kor or rrdpdFopcpc6oerg eivor,trorrrdv
or 6rjo r<orqyop(eg<porvopivrov,rrou 4 ex6ql,,oor]roug oqpoiver drr
sorceiru 66vapq. H prirp4orl prog 6rivo;rqgpnopef va poororei oe
orrorcx6rlrroreqrr6 rr5 66o rorqyopfe5 ro)v orror€leopdrcr-rvrq5.
Eivor6;.ro5,yeyovd,g6rr ro vo perprlooupt'rov poep6 Fros nopo-
p6prpcloqgeivqr rrol6 nro potrrrdo116ro vcr ;rerpqoouF€pro rrrr-
rdXuvoq.
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oxorrd; Av ouprrrfoer5fvo rulrv6prxd roprpdrrnloorelivrl5 rr 6ore-
I

H N E Y TONK F]IY N OE IH
 po ro oq(o€rs, ro Koppdrr0o 6rorqpqci€tro rorvoriplooXrlporou.
Ewoeiror drr pio evrelcSg6rorpoperrrrlc'uprleprrpopd eo nopouord-
oouv oriprora drrog dvo prrroldr<rrou re vr5, dvcrr<oprprdrro<ppotri{(
dvo elorqpro, ro ofiofo, prd,fugro ocpqoer5, 0o orre6oouvvo {ovc-
rrdpouv ro npoqyo6pevooXrlproroug. Trgnopoyopgc6oas ocv ou-
14 rnS nlooretr(vqs rrs XopoKrqpf(ou;tt,nAaonxi.c,,ev6 yro ro dl-
lo avrrrefprevo}6predrr er6qlrrivouv eloorrr6rqro oXq;rorog ror or
nopoproprpriosIS rous loporcrq p f(ovror e,lcorrrdg.
fevrr6repo lipe 6rr dvo oc6;roncpouord(er eloorrx6rrlro o1(-
Foros egdoov reivervo orrorcrqoe r ro npoqyo6pevooXrlporou/ o-
n6 rq orrypq rrou 0o ndqer vo errr6pd 11orrio fiou ro f1e r pero-
pdlle r.
To oreped o<.6poro6ncogor roiXor, ru 6ordpro, ro epyoleio ror
ro neproocirrpopdraltro e16qlcilvouvpia eloorrr6rqro oq;rovrrrrl.
H er<6ql<oorl r4g 6pog 6ev e{aprdror pc,voorrd ro uhx6. 'Evo etrs-
rqpro, yro rropd6ery;ro,orrd prc rrprrl66voprqgrcr rrdvo rropopop-
gr6veror pdvr;roror 6sv eprgovi(erropio rdoq vo enovdlO€roro op-
116 oXrlporou. Av lrun(ooupe fuyo ;re ro ldpr ro cprrp6 evdgau-
rortvrlrou, q rropo;rdpgoon eivar eloorrr<r1.Tr yiveror, dpcrrg,6ore-
pcxan6 ivo yepd rpordpropo;
O poeprdgr<ov eloorrr<6v nopopopcptrrorrovoe oXdoq p€ rrs or-
rfeg nou rrg rrporotroriv ercppd(€rqr pr: dvov cxndroug rrprirou5
rr€rpoporrKotigv6pou5 rq5 Ouorr<qS rou 17ou qrc6vq.O Robert
Hooke, dvog Ayytrogr4g yevrdgrou Ner.iro)vo,rrou un4p€e ivo5 c-
rrd roug firo orlpdvrrro69rrerpo;ro'rrord<; rou orr6vorou, 6rcr6rror-
o€ rov oXerrrd vdpo urroorqlrf(ovro5drr or elcorrrdg
rropqpopgrioerg rivar avd)\oyss rrpos rrg arrieg rrou
rr5 rrpoxulodv.
Av Oelrlooupevo e{,er6rredooupr ro v6;royro rqv nepf-
firoorl rou elorqpiou, oov ;rdrpo rrls rrCIpop6pgoroqg
0o Xpqorprorrorrlooupre rr1 peropolq oro p{roS rou elo-
rqpiou (Lt), w<it pdrpo rqg arrio5 0o Oecopqooupe ro prd-
rpo rrls Stivopqg(F).Mnopotipreva ypdgoupe F : kLe.
To orippolo k rropro'rdve r dvcrpdyeOo5 loporrqprorrrd
rr15orlrlpdrrlros rou elorqpiou rrou ldyeror ora)tpd
rou cActrrlpiou.
To elcrqpro eivordva crr6'rc rrro evSrogdpovroovrr-
re fprevorrls rrerpoForrr<r1grpucrrrrlg.
Mrrope(vo revrc6ve-
ror otrtrd KGrov oupnrd(eror eivqr rrotr6 potrrr<6
yrCIrn pr-
lirq r<ovoppovrrc6vrolovrr6c,e<ovrr ordpo prrropeivoo-

H N E Y T ONIKN
' YNOEII
rroerlK€6€| orlpovrrKiSfi oodrqr€S6uvapr rri g evdpyer
o5.'Evcrcrcopd
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rroOqreuor1.
Xpqorprororrirvrc5 ivo rordtrtrqtroetrorrlpropnoporiprevo poor-
orodpreorov v6prorou HookeKorvo roroor<eudooupre ivo 6uvoy6-
F€rpo. Irq ouvdXero ro poOpotroyofpe pdoer rov enrpqxdvoeolv
fiou rrpoKolorivyvroord Pdpl, rq orroio Ocrrpeprdpre orrd,ro drpo
rou. Iuvot,l.ri(ovrog
prnopo6pe vo nodpre6T'ru nopopo5-rcp<rlrrxd o-
noretrioproror(DV6uvdpeovpog e{unrlpe-ro6v oro vo rrg ;rerpq-
ooups.'Oooyro rqv dMq xorqyopioonorefuropdr<rlv, 0o rq pelerrl-
ooup€oro 6e6repov6porrlg xivqoqg,orov onoio 0o cryvorlooups rrl
peropolq popq4sXpnorporrorrivro5 ro povr,iloofurc6orlpdo.

H 6uvopqeivorFeyeBoS
at
orc|vuoFqilKo
Me ro 6uvop6perpo prnopotlp€vq fipoo6ropf(oupero ;rdrpo prroq
66vopqg. Errdg, 6p.S, an6 fvo 1.t(.rpo, Xperd(erorvo ono6i6oupe
oe rdOe 66vopq ror pio rore60uvoq. Kor qrrrd yrorf ov 66o 6uvd-
F€rSp€ ioo ;rdrpo oorqOodv (dXrrour6lpovo) oro i6ro ovrrxeipevo
Xopi'Svo dXouvrqv i6ro xorerjOuvoqnpor<oTiodv 6rorpoperrrdorro-
reldoproro, ondre 6ev pnopodpr vq rts 0eo:pqooupre ioeg.Mro 66-
oore iror npo5
vopq 8N 6ev Oecopeiroriorl ;re pro 6rlvo;rr18N ecpd,oov
rore60uvorl 6rogoperrxq. Eivqrovcryxoio,pr',illo l6yro, rdOe 6rjvo-
Frl vo iXer 6rio, rouldXrorov, ororXeforcur6rqrog pdrpo Kor Kcl-
re60uvoq.
'Evo dMo ouprnfpoopro,rrou pyoivero116rr5 rr€rpqpqrrKf56ro6r-
rooie5, eivor drr or 6uvdpergnpooriOevror dr-o5 or p€rqrorrioerg,or
rcrXdrqreg Koror rnrroXrivoerg.To 66o ouprnepdo;roro,6116r1lo6q
or 6uvdperqocpefiouv
o) vo dXouvpirpo xqr rore60uvoq Kdl
p) va npooriOeror oripgcovo F€ rous rovdve5 rov peroronioe-
OV,
o6qyo6v orq 6rorrior<ooq6rr q 66voprqnp6rrer vo Oeopefrat y€ye-
Oog6nvuo1tcnx5.
I6v0eoq 6rio 6uvripeov
Mfo 66vopr1,eg6oov pnopei vd ovrrKoroorfloer dvo o6votro,6uvd-
I

H NEYTON/KH
IYNOEIH
 F€olv rrou ooKofvrdr oe oproFivo o(6Fq, liyeror ouvrorapdv4
toug. H qvrrxoordorooq iler rqv iworcr drr prropei vo rrpoxoldoer
oro oriplc curd ro i6ro prlXovrr6orrord,\eopo, rrou rrporoleiror o-
nd oldxlrlpo ro o6votro.H 6ro6rrooio ldyeror o6v1eoq.

6,fgN 300 N

150 N = ON

o Av or 6uvd;rergilouv r4v i6ro rare60uvorl, rl ouvrorop6vq

roug dXerrrlv i6ro cur4 rore60uvoq ror l.rdrpoioo pe ro dOporopro
rurv p6rpov roug.
o Av or 6uvdper5 dXouvrqreu06voer5ovri0ere5, q ouvroropdvrl
roug iXer r-r1vrcre60uvorl rrls preyaAfreprl5ror pirpo ioo pe rrlv q-
ndlurq 6ro<popdrcov ;rirpcov rous. I' orrrrl rqv rrepirrrooq dv rq
pdrpa roug eivor ioo, 11ouvroropivrl roug eivar ;rq6iv.
o Av or xsreuOdvoersrov 6uo 6uvdpecrlvolqpari(ouv yrov(o rp,
11ouvrorcpivrl rous npoo6ropf(€rqr ps rdv rovdvo rou nopaltrqtro-
I

H NEYTONIKH
IYNOEIH
 rl F€rov KGVovG
YP0l.rFrou r(l)v l-r€rorofiroro\f.
Avriluoq FrqS66vqprlso€ ouvrtrr(iosg
Ie noltrd npoplqporo €(vorovoyroio vc yiverar 11ovdtruorlprcg
6dvopqgoe 66o ouvror(6o€S, rrls, 61110611
n ovrrKq'rdorroorl on6
66o 6uvdper5 ovriyr'curqv oro i'6roo67s,
or orroiegooKo6p€vss
0o nporcolodoqvro i6rocnordleopc.

prog60vop4q
Av6truol
oe6dox60ereg
ouvro16oeg.
Aveivar0
4 yroviororv
drovuop6rtov
F, xorF,0oro1tier:
Fx= Fsuv8
K olF x = F q l g

To npdptrqpq eivqro6proro. Mro oprolliv4 l6oq rou 0q prnopouoe

vo urrdp{e r prdvoeg6oov, err6g orrd rq 66vuprl, 6ivovror rsr dllo
yro nopd6e rypo or 66o 6reu€tdvoerg
ororXeio, 6rr<115 r111pio ond rrg
ouvrorc6oeg.To (qrr1po ovrrperorui(€ror p€ rqv i6ro troyrrq rrou yf-
vrror Kor q o6v0eoq. Av q ovdAuorl prcs 6rivrrpq5,yiver oe orjorqpro
opOoyovforvo{6vorv, or ouvrorcio€S rqs c(vrrororxo6v o-rrg66o
npopotrdgrou 6rov6opqros, fiou rnv rroprordver.

-
e

H N FY TON IKIY
H N OE :H
 O Aprororilq5 (Erdyerpo386 n.X. -Xotrrci6u322 n.X.) ur4p{e oro-
loorrlg peydtrq5rrprrrroruniog rot 64proupyrrd,rqrogoe prioercrrl4-
xrrrc4norrrtris ne6irrrvdrror5 q Aoyrrq, 4 Meraguorrq, q flofqorl, r;
flotrrrrr<r;,r1Broloyin, r; Aorpovoprio,11Ouorr4. To dpyo rou orrorr-
Iei dvo ei6og Eyxuxlonoi6erog rrlg oploioq eMqvrxrl5orfrl,rqg.Mo-
trov6rr p€.oao' our6 eivor €vocrlporcoFfvr:5epyco(eg noltrr6v dllcov
petrerr1r6v,oro preyohirepopdpogrou unrlp{e pro 6rlproupyionpo-
oornrrrl. Irrg pipeg ;rog eivor rlo16 6rioroAo vo oulldpoupe nti;g {
vcg pr6vodvOpcrlrro5prropo6oe vq eivsr 16oo r<sld nlrlporpopqpi-
vos os 16oo notrtrd 0dproro.To dpyo rou ayvorlOqrce orrd r4v Eupc6-
rrrl yfo 1500 lpdvro nepinou, otrld qrr6 'rov 12o otrivo pilpr rqv e-
noXr; rou Ne6rovo q 6ropxc6gou{ovdprerrrlenrpporlrou ndvot orqv
ov0pc6nrvqorcdrp4dcprooevo onoreldorr dvo yeyovdg4opig, io<og,
rrporlyo6prevo.
H optororetrrrq rpuorrcrl 0eotpc6vrogrr1fr1 orcivqrqoro rivrpo
rou lipnovro5 6rdrprve66o {eXcoproro65x6opouq,rov r6opo rclrv
ernyer<ov oropdrcovKGrro r6opo r<rlvoup,dvtrrtv oropdrotv.
c. frq rc erriyera o6;rarc unoorrlpr(e d'rr undplouv 6rio ei6r1rcrvrl-
o€(DV/or guorr<d5ror or picreg.H guorr<qrivqoq rdOe erryerouoc6-
pCIrosro0opr(6rov, 6rrcogdlou;re trer, on6 rqv ovoloyio rov reo-
odptrlv rrporopxtKr6v ororle irov fiou ro orrorelodoov xor o116rq
Odoqrou. Ie pro noodrqro vepodnou dl3po(e,oro ororxeb'Y6utp
rrpooeriOeroro ororx€b l1up, ro orroio rxovros rq guorrcqrou 06-
oq rgr1tr6repo,dorrpcolverov orpd vo cvrper. Aur4 qrov pio rpuorr4
rivqoq, drrorg ror q rivqo4 evdgor6epdvrc,u qvrrKrrl.rivou,fiou oqrl-
v6rcv orov ofpo ror iorreu6e va <prdoeroro i6ogoq, 6rrou qrov 11
guorrrl rou Odoq.
Ko0e rivqoq rrou rropopfu(t rr1<puou<q rdoq rov oropdrurv vo
rrvo6vror fipos rrl guorrq 06oq roug eOeropeiropiauy ran erle ovd-
yrq orrd plo r<rv4r4pro66voprq.H dnorpq aorq (.pa(e, dpo4, nolld
tporrlporrKd. f1<o5pnopodoe,yro nopdiietypo, vo xrveirordvo pi-
log arrci rq orryprl rrou fXove rrlv €rrCIqiirou Fs rq Xop6rlrou rd-
€ou; Or oprororetrrroielryyo6oovrq p(orqourq r<ivr1or1 prerr1 6roro-
poXq rou oipo, nou nporotro6oe 4 rivqorl. O odpoq rrou ouprrre(6-
rov oro prpoorrv6 pdpoSrou Bitrougirrp,enevs onedoel oro rrioco
HipoS yro vo onocpeulOeiro rcevdrrou r1'rovovenfrpenro vo 6q;rr-
I

H N E Y T ONIKH
' YNOEIH
 oeyrpoporjpo
TolUpnov rou17ouorrirvo.
0 rivOponog vtrpyer
rordqepe d{roondr4vouptivro
orpoipo rounpt0ro
rorv06ernoq6oulefer KrvodvD,
noudrorqpeirrr;
oqoipeg
oexiv4o4.

oupyne€i pro Kordvo poorr<doproror€hKd 6tiypo roXupr(6rovdrr q

g6orl srr€X)dvuar ro xev6.
p. ho rcr oupdvro o6pcrc ro rrpdyparo qrov evrel<696rorpoperr-
rd. Aurd 6ev rrepreiXovxcxvdvsqrr6 rq rdocrepoororle io rqg enf-
yerag 6}qg. 'Hrav dlc 64;-rroupyrl;rdvo arr6 rivo <oyvd>ror operd-
plqro rrd;rnro ororXeio,rqv nepnrouois. lrc rdOe o16;;ofiou fi€pr-
€fxs rrlv rrsprrrouoi'o q Euoxrl xivryoqqrav pn ct\dxonq xivqoq oe
rcoxhrcr1 rpoXrd yrip<oarr6 ro rivrpo rou liprrovros/ ro orroio ou-
v€rrrrr€ pt ro r<dvrporqg l-r19.
Tov 17o or<6vo11Oerrrpioourrl e{or<o}ou0o6oevo d1er roXdev6g
orppo 66yporog. 'Hrqv Oepretrrolpdvrl ndvcrrrrrqv ovrilqq,rrl rrlg rd-
€nS, rnS repcxplfo5Kor rou orono6, pro ovri\qq.rq orrdtruro ono6e-
r<rqr<orarr6 rqv rorvrrrvio,orqv orroio lo6oe o fctrrtroiog.

-
e

H N E Y TONK I]:Y N OE II]

 rry$ K*YrlsrE*,
Ag uno0ioou;re drt prcgrdvouv rqv epcirrrloq:Tt yped(trar
yn vc propei iva orbya vs rctv{rat a\tdxona pe ora)eprl
raX0rqra;. H roOr1;reprvrl eprnerpiopdg onpc6Xvtro€ Fro tv-
orrrrc66q ondvrrlorl. frq vo prrropeivo 6rorr;peiror q rivqorl
rrpirrer vo ooreiror pro 66vopq rrou 0o rq ouv'rqpef.
'Evo orrrprdrouro ppioreror rrcivrrrorrl porcdro.'Orov ro
onp6{oupe Kor ro o<prlooupre, cretrryo0o oroporqoer. fro
vo rororpdpoupsvo 6rorqpqooup€rqv r<ivqoq,Xperd(eror
vo ro onpr6lvou;,reouve1c65.'Orov oroprorrloouprevo rd-
voup€ rourri, 11pdprc 0o ouvelirrer yro lryo vo r<rveiTor, oI-
ld dorepo o116peprrd pfrpo OcxorrvqrorrorqOef.O rord-
troyog0o pnopo6oe vo rreprldBerdvo o<op6riroro rrcpo-
6eiyporo. Or errc6veg nou dloupreyr' ourd pog trdveour6
0 lsaak Newton nou roXupr(drov rcr o Aprororitrns/ 6rr tir1tro6r1, yrd (vq prrrope i>>vo
(Nedrov) yeuv{8qxe
or4vAyylio1042ror rrveiror dva ovrrreipevo,dXer rrlv ovdyrr; plog 66vopq5,Elocpoperr-
f([oep6xpr ro 1727. H rd Oo <Oelqoer>vc errrorpf\t €r orrl <cpurrrr<q> rou rordoroorl/ rrou
eni6pooq rouepyou rou
orqvxoronrvd q
e{6Ir{4 eivor or<rvqoio.
rqgenrcrflp4g frov x6rr H ovrfppqorl rou lotrrloiou oXerf(€ro p€ our6 trou ouvrlOtrrg{e-
nouprivo pero
drov pro(dpoors vo onovrrloouFs oe rdroro ep<rlrrlporo.
flpolyo0psvo rou 1vdpe,
oprmorehropori pnopei Orr (o6pe oe ivqv rd,o;royepdro rprpdg Kqr cxvrrordoer5.Av oqr<c6-
voouyxprOei. Ileddveni ooups rq por<€roror pdtroupt ro ofirpr(fuouro oro'ndropo tiivo-
6rloor6veq, pdlprr4v
epqdvro4 r4gOeopiog vrdg rou rrlv i6ro rrdvro 60qoq, 0q ro 6orjpevo
qrTopoKpdveror
r4gllerrrdr4rog, q neproodrepo. Av rpirgoup€ To ndrcopo
1-ti1prvo yuolioer, ro ot6po
rqgouOevriog
enrpotrf
rouflrovolorlqporrxf.
0o rrder ar6pro rno porprd. Ereivo rrou grrvrdorlKs o fotrrtroio5po-
or(6rov oe dva rropcxrripcxsv. Av r<ororpipoupevo e{ou6errp<ioou-
pe retreirogrrg rprpig rrdvor o' dvq rrnorrFovrKr;g<povrooiogparcp6
6rd6popo,ro orr.rprdrouro6ev 0o oropcrr-qoer nori.
Aurd rrou <povrdorrlre o fafuloios Kcirro 6rordTr<rroe pe oocprl-
v€ro o Nerirov rlrov 6rr dvo o6;ro prropt:f vq xrveirqr, Xopis vq o.
orsirqr o' s,ot6 rc;rio 6rivop4, 6rarrlpriwos rnv rcldrqrd rou
oruesp4. Idprcp<ovops rrlv dfioqrrl o'urnt q 66vapr1irarpt vs tivat
atria rqc rcivqorycror ondrrqoe ivo rorvofpro vdqpro.H Erlvoprqiyr-
ve ania perapoAqs rr1grcivqorys.
Xropigr<a;rio66vopq ro orrrpr6xourc, 6orepo qrrd rrlv oplrrrl

-e

H N E Y TONIKH
IYNOEIH
<i01or; 0o rrveiror pe oroOeprlro16rqro, 1'eyovd5e{ioou cpuorr<d
pe ro drr 0o rropiprevaorivrlro ov ro orprlv(rpsorrl 0dor1rou, 1to-
pi5 vo ro rrerpd{oupe. Ere(vorrou oroporde r rr1 pdpr<o6ev eivor d-
rr rrdq;ope vo rcdvoupre rourri. Eivorq avriorooq rou vepo6. Av 6ev
un(p1e ovrio'rooq, q pdpxo 0o ouvdXr(evo o1i(e r ro vep6 Fs oro-
OepqroXfrqro 1<rrpig vo lperd(eror ropio pio(Oe rcrer pipou5 pog.
Olo ove{orpircogro oc6paro er6q}c6vouvpio rdoq -51 p6vo vo
rropop6vouvorcivqro,qtrtrd-vo 6rorqpodvrqv rrvqrrr( rou5 rord-
oroorl. H rdoq ourrl onoreAef ;rfo Oepetrrcrr<r1 r6rdrqro rq5 6}119
rrou triyeror c6privera ror o v6pog fiou rrlv rreprypdcpe r triyeror vri-
FoSrns o6priverag.
fro rov Nerjrrovo,o vdprogrqg a6pdverosll€op€i'ror o rrpdrro5 a-
n6'roug rperqv6prougrr15r<ivqoqg ror roXder,ixr Fr6voyro ro erryeta
olld ror yro rdOe o6po orrou6rlnore oro llpnov. 'Hrov q npc6rq,
ioco5,cpopdfiou rl Aurrrrl ordrpq opvr6rov.'rr;6rdr<proq oe v6prou5e-
rriyeroug Koro€ v6poug rrov rdlerov Oupovriv. Arqrurrc6vovrdgrov
orq Aorrvrr<ddyporgedrr <rd0e o6pa 6rar4pei rqv rcrdortroq o-
rrvrloia5 { ru0riypopprlg opo)\{g xivqoqg e,pdoov 6ev coreiror o'
curri drivaprl>.
Av Oel(oou;-re vo rporiooups ro firo onpovrrrd oqgeio rou npri-
rou vdpou rrlg rivqorlg0o npooi{oupe drr:
1. Erodyer rqv dvvoroa\pdven 0ecopc6vrcr5 rrlv oov 0epetrrorqr-
616111ro rqg dlr1g. llprcpolvo 1.r'ourqv, rdOe ocbpo ex6r1lc6ve r
rqv rdoq vo 6rorqpe( rqv r<rvrlrrr<q rou liordoroorl.
2. AiXeror 6rr 11roli5 rou vdpou errerreiveror Kororo oupdvro
oc6poro, 6rr eivor y' dllo trdyrodvog vcilJ()q
ncxyrc6optoc,.
3. Erodyerpro roobuvcrpr(o cxvd;reooorrs 66o roroordoerg, rqv
rccxrdorcxoq or<rvrloicgKcr rrlv rordorcroq euOriypo;r;rqS
oFrcx-
trr1grivqoqg.
Ardpo ror oq;.repo,rpsrs orc6ve5prerdr116ror6rrcooqrlS, rl r-
6do d,rr i.va avnrceipevopnopei vs xtveirar ,u5vo roo Xupiq Kdprd
66vapr7va ro por1)der, orodyercxl nopd{,svrr.
Oo prnoporioop€vo rrlv evrolfooup€ qrdpvovro5oro puotrd,
pog yeyovdro roOqpeprvrl5(cor15,6rcrlg cu16 prrogogoipog rrou
rutriersr orqv errrcpdvsro rrcytopdvns}ipr,r1g,rou ouroKrvrlrou
rrou ouvelf(e r vo rcrve
iror ;rercxX6rqro oro rvrrcp6>,rou or6pordg
pos rrou e{orcotrouOe ( vo xrvefrqr 6rov ro quror(vqro <ppevdper o-

-e

H NEYTONKHIYNOEII]
 rrdropo Kor 6€v gopdp€ rq (rivq oorpo,\eio5.
Mnopodpe, dprs, vo rrpoogdyoup€()ro spyoorrlproyro vq fi€t-
poprorrorodF€Fs rrlv rivqoq ev6govrrrer;.rivouoe errrrpdvero;,reoorl-
povr€Srprpig.

fltivo0eopr(dvrto noupnope(
eninedo voeivorq p6o4 ri procnrg6vero,
r4qorrporpdne(og or4vonoio
eloupeqpowioer voeloXroonor{ooupe
rq rprpdg,pri(oupedvoprrpdovrrxcipevo,
ro onoioto0orlpe
xorrooq{voupe. Ir4 ouvdlero
npoono0o0pevoewoni(oupe r40do4rouov6iooypovrrri
droorriporo.
AurdroreAeuroio ynopodpevoro nerdloupege14orpopoollonrr{p60o6o.0odxoupe dvoodrponou
0oxtveirotyrrrpig
vo661eror ouvroropdv4
drivop4,yroToonol0,ov6ouA6r[oupenpooexrrrd,
eivordu-
vor6vvodrorrm6ooupe drr0odrovdet
oeioouglprivougiooiiroor(poro.

Ereivo,6prs, rrou e(vorrreproodr-eporrerorrr6 eivor 116rcmq;l-

r{ epnerpio.Irrg 2 Moprfou rou 1972 rKroq€6rrlK€ ro 6roornpd-
rrloro Pionner-10o116rov r6poulo Allas-Centaurpe rol0rqro
51.810km/h 11orroiq crrqrreircr yrq vo rrr{r6e6oeI fipos rov nlovrl-
rq Aio. To Oeppoudprorou 1996 ro 6rorrrqpdnloro pprordrcv 9,5
6roexoropptiprolfudperpo parprd ord, rr1f4 ercrriprovro5 po6ro-
rriporo rrou 1pero(drov rrdvot orrd 8,5 cipegyro vo grdoouv orq
fr1-
Irlpepo, ro Pionner-10,;.rorprdqrr6 ro 4fuor6 ;rogo6orqpo, e{o-
rolouOef vo ro{r6e 6et yupiq va ro npout1ti xayft 66vapq. Ewoei-
rcr 6rr orov 17o orc6vorou lotrr]qiou K(xtrou Nerircovoeprrerpieg
rirorou ei6ou5rlrov ovfnopKr€S.

H roopponio
Irov rrpc6ro vdprorqg r<ivqo4gyiveror 6er<rddrr 6ev urrdpler roprrd
6ro<popdovdpeoo (o) orrlv rrepirrrooq nou 6ev ooKo6vrot rq06-
lou 6uvdprergror (p) orrlv rrepinr(Dorl rrc,u oororivrqr otrld 11ouvr-
orcprivrl rou5 eivor pr16iv.AelSpoore p' ,illo tr6yro 6l eivat 6uvs-
rdv va,oor<ofvror o'6vo oc6prc6uvdprer5 Ksrvo pqv er6qlov€rqt Kd-
;rrd peropotr4 orqv rrvqrrrrl rou rsrdororrrl. A6prerdre 6'rr ro o<upa
toopporei, fipdyFo rrou orlproivereire 6rr orrvqre ( efte 6t Ktv€iTol
pe oroOeprl rolirrlro. AS Flnv{epdpre 6r-ro npc6rog v6pog Oeo:pe i
rrg 6rio rorqordoerg roo6rivopr€S. 'Ooo yt(r rts ooro6peveg6uvdprerq
XprlofForroloriprerq 6lordrrcooqot 6uvdye;gtoopponodv.

H NEYTONIKH
IYNOE:H
 TfOerorro epc6rqpro.f1ore5efvor or olye pprr<59
oXdoergprero{6 6uvdprecov ooxouprdvcrrv oe oqpreror<d
ovrrrei;;evoro onoio roopporre(; l-lcrl5pnopori;re{e-
rcvc6vrcgo116ro yeyovdgd'rr 4 ouvroro;rdvr1roug
eivorprq6dv vu o6qyq0odpre or: ourdg rrg oXdoerg;
Mro rotrrl pd0o6oqyrCIrrl petrdrrlrou (qrrlpcxrog
eivor q avaAunxrl pd0o6o5.A',rol6ouparoOeprd orrd
rrg oor<o6peveg 6uvd;rsrsos 6rio rd0ereg ouvrorri-
To6riogr4pptiyrro
eivor oeg dror c6ore 6tregor ouvrorc6oe5vo ppior<ovroro€ 6rio r<dOeroug
qn66rugoperrxdq
ro dloveg, rov x Korro
Tpopdve
y.
Qotrdq.
rlixouAo,
oA16ourd flepropr(6ptvoro€ opoenire6e5 Euvdpre r5 pnopotipevo qrro6ei-
p6ver
oxivqro.Mroporile
{oupe 6rr ro dOporopor<lv otryepprrc6vrrprc6vro)v ouvrorooriv rcx-
VoYp6.{roule
n*r-z=o'rd rov d{ovo x (ro onoio ouppoli(oupe pe IF") npirrer vo eivor ioo
ps pr16ivror 6rr ro i6ro rrpdrrrr vo ro16erKCnyro ro ovriororXo d-
Oporopro (IFr) rord rov d{ovo y. fpdrpoupre: )-F*: 0 r<orIFr: g.
lcrX6e
r 6p<ogror ro ovriorpocpo. Av roX6or.rv or 611oolye pprrdg e-
{,roc6osr5ro ovrrxefpcvo 0o ppiorrror o€ Aev yperd(eror
roo6rporrio.
6qla6q vcr toX6error rdrroro rpirrl e{io<rroq.
To nopondvo ocpoporJvKororrlv rrepirrrrrloq rrou ro ovrrrefpe-
vo eivor dvo oc6;ro;re 6roordo€rs F€ rnv rrpoun60eoq or oorco6preveg
6uvdprer5 vo dXouvgopei5 (euOefeg orrg onofsg cxvqxouvrq qvri-
ororxo 6rovtioproro)6rep16prvou5cxrr6ro i6rc or1;reio.

IF* = g looPPonia
IFr= 6 opoennr(.6uv \uvdpeuv

No ouvoq;ioou;re. Or 6rjo otryepprr<dg

e{rocrioer5IF": 0 rcor
IFr: 0 orrorelo6v avcyroia ror rrav{ ou\/O{Kqyrcrrnv rooppo-
nia opornrnd6<ov6uvd;reorv.M'dltro l6yro
o) 'Orqv eivoryvcrlor6 drr dvq o4perord <xvrrrefpevo roopporrei
or 66o e{roc6oe15pdg nlqporpoporjv yro rous oucrx€rropo6gr<ov6u-
vdprecrrv
rrou oororivror o' cxurd.
p) Mnopotipe vo npopldq,roupe drr dvo orlpercr<d
ovrtrcefpevo
0o
6rarqpei rqv rrvqrrr( rordoroorl nou dlsr o€ pro opropdvrlorryp4,
ecp6oovyvopi(oupe 6rr IF, : 0 xor IFu : 0.

-
o

H N E Y TON IKIY
H N OE IN
 xr qoqs
"ry5
H r6rorrlroa\poven
Kolro pdyeBo S po(o
Irov npc6rov6poxivqoqg,q o6pdveraOricoprl0qre co5pio'rdor1r<ov
ooprd'rrovoro vc 6ror4podvrrlv KrvrlrrKll rou5 xar-doroor1. l{ rdoq
aurrl ex6qtrc6verqr Fs rrlv <enrpovq> rou odrporogvo 6rar4peipio
oro0epqrc16rqrc, erpdoov6everrr6pc,0v o' our6 6uvdperg clld
Korov enr6po6v,q ouvroropivrlrous vo eivorioq pe pq6dv.
Tr ouppaiver,6ycog,cv qorodvrqr 6,;vdpersrrou 6evoltrr1troe-
{ou6erepc6vovrdr, rrou 6Xouv6qlo6rgrcirroroouvroropfvq;I' cu-
rr1rqv nepirrr<ooq-o6pg<ovoF€rov opropdrqg 66vopq5-ro ocir-
po 0o rropouordoer enrrdXuvorl,r1ro16r4rd rou 0o peropdlle-
rqr o6rdKorro. Tr yiverorr6re F€rrlv a6pdverd rou; H r6r6rqrou-
rrdpler rrdvror€, ;r6vorrou eivorrrporr;r6repo,o' ourrl rrlv rrepi-
rrr<oorfvo trfpredrr er6rllrrlvrrdr oGVptcravrioraon orrq,perapo-
A(.9rng ro'ytrr1raq.
H i6ro6r1lo6q,1616111ro, 11o6pdverorcuvoorpdrovneprypd(prrol
o) orr;v Xopis rivqorl oov Frq rdoq yn 6rurqpqor1rr1q,xtvqnxqs
rouq rcardoraoqq
p) orq peropatrl6pevrlrivrloq oqv Frodvrtordoq rr1vonoia ex-
\ryAtbvouvrcardnq yerapoA(.qr7q raXtrryrdqrouq.
flipo orr' ourd, 6por5,11o6pdvero-cxvr-ioroo4 epgovi(erxor ivq
loporrrypo rrooorr16.Irqv i6roperopotr\dpevrl rivqoq ro 6rdgopo
o<6;rorc6ever6rllcOvouv ro i6ro6vrovo rrlv cvriorcorl roug rccrd
rrg ;reropoldsrrls roX6r4rdg roug. Eivorrrotrf nro 66orolo vd trr-
rcrXuv0ei prroor6epivroprrrinro oe crXioqpe ivo i6roupeydOous Frrq-
ldrr rou firvyK-fiovyr.To yeyov65aurd, pro5iXer o6rlyqoe r oro vo
rrooorrKorror4ooupe rrlv r6r6rqra-o6pd''reroerrrvocirvro5yro rdOe
oc6po6vc piye0osrrou vo prrropef vo rn F€rpder. To piyeOo5trou
Xprlorpofiororipe yro vo rorord{oup€ rrs a6pdvereg rcov6rag6p<ov
or'rpdrov trdyeroralpavenxr1pdla 4 o,r.',\d pd(a.
M61a evrigo6pcrog ldyercr ro pdrpo r4g c8pdverogrou ot6-
Foros auro6.
h

-e

H N E Y T ONIKH
IYNOEIH
: Toepcirrqpo
I Evc6o npr6rogv6;,rog rqg rivrloqgonqvrd oro epc6rrlpo:n ouy-
: paivet o' Evc oti.tpaoro onoio 6evaoxeirat 56vapq;urrovoc6vrog
I 1re rov opo66vopr7-rrl ouvroropfvq,ro epcirrrlpro oro orrofoorrq-
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Kor evc66trq ourd pd5 goivov, or loyrrd, q veur<ovrrtl6uvoprr<r1
unoorqpi(er drr or orrovrqoer5 prag6ev eivarodpgcovssF€ rov ley6-
pevo rpiro vdpo rq5 r<ivqoq5o orroiog eprrepriler pro r6do qorvop€-
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ro5 cur6g veurorvr169v5;rogrqg rivqo45 pdg lier ouyrerprprdvo.
o) 6rr 116rlvopq rqv orroio ooref I poprd pnifuo oro ogorpi6ro d-
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xor 6rr errdg orr'our6
p) or 66o Euvd;rergiXouv roreuO6voergov'riOereg.
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rou pcryvqrrl F€ rrlv rop<piroo otrld ror oe on'oro6qnore dllq oMrl-
leni6poor;.
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rrou rpriperq yevrrrlaurrl

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H N E Y TON IKIY
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peprvrl(o4.

Iro tpycor{plc,
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oKoup€66o 6ra<poperrrd 6uvop6;rerpo,ro
A, r<orro A2/ouv6doupre ro dyrcrorpdroug
xor 6orepo ro rrtdvoupeo116roug r<pG
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drr ov Korro 6uvo;rdperpoeivqt6rogope-
rrrd or ev6e({er<rou5 eivor i6reg.H brjvoprl
fiou ooK€i ro A1 oro A, epcpovf(erotvq i-
Xsl ro i6ro pdrpo ;re rr1 66voprl rrou oorei
ro A.,oro A,.
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-r...- - oro 6(1ru rqg porfrog rot
rouofdepou.Tour6lpovo ro o(6epo ooxeidrivoltq F suf o[ =' lrdnrloe
=) nopri privo dltrs€t KoT€60uvo11'f1eprypdqouF€ Trlv
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yvrirn.
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ollrllen i6pcoqg e{oor<o6vrot oc 6tio 6rcxcpoperr xd ocillto-
ro. Ecp6oovtrorrr6v6ev e{cxor<odvrot oro i6ro oripo, 6ev
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I ] N E Y T ONKF IYNOEIH
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ror o6reo dpog66vapr1o6re rovdvogpoOrlporr169 ouppofuop65.
lro rrg 66o 6uvdpe rSXprlorpolrore
i rrg trd{er56pdor'1rcr avrf6po-
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1166rorou rov porrlpo Trposro rrioo. To onp<i{rproouvo-
6ederororrd pro ovrfOerq66vopr1, rrou oorei o porqpog
oro 1166ro rou Kdrrov <Trerde r) fipo(,To Ffipos.Av r1rrp<6-
rq 66vopq0e<opqOei oov 6pdoq q dl,\q 0ecopeirar ovri6po-
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po6oe, iorog,vo vo;lioer r<cveig.Irqv nep(rrroorl/ yrq rro-
pd6erypo, ev6g cv0prrrnou rrou po,li(er, ov ro i6orpog 6ev
ooro6oe 6rivopq oro rrilpro rou, o6re rr ourd 0o ;rno-
po6oe vo oorqoer 66vopq oro i6rrrpos Kor ro pd6ropo,
0o rpov a66vqro.
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H N E Y TON IKIY
H NO
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enioqg.Or vdprorrrlg xivqoqgpo(f pe roug vdpousrtov
6uvdpr €vorqs errrorrl;.rqg
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pl P<ipoSeivcxrpic 66vcp11rrou oorefror srr6 o'n6-
or0orl.
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rouloupro0.Toi6n loupiooxsi6tiv0[noroXspr
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Mnopelre
xo0c6grevrc6veror,rrdvru <rpopder> oorei 6r1tro6r1,
66vop11;rercrreriOuvoqnf)os ro pipo5 rou.
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Oerq 6rivoprl orqpr{qg, n rprp{, 11pruirrl6dvop4 rou ov0pc6nou,rl
dv<rror1ror dtrtreg.
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goprio, ovdpeoo oe payvrlres Korq 66vorp11 PdpoS.
Or 6uvd;;erg€Trag4qeivor6woregfiou XpqotForroro6pe yrq vq sp-
prqve6oou;r€Kot vo npoplirgoupe gcrv,Spevorou Morp6roopou.
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6rr ro 6rd<popcx oc6poro oro o6pnav atrlqtrerrr6pofv;rero{rirous ps
reoodpov er6c6vrp6rroug. Mnopofpe 6rorpivoupsrqv loxup4,
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H N E Y T ONIKH
IYNOEIH
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elrrrrq 611lo611 66vopr1nou oore i q f4 oro rrrrrrlpr. H 6pdoq rrls, 6-
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ov 6ev unrlple ourrl.
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rprlgrrou ouvrl0i(eror vo ovccpdp€rorKor oav xd9err1avri\paory t-
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H N E Y TON IK H :Y N OE TH
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6pogrp1Br1 ovorpdperoroe 66o 6uvd;rer5. ll p(o on6 ourig trdyeror
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H N E Y T ONIKH
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H N E Y TON IK H :Y N OE IH
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, oro0o6peKorvo ooXolqOofp€ps rrlv eqroppoyrl rou 6e6repouv6-
i pou rrls xivrloqgoro gorv6pr*o opaAqxuxhrcrl rcivr1or1.
Oq Xperooreivo Ou;riooupre rurfurrleivotprorivqoqpe
5rr 11o;rofu1
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or15eivor11revrpopdtro5 enrrdXuvon fiou'nopopivel ouveXcit5rd0er1
orr1vraX6rrlroperore60uvorlfiposro rivrpo rrlg rurtrrrr15rpoXrdS.
, :rip<provotrotndvpe ro 6edrepov6prorq5 r<ivqoq5 q ouworaytvrl
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4 ro pi,rpo rr1s0a eivst ioo pe ro ytv61t€vorrlq ydCac rou eni
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r - mq'
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To oriprpotroF 0c rroprotdve r rr1 ouvtoropivrl rcov ootcouptdvov

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66va1tr7

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lolv r<rlv6uvtipeorvrrou oot<otivroto' quti iXer ndvrore roreri0uvoq
npos ro r<ivrporrlg rpo1d5, pdrpo ioo pt ro yrvdpevorrls pd(o5 eni
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H NEYTONIKH
 Avrrorpdcpovrosro np6ptrqpo,pnopo6pevo rro6pe6nynvc, e-
xivrloq,0o 'rpdrrer vo epcpovrore
xrtAi.ouivo oc6poopolq r<ur<Arrrl i
oe dvo rreprpdtrtrov
ro orro(o0o dXerrr16uvordrrlro vo rou oorei
ouveXc6g ouvroropdvq6rivopqoro0epof prirpou,11orro(oorq6rdvu-
opo 0o ppioreror oro i6ro rrdvrcr errirre6o,pe rore60uvorl ou-
ve1c6grdOerq orqv erdorore rcrX6rqro. (Duotxdro perpo rrlg
0a ouvSderorps ro dtrla ;reydOnp€ rrlv rrapondv<rre{iocooq.
Irqv xoOq;reprv{ (ol{
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Bdg,nou qoro6vror o116rqv docpolro cno ldortXo, 6rlproup-
yorjv'rqv ovoyraio ouvroropdvq 66vopq yro vo ;rrropdoervo
rrpcryporofiorqOefq orporprl.
Ko0<irg ro ourorcivqrorroipvrr rq orpo<pqos ufi€puq;cDpdvo
o-
66orpopro,I ovcryxoiorcevrpop6Aoq 66voFqpnopef vo 6rlproup-
yqOef orrd 11 o6v0eoqrou pdpougKorrrls rdOerqgovri6poorlg.
Kor ener6rlorrl (o:r16ev undpXouv pivo outorivrlro, rdOe
yldpog, rrou (uyrd(rror Krerorprd(erorvo rrdper orporprl, i1e r
prcxrdroro otrIqtreni6poorl,Hs ro rreprpdllov rou, 11onoitr
rou e[,cogolf(er rqv ovayroio xevrpopoAo6rjvopq.
Ero epycor{pro
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ro pdlo perp40eion'
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I N E Y TON ]K:Y
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e{ror6oer5EF*: md* IF, : 0, oprefo d{rtvo5R va iXeI rqv rore6-
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vo ppiorerororo errirre6or<rrvooroupdvcrrv 6uvdpecov. To IF*rrcpr-
ordvet ro dOporoporolv olyepprrcrivrrpoivrcDVouvror<oo<6v dtrcrrv
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H NEYIONIKHIYNOEIH
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6ororrl otrr10ero roOoproprivrl Kotopsrorivqrq. Tqv ol40eroYrorq
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yewqprivogro iro5 1473.2e6Iq rou rq (<o4iyporpeivo pdvoerrr-
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6qtro64,1543.2ro 6pyorou our6 roXupr(6rovdrr q fr16eveivotro
rivrpo rou o6prrovro5,otrld fvo5 nlovrlrrl5 fiou rtveirql yfprrl c-
116rov'Htrro,ev6 rour6Xpovoorpirperor pcr(ipe ro vepd Kql rrlv
orpdocporpo yripcrtarr6 ivov d{ovo pegopd txndrq A6oqrrpogrqv
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ou orepec6;rarog 6ev rrpoiplerot o116 tqv ri'rqor1
rou oupovo6 otr-
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H N E Y TON IKIY
H N OE IH
 Mro oprrxrl drror.,!-rq eiXel,noorqprlref orrd dvo pe-
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e(orotrouOodoe vo 6eilver irlr ;rdvonopdloyq otrtrd
ror evoXtrrlrrr<q.
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pova\rxo ptpAiorou <ha ne,
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ro}trd 1p6vroprerdro Odvororou Kon6pvtrou, pe pfo
{ocpvrrrl proodvrl rreprd}ope ro prp}io orov rcord}oyo
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nor yrc'ri dpXovrovot ovrfOeor;p€ rrS l-prrgdg.Irq Biplo o lrloo6g
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rrro ono(poororrrcoi. O Ao60qpogpe cptroy:podg tr6yougrcqro6iKooe
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o6or4po.
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rrepvirerog 0ecopfag dplroov vo rrlqOoivouv. O T(opvrdvo
Mrrpo6vo, o frdlov Kdnlep r<oro fotrrloibg unqp{ov ot fito HCIXn-
rrr<oi.Me dvcrprptrforou fiou 6rlpoorerjrqK€ oro 1632 o lolrtrofog,
po0rd 6rorrorropivog o116rr1 0ecopforou KorripvtKou,r<otdcpepe
vo yetrororrorqoer ro rrotrr6y€oKsvrprKdprovrflo Korvo rrporcotrd-
or Kor' euOeicrv ro rdpog rou ro0otrrrtopoti.H npd,rdrloqour( u-
nrlp€e I crrio rrls roroprKq56ir<qgrou. )lrqv enolq pog eivor 66-
or<olovo e{r1yrloerraveig nc6g pro oro6rlpolxori loporrqpa drro-
Vq yro rrlv r<ivqoqrns l-rls0o prropo6or vG 6rlproupyqoa prrord-
rors rordorooq.
Edv 6p<ogipeve Xolpigondvrqoq pro onoto6rlrrote errf0eoqe-
vdvrrq orrg pepordrrlr€S ereivegrrou o'rror€lo6oqv OepdAroevdg
otr6rclqpouorro6oprqporos, rr 0o pnopc60€ vq ouppei or4 ouvi-
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qnpq orroK4pr€ndrr q l-q 6ev rtvefi-or.
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vcrrvE0vc6v,urrdpler pro €firxpuo<opivrlcrrpoipo,rpepoopivq pe o-
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N N E Y TONKHIYNOEIF ' I
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To evrurrcooroK6€fvqr6rr ro xoror<6pucpo errirre6o rrls
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qovros fvov nAqpqr6rdo prioooe 36 <ipegtcot45 }enrd. H 6rdro-
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esror o6rdrorro.
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pro oriorrlpa cvogopris -rov'Htrro- 6rocpcperrx6 sn6 our6 rrou
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pe,drroreOdtroupe, vo 0eopoti;rerov rrlovql'n pos oov odorqproo-
vo<popdg, vo petrerdpe orroro6rlnorerivqoq oe oXiorl pe our6v rot
piporo vo e{orotrouOoriprevo tripre6rr o rltrrogovordtrlet,ovepcive t,
peooupovef yipver rccrr
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orrlpCIovocpopdg rrou 0o Oeolpei rov 'Htrtourivrlro,clrr<oo6qrore
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rrpc6ror<puorr<oi vd;rorprerr1 oriyXpovqd'vvoro.Arprpsigenolrl-
0eriorpegrrpordoer5 ergpooprdvegoe ylciiooo po0rlprortrrlorro-
retrodoovrqv npc6rq rrpoondOeroorjvOecrrlq rns oorpovopicxqpe
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F']NEYTON]KH
IYNOEIH
 66yporrlg rdlero5rurtrrx(grivrloqgrorv oupdvrcov ocopdrorv.'Hrav
o nprirroqepeuvrlrrlg rrou <rordlcpe>d,rrI r€pr1 rurhrcr;rivqoq 6ev
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orq ouppotrrlrou orqv npdo6o lrlg Aorpovoprio5, 6oo orrl
pi0o6o rrou Xprlorporrofqoe, odpqarvops rrlv onoio ene-
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rrxi5 olioers yrCIrrlv r(vqoqrcrrvrrlovrlrcbv.Mrropodpevo
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erripeve oro 6rr yro ro oupdvro or6prcro q cx6poverarrlrivqoq eivcrr
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arrd rq fr'16ev lpero(drov, odpgcovo 1.rr,our6v, vo qoro6vror 6u-
vdperg.
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H N E Y TONIKH
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ro oupdvro.
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rcov onoirov rrg pd(e5 iloupe npoqyouprivo5 ;rerprloer.
To 6rjo ourd oc6prora0q prnopo6oevo eivctr66o roporodrro ep-
yoorqpiou. To dva drr' curd (pd(og m,) rrvotiprevo pe rcrldrlro u,
-rqv onofo pnoporipreva perpdpe pre4}errpr16 lpovoperpnr4-
npooninrer oro dllo (pd(og mr) ro orroio eivor cr(v4ro.
Ta 66o ovrrreiprevoouooroporc6vovrorror ouvelf(ouv vo rtvo6-
vror Hs rc16rr1rc V rqv orroio prropodpevo pretpqooupe . Etovo-
trcppdvouprepre6ragoptrrrd5 rrpdq po(riv KGr
roxur4rcrrv.
Mfoo crrd ro ocpdlporo -ro orroiq oe xdOepirpqoq rdvouv
rqv e;rrpdvro(roug- prnopori;re vo 6rorpivoupe6rt oe dtregrS fi€pr-
nrcioerg ro yrv6pevom.,ueivor ioo pe ro yrv6;levo(mr+ m2)V.

O 6pdpog rrlg Oeopiag

Or epyoorqprordqperprloer5pdg 6ivouvrdnotc pqvrjpcro yro ro yr-
vdprevopd(a eni ray1rryra crltrd ro (rroros orprpc65eivqt o vdpog>
6ev riXerordpro rpovef.Ag rorrd{ouFs npos ro pipog rqg Oecopiog,
fipos rous veurovrrofg 6r1lo6t1vdprougrrls Krvnorls.
Yrro0iroupe d,rr6rio prnifuegI., ror I, -p€ pd(eg m1 KGIm, rtvoti-
peve5iror c6orera rcdvrporous vo ppior<ov'ror ouvtX65 orqv i6ro
euOeio-ouyrpo6ovror.
'Eorco6rr or ral6rqrdq roug nptv an6 rqv rpo6oq €ivor u, t<otu,
ror otrriocrrqSttrdY, ror V, ovriororXa. Egoppd(oup€ rous vturcDvr-
ro65 v6prougrrlg rivr1or15.
2rr:,pnifuct f,. H ro4lrnro rqs rlrov u, tcoldytveVr. H perapotrq
rq5 eivar V'-u,. Yrro06roupe6rr rrpoyporo'norrl0rlK€o€ Xp6vo At

-
e

HNEYTONIKH:YNOEIH
 orov Xp6vo6rllo6rlrrou 6roprei11ofyrpcuorl. Iuppotri(oupre
preF,
nou oorq0rlK€orqv I, (orrd'rrl Er) or6re, odpgotva;le
rr166va;.rq
rov 6e6repovdporqg r<ivqoqg,0q e(vor
: : V,-u-" .
Fzr ffir -h- (1)

2rr1yniNa fr. H rolfrrpd rqg qrov u,,ror fyrveVr. H preropolrl

Vr-u,npoyporonorrl0rlreerrfoq5oe lpdvo At oro lprivo 6r1lo6q
rrou 6ropreiq ofyxpouo4.Iuppoli(oupe preF,, rq 66vopqrrou o-
orqv I, (ond rrgI,) on6re, o6p<pcovc
orrlOqr<e Fr€Tov6e6repovd;.ro
'rqgrivqorlg,0o eivor
?F z t : v,-d,..
ffiz -l.aQ)

H 66voprqFr, tqu orrofq ooxef 11I, or-qv I, eivor ovri6pooq rqg

F,, rqv orrofo aorei 11I, orq Ir. liprpar'/o l.r€Tov rp(ro veurcrrvrrd
v6po rr;5 xivqoqg 0o rcrXrler

ir, = -Fr,(g)
And rrg rperg ourdg,e{roc6oerg efxolo nporrjrrrer drr
mr (V'-rir) : - m2 (Vr-dr)on6re

m, d, + ffi, d, : ,-n,V,, *.n, V,

H retreurcxiqaurq e{iooron pos trderrrrOopd drr urrdpler pro 6ro-

vuoprorrrrl rroo6rrlrc q orroio rcard rr1tidpxcn rnq,Kpo6oqs -fio-
p6tro ro notrdntroro rrou ouprpoivouv-\nrqpeirat ora1epq. H no-
odrqro ourrl ogopd oro o6o111;ror<rrv66o ocopd'rov xcr liyeror
oPyrl rou ouorrlparoq.
Tt ro 6rcirepo, 61tug, epgavi(u ro oL,yKEKprlJ{.vo o1orr1ya d:ore
q opp4 rou vs |nrr1peirat orcoepr1;
H cndvrqorl eivordrr oro odorqpo ().,,Ir) rcordrr16rdprcera rqg
g
ofyrpouoq 6ev aoxo'vrat e{<nrepxi.c,6uvdyug. Av oe<rlpqooupre
org oc6pc14 prrifuo I., ocpeiloupeva orro6eXro6pe6rr r<ordrq 6rdp-
K€rorns o6yrpouoqg ooreiror o' ourrlv 56voprr1 ond rq Ir. Av rrdtrr
Oecopqoouye rog orilpo rq prnifuoIr, o'cur{v, rord rq 8rdprero rqq
odyr<pouoqqooreiror 6rivoprl ond 14 I . Av dprog Oeoprlcroupero
o6orqpo rcov 66o ogorpc6v0o rpdrrer vrr orro6eXro6pe6rr o' surd
6ev sororivrar e{coreprr<65 6uvdprr15.

H NEYTO NI KH: YNO E: H

 gopds evronf(ouprerr1 peldrq pos r)€ dvq o6volo ocD-
l-1otr,\dg
pdrrov, ro orroio orropovc6voups-voqrrKd- orrd ro rreprpdl-
lov. Adprerdre 6rr fXoupe €va o6orr1paoutydr<nv,Trg 6uvd-
p€rSlrou qoKo6vrororo oriporo rou ouorr;por6g pro5orrd ro
oc6poro rou rreprpdllovrog rrs XopoKrrlpiZ,ouHe oov e{<urept-
rdg evc6ereivegrrou oororivror prero{6rox'o<opdro)v rou ou-
orqpoloq rlg trdpeeoureptxtc,.Av Oecopr'looupt dvo prplio oov
orio-rr1po,or 6uvdperg rrou oorcefrdOe oe)'f6o orrq 6rnAovdg
rqg eivor6uvdpergeocr;reprrcig.

Opp4 ufurod oqFsfou

Ie rcdOrulrrd,orlpeiorrou xrvefrorrrrsfipos rdrroroodorrlpoovo-
gcpds ono6i6oupre pfo oppr(.Ovopd(oupt a,pqf uJVxodoqpt(ou
ro yrvd;revorqg gri(og rou enf rqv ruldrqrd rou. Av rqv ouppoli-
ooup€pero ypdpyo "p" 0Gpnoporipevo ypdq,roupr rqv e{iocoo4o-
proprorjq orroioier<gpd(er6rr q opprj eivorprdyeOog 6rovu-
oporrr<5p€ rrlv rcore60uvoqrrlg ro;;6111105Kor;rirpo ioo
pe ro yrvd,pevorqs pd(oS errf ro ;rir-po rr15rcrXrir4rog.

F=td

Movd6oyrCIrrl pirpqoq rqs opF{Soro AreOviglforrlpo

0o eivorro 1 kg m/srlro 1 Ns.

Opp4ouor{Foros
Meydlo 6prcogev6ro<pipov nopouord(a Korrl dworooppqouorr1pc-
rog 11onoi<ropf(erortrlsro 6rovuopotrrddOp,rropruT rov
covop1.rc6v
ufurc6vorlpreicov
rou ouorrlproro5.

F= + mrd, + ... + mudu

-,d''
Optr4 evrig ot6;rurog
'Orov ivo oc6proerrelef percgoprrrlxiv4oqru ulrrd oqpri<rrou i-
Xouvrcorvr]rol6rqro orr6re n opp4rou prrrope i e6xolo va urroloyr-
oref. Oo eivoriorl ye ro yrv6p€vorqs ird(oS rou oc6poro5errfrrlv
rcrXfrqrd rou.

H N E Y TON IKIY
H N OE :H
 H cpx{ rqs 6rarqprloqs
rrlsopp4S
Boor(dpevororous 66o veurcovrxorig vd;rou5rqg xivqorlgano6ei{o-
preOeorpqrrr<d<irr6rrore ouprpoiverorjyrcpouoq66o o<opdrov oro o-
noiq 6ev ooro6vror e{rrlreprrrig6uvdprer,;,q opp{ rou ouorqproro5
nprv crnd rq o6yrcpouoqeivcr ioq pe rqv opprl rou ouorqpCIros l.rs-
TCl,.
To ou;rrrdpool.roourd onorele i er6rrrjrrepirrrcoorlevdg yevrrorj
v6prouo onoiog ovogiperor oe orroro6linore oforqpo oro orroio
6ev qorodvror e{coreprr<d5
6uvdprerg.liprpcovc 1.r'ourdv

H oppri evrig ouor{FCIroS 8rarqpeirarr eg6oov 6ev qorodvror

e{tlreprrdg 6uvri;rerg.

O vdpog our6g ovocpfpercr ouvq0o5 crlsopx{ rq5 6lcr{pqons rqs

opF4s.
Av ro o6o111;roorroreleircr o11666o utrrrd orlpeio (r166o oc6po-
rd o€ H€rogoprr<r1
rivqorl) pcx(c6vm1 KGtm, ypdgoupre
-+ -+ :-) --t
tnr ul + m2 u2 = ffir vr *m, v,
0ecopc6vrog d.,,d, rrg roldrqreg rTprvKori,,i rrrg roXdrqreggerd
crr6 orrorqo6rlnoregrjons ollqlerri6pooq, opref orq 6rdpxerdrqg
vo Frlvaor<qOrycov rrdvo oro odorrlpo6uvdperge{otreprr<dg.
Av or roldrrlreg dXouvSlegrrlv i6ro6rerl0uvoq, prroporlp€vcxKo-
roorpr6voup€rnv e{iorrlorlXprlorl-rolrorcirvrogorr' euoeiag rr5 olye-
pprrf5rr;-rig.Oo ypdrpoupe 6qlo6r1:
lTlr Ur * fllz Uz = tTlr \y't * m, V,

H opXrtrrlg 6rorqpqonsrqs opF4Sprotrov6'rr

oroppderarr6 roug
veurcrrvrro69v6prougrrlg rcivqoq5
roX6r.r
Kotyto rrl oupfieprrpopd
rov ool.rorr6icov
rou Mrrp6rooprouyrq Fro,641o611,xcrqyopiorpor-

-
e

H N E Y T ONIKH
IYNOF :H
vopivov yro rrlv ofioid or guorKoi rou rrKoolod orc6vorolupf(ovror
6116ev roXdouvol v€ur<rlvrKoivdpor rqg rivqcr4g.

H <puorrrlepprlvsfsrKorrrpoplirrer
A6o eivqror poorr6reporpdlor rqg grrorxqg. To <voepprrlvefer> ror
ro (vo rrpopldrrer>. Eppqveder qur6 rrou dy:r ouppei pnopei dpco5
Kqtvo npopliq,'er qur6 rrou 0o y(ver.
(Dorvd;revo 6ncogq evocopdrcr-loq evdgvtrpoviou oe nuprlvo o-
(r1"roo,r; ovdrpouoqev6qd,nlou ror q rrpor60r;oqr<ovodyXpovrrlv
nupo6l<rrvprnopo6v vo npoplegro6v pdoerrns opX4Srr156rorq-
pnonsrqs opp{S.H i6roopXqouppdMeroro vo eppqve6ooups ou-
16 nou 0o ouppei 6orepoon6 pru r<po6oq orvdpeoo oe 66o ;rniXre5
pnrtrrdp6ou oAld ror oro vo ouoXerioouHs rrlv rol6rqro evd5plrl-
poros Fsrqv rolirqro rrou 0o rrpoo6ciloer rr' ivov r<pepoo;rivo od-
Koorov orroio0a evogqvolOei.
Ag 6o6trre
rrc[rqprrropei ravci5vo rrpop]dq,'€r rrlv ro16111-
ro ovdrpouoq5eydgdnlou. 'Orov'lriverordvogrrupopotrr-
opd5,ro 5rrtroerrrvdoo€rorlrpos Tlv ovriOerrlrore60uv-
_."j' oq. Av egappr6oouF€ rrlv CIpx{rns 6rarqpqoqgrns opH{S
yro ro o6orqyo <pl4po-6ntro>, 0o prropiooupevo 6odpeo-
rrd rr e{oprdror4 roX6rqro rqg avcixpouoqq. Tqvegoppd-
(outrre:

p.p,u: 0, pp..a: mu f MV, P,o,u: Pp..,i,oTIcirtg orroieS0 : ffiu *

MV

m
OPcv:-Mu

Blinoupe 6qlo6r1drr 4 roXdrqro rrls ovrirpouoqgr{oprd'ror c-

rrd rqv ro16111ro rou ptrqporog otrld Kcr qrr6 rov l6yo rcov prc(<rrv
ptrrlporog- drrtrou.
Irqv i6ro opXq Booi(€ror Kor q npoc60r;o11 opropdvorv(trirov rqg
Odloooog, 6nog rG oorpoKocpdpo,rirov ()ilouv vo Gfio(ptiyouv
rdrroro riv6uvo.
Irrlv i6ro, ndfu, oplq pooi(eror r<or11npoc60r1or1 rrou 6qproup-
yei'ror orrg rrepi<pqprsqexeivegourcrcivq'regprlXavfg,rrg orroieg o
dv0polrroqorro rq pro rls o{ronofrloe yro vorro{r6iq;er oro 6rdorrl-
po, evci on6 rrlv dltrq rrg Xplorgorrofqoe r<ore{orotrou0ei vo rr5
XpnorHorrore f osv rrp<rlropxrK6rrro 6rrAo ,rrov oyefltrro oyc6vc
I

C)

I] NEYTONKF]IYNOEIH
 6prSprou ;Vlrldpe,guorrd, yrc -rouSrrupcrriAoug.
rc"v e-€on)iropriv.
Iro eorl;'reprxd evdg rrupulilou ppfcrrcerar o Sdtropogr<orioqg"
rVtdooo' crurd.rovogldy€ror uypd ( oreperl xcxriori-ro.
O Oclaproqe-
Xsrdvorypoorrri ro onoio e{dplovror ro rrdprcr rqq r<cx6oqq
pe no}d
yeydAqruXfrqro" To.yeyovdqdXerocrv rluvdrr€rovo ou{,dveror 4
roXrjrqro rou rrupatihou.

yrqvqsnrpeporo0ei
Evoneipopo n opxrirqg6rorfipqo4g
Tl1q
opltiq
o) Av oe rcdnotonpdplqpc Xperooreite
ro prirporqg popurrrrl5enrrdluvorls vd
ro Oeoprloe,e yvom6 rot (ooFe 10 m/s'.
p) H ovriorcon rou oipo oe 6tro ro
npoplqporo 0eorpeiroroyetrrlria.
y) O 6pog avnxeipevouno6rllc6ve r oq-
peror<6 cvrr reipevo(ufur<doqpeio).
6) Ira <porv6pevo rivqoqg
euOriypoprpq5
Kdf fooppon(og o dpos corceiru \ovaprl
urro6qlc6veraoxefrcxora1epry66vayq.
e) H 66vopnrqv onoio qorei 6vc rtvro-
pdvovqpo apetrqrdo5pd(cxSoto o<6;ro
rrou rpoo6dvtror oro dvo drpo rou/ vcr
Oscrrpq0ef <5rrdXetto i6ropirpo ps rq 66-
voprl rrou oorei ro v(;rc mo o<6prorrou
rrpooEdveror o'ro dMo drpo rou.
3.1.Iro riooepo 6rogoperrr<d yeyovdro
rrou n€prypdgovrororqv ev6rqrs Mrs
xotvqatria yn nq ttrcayivoug ro rorv<i
ororleio eivor6rr ivo otrlponopouoiooe
percpolrlornv KrvrlrlKrl rou rordoroorl.
'Evoar<dporotvd ororXcioefvot tirt oro
rdooepcyeyovdroq perapotrrlourrl Oeo-
peirorororileoprc rdnoro566vopqgnou
cor<rlgqrceoe rdnoto ocbyaar'6 rdrroro ,
nep$dAAov.
o) floro avrrxeipevoOeope ot
ircl oti.tyta
r<sOivoqlrd ro tdooepoyeyov6rc;
P) floro Oeorpeircrrrep$<iAAovoe rcrOdvq
o116ro yeyorrdto;
3.2.Treivcrq elcorr<cirqrcltryqpr:roq;
avorpiprtroto vo-
3.3. Ie noto <patrrdptvc
;rogHooke;ilrig i5torunorveror;
6ro-
iror pdyeOog
3.4.l-rqti1166vopq 0eorpe
vuopcrrrtl;
3.5.l-lorqeivqttcl ororXeiarq5 ouvtoropi-
vqg 6rjo 6uvdperr:v ot onofegooKotivrol
r oro i6tooqperor(icvrtrceipevo r<oro) iXouv
p)
rrlv 6ro rare60trvoq iXouvroreu06v-
oer5cvriOeregy) eivarrdOere5pera[0
rous;
3.6. Kord rqv cvdluoq prcg6Uvcpq5F oe
66o r<d0ere5 ouvtord-loeg F*KotF' or rtpiS
r(l)v ouvroro)orllveivutF" : F ouv0 rqt
F, = F r1p0.floto efvsr11Ycrlvio0;
3.7. l-l6ocrlv
er6c6',r 6rcrpfver4 apr-
rrvrloerg
ororetrrrqcpuorr<r1 oro eniyeto orilporc;
fldoorver6rivrcv(oet56rorcpivel oro oupd-
vro;l1oreg eivqtot rrvqoergoulig;
3.8. And rr roOopf(erar11<puorrqrivqorl
oriprrpovo p€ rrlv optororetrtrqguorrrl;
Avocpdpere 66orropo6eiyproro.
3.9. l-lordqrrvrlotr5iXouvrrlv ovdyrrl ptctg
ruvqrrlpro5 66vc;rq5odp<ptovo H€rqv qpt-
motetrrrq <puorxrl; l-ltrlge{qyeiror11rivrlorl
ev6g piloug nou iXererro{eurei;
3,10.<Trnpint:t vo ou;lpaivet(60r€vo
pnopei dvo otrlpovs rtveitotpe oro0epq
rolJrrlro;> florq eivqr11evorrrt66r15o-
ndv'rqoqorqv onoic po5 onp6l,uerq lo-
yrrrl rqg roOqpeprvqqepnetpio5;flotq q-
ndvrqoq d6cuo,: o Ne6r<ovpe rov v6po
rqg o6pdverog;
3.11.l-loroeivorro nto onpovlKd oqpeio
rou vcipourrlq o6pdvero5;
: 6
3.12.Or 66ocllcpprrcige{ro<rioer5IF*
:
ror IFu 0 onor€tro6vrrlv tt<ovrl
ror o-
voyr<oiaou'v0r1<r1yrc rnv roopponioo-
poeninebcuv6r-vtipealvcoroupdv<rrv oe
I
F]N E Y TONK I] IY N OE IH
 uh16 oqpeio.Tr noprordvouv ro o6p- 3.23.'Evqno'r{pr ppiorerararivqro o'ivo
potro IF- ror IFr; Tr crprp<ir5oqpoiver<r- rponi(r. Iqperolorerrg 6uvdper5 nou o-
r<ovrlr<orovcryr<aic
ouvOrl<q> o' ourr;v rrlv orodvrcr o' rlurd. Av ro i6rouor4pr ppi
rrupirrrorq; oKerolcxivqro o'ivq rpar€(t fiou rro-
pouord(errliorl, orlperc6orsrS 6uvdper5
3.13.Tr 0e<opeiroroipdve,co) mov npc6-
nou ooro6vrqro'ourd.
ro v6po rq5 riv4or15;p) rcrd rr1;reroBol-
l6pevq rivqorl ev6goc6paro5; 3.24.Floreg6uvdpergdoKodvroro'ivq c-
3.14.Tr ldyercr pd(a ev69or6porog;floro vrrreipevorrou ohoOqiveroe rerlrpdvoe-
eivor11;rovd6oprrprloeogr4g pd(og oro nine6oXorpi<;rprpi5;
Are0vigl6mqpc; 3.25.fl<ireep<pcvi(erormcrxrlrprprl; Me
3.15.Ars0irereivc ryar'€(t epyoorqpiou, noro dllq 66vcpq rrdvrore ouvundpXe r;
roporodrr, ldorrlo ror qtrerrpr16Xpovo- 3.26. Kdnorogonpcolver ivo poprl nrdvo
perpqrq.fleprypdq,rreivo neipopooro o-
Xtrlpi5vo ro'rorpiper vq ro p€rsKrvrloer.
rrv6erar11oXiorlrns (ouvt- l-.loreg
noio vs r<crs6e 6uvdper5 oorodvrororo nrdvo;
oro;rivrlg)66vopq5ps rnv enrrdXuvoq.
3.27, H oXicrrl0. To. proFnovorp€peror
3.16.Ie noro eprilrqpoonovrd o 0epellcrt-
oTqororrxq 'rprpq.Trorprp<rr5ercppd(er;
6q5v6pogrrlg 6uvoprrrl5;Tr oncxvr4oq6f-
V € I; 3.28.flora elzor11rore60uvorlrq5 rprprlg
3.17.H gepefu<66q5 rq5 6uvapr- otrioOqoqg;
e{io<rroq
rrlg ypdrperorror F : ms. Tr noprordver 3.29.fl6re eprpovi(erorrprprl otrio04oqg;
r<dOe o6ppolo; 11169 6rorunrfvovrcror €pfisrprKoi vdpor
3.18.E<p6oov or ooxoripeveg6uvdper5eivor mou5 onoiotrg unoroder q rrprl rq5; floro
opoenirre6e5, o116rr10epetrr66q e{fo<oorl e(var4 e{io<or4 petqv onoio er<ppd(ovrar
F : mq pnopo6;.re va ndpou;.re66o olye- or v6;rorcuroi;
pprri5 e{rodloe rg,rqv IF, : m o Korrrlv 3.30.'Evooq;.reror6 cvrrreipevoerrelei o-
IF, : g. Trrrcprmdvouvro IF, rcr IFr; polrl xuxhrrl rivqorl. llepryp&prerrl ouvr-
3.19.tlorc oXio4 ouv6ierro pdpo5ev6g mopr6vrldlov rorv 6uvdpreovrrou qoxo6-
o<ilporogpe rq pd(c rou Korpe rq popu- vr0t o'cur6.
rrrrl enrrdXuvorlrou rdnou; flod pooi(e- 3.31.flordge'voror cvcryroiegnpoOno0d-
r0u oergc6orevo errelioer ivc oc6paopolrl
3.20.l-lc6g0o perprlooup€ rn pd(o evdg xurhx4 rivrl,rq;111656rlproupyo6vraror
or6poro5(uyf(owd5 ro; [1o6poor(6po- npo0rro0ioer5 ourd56rw dvqourorivqro
ore; Me norovdllo rp6no pnopo6pevo norpverorpo,prlo) oe opr(dvrroo66orpo-
rr1pd(a;
;rerprloou;re po; p) oe unepurl-rcopfvo
o6dmporpo;
3.21.Lt.rr ovogfperor o rpiro5 vdpogrrlg 3.32.An6 rq brcvuoporrrrle{ioroorl
<ivqoqg;l-lcrl5
6rorun<overor;flc6grov 6re- F = mq-yro rrl pelirrl rrlg opolq5 rurtrr-
rdnoroe o Nerjr<rrv
ota Principia; rqg rfvrlorlgprnopo6pe vc ndpou;rerrg
pdoerrou rpirou
3.22.lltitg sppuvs6sror, 66o otryepprr,:dg
e{ror6oerSIF* : moKKor
vd;rourqg rivqorlg,11exrivqoqev6g6po- IF, = 0. floregnpouno0doe r5crrcrroU-
udq; vrcr; TrnoprrrrdverrdOeorippolo;

6l

-e

H N E Y TONIKH
IYNOEIH
3.33.Irrlv oyotrr1rurtrrrrlrivqoqev65c-
vrrrerpivouroXderrloXiorlIF : mu':/R.
Trnaprordvouvro odprpolo;flcogono6er-
rvferor cur( q oxion;
3.34.Ti orprp6g roXupior4re o Konipvr-
KoSoro dvq xor povo6rr6prplio rou;
3.35.flco5ovrrperconimrlK€ n dnoqrrlrou
Konipvrxou;f1165 0o 6roruncbvorerrlv
np6rooq rou orrl yltilooo rrlg rpuorr<r1g;
3.36.lloro rpov 11dnoqrl rou Kdnlepyro
ro r1fuor6o6o14pro;
3.37.floru 4rov ro eporrrlporofiou ovr-
perornroeo Nsdrorv6ruv nopeviprlorov
6rdloyoyrc ro 4fuor6o6orqpc; flora r1-
rw 4 dnoq( rou yrq ro (qrqpo rq5 dwor-
cg pdpoq; Ie rr 6ri<pepe
crr<ir4v ncpo6o-
3.45. fleprypdrprtrpio yeyov<ira4 e{ifu{r1
ororrldnopq;
rcovonoiorvprrolleivo npoptrerpOtf pdoer
3.38.O Nedrorvunoorrlpr{e6114 brivoprrl rns opX4S
nou ovoyrd(erro <peyydpr vo neprrpipe-
ror y6prl ond rq fq, iocrlsvo ogeileror
orrl fq Korvq efvor66vopqpopdrrlrog.
flo6 pooiorrlre;
3.39.fkig 6rqruncoverar o v6pogrqg t-lo-
yrdoprogil€nS q) pe tri{er5p) ;reorippo-
tro; Tr noprordverrdOeo6ppolo; l1c6ge-
nolq0e6rqrenerpoporrrd;
3.40.o) And rt e{cprdror 4 rrprl rqg pc-
purrrrl5enrrdXuvoq5 orqv enrrpdvero ev6g
ntrcvqrrl;Arroroloyrlor€rqv ordvrqorl
pcor(6;revor oe v6proug
rrlg guorrrlg.
p) Koecbg onopor<privrror
ivo ovrrreipevo o-
nd rr1fr1,ro pdpogrou 6ropr<rig elqrrc6ve-
n oxion rou pdpoug
rqr. lloro eivcrorprpc6g
perqv andmoorlond ro rivrpo rns fns;
3.41.Iro prplio rov Principiao Ne6rorv
neprypdger;re6vo <voqrrr6rreipopro14
6opugoponoirlorl prcgnirpcg. flororqrov
or oulloyropofrou;
3.42.f rs rd0e 6qog ndvo anri rr; fq u-
ndple r pr6vopio rrprl rq5 ralirrlrog yro
rr1Eopugoponof4oq ev6govrrrerpdvou oe
oprolrlrurfur<r1
r<ivqoq.l-rcri;An6 rr e{ap-
11
rdror rrpq ourrlg rrlg ruXdrrlrog;Arror-
otroyrlorerqv anrivrqoq.
3.43. Tr triyerar opprl uhxoi orlytiou;Tt
ldyerar oppr7ouc,rrlyoroq;l-1c656raruncir-
v€ror rl oppl 6rorqpqorlrns opprj5;|-169
pnoporipe,poor,]Spevor orous vrurcDvr-
rodg vdpougrr15rivqorlgvo rcrotrq{oupe
orrlv oppl rr156r<rrlpqons rqs opl.ins;
3.44.Ko0rilgro 5ntro€KnupooKpor€f€Kr-
vdooercrfipos rlv ovri0erqr<ore60uvor1.
To cporvdpevold1,s1q'ovdrpouorl,An6 rr
e{cprdror q rcl6rqro rrlg ovdr<pouoqg;
poor(6-
l-kil5pnopotiH€vo olrovrrlooupre
orlv opx4 rns Erarr1pqoqg
l.r€vor rns op-
Fns;
rqg 6rcrrrlpqons
rns opF45.
It[c cvcprot4$oiipe...
3.46.l-lora0116r,r rrapordr<ocxvrrxefpevc
er64trrivouveloorr r6r-qro oXqporog;
ivo roppdrrnlcrretrivrl56voproldrr
TOU T€V|S
dvcr<oppdrrorppo\i{ ivo etrorrlpro
orodhv4 oqoipo ivo trdorXo
;rio
3,47.LopcpavoF€rov v6porou Hookeor
....... rrqpqpopgcooer5eivar
. npos rg orriegor onoiegrrg
nporotrodv.Er6rr<d yrc rqv enr;.r4ruvorl
s-
v65elo'rqpiouo vdyogSrqrurrc6veror qn6
rqv e(iooorl F : k A0orqv onofa ro F rrq-
prmdverrrlv aorc6pevrloro elorrlpro6rj-
voprl/ ro k............. Kqr ro A0
.......rou etrorrlpiou.
-e
H NEYTONIKH:YNOEIF]
 Eog(4ro6pe va oupntrrlpr6oere
rq revd. IXe6rdorer4v rpirq 66vopq.Arxcrotroyr]-
F',: 1,6 N rot F, = Q,4 ore rrlv orrdrr4oq oa5.
3.48.Ario6uvd;.rer5
N Fe..............
roreu06vo€lS 3.53.'Evoorlpero16ovrrreipevooxrvqre(
......................
oro i6roavrxe ipevoErot dsort rl ouvtoro- un6 rqv eni6pcorlrprciv 6uvd;.reov. Or
pivrl rou5 vo sivor totl ltt 1,2 N ror vo iXer 66o on'ourdg iXouvioo pirpo Koroxn-
rnv i6ro rore 60uvorl p€ r rlv pori(ouv yo'ric 120 porpr6v.Nclxdvered-
vo oXrl;.ro rS rp€r5qu-
rcr vo orlprerrio€r€
Eog(rlroripevo oupnlqprrioere ro revd. rig 6uvdper5.
3.49.l-1ore5on6 rrg ar6}ou0egnpordoerg 3.54.Mnopei fvo orrlpo,oe xdnotoorry-
6eveivqrodprpoveg F€rnv oprororefurrl ;rq,nop6trorrou 6dXeror66vcpq(ouvrorq-
guorrrl; va
pdvq) pqviXer rcrXdrqro; Eivor6uvor6v
a) Mro nirpo nigrer npos r0 xdro pe vo dXerraX6'rr1roev<6q 66vapq(ouvrorc-
oro0eprl rcrXfrqro nou ra0op((ersr orrd pivq) 0o eivar p46iv; Arrioreivo nopd-
ro pdpogrq5. nepinr<oor1.
6erypoyro r<6:0e
p) H frl corei efu<rrr<q
66vcpr1m4 lel4vq. 3.55.I' dvo uplrd or<ivqroocirpcooref-
y) fldv<rloe opr(6vrrorrvoripevopilog e- rar mcOeprl(ouvrorcpivq)66vopq.
vepyeipr6voro pdpogrou (Avriorooqoi-
po crpelqrio).
3.50.Mro 6tivop4F crvql6ercroe 66o rd-
0eregouvror<ioegF, r<crFr.Av eivor0 q
y<lrvior<ovF"r<otF
o)F>F* p)F<Fy y)F"= Frlpe 12
6) F']= F,'?
+ Fu' s) F.,= FqHO or) F*= Fouv0
Me noro o116ourd oup<poveire; floregan6 rrg nopondvroypogrxigno-
pcordoergrivGra6dvarovvo neprypd-
3.51. O cle{rnr<oorr15 ni<pre r pe oro0epq
rcrXdrqro. Iro orlor4po <dv0porno5-otre-
gouv rrlv e{itrr{qrqg rrvqorl5roul To x
rroprordverr-40ioq rou dvnK€rpfvouror
{inroro> qorodvrqr I 66voprqPdpoS tg)
Korpro 66vcpr1(F)on6 rov aipc. ro u rrlv ruXrlrqrd rou.
o)HFefuorrorordpugq p) B>F 3.56.H errrrriXuvoq ev65o6poro5 oe xd-
y)H F6rorrlpeircrmoOep4 6)F = B nora Xpovrr<4 orry;rr1
r<c0op(crcr:
Merrotoqrr6 ourd oupgcove
ire; Arrqrolo- s) cnd rrlv 'roX6r4ro., cr6 14 prd(orou
yqore rqv cndvrrloq. ociporogror on6 rrl ouvroropivqrcovo-
3.52.Mro prrpqocpoipoxrv€irqrpeoraOe- oroupdvrrlvoro oc6pro 6uvdpeolv
p4 ro16rqro. Irrl ocpoipoqoro6vror ou- p) pdvoond rr1ouvrorcpiv4 rcovooKou-
velu.rg
rpergoro0epdgEuvdper5. Iro nq- pdvovoro o<6pro 8uvdpecov
pordro oX4pCI o1e6rd(ovrorp6vo66o y) on6 rr1pir(o rou oc6porogror on6 rq
on'curiq. ouvroro;rivqrcov6uvd;recov
6) on6 rqv'ro16rqrc rqr ond r4 pd(o
rou or6poro<;.
gogi rfvqo4g t\1i.noroqnd,qurd oupgoveire;
tttl tltttttt 3.57,Zt ivo rrplrd arivqro ovrrreipevo
I,
qoreirqr (ou'.rrmapivq)66vopr1F ondre r1

NEYTON
KI.]:YNOEIH
rox6rrlrd rou ouq,dv€r odpgtovCIpt rn
ypu<prrr1 nopdo'rooqA. Mro 66vopqiorl
Fr rrlv F ooreirqr oe ivu rillo owrxei;revo
I, r<or4 ra1tirqrd rou ou{dveroripcpcovo
p€ rq ypoqrKqnopdoroorl B q oroia ep-
qovi(eror oe rorv6 6rdypoppopr rrlv
npoqyo6pevrl.

3.60.An<irr5 ncpordrol tri{eig ror e{roc6-

osrsvo 6rcli{ere'n5 rcrrdll4}eg c6orevo
ye;rioouv rs revrirou rerpivou:
AIAOOPETIKE: o h = 112gt. KENOY.
t ME|MYTEPH AIIO . I:H ME O h:112 8T'
Io5 (qrodpevo ouyrpivererr5 pd(e5r<ov . MAZA TOY o MIKPOTEPH ANO .
rqr vo 6rroroloyrloere
66o ovrrrerprdvcov EAEYOEPHBy',PIAITPITO NPOTO.
. . o
r4v dnoqq oog. AEYTEPO O I:E):
'Evclpopi6rrqr rlvqrepdoroqrjvovrcron6
3.58.H pd(o ev65ori;rcro5
o) e(oprdror arr6 rrlv rrprlrq5 popurrrrl5 ro i6rorjrpo5ror errelo6v rrrrilorl
errrrdXuvoqg'rou r6rrou pdoo oe o<ol4vrr To Bopi6rei-
p) iler o4 yovd6operp(osog ro 1N vor 10 rpopi5ptrprlrepoqnd ro repdor.H
y) anoreleiro pdrporq5 o6pdverdg rou 66vopqrrouqoreio nlav4rqg [q oro re-
rou pdpougeni
6) eivqriorl pe ro yrv6prevo pdor eivor .. curq rrou qorei
rrlv enrrdXuvoqrns pap6rqrcq oro.............. H errrrdXuvorl rou po-
e) iXerrqv i6rorrprloe onoro6rprore 6qrog pr6ro6eivar ....rrlv enrrdXuv-
srr6 ro i6orpo5.
orl rou repoorod.H ;rd(o rou pcpr6roriei-
Me norq on6 ourd ouprpalveire;
vor .,...............
cnr6rq pd(o rou repcororl.
3.59.Ynori0ercrr6rr ro novrfrr erro€eder H Oioq rou rep,oorotirord rqv nrc6oq 6i-
rr1o<poipororox6purpofipos ro rrdvo.
verorsrr6 rrlv r[ioooq Molov6-
Ie rqOivo qn6 rc rpic ol4porq nopr-
ordverqrq orpoipoos rpers6rugoperrrdg rr or corori;r€vE,S oro 66o oc6pcro6uvd-
orry;.rigrqg rivqoq5.Iog (qro6;revo orl- pergeivcr ..,..or ernrcxxrlvoerg
per6oererr5 6uvdper5 rrou coro6wor orrl rou5 e(vor . 616rro6pg<rlvope
ogoipo orrs rp€rsourig lpovrrig orrypig. rov .............. vdporou Nedrcovo q
No ayvorloererqv ovrimcorl rou cipo. etrrrdXuvoqevdso<6Forogro0opf(erar
ror orr<irrl ................

3.61.Av o Xpuci6gnoufu<irsvpero pdpo5,

vo rov cr},opd-
nod 0q {rov nro oupr<pipov
I

H N E Y TON IKIY
H N OE IH
 oouFt/orrl IroKX6^pq4 ornv Kopdla; Av 66vop4rroucrorei ro rrp6rro oro 6dne6o,
noulriror ot 1t6(a,0cerXero;.rrd6ro<po- ove{dprrlro on6 ro rrcirgrrveiror ro o-
oovoip.
PcI)
6) H 66vopqrrlv onoio ooK€r'ro6dne6o
3.62.Me norego116rrg nopordrconpord- oro rrpoirror;ivorioq (rord pirpo) pe ro
oa5 oul.rgcovrire;
Bdpo5rou rrpiolisr.
o) To pdpo5evdgoripcrog eivorioo ;;ero e) H 6rivopq'rqvorroiooorei ro 6dne6o
yrvdprevo rq5 pd(og rou en( rr1popurrr<r1 oro rrpc6rroeivorpeyohirepqond 60 N.
rnrrdXuvor.l. Me rroro0rr' rlurd oupr<potveire;
p) H rlp4 rr15popurrrrl5enrrdluvols e-
3.65.'Evogprrpr<dpqg ppioreroryioo oe
{oprdror qrr6 ro Bdpogrou oc6porog.
y) O l6yo5 rov pa(c6v66o ocopdrolveivor pdpr<a,6epivrl oe rdnoro on6oraorl on6
ioo5pero l6yo rorv popc6v. rnv rrpoKUl-roio.Tpopc6vrog ro ororvi 0o
rorocpdpe r vcrntrrlordoer rqv npor<u;.rcio
3.63.Mrq prxprlo<poipoovonq6r6vrog r<orvo pyer dlrrl. I-lcrl5 ro e{r1ye ire;
oro i6o<pog6roypd<pe r rrlv rpoXrdrou
oXrlporog.IXe6rdorerrg 6uvdper5 rrou o- 3.66.Iu(rlrqort ou'rdnou npoplfnere
orodvrororq o<poipo6rov 6r6p1erqr orrd vo ouppei orov elepeuvqrq, lprlorponorc6-
rrg 0ioergA, B,C, D rqr E.Ayvoqorerqv c- vros Korrr1y7,<ilooorqg rpuorrrl5.
vrioraoq rou afpo.

3.67.Lt r<oro<dpucpo
oarlqvcrono0ero6-
vrqr 66o poptidpopcpor
palvrlregor onoior
roopponodv 6ncogoro oX4po.

3.64.'Evorrpc6rro pdpou560 N ppioreror

pioo oe ooovoip ro onofo avepoiveI pre
oro0epqrcrXrirrlro.
a) H 66vopqrqv onoio oorei ro rrB<6rro
oro 6dne6oeivcrro pdpogrou rrporriou.
p) H 66vop11rqv onoic qorei ro r<rB<o'rroo) Ile6rdore rr5 6uvdper5rrou qorco6vrqr
o'ro6dnE6oeivoriorl pe60 N. oro rd0e pcr\,,/{rn
X<oprord.
y) H 6tivapqrrlv onoia coref ro 6dne6o p) Av ro pdpo5r<d0e FcryvnrneivotB, n6-
oro rrpc6rrobivario4 (r<crd;-rirpo)pe rq or1eivar11661'opqnou ooK€irororo nuO-
I

H N E Y T ONIKH
IYNOEIF ]
Fivo rou oolrlvo; y) iXerrore60uvoqrTposro rivrpo rrlg
Arrorotroyqorerqv ondvrrloq. rpoXrdg
6) eivqrouvelcir5xdOerqorrlv rcXdrqro
3.68.'Eva5prrp6grdpo5ofuo0aiver oe opr-
(6vrrorpond(r peo'roOeprl rou ovrrrerpdvou
raX6rrlrc.Oe-
ioq ro yrvdpevo rqg pd(oq enf
opovrog rrlv rprprloprel4rdo r<rrot- e) eivor ;rr
vo or1;re
rqv roXrir4ro rrl)osrqv orrfvc rrls rpo-
re rr56uvdpergnou oor<otivrotorov xfpo.
xrds
3.69.florq eivorq iv6er{r1rou 6uvopopi- or) eivorprro6dvoprlrrlv onoio oorei ro q-
rpou; vrrrefpevo rou neprpdllovrog
oe oc6pro
() iler crl5orrord,\eoparq peropolq orqv
xore60uvoqrqg lcrX6r4rog
11)i1er o5 cnortleopo rq ;rercpol4rq5
raX6rqrog
0) eivorioq pe ro yrv6prevorqg pd(cg eni
rqv errrrdXuvorl rou rrvr1ro6.
3.70.'Evo<plrr(cvrAryGer3 N ror ppiorerar Me rrorosnd ourd oupgarve irt;
rrdvo oro rpa.r'€(t O ouvretremrlgmorr-
xq5rprp45eivor0,4.H morrrq rprp4rqv o- 3.73.Iag (qro6pevc oXotrrdorre
ro en6-
noio ooxeiro parrt(t mo <pfur(dvr uevooxiroo.
a) eivor6uvordv,rdrrD qrr6 rrpoUno0i-
oas/ v0 eivqr1 N
p) efvor6uvordv,rdrco on6 npounoOd-
oas/v0 efvor1,5N
y) eivor6uvor6v,xdro on6 rrpoOnoOd-
o€rS,v0 eivor;lq6iv
6) eivar iorl ps 1,2 N drav enirerror oli-
o0qoq 3,74.Aguno0iooupedrr ppror<6ocore rrd-
e) eivqr foq -rord pdrpo- pe r11ororrrrl v<oorrlv enrcpoverc
rou qcyyqprori1.rro
pe-
rprprlrrou oor<riro rpfut(dvror-orponi(r. ydtrqnopia rcr dvo5on6 rqv nopio qrov
Me rroroo116ourd oupgcoveire; o r6pro5nou noZdperorrlv goroypocpio.
3.71.'Evopop6rcpc6rro ohoOaive r npos ro
rdrrrr oe rerhpivo errire8o.Av eivorB ro o) flrorerjere 6rr
pdpogrou, T 4 rprprlolioOr1o4g, 0 11ycrrvic 0o rlrov ro i6ro
rou rerfupivouerrrrri6ou,p o ouvretreorqg 66orcolodoo rqr
rprp4sror F*q ooro6pevqrd0erqcwi6pa- orrl fq vG rov
orl. or1rr6oere ttrq-
c) T = B4p0 p) T : pBouv0y) F- : Brlp0 tr6repo onrj ro
i6ogog;
6) T: pF- e)T<84p0or)T : pBr1p0
p) flroretiere d'rr
Me rrorqqn6 qurd oupcp<ove ire;
0o qrov ro i6ro
3.72.Kffia rqv opotrqrurfurrl rivrloqev65 66orolo 6oo rqr
wrrxerpdvouq revrpopdtrog 66vop11 orrl l-q v0 rov
q) eivqrq ouvroropdvqdlcovrcov6uvdpe- onpc6{ere pe ro
ov fiou ooro6vrqr oro ovrrreipevo X i pra oog, ov r6X er vo 0upcrroertpa((
B)6rarqpeiror oro0epq rou; Arr<croloy(orerrg onavrqoerg.

-e

H N E Y TON i K H :Y N OE :H
 3.75.Tr0a ouvdporve
orq Ielqvq 3.80.Ac6oreproe((yqoqorov 6rdloyo.
o) Av dnouevo undpXerq noyrcdoprofl-
c ^.
Sllr
p) Av oroprcro6osvo fisplgip€ror ytlpo
0n' 1n l-n;
3.76. Zoyvcs rcxrror6rdpcrlro6v(rr ou-
yr<porei ro <pryydpr
orov oupav6;>Trand-
vrrlorl0o pnopodoorevo 6r.rroere;
3.77.Kol6 rqv opolrl xurlrrl rivqoqev6g
6opugdpouydprocrl6 rq fq
o) q enrrdXuvonrou 6opurpdpou eivoriorl
;rerq yqrvq pcpurrr( enrrdXuvoq oro 6-
qrosrrou ppior<eroro 6opu<p<lpog
p) 11enrrdXuvorlrou 6opu<pdpou eivoriorl 3.81. O ylyovrog ror o vdvo5rdvouvrrqrt-
pe ro rerpdyovo rrls roX6rqrd5 rou 6rq vd( orqv i6rorriorq. IE rdnoru orryprlror
rqv cxrivc rq5 rpold5 evc6eivqroKrvqroro yryovrcg6iverorov
vdvo prc onp<l{rd.Ic5 (qrodp€vo ou-
y) q raXdrrlro rou Eopugdpoue{aprdror
yrpivere:
ond rq ;.rd(orou 6opugdpou.
Me rroroorrd ourd ou;.rgcoveire; o) rr16rivopqrrou corei o yryovrogorov
vdvo prerq {irivopqrrou oorei o vdvc,5
3.78.Tr eivornro 66orotrovo 6opucpopo- orov yryavro
norqooupe,ivov cvonrqpo r1pro Foroor- p) rqv enrrdXuvo4nou onoxrd o yiyo-
xlfrq; vros Fs rqv enrrdXuvoqlrou onorrd o
Yno'ri0erqr6rr or 6opucpoponor(orr5 0o vdvog
y(vouvoro i6ro6qog on<5rq [q. Arr<cro]o- ]) rrlv opprlnou cnorrd o yryovrogpe
yqorerqv crrrivrqorl. rrlv opp4noLrqroxrd o vdvog.
3.79.To 6roorqp6nloroev6gaorpovorjrq Tprpdg opetrqrdeg. Nc 6rr<oroloyrloererrg
nl4ord(er oe ivo dyvcooronlavrlrrl o o- orrovrrloe rg oe
[]oor(dpevor cpuorxorigvd-
noio5 dXeriva 6opucpdpo. O ampovo6rqg pous.
rorc<pipver vc perprloe r rqv crrivc rou 3.82.flord crrd ro nopordro <porvtipeva
ntrovqrq,rrlv arrivo rqg rurfurrlgrpoXrd5 0a pnopotio(Ip€vo ;relerrloou;re poor(d-
rou 6opucp6pou Korrnv nepio6orn5 n€pr- prvorKqrorrlv aplq r4g 6rorrlprlonq rqs
qopds rou 6opurpdpou. florc cn6 ro nc- oPpns;
por<drropeyiOq0c pnoporioeva unoloyi- o) Eleri0eprlnrc6orlp) Avdr<pouorl rrupo-
o€r,Xpnorponorc6vro5 ro cnorelioporo p<ilouy) Kivr;or1 Sopucpdpou
ev<ig 6) Kiv4-
rrovnpoqyo6pevov perpqoeolv; or1nupc6lotr e) Kpo6orlcvdpeocoe pni-
o) rq pd(c rou nlovrpq fue5rou pnrlrdp6ou.
0) rn pd(c rou 6opucp6pou
y) rqv drpoogolprKrlnieoq orqv enrrpd-
v€rqrou ntrovqrrl
6) rrlv enrrdluvorlrrls pap6rqrogorqv €-
rrupdverorou nlcvqrq.

H NEYTONIKH
IYNOE>I1

npoPlrfipcta
Sc l*0ooupe
3.83.H po0potr6yr1oqev69elorrlpiou
i6ooe ro or6trou0oqrroretrioporo:
(oeN) 1,0 1,5 2.0 2.5 3,0 3.5 4'0
Bripos
(oemm)48 54 60 66 72 78 84
Mriros
q) Korooreudoredvo6raypoppopdpou5-
prlrougelorqpiou.Atontorr6vetecvotroyio
wdpeoo mqv od{4or1rou pdpou5Kororrlv
avrfmorX4enrp4ruvoqrou elorqpiou;
p) H ronoOirqorl ev65oc6poro5orov 6i-
oro gipve r rov 6eiXrqorqv fv6er{r167.
floro eivsrro pdpo5rou ocirporo5;flolo
eivorq pd(a rou;
y) florq 0o eivor11Odoqrou 6er1t4ov ro-
rro0er4ooup€orov 6ioro qvrtKefpevo ;'rd-
(os 0.075kg;
3.84.'Evo protridler riooeprgtewopiveg
1op6ig nou orrlpi(ovrct ndvo o' ivqv
<rrrnio> 6no5 oro aXnprq.H rdoq rd0e
Xop64Seivqr80 N. H yovia rrou olqpcri-
(ouv rc 66o rp4poro rdOe1op6r15 eivor
150".Ynoloyimerq 66vapr1 nou qore(rot
orov "rrrrriq>crr6 rtg 1op6i5.No Oecoprl-
oereyvoo'r6 dTt ouv 75' = 0,26.
3.85.'Evoovrtxet;levo rtveirqtpemo0eprl
roXtirrlro evri cxorodvroto' cur6 rpet5
6uvd;rerg.H pio dXetrrlv rareuOuvorlrrls
raX6rrlro5 rot 1td-rpo 2,2 N, 11dllq i1er
ptrpo 3,7 N xartidOuvorl cvri0erqrrls ro-
Xdrqra5:No nprr6ropioere tqv rpirrl 6ii-
voprlnou ooreirot oro ovrtxefpevo.
3.86.:' fvo yrx6l6rlvodpevoovrtxelpevo
GoKodvrot ouvoTrtrdrptts ordOtpi56uvd-
Or 66o on' ourdgiXouvrqv i6to ro-
trrer5.
re60uvo4rot prirpoF, = 0,6 N rat Fr :
1,1 N ovriororXu.H rpirq f1et ovtiOerq
rore0Ouvor'1rot lirpo F3-- 1,7 N. To oc6-
po prioo oe 3 6riurep6lenro peroroni-
(eror eugdypCIFptCI xard 24 ;rirpo. Kord
n6oo 0o p€rq'rofirorei ro en6Prevo7
6eurep6trenro;
3.87, Ee ivo opXrxdoxivqro ovrtxeipevo
pdloS 0,2 kg qc'xe(ror(ouvroroprivq)
66-
vopq 0,8N. Io-c (rlrofpe vo rrpoo6ropi-
oere o) rrlv enrrdXuvoqrou p) q 0ior1
rou prerd2 s.
3.88. Ie ivo opXrrdarivqro ovttxe(pevo
ooreiror (ouvroropdvq) 66vopr14N. Me-
rd ond, 2 s 11ruXdrrlrq rou ovrtretp6-
vou eivotB m/s. Iog (rlrofpe vs urrolo-
yioere11 pd(o rou ovrtretpivou.
3.89. Ie ivo plrcpdovrtxeipevo,crpXtrd
oxivrlro, qoreitot otoOeprl66vopr1(ou-
vroroprivq)ioq .re0,4 N. flou 0o ppiore-
ror ro ovrrref;'tevodorepc o116rrdvre
6eurep6lento; H yd(a rou eivqt0,1 kg.
3.90.Kqrd rrlv tuOrlypoppqrivqoq evd5o-
vrrrerpdvoupdZ,sS300911roX6rrlrd rou
peropdtrtreroro6pgtovope ro ypdcpqpo.
Ero owtreipevooorodvrqr66o6uvdper5.
m/s
-e
H N E Y TON IK H :Y N OE :H
 H pic iler yfipo 2,5 N rcotrqv rorerj0uvoq
rqg rivqoq5.
No npoo6ropioere rc ororXeiorr15dllrlg.
3.91.Kpepdpeivo orporpi6ro oro drpo e- o) r4v rorvrlenrrdxuvorlrov 66o rrpo-
vdg6uvopdp€rpou Kor6ropd(ouperrlv iv-
6erlq 3 N. Kdvoupero i6topfoo oe cvep-
Xdpevocoovoip rar 6ropd(oupe3,2 N.
floro sivqr11enrrdXuvorl rou ooovoip;
3.92.Ie ivo rou'r(pd(og300g ro onoioort-
vrlreindvoroe opt(dvrrorpond(rqoKeirct
oro0ep(opr(rivrro 6rivcprl2,5N rct ro ovr-
refprevorrveirqrpemo0eprlenrrdluvoq2 m/s.
Yndpf'er rprp(; Arrorotroyqorerrlv anavrqorl.
3.93.'Evqprrcpdovrrefpevoogqverorndvco
oe rerhpdvoenine6oror otrtoOqivetrrposro
rdrro.No npoo6ropfoere a) rrlv enrrdXuvorl
rou Korp) rq 0ior1rou perdqnd 1/10rou
6eurepolinrou.H rprprlOecopeiroropelqr6o.
pe pd(eg520 g rcor
3.94.Atio ov'rrxei;revo
500 g cxvrimorlc npoo6ivovror oro drpo
ev6gvrlporogro ofioi'o6ripXerorqn6 aKi'-
v4rr1rpoXclkt (.rorc5o-re
'ro ivq vc rorip-
Korro dMo vc ovtipXerot. No rrpoo-
X€ror
6ropioererqv enrrdXuvorlrdOeavrtretpi-
vou. f16oe5qopis eivor prrpdrepq ond
r4v errrrdXuvoq rns ele60epqg nrc6oqg;
3.95.Too6orrlpoeivoropXrrdariv4royrori
rdnorogro ouyrporei.'Orov ro ofmqpo o-
ro rouri I' rordpXerorKorot
geOefeleriOepo
ivc 6eurepdlenroonorrd ruX6rrlro1,2mls.
Io5 (11ro6;re
vo npoo6ropioere
o) rqv enrrdXuvorl'rou2', p) rr16iivopq
rrou ooKerro revrorpivovrl;rcmo I' ror y)
ro pdpogrou I.
H pd(o rou I' eivqr150ypoppdpta. Tptpq
cpelrlrio.
I
KF]IYNOE:H
F]NEYTON
3.96.Kdnoro5onp6per ro rtpc6rtoI, o-
orrivrc5 oprt(<ivrto 66vopr11 0,6N. No
npoo6ropioele
rirov
p) rq 66vopr1 rrlv onoio oorei ro rrpc6rro
I, mo Ir.
y) rr16rlvc;rqrqv onoio ooref ro I, oro I.' .
Or pd(egrcrlv:r ror I, eivotovrimorla 200
g r<or100g. H rprprl0ecr.rpe
iror o;rel4rio,
3.97.To ropiroreivor52 rr-
ld xar ppiorerorpioo oro
aoovoip ndvo oe (uyo-
prd.
Icg (qrodpevc trpoo6to-
pioererq 66vc;rqfiou 0-
orei orq (uyoprddrqv ro
ooavoip
o) rorepoiver;-reoro0epqro-
Xrirqro,p) rorepoiverFr snr-
rdXuvoq2 mls',\) ovepo(ver
&db
lE. pemoOeprlraX6rrlro.
3.98.'Evoavrrrefpevo E oe oXrlpor<6pou d-
Xer pdpoq 1ONlxor ppiorercr ndvo oe cpe-
rarivqrq pdorl;.reopr(dvrraettgdvero.Me
ndoq opr(6r'rro66vopqnpinet va ro
onpc6{ouper6orevo ro ;reroruvrlooups
orr5 treprrrroroasfiou s) ro I efvqrqrod-
trrvoror n Fdonon<jarodh 0) to I eivcto-
nd,ctroupivro ror q pdorlond orodfuy) ro
I eivqrqrodhvo ror 11pdorlon6 oloupivto
6) ro I eivoryudtrrvorcr q pdoq an6 yuctrf
e) ro I eivarcrrr6trdorrXor<or4 pdorl on6
prrerdv (Avoi]11rrlor€ rous ouvretre orig
ororrr(g rprprjgmo crXertr6recpdtroroT ou
prpliou).
3.99.Iro r<dprr<5,
o Iofneppav rororpip-
v€rvo oroporrloer dva rpoprrly6peydtr4g
roXtirrlrog,revrcr-lvovrc5
ro ldpr rou Kol
pivovragm<ivqrog nporod rov aur6 grd-
oeroro oc6porou. Aei[re drr qurd 6ev
;.rnopeivq eivorodpgclvop€ rous guor-
ro69 v6pou5xordrr doeg;rurrdg6uvor6-
rnr€SKorvo 6ro0irer, q 6rivopqfiou qorei
pivovrog orivqrog, 6evpnopefvo [enepd-
oerrq piyrornrprpi cvdpeoooro n66ro
rou Kcrmo i6arpo5.
3.100.l-lorqnpirrervq eivqrq rrpq rqg opr- 6roxdver10 rrirlou5 oe 16 6eurepdlenra.
(dvrra566vopq5nou npirrervo corei ro-
veigo' ivo r<6po2 kg cooreva ouyrporei- pr6fourcr rr1pdi,o rou. H qxrivc rou rrj-
ror orov rorlo; O ouvreleorrlgrprpqgei-
vsr 0,4.
3.101.Ie ivo ovr-rreipevo pd(og400 g ro
onofo ppfor<€ror or opr(dvrroenrgdvero rd
qoreirqropr(6vro66vop41,8N. Merd c-
n6 66o6eurep6trenro ro ovrrreipevoppi-
04re oe ondoraoq ev6gpirpou on6 rqv
cppr<r1 rou 0ioq. Iog (qrodpevo npoo-
6ropfoere o) rqv enrrdXuvorl rou ovrrKa-
pivou p) rqv rrprl rrlg rprprl511onoio c-
orrl0r1reo' ourd y) rov ouvreleorrlrprpq5
olioOqoqg.
r<ourippiorcerar
3.102.'Evoprr<p6 oe rerfu-
pivo errirre6oy<oviog45 porprirvror otrr-
o0qiverfipos ro rdro pe ora0epqerrrrd- 3.107.To ivc drpo vrlpcrog80 cm npoo-
Xuvoq3m/s'.Iog (4ro6peva npoo6ropG
o€r€rov ouvreleor( rprp4Solio0r1or1q.
3.103.'Evoourorivqro1200kg nofpver
orpogq oe opr(6vrroo6dorpropopercrXri-
rr1'ro54 km/h.H qrrivq rou r6(ou eivor
60 ;ritpo, H ororrrcrlrprprl0u le rroupyq-
o€ra;Srevrpopr6log 66voprq. 116oq0o ef- ;roipe5,
vor11rrpqrqs;
3.104.'Evocvrrreipevo 0,5 kg rrveirorru-
x.trrrdpe roldrqro 4 m/s rcor6rcr-rrorc6ve- 3.108.Ie rjgog 300 ptrropirp<rrv
rqt 6rt I ouvrorcrpivqrcov6uvdprovfiou
uorodvrqro' sol6 eivor8 N. Nq unolovi-
o€r€ rrlv orrivs rqg rpold5 Korrrlv fi€-
pio6orqg opalrl<r<uxfur<r15
rivqoqg.
3.105.'Evo;.rrrpd o<porpi6ro rrveirqrrurfu-
rd ndvco o' ivo lponf(r, 6epivooro drpo
ev6g6uvc;rdp€rl)ou ro dllo drpo rou o-
noiou npoo6dvelsroe prrp6rorordpucpo
orepeoprivoro5lgi orqv errrgdvrrorou
rpore(rod. Arorrrmcirverol drr ro 6uvcp<i-
perpo6eilver6rapr6g3 N evcirro ogarpf-
No unoloyiosrs rrlv rcrxtirrlra rou o(pqr-
rlou rqg rurfurrl; rpoXrdgeivor30 rKqro-
ordperpo r<orq rprpq Oeorpe irar opelq-
rdo,
3.106.'Evo ogorpiSro 200g r<rveiror rurfu-
oe rsrox6puc2oenine6ooro drpo re-
vropivou vrlpor<430 cm.Ie rroreg0ioerg
l'l ouvroroHivrlr<ovooroup6vtovoro
ogorpi6ro6uvdpecov eivorioq pe ro yrvd-
p€vorrls prd(ogrcu ocporpr6iou rni rqv re-
vrpopdtro enrrdl"rvorl rou;
Io5 (qro6pevo rrpooSropioere rq 66voprrl
rrou oorti'ro orp,rrpibro oro vrlpo6rqv ro
ogorpfiro6rip1e-oron6 rqv cvc6reprl0i-
oq ;.rercrXrjrr;ro(),5m/s.
6iveroroe oporprl.Iro dllo dr<ponpoo66-
veror ivo cvrrreipevoro onoio €vspyofior-
efrqr iror c6o'revo exrelei o;rolq rurhrrl
rivqo4 oe opr(6r'rror<6r<tro ro0ols ro r€-
vr<l;rdvo vr1;ro Orx6roypdrpe r rovrr<r1errr-
cpdvero ror q yovfo rou vrlporog ps rrlv
roroxdpurpo 0o eivor 6rapr65 ioq pe 30
Io5 (qro6pe vo unoloyfoere nd-
oo 1p6vo0a 1perri(erorro ovrrrce ipevoyro
vc oupntrqpov€l go neprorporprl.
on6 rqv
errtgdvero rns fn; q pcpurrrqrnrrdXuvoq
I
H N E Y TON IK H :Y N OE :H
 eivcr8,93m/s'.floro 0o eivorro pdpo5xcr
rl pd(o evdgreXvrlrod6opu<pdpou, o onoi-
oSoro i6c<pogiler pdpo55000 N; Irqv e-
rrgdvero rns fns r1popurrr<q enrrdXuvorl
vc Oeorpq0ei 9,81mls'.
3.109.Av eivorR 11cxrivo rrls frls, ro pd-
posFtCISyuvoiro5oe <611.ro9 Ron6 rrlv e-
nrcpdvercrrls fns eivor140 N. fl6oo eivor
ro pdpogrns CI)orqv enrrpdvero rrlg l-45;
p) oe an6orcoq 30Ron6 ro rdvrporou
ntrcvqrrlpog;f16oqei'vor11pd(o rq5;
3.110.Iog (qroripe va unoloyfoerr rrl
prd(orrlg fqg poor(6prevor oro nopurdro
ororXe io:
o) H popurrrrlenrrdXuvoqorrlv errrqd-
velqrrls fqg eivor9,8 mls'.
p) To 16{o qrrd rov Bdptrof1dtropflpr rov
lorlpeprv6 eivor10.000Xrh6;rerpo.
y) H oraOepdrqq ncryr6opragdl{r1geivar
6,6710"'N m'kg''.
H fq vo 0eopr10e i o<porpr16oc6pro.
3.111.'Evocvrrreipevoppiorercroe rirgog
630 Xrtrropfrpovurr6 rr1y4rvr1enrgdvero.
Me noro roXrjrqrorrpinervo erro{euOei
vo yiver 6opugdposo€ Kurtrrr<(
cr.lo're rpo-
1d; Ie n6oo Xptivo0o oupnlrlpriverprc
nepr<piperc;Afveror I pd(q rr15fr156 10"
kg,11arrivo rqs l-qs63701fud;rerpqKqrrl
oroOepdrrlg ncryr6oproqdl{49 6,67 10''
N m'kg-'.
3.112.Bao(6pevoro) orov vdpo rrlg no-
yr<6oprog itr€nS,F) orov 6edrepovdporq5
rivqoq5,y) orqv e{iotrlo4yro rrlv Ksvrpo-
p6lo enrrdXuvorl, 6) orrl oXdoqrr15rcr16-
rnros/ orrivog rpoXrd5rar rreprd6ou oe
pro opolr'1rurfurq rivqorl ror ono6e16pe-
vor 6rr or rpolri5 r<ovrrlovrpc6vydpruo-
n6 rov'Hho eivorrurtrrri5,oog (rlrodpe
vc ano6ei{ere6rr ro rerpdyovo rt.trvrr€-
pr66<ovr<rrvrrlcvrlrr6v efvor ovdloyc
H N E Y T ONIKH:YNOF IH
fipos rous rrjpou5rov snoordoecov'roug
qn6 rov'Htrro.
3.113.A6om,rrxeipevoioolvpo(6v oro o-
noio 4 pdvq<xor<o6prevq eivcr11pre-
66vo;rr1
ro{ri rou5 nrryr<6o;,rro
il{r1 exrelo6vopo-
14 xuxfuxr]Krvrlorl orrlv (6rorpoXrd.Iog
(qro6pe,poc'r(6pevor orous quorKotigvd-
pougo) vo a'no6ei{,ere 5rr ro 66o qvrrrei-
pevcnpiner vo ppiorovror 6roprc65ora
drpo prog6r,rpirpou,p) vo unoloyioere
rqv roX6rrlro r<o0ev65 pe pdorlrq pd(o
r<o0ev65 Korr-lv orrivo rou rdrlou. Oeor-
peiroryvroo'rr1 4 rrprl rqg oro0epd5rqq
ncxyr<ioprogr.l{r19.
3.114.Me pdoqrov oplr<6oprop6rns po-
vd6o57 1t(.rpoq neprcpdpero rrlg fqg tivor
40.000Xrhd;.rerpo ondre o6;rcp<rlvo pe 14
lecoperpio-€le<opcrlvro5 rov nlovqrq pog
ogorprrdovr-rxe ipevo-11oxrivo R rqg f45
eivar40000/l!.n= 6370xtrrd;.rerpcnepi-
rrou. 'EXer enior15urroloyrorefdrr 4 cn6-
orooq r4q frlg on6 rr1klrlvrl eivor60 R.
Me pdoqourd ro ororXe io
o) Nc Oe<lp(oere yvoor6 6rr 11nepio6og
rrfSn€prqoprigrrlg Ie,lqv4gtfuu 27,3311-
;.ripe5ror vo unotroyio€rsrnv rolirrlro
r45 Ietrqvrlgr<ar-drqv neprgopdrq5 yfpco
an6 rq f4. Buor(<i;revor otqv rrprl r45 ro-
Xdrrlra5pnopodpevc unoloyiooupedrr q
r<evrpoird,lo5enrrdXuvoqrqg lelqvq5 ti-
vanO,27cm/s'.f1<r:5 ro urroloyi(oupe;
p) H papurrr<{enrrdXuvorlorrlv enrgd-
v€rqrrls fqg r,ivorgs: 9,81m/s'.Ano6eX6-
pevor6rr ro16ero v6po5rrlg noyrdoprog
il{r15 ou;rnepcivoupe 6rr q yqrvqpopurr-
r<4enrrdXuvrrlelarr6veror o6;rgovo pe
rq oXiorlg =, goR'/d'6noud rlon6oroorl
crn6ro riv'rpo rls fns. f-l<og onoSerr<vrje-
rcraurq q olioq;
vo ufio-
Boor(6prevor o' ourqv pnopo6;re
loyiooupe6rr 11rpq rr15popurrrrl5enrrd-
oe qrr6orqoq60 R on6 ro r<ivrpo
XUVorlS
rns fqs tfucx0,27cm/s'.flci:Sro unoloyi- i6rorqre60uvori(nou erlero plrlpo nprv
(oupe; ond r4v drpn€l) pe roXdrqro 200 m/s.
y) Antl6eXdpevor, ouvenolg,6rr roX6ero Io5 (rlroripevo npoo6rop(oere
rrlv ro16-
v6po5rrlg ncyr<do;rrog dtr{r1g
6ranrorc6- rrlr0 rou dllou roprpcro6.
voupedrr n y4rvrlpopurrr<r1 enrrdXuvoq
orqv neproXrl6nou ppiorerorq Ielrlvq eG3.119.tldvcrroe opr(dvrto6rdr6popo ivo o-
vor ioq p€rqv r<evrpolrdlo
enrrdXuvoqrqg vrrreipevoM, rrvc6pevopeoroOeprlraX6-
Iog (qrodpevcrro oXofudoere.
Ietrr1vr1g. rrlro nlrlord(errpog fvq dtrtroovrrrsipe-
vo M, pe ro ortoioouyrpoferorKorouo-
3.115.Tu 66o.ourorivqrorrvodvrorqvrf- orrlportrrveror. Arjo 6eurep6trerrro
rTprvo-
r<orouyr<porjovror. tr6 rq odyrpouorlrc 66o ovrrreip€voq-
Oero6nroqoro cryr1po
ne fXovr<urdB rirpc. Iag (qro6pe vo
npoptriqeren6oo 0q ondXouv6do6eure-
p6lenra ;.rerdrq o6yrpouoq.Or rprpig
Oeropodvror cpd,r1rie5.H pd(c rou M, ei-
vcr 1 kg evc611;rd:(orou M, eivor600g.

3.120. H rondlo rlrov orivqrrl ndvcoorrl

pdpro ror rdrroruo'rryprq 6or<i;raoe
vq rcd-
flora roXfrrlro 0o iXerro orlo'rq;.ro
or<pr- verpourrd,orrdle q pdpro perorrvqOqre
p<rr5perd rr1o6yr<pouoq; rrpos ro nfool. I-lrrl50o pnoporior vo ro
3.116.'Eva ocporpi6ro pd(o5300g rrvorj-
psvoFs raXrjrrlro 4 m/snpoorrinrer oe q-
rivqro ocporpiEro pdloS 100 g ro onoio
cpli(e r vo ruveirorpreraXdlqra 3 m/s.Iog
(11ro6;re vo npoo6ropioere rrlv roX6rqro
rou peyol6repouogorprEiou prerdrq o6-
YKpouon.

3.117.L6o;rnilreg,11pic (M,) ;rd(o580 g

rcorq dllq (Mr)pd(o5 50 g rrvo6vror11pio
npos rlv dllrl pe ovri0ere5roreuO6voerg
r<orpe roX6rrlrssor onoiegiXouvpirpo 4
m/s <qr2 mls svt.ororxq.Merd rq o6-
yKpouorl11M.,ouvelf(ervs r<rve iror fipos
rrlv rore60uvorlfiou erlenprv ond rq od-
yKpouoq;reroX6rrlra 1,5 mls.No npoo-
6ropioererrlv rcrXdrrlrarrlg dtrlr15.
3.118.'Evoplrlpo 200 g rrvofpsvoopr(6-
vrlq p€ 140 rnlserprllvurorror 6roonrirqr
oe 66oroppdrc po(cilv120g rcr80 g. To
peyaldrepoqn6 ro 66o rrveirarrpos rrlv
erle npoptrirgerfioor(dpevrlol'ousvdpoug
rqg guorr<r1g;fldor1e(varq opgqr4g pdp-
r<ag;l-ldor1eivor11roX6rrlro rrlg pdpro5;
H r<onitroeivor6l kg rcorq pdpro 180kg.
3,121.A6o arroT'rjrolg dpororoporodrro
K-'rcarI! ppiorovroroe opr(6vrrorponi(r.
Avdpeod'roug urrdpXe
r fvo ouonerpc,lpivo
elorrlprolopiq vo rrpoo6iveroroe rcovivo
o116qurd olld ro roporodrro ouyKpq-
ro6vror Xdpno' dvorevrcopdvo vqponou
ro ouvbder. Kd0,:roporodr<r dler pa(a1
I

I-]N E Y TON IKIY

H N OE IH
 kg aMd ndvcomo K, undpXeriva qvrtxei- yovrodKorKq\/ovtod eivor15.000kg.
p€vorou onoiou rq pd(c Oiloupevd urro- cnorrd to pcry6vrperd
q) nord rcrX6'rr1ro
loyiooupe.K6poupero vr'1pc on6re ro ro- rqv errtileuor'1;
porodrro onpalypivc ond ro elarrlpro rr- p) Av ro Fl{po evo<pqvafei oro TorXopc
vo6vrqrnpog cvrfOeregroreu06voet5. norq 0q eivorq rcrX6rqrarou oumrlporo5
Arcrrrorriveror6rt rq olYF( nou ro K.'i- ;.rerdrqv evocopdrorrl;
Xer pero<rvq0efr<ard120cm,to K, fXerpe- 3.123.Mro o11e6(o entntrietoto vepdqpe-
rorrvqOe i rord 100 cm. No unotroyioere 0dlcooo<;,'EXe
;rr1g r p(ro5 8 m ror pd(o 35
14 pd(o rou ovrrretpdvou.H rprpq0eopei- kg.Ero dvorr15drpo ppiorerot6p0ro5ror
rcr opelrlrfo. orivqro5 dvor;dvOpcono5 pdpou5700 N o
3.122,'Evorov6vtefvotorepeotpivooro onoiogoe rd'noloorry;rrloplf(er vo H€ro-
6dne6oevdgpoyovrod. To poy6vtopXrrd rrveirqtrTposro dllo drpo peora0eprlro-
npsFsi xor pnope i vo rtveirqtX<rlpf5rpt' 1614ro.Iog iir'1ro6pe rord
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H IA OI:A TH I E N E P |E IA :
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rou evdpyera.

H IAOIIA TH: ENEPIEIAI

 Tefurcfeivar e1xoAo va xpivoupt. n6rt'. tva svnreipevo i.ytr xt-
vr1nrcryu(.pyen, apxei vG ro avrAapl)avdpaore va rctveiro;.H
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paorc6 rrlc npSotuno nou Atyercn ev{,pyuu 6uvapxr1.
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roriv. flopeppoivero proOqriigrrou orroOcvor((etol
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giororor popurr xq allrlleni6poorl.
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TAOIIATHIENEPIElA'
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vo ro 0ecopqooupe utrrr6oqpreio,rl rrFq'rr1ge(vorro dOporopro
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preropolrlg. r; 6uvcx-
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pougeivoropvqrrr6.'Orqv'roavrrrer;revo rtvef'rorrrpogro i-
6ocpog,r"16uvoprrrlrou evdpyero elorrcbvtror. E6r6to dpyo
rou pdpou5 eivor0e'rr15.Mnopotipre
, 6qtro6q,vo tri;re5rr 11
peropolrlr4g popurrrqg6uvoprrrlgevipyeroge(vatovriOerrl
on6 ro ipyo rou pdpou5Korvq ypdcp<lupe
AUu = - ltYu

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lorrrirOrlre . To 6pyo rou pdpoug eivrrrOerr16
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3. H popurrrq 6uvcprr( evipyeroeivar pro iworq yevrr<6'repr1.

Aev ocpopdpr6voro odorqpro ocirpo-fq Yg(ororot yro orroro-
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rrof<ovotrlqlenr6po6v pcrpurrrd, 6rrcrlgyrc ropd6erypo ro
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 v€rF€6rio pcp66popqouspcryvrlreg rov onoicrrvor erepc6vu_
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To f6ro roX6erKot ytcl 66o qvrrrefpeva
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oc6;rotr6y<orrlg rivqorls rou.
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H 6rorqpnoq
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H rrvrl rrx{ rvdpyer q u- H 6 u v q p rx { e v d p y elo e v 6 g

rrdpXereg6oovror pr6voecp6- ouorrl;rcr,og undpler -e{ opr-
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qur6 ro ipyo. rro u erg p d -
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H IAOIIA THI ENEPIEIAI

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H TAOIIATHI ENEPIE]AI
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yo rou BdpougK(Irorn percpolqrns Bo-
purrr456uvcprrrl,;eviPYeto5;
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H TAOIIA TH: ENEPTEIAT

FsroKtv€irotlrpos ro fidv(l) Kdrn p€ropo- 4.27.L(socvrrrei:evo iorov;ro(cirv,ro M,
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rcevd enrtrdyovrog o116'ronoporcdrcrr: lqrdo pe noro or 6 rrg nopcrdr<o npord-
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a) ro ipyo rrlg brivopr15nou qorei ro 're- ro orotXeicnou qvo-
p) Xprlorponotqorire
vr<opivovrlpo oro cvrtre lPevo ypdgovror oro o1(po Ytovo unoloyioere
p) rqv evdpyeronou petoprpdorqre oro ro ipyo rqq rprprl5rord rrg peroxrvqoer5
qvrrKefuevo ACBToTADB;
y) rrlv errrrdluvorl rou wrtretp6vou' orq por6ro q 66vopq
Kard rrlv otrioOqor1
rqv rprprl opelqric. ==
rplp{S eivotT, 200 N, evr6oro ncprd
No Oecoprloete
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H TA OIIATH I E N E P IE IA >
 Tz=70N. orlsrou KOrdT|ssvrfororxssxpovrKrs oflY-
4.38.fl6oq evipyeranpdnervo peroprpd- pig 6ivovror orrri rov napordro nivqxq.
ooup€os ;rronfrpo 200ypop;ropicov yro X p6vos(s) 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
Merordnroq (m) 0 1,25 5 'l'1,25 20 31,25 45
v0 rns npoo6c6ooupe ruXdrrlro
a) 4 mlsP)8 m/sy) 20 m/s Orrd{re ivrrv n(voro pe enrd orrylegr<or
4.39.I-l6oqevipyeronpiner vc peroprpd- i{r oerp65.E;dlreorrs 6rionp<6re5orqle5
rr5 rrpig rorr XpdvouKorrrls peror6nroqg.
ooulisos pro nirpo 300ypcppopicov ri-
Ynoloyiore or4 ouvdXero rrg noporcdrcrl
ort vq rrlv erogev6oviooupe opr(dvrroc-
noodrrlreg r<crye ;riorr rrg undlorne5 orq-
nd 619o5 1,25m Korvo g0doer oe opr(d-
vrro orr6oroorl leg pe rq onortlioporo. Kd0e pto or'
q)2 m B)20m; ouri5 ovoqrfpercr oro po16p6rvo orrr;.ro
Korors ovriororleglpovrrdgorrypig.
4.40.H r<op6rd 6iver 1 Jouleoe xdOeXr6- o) To 6q,ro5 ndvor qn6 ro i6o<po5.p) T4
no. Err;rrlorero otrlrdipyo nou 6ivrrpro popurrxq6uvoprrrq ev6pyuoog npogro d-
r<crp6rdoe pro (or1.O Olu;rrrogiler dqo5 6o<pog. y) To prirporq5 roXdrqrog.6) Trlv
29181t(.rpa. Ynoloyiorerq pd(o rou oco- rcrvrlrrrrl evilryerc. e)Tq prlXovrrrl evipyero.
poros rrou rrp6rrer vo ovur1rcrroere q'n6
rqv enrcpdve ro rqg 0dloooos orrlv Kopu- 4.44.Bprordlroor€ o€ivo pnokdvroe 6q,rog
8 m ond ro i>pdpo <orerorpev6ovi(oupre ivo
cprlrou OtrJpnou,dro,evo nporotrioerr
o6{11o116uvoprxrlg evipyero5ioq prerqv e- ovrrxe rpevo rilcryro rpos ro ndvo He 4 m/s.
vipyero nou preroprpd(eror Me ndorl rqgirrlro <pOdver oro i6ogog;
on6 rrlv r<op-
6rdoe ;rro(cor1. 4.45.To popi6rM, iler pd(o 100g xoriler
npoo6e0eforo drpo evd5vqporo5.To vrl-
4.41.Me d[r oupnoyef5 r6pougivq nor6i po nepvder rrnd orcivqrqrpoXolio Kororo
icprro{e6legourig'rrgrorooreu6g. dllo drpo rou npoo6ivrror ro popi6rM,
Kci0ex6po5iler dyxo64cm'rqrpd(oa00g.
pd(oS 200 g €rot
crrorerq 66o rprl -
p0r0 rou vr'1poro5
vo eivor rcrordpu-
q0.
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vo e i vor orfvqro

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-oro dr<porou rr-
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vr<rlpdvouvrlporo5-Korro 6riooe 6rgog
or<eu115.
50 cm on6 r-od6ocpo5. To ocprlvoupeorq
4.42.Er<ro{e6oupre npog rq ndvo ;ro rri- ouviXeroe},60spoondre ro M, rrveiror
rpo pd(o5 120ypopyopi<ov. tld'or1evip- lrpos ro d6<rcpo5evciro M, ovipXeror.
yao np6rr€rvo rns peroprpdooup€ yro vo Io5 (qroripr va npoplig€r€ rqv ro16rq-
<p0doer o) or rjqog2 m p) oe 611,ro9
10 m; ro rou ro0e'rdgrord rr1orryyqrrou qrri-
4.43.'Evqpol6B6rvo oripo pe pd(o a kg c- Xouvu\uopsl'prrd r<ord80 cm. No 0eorpq-
rpqvrrcrond 6rjog45 m ndvcoon6 ro 66o- o€rsrrlv rpr[]4cpelqrio.
<pog.Or rrpig rq5 r<oroxdpugqg perordnr-
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I-1IAO>:A THI ENEPIEIA:

4.46.'Evar<ouri400 g og(veror orrlv Ko- 10 cm; H yroviorou rexlrpdvouenrrri6ou
pugrl rexfupivouerrrni6ouoe 6tpo550 cm eivoro = 3a" ffpr[ii5 opelrlrdeg).
on6 ro d6ogogr<orotrro0oive r ;riXprnou
g0dveroro i6arpog.Ic5 (qro6;re,Oeorpc,i-
vros rrlv rprprlopelrlrio, va unoloyioe're
c) ro ipyo raOeprd5 on6 ttg 6uvdper5 nou
oorodvrormo cvrtreipevo
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ror rq peropolqrqg rrv4rrrrl5evfpyerog
rord rq prrcxivrloqourq.
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ot
opr(dvrro errr<pdve ta pe rprpi5 oorl;rc-
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1 27,0 0 0 ,0 9 1 0 0 , 091
I 0,26 0.084 0.007 0 091
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A
17,8 0,70 0,040 0,049 0,089
4.49.Or 6roordrre
ogevrdvogeivarodpgcovopr ro ox4pCI
AO = OB : 10 crr 6rqv ro ldorrXo6evei-
vor revr<opivo.H ondorqoq r<rlv66o d-
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fi Kporcovrog or€p€(ipero ivo Xdprrq 6rXd-
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orl rns 6uvoprr<r1<;
112kx'dnoux : OO' ror k prroorc0epd,
11onoio yra ro ldrrrrXoeivcr80 N/m.
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0epdr<dOe eAorrlpiouy) q pdyrorrlruX6rq-
ro rrls ogoipo5.Troupnepdoporapyd(e-
rr yro rqv e{ifu{r1rrlg otrrrrlgevfpyerog
rou ouorqycro5;
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ro I, 360g. ApXrrdouyrpcrrod;re
g evcrr ro
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porogd'rov ro I' 6Xe r perorcrvqOei rord cm,oro ivq rou dr<ponpoo6ivoupedvopa-

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r45 r<iv4oq,
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opr(6vrroruldrqro 5 cm/sxord rpdno c6- 4.54. Orqv c cxrpopdrqg nicpreron6 6-
orr vq exrelioerrurfurq r<iv4or1
oe rorord- rgo51 m ro 6iXru rou roiprou pouhd(er
purpoenine6o.Iag 4qro6pe,poor(dpevor r<ord50 cm. lloro eivsrro etrdXroro
6qog
oro v6po6rarrlpqoqgrrlg pqlovrrrl5evip- -ond ro 66orpog-oro oroio np6ner vo
yerosvo ono6ei{ere6rr q rivqo4ourrl 6ev revroroefopr(d'vrroro 6tXru,tiore ot q-
pnopeivoeivoropatrqrur<furr1.Iag ft1rorlpe rpopdregvo ;.rnopotivvc nigrouv srr6 tj-
enioqgvo unoloyioereo) rqv rcX6rrlro qros16 m 1c,r1lig
r<iv6uvo;
rou ovrrKauivou6rqv neovderqrr6 ro o-
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pq q onoio ooreirororov rtvropivo ond- Id 1p6vrancyr<6oprognporo0trqrqsorrlv
yro rord rq mryprlereivq.H rprpqKdrrl o- dpoq Bopc6v, Mnopeire vo unoloyioere
vrimooq rou odpo0eorpo6vrar opelrlrie5. 14 (pio4) rotr6nou ovinru{e os pro rou
npoond0erorord rqv onoia orlrooe 254
4.51.A6ooc{roro peioegpd(egouv6iowar kgoe 1,20m pioo oe 1,5s;
peivo elarqproKoroKrvrlro6v ndv<rr
os opr-
(6wro leio 6dne6o.Aorrirvragopr(6wrego- 4.56.'Evo ou'rorivrlro1.200kg<nrdver> tu
72 kmlhpdoooe 6 6eurep6trenra.
vriOereg 6uvdperqoro o6orqpo,nporotro6-
Ayvo<6vrog rqv ovrioroorl rou oipo urro-
peoupnfeorlrou elorrlpiourard x : 2 cm
loyiore rrlv rrryrirrou onarrqOqxe.
Kororrl ouviXeroorprlvoupe ror ro
etre60epo
66o ocopororourdlpovo. Ynotroyiore rqv
rcrXdrqrordOeoopcrog rq mrypqnou ro
elor4pro0c {cvoppeOef oro guorr6rou p4-
xoq.Aiverorri moOepdrou elorqpiouk : 9
N/mror rl pd(o rdOeoc6porogm = 40 g.
4.52.Mrq prrpqXol6p6rvqocpuipcou-
yrpo6rrcr pc prodMq pero}hrq ocporpa i-
oqgorrivo5, I orroiorlrov orivqrq. floro5
rpine r vo eivoro tr<iyo5'rcov po(r6vrcov
66o orporpdlvriore perd rrlv rpo6orlvo rr-
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vtiOerqgrore60uvorlg; Oecop(ore 6rr rord
rqv xpodor;q p4Xovrr<q ev6pyero rou ou-
orrlporog6evnopouoiooeroprd peropo-
trry.Ael0eireenioq5<1rrq oppqrqg rrvo6pe-
vr15ogofpog,nprv on6 rq o6yrpouorl,r<o-
reu06veror oro riwpo rqg crcivqr45.
4.53.Er<ogev6ov(oupe rrposro ndvrr:pro
prrprlpnotriroo30 ypoppopicov pe roX6-
rrlro 6 cm/sror aurrl rpOdver oe 6rpog130
cm, Iog (qrodpevo unoloyioerec) nd'or1
evipyeroperaprpdoape orrl ynclfroo Kol

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H I A O I IA T HI ENEPIEIA:
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va xuA6,TTpoS rd xdr<u,6ortpa avepa,ivttxatxarepaivetxard pry<oqpngypaltyrlqgdvrs-
onxd xapnfAqs,npoxaAdvraqo' auro6c,rou ilvat pf.oa tva piyoc, pe ng an6roptq o)Aa-
ytq rrls raXrjrr1raq.Tomo qqA6orlyeio{van xeivo an6 ro ono,b {eruvd,ro payov6,nxa,t
ro 6,.1toqaur6 6ev0a ro {avaErdou orqv rropeiarou. Mn nA4pnsneprypaE4rr1c, xivry-
o4q 0a qrav noA6nepinAoxrl.Yrapytr, and rq yia' q ltqXcwxrlnAtupd rou npopAqparoc,,
or aAAuy(.graXrirqraq xat 0tor79p(.oa oro ypdvo, n an6 rqv dNtq n rp94 rcu xsrd, ouvt-
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yosyts rr1\niptorl roo guorxo1gauoytvoo o' suri.q zg 6uo 6qteg,eivarva,xdvooltt 6o-
varq rq Xp4oqtwoui.w rou ou(qrrl9rlKavrporlyo1yeva.H 6nip,eoqo\qyei o' 6va 6ear6
reipapa, enet|q (.va guotrc6
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va pptt ltdvogrou rov rpdno yn vs rqv rpayparonouyou... Ag napaxoAot-t?r1oou1tt rqv xivq-
on rou 6uro6 payovni ndvu-tong 6eart9 payeg,{trcvu:vraq-arTorq orryp4nou apXi(etva
xarepaivuand r7v aEerrlpia.'Ooorcveiru,11ar6maoq'rou ctrd ro tlagog luxpafvela)Ad,
rl raytirqrd rou pqakixer H Ep*orl aurrl pnopei,and nprinrypa''td, va pag{avaEtper oro
poa)6 rq gpdoq an6 ro yd)qpc {tvrlgyAtfiooaq:<<Aev tytu 1loA6pt,o/.Adtyere6fi roproxd-
han. Erolrrl 6ptog 6eveivcx16ooxourq.Av64ttocoro yeyovSg71rg 6ev tXcoyoA1pt Kcrr oro
6n wdg tytt tQ roprorc1An,6w undpytt xaltn oytoq, oild un'ipXtt pn noA6TTpxypcrr
xr1efdprqor1avdyeoa orqv an6oraoq rou payovtotisn5 ro i6ogroqKu rnv rayirryrd roo.
Mnopotjytva onoAoyiooupt rnv raXtirqraroupayovtotio'oron\qnorE orryH4,av ftpooyt
ot. n 6rpoq ppioxeranrrdvw un6 ro t6aEoc,.tlapokinoopt. 61twq86i/-r sur6 ro orllttio t{at-
ricq rou rooonxol Xaparcrrlpa rou, nou tt<gpd(eru xoAtjrtpa SttSn0qpanxo6qrinooc,.
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H IA O:IA TH : E N E P IE IA :
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ptrpa ndv<uan6 ro t6agoc,.'Oravppioxtrat oro yayqA1rtpooqpeb, 6u ro Xupi(u xa-
ptctanSoraorl sn6 ro E6cgo9xatrl raylrryrd rou Erdvu orrl ptyrcrq nyr1.Ta 6e6oprdvo
aurd pnopotjv vc tKEpaoroiv pe dAAooc,6pouq: Zro 'qqA6rtpooqpeioro payovdru(.Xet
fiuvaprcl ev{,pyen,aAAddXtxcxnvqnrq ev€pyen q uipyua xivqoqg.Zro yaltqA6rtpo
or1peiotyer rr:'peyaAtjrtprlruvqnxqevtpyen, aAAa6p xat6uvapxq.L' 6Aara ev\dpeoa
oqp{a, 6roo 6.Xet pn oprcp€vr1 (yer rau-
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vtb 11nvrlnxq ptyaAtbvtt,5oo cu{dvtt q raytrqra. Ot apXi.c,rqc,pqyawxr1c, apxodvva e-
€qyrloouv rqv xivrloq.2rr1ya1rlpanxrl reprypaErl tyouyc 66oercgpdo€ry rqv pvEp-
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yen. Ka)tqtd rouq pe'rapdAAerat ctAAdro d1potopdrouq rapaptvet ora1tp6. EivcxAor
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rou tfctprdranan6 rq )toq, xarqq ruvqnxqcu(pyarc4 nou t{aprdrar cn6 rqv rayrjrq-
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voltd(ucr ora)tpd rrlq xivrloqg.H ofuxr1evtpytn, xrvqnxq xat 6uvapxr7,ltropei va ou-
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noiye, oe Aipeq, xatavriorpogct,oiyguva pt xa1oprolttvtyavrcAAarcnxq oXtory.
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pexi.werar.T<itpcXpud(trar tvc cuccJpa onoo\ctio xat1appcil(.opqpa, yn va ouvSiooope
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ruv yevtxt1o€u)vnou npoxlnrouv arr' surd ro pqpa, 0a 5oavtiapydrepa.
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ROBERT
JULIUS MAYER PRESCOTTJOULE
JAMES V()NHELMOLTZ
HERMANN
(1814-1878) (1818-1889) (1818-1889)

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k 100JK' nepriXovrar300g 5.54.O Jouleer1eriroro ((lo yro rqv d-
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C 6) eivqrnoo6rrlro vepotiOeppoxpooiog
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NA KANOYMEt]E PAMATA
 Ag urroOiooupredrr
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NA KANOYMEtIE PAMATA
 Tr,rill,o nrivoupe
Afvoupe rov orrdyro Kdrrofio0e'rodpre ro fvs o116
ro {rifuvaovrrxeipevondvo orrl oovi6a.Iqrc6voupre
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NA KANOYMENEIPAMATA
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H doxrloq ourrl yiveror o) yro vo crno6erXrefipnporcro
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NA KANOYMEI]EIPAMATA
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ro rerpdyutvo r\g raytirryraq.
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t]EIPAMATA
NA KANOYME
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1pov6;rerporcor(uyd.

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q. Torro0erodpera 66o 6poruopo{drrrr rrdvororo preydtro
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youpdvcog oupnrdoer.'Orqveleu0epc6verar 6rlprroupyei -pioo
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lpovopirpeg perpderrrl XpovrKrl 6rdprrrorrlg rivqoqsrou
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pog ono6errvtler5rr q opprl rou ouorrlporos pre,d rqv eKrivo{q
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rnpnorls rrls opF{S, prnoporjpe vo p:rprlooup€ rr1 prd(o rou
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a. Boor(6psvororrs perprloerg rou 6e6repou rrerpdprc{ros vG
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o Av 6ev urrdpler rcordtrtrr1tro

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NA KAI.IOYMEI1EIPA&^,ATA
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8paorrlprdrrlr€Srrou neprloppdvouv ror prerpqoerg, ouv6ucx-
oro6v H€ rrl Oecopqrrr(orcdrgqpnopori'rvo pos o6qyqoouv
o€ fiooorrrdq 6ronrorc6oerg ytq rrl preicoor;rrls pqxovrr<qg
e-
vdpyerogev6g ouorrlporog Kot orov urr<lloyroprd rou ouvr€-
leor1 rprP4S.

Tr nqdrervo fdqoupe
Irov r6opo ro)v rrpoy;rorrK<6vqvrrrcerpdvotv q pqlovrr<qevip-
yero evdgouorqprorog(ecp6oovo' our6 {iev percxprpd(erore-
vdpyero)po0proio elotrc6verqr KGrI eld-rrcooqourq oy*i(e-
ror p€ rrlv rropouoio rrlg rprF4SotrioOr1oryg.
H e{ocpdvroq,6prcrrg, prragrroodrrlrcs pqlovrr<r15
evipyerog
ouv6derqrHs rrlv epgdvroq pro5rroo6rrlrqs ev6pyerogpe dl-
In popq4. Ie rreptrrr<6oe lg dncogcu'rr1rlou 0o epeuvqooupsrl
rroodrrlto prlXovr<qgevdpyerognou <1ci0qre>eivor qrrohj-
r<ogioq p€ ro yrvd;revorqg rprpqg erri rrl perordrrroq rou cx-
vrrrerpivou o'ro orroio oorceirol.

Tr, ul,lxri 0o lgelcrotoripe

Oo lperooro6;re rpani(t, rpoyaAia, v4l.tct,eAcrr1pror<qr66o
QjAtva avrtxeipevct,rq orrois 0o ovopd(oupreI, ror Ir.
An6 6pycrvopdrpqoqg 0o 1peroorotiytt yerporcxvis rcol(uy6.

Tl xdvoupe
Zoy((oo1tr,ro 66o ov'rrrefpevoKsr io'r<rl,irr ro Bdpq roug ei
I

NA KANOYMEtIE]PAMATA
 .-- d *-+

I
n

vgr 81 Kqr 82.

'rq oroOepd(k) rou elorqpiouXpqorHo-
l-lpoo6ropi(oupe
rrorrilvro5 ro dvo o116rq ovrrrefpevo ro orroio rpeprd;reond,
ro dr<porou etrorqpiou rqr perpdpe rrlv errrprrp<uvorl
x.
H roopporrio rou excppd(erorp€ rrl oxion k x : B, dpo x :
B,lk-
Torro0ero6p€,orrl ouvdXercx,r-o {(r}rvo cvrrre(pevoI, rrd-
vro oro rpan€(r Korro ouv6ioupe q'n<iro ivo dr<pope ro etra-
rqpro rcoro116ro dltro H€ ro I, prdo:rr rpolotrrog drrog oro
ox4po.
Apyxa ouyr<pororjpsro orio'rqpro<irorero etrorrlprovo ppi-
oK€rqr oro (puorK6rou H(roS ror ccpqvoupsro o6orqpo e-
tre60epo.To I, r<rveirqr fipos ro rdr,-rrpixpr fiou ot rdrroro
orrypq q roltirqrdTou yiveror,yro rrpc6rqqopd, pq6iv. Og
re)lrcr1rcard,orao40ecopoiipeourqv orprpr6g orqv orroio or
tolrjrqreg rcov 66o ovrrre rpdvcrlvprl6rvi(ovror yn np<brq Eo-
pd. Merpdp€ rl psro'r6rrroqrou I,.'[:or<rr drr eivqrd.

Or petgrioerg
MiXprrc6podloupeperpqoeri) To pciposrou I, ii) To PdpoS
rou I, iii) Tqvernprlruvorl (x)6rov rlrcxvxoro-
rou etrorqp,iou
h

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NA KANOYMETIEIPAMATA
KdpugoKqrsfxop€Kpepdoaro 12.iv) l-rl peror6rrrorld rou
I,, rrdv<rloro rparrf(r 11orrofo eivar ioq rord pfrpo ps rrlv
rorordpugrl prerar6nrorlrou Ir.

H Oeogqtwrlon&ltq Ev6rocpep6poor€ )ro rrlv evipyerorou

ouorqporoS
Zrqv apyxtl xardorooq: H rrvqrrr( evdp'yero tou ouorqpqros
=
eivoriorl pe pq6iv. l("o* 0, H 6uvoprrrqevdpyerq rou ouorrl-
Foros eivorq popurrrq 6uvoprrrlevfplero rcovE, ror I, arg
fipos opr(6vrroerrrgdverorrlv onoic errrliyoupre vo 6rdplerar
orrd 14 06o11 orqv orroio 0o ppe0e
f refurd ro Ir.
lJopx: 81 h+Brd
To elorrlpro,apXrrd,ppiorerororo (prrotK6 rou Fr4roS.
Zrqv rehxr1xardoraorl: H rrvrlrrrrleviprletorou ouorrlpqros
eivqrrrdh ioq ;repr16ivl(.r: 0. H 6uvo;rrrqevipyerorou ou-
orrlprorogeivor
i) 11popurrr<q 6uvoyrrrlevdpyero
rou I, icrrlF€rqv cplrr1
ii) q poputrxrl6uvcprrrlevdpyerorou I, irrrlpepr16dv.
iii) q eloorrrrl 6uvoprrqevipyerorou rr\/ro)prdvou(rqrd d) e-
lorrlpiou.
[J,er: B'th+1/, k d'
T6oo or prerprloerg6oo rcr Oecrlpqrrr<r1 orr1q,rr1 pog o6r1yo6voro
ouprripaoprodrr q evdpyerorou ouorllporos elo'rrc60qre.
flp6rerrcr piporo yrq Hts (pdtvopl€vtKq e{iogdvroqFtCIS nood-
rrlros evipyerog.
- (81h+ % k d ' ) : B , d -1 / 2 k d ' ?
(B 1h+B ,d)
q onoia eivor ioq F€ ro yrv6prevo rrlg rprflqg erri rq pe'ro'r6nr-
oq (d) rou dvrrK€rprivou
fro rqv rprp4 olioOr;or1g roXderT :F,B, orr6're
: 1/zk d ' 4
FB .,d B , d - HB ,: B r-r/ rk d
Av qv'rrro'roorrloouprero k pe ro ioo rov Brlx,q releu'rofo e{i-
otooq 0o yiver:

H: 8 , lB , (1 -d l2 x )
orrd rrlv o'noio prrropodpevo uroloyioc,up€ rov ouvreleorrl
rprP4s.

NA KANOYMEIlEIPAfulATA
 Eog fqtodpe:
o. Nq 0ecrlprloe'repraorroro6rlnore opr(6vrroerrrgdvero ovo-
gopds (0o pnoporjoe,lSyou Xdprv,vrr eivqrour( rrou cvrr-
ororlef oro rrdrcopcrrls oiOouoog)Koror crxdonpe ourrlv vo
urrotroyioere rrdocxr(doul eivor
r) q crplrr<r1
pq1ovrrcr1
evdpye ro rou ouor-qpqros
rr)q refurqprqlovrrcq ev6pyero rou ouor-rlporos
rrr)q eldrrcrlorlrns prllovrrqgevipyerog.
F. No Oscopqoer€ orrl ouviXeroprovriltrq opr(6v'rroenrcpd-
verorjqtrd,tepoon6 rrlv fipoqyorjprevrl Kotvo rcdvereroug i6r-
oug unoloyro;.ro6g oe r(doul. Tr ilere vCIrrqpCIrqpqoere ;
y. NCI6qtr<6oere dv oupqcrlvefre prert(; fiopoKdrco6rorurrr6-
o€rs
r) Kord rqv e{dfu{qrou nerpdporos- p61pr611lo611 rq orryyrl
rrou rl roljrqro rcdOe ovrrrerprivouyiveroryro rrp6rq qopd
pq6iv- q etroo'rrrrl6uvoprr<r1 evdpye ro rou ouorqpdros<etro-
rqpro- I,> nopouord(e r o6{qoq.
rr)Kotd rqv e{dtrr{rlrou rlelpdprorogr1rivqorlrou I, rlrov o-
pold errrrcxluv6prevq.
rrr)Ko0c6g ro I, rorepoiver r16uvoprrrcrl rou evdpyerofiqpou-
or6(a etrdrroroq.

NA KANOYMEtIE PA,^AATA
 Epycor4pnx{ rioxqa4 I

@.pFr6rqro
Kqr SepFoKpqoicr

Ilati rrivoupe trutri tqv rioxqorl

Irqv repinroorl nou rl peropipoorl0epp6rrlrqso€ ivo oc6po
iler oov onordleopo rqv orj{qoq rrlg Oepporpoo(og rou/ ro
fiou riOevrqreivor:
ep<rlrrlprorq
An6 rr e{oprdror q o6{qoqrqg 0epprcrpooio5; Ar5 ro n6-
or7Oepp6rrlra0a ptrap$aorei; Ar'6 ro n5or7eivat q po1a
rou ocirprorog;And ro utrrr6;4116dMougnapdyovreg;
H dorqoq yiverorpreororr6 vo ovo(rlrrlooupre
orrovrqoerg
oro epalrrlporoaurd.

vo ldgoupe
Tr 26qer,dferor
Xperd(erorvo dXou;.re i 6rr q 0r:pp6rrlrofiou percpr-
ono6eXre
pd(eror orrd rq gldyo evdgtrdXvoueivqtovdtroyrlrrpos ro
1p6voperopipoorls.H ono6olq ourrl Booi(erolloyrrd oro
yeyov6g6rr q roodrrlrs Kouofpourrou r<orqvqlc6ver o l6Xvog
eivorovdtroyrlrou 1p6vou.

Tr,ul,r,xri0a lgelcotoripe
'Evo6o1eio,vep5,rre,pdtroro(4ld6r), l('XVoBunsen,
lpov6pe-
rpo, (uyoprdrqr 0epp6perpo.

Tl xrivoupe.Ee fioro oup*dgoopota lcctolriyoupe

Odr-oupe 6vo dvo ro ep<or(prororrou qieri(ovror prerdrroteg
urrorpiegFqSKqrovo(qrorjps rrlv ondrrrrlorloe rqOivo o116
au'(6, pioo ond,rrerpdporo nop6potrrpe crurdfiou rr€pr-
ypdcpovror.
I

NA KANOYMEiIEiPAT'AATA
 To rrpc6roepc6rqparrou fi€ptpdveqrrdvrqoqeivor:l/oro
oytorl undpyet avdpeoa orryvperaptpa(6pevryot f.vq o<bpa
)eppdrryra Ko;rn )epporcpaonxrlrou perapoArl;

Bdlope ;ro noo6rqro vepo6 oe dvo 6o1eio.flpoqyoupdvcrt5

eilope rppovrioervo npopqOeu'roripeXpovdperporcar0epp6-
Fsrpo ro onoio d6er{erqv opllrrl Oepprorpao(q rou vepo6,d-
oro 0, : 21" C. Irq ouviXeroapliocxpre vo Oeppo(voup€ro
o6orqproH€rrl oroOepqcpl6yo ldXvou Bunsen.Aoule6ovro5
fipoo€KTrKdr<arocpdpqp€ vo rroipvoupreOepporpaorord5ev-
6ei{ergovd ivq rrpc6ro}errr6. Kdvope rr 6vsv'nivq<o H€rrs
ovriororXegev6ei{erglpovopirpou KorOeppopdrpourord rr1
6rdprero prag 0dppovorlsrrou rcpdrqoeorr-c6lenrd. H pd(c
rou vepo6nou Xprlotporrorq0qr<e rlrov 1 kg.

t mi n e"c AE "C

0 21,O 0,0
1 28,O 7,O
2 31,5 10,5
5 38,0 '17,O
4 43,O 22,O
5 48,o )7n
6 53,0 32,O
7 58,0 37,O
8 63,O 42,O

Tr oupndpoopq pyoivsron6 rrg rrprdgnou nrlpope; 'Orr 11

o6{r1oq Oepprorcpcofo5
cpoiv€rqtvo eivor nepirrou avdloyrl
npos ro Xpdvo,dpa rar rrpos ro nooi, 0eppr6rqrasfiou Xp€t-

NA KANOYMET]EIPAMATA
dorqre yrq vc nqpcrypqronorrlOei.
Ie rrerpdparopreyotr6repqg orpfpero<;, r-q orroiq 0o ncip-
vouvufi' 6qq roug 16oorrg onc6trereg 0r:pp6rqrosoro rr€pt-
pdMov <iooror ro noo6 Oepprdrrlros rrou onoppocpdrqrqrrd
ro 6oXeio,r1ovotroyionoooti Oeppr6rqtrrg ror Oep;roKpqorq-
rqg peropolqggoiverorcr6po rrro ra0crpd.Av lpqorponorrl-
rrlg yevireuonsnou srrorelei ivo qrrd'rq 0e-
ooul.r€rq troyrr<q
pdtrrortr>v (puotKcOverrrorqpr<6v,
prrropotipre vo loXuprorod;re
-6rorqpc6vrosKqrrr5 enrcputrd{erg ovoqroprrdF€rtg e{orpi-
o€rsnou 0o rrporfgouv - 6rr yro rd0e cic6po(otlorqpro)rrou
Oeppoiveror roXferprooXiorlrqs popqrlsQ : kAO.To orippo-
tro k traprordverivq ouvreleorrl-prfye0o<;, fiou qgopd ro o16-
po q ro o6orrlproror ovopd(erar0eppctyu;pr7nx6rr7ra. Mrq
oxdoni6rogpopgrlgugiororor Kqtorqv rrepinrcr>orl nou ro
o6o'rqpoono6i6erivq noo6 0ep;r6rqrosKcrrl Oepprorpooio
rou elqrr(6vrrqr.
O pdlog r45 pri(og.'Evo6erjrepoepc6rrypro nou fpXerorr-c6-
pc cpuoroloyrrd eivol:Tr p6lo r.a((errl F,14orou 0epparv6pe-
vou oc6porog;fro rrlv orrdvrrlorlFfioporlpendtrrvo rrpoogri-
youpr€ oe ivo neipoprooov ro npoqyotlp:vo.Xpqorprorrorofpe
To i6ro6o1eio,alld pe Errrldorsprd(avt:poti.flporlyouprivcrrg
eiloprepdler 1 kg,rc6popd(oupe2 kg.C)npoo6ropropds rnS
Fd(qSyiverorFIeoyKoFsrprrdo<rltrrlvo 11,ox6po rotr6repo,pe
1uy6.
H oplrrl Oepporpooio eivqr21'C.

t min 0 2 4 6 B 10
e'c 21 2B 32 39 44 49,5
ae(aT)'c 7 11 17 23 28,5

Nc errrXerprlooupe pro <avdyvoorl) rqg r:orvo6pyrCIS

crrdvrq-
orls, fiou pog 6fvern g6orl pioo on6'rq,jpyqvq Kot rts ev6ei-
[erg. H ovaloyio Q : kAe <poiveror1;d]r vq enrpeBorc6v€rdl
olld 11rrprl k rqg Oeppoyrlprlrrr6rrlrcs nopouord(eror 6ro-
cpoperrr(.H 0eppolcopqrrr6r-qrorou oc6uqrog2 kg wpo6 t1t-
govi(eror rrepirrou6rrrldors ond rq OeppoX<opqrrrdrqra rou

NA KANOYMENEIPAMATA
 oc6p0roslkgvepo6.
Me tr6yra6rogoperrrd,pnopofp€ vs rrofpe 6rr qnd rrlv q-
vrrrropd0eorlrtov arroretreopdrcov rrou nqpopeorrd rq 66o
nerpdporo,pldnouped,rro Erntroorcopr6g rq5 pd(45 enipotre
dvovrrroopy6puOpdorq 0ep;.roxpooroxq o6{r1oq.fro rqv i6ru
o6{r1oq0eppror<pooiog, A0:17'C, ytt nopd6erypo,rrlv fipc6-
rr1<popdlperdorrlrov3 min, evri rq 6e6repq6 min,rrou oq-
pruiver6rr onorrrlOr1rce
6rrrldoronoo6 0epp6rr1rog. Mro o16-
proovoloyfu upyi(a vo 6rocpoiverqr. Eivqrourrl rrou ugio'ro-
ror ovdpeoooro rroo6 0epp6rr1ros, rrou qnqtrefrol yts opr-
opdvqOepporpoorarrl o6{4orl,Korrrgpd(o rou ocirporo5.
YrrdpXouv piporo orrorlioergom<irqv ovoloyio, nou pCIS
rdvouv,6rrorotroyqpivo, vo opcprpdlloupre. Me orprpiortpc,
6prs, rrerpdproro,fiou 0a rrcfpvouvufi' 6q.,r1toug rr5 arr<il-
trere50epp6rqrcxg oro neprpdtrtrovh:orrnv rjnop{r1rou Oep-
;rorvdprevou6oXe n:prop((ovrqr.
iou,or opgrpotrie5
Mnoporipe6qla6r1,vo unoorqpi{oupedrr 110eppr6rqro
fiou ofiorreiroryro vo ou{qOei(rord opro;rivorroo6)q Oeppo-
r<pooioevdgo<6poros(q ouorrlproro;)eivoravdloyrl rrposTrl
pd(o rou. 'H, F€dtrlo }6yro,drt 11€tepprolcrrpqrrr6rqro evSg
oc6porog(( ouorqporog)eivarovdloyq npos rrl pd(a rou.
O prilog rou ufurori. Mdlpr rc6porr:rpCIForrotrlroprepr6vope
vep5.A5 6o6perr yiverorov Oeppdvc,upe dvquypdrrou 6evei-
vcxrvep5.Bd(clupe oro i6ro6o1eioivrr 1116nerpitroro.

t min 0 1 2 3 4
0'c 21 32,5 39 52 61
Ae (AT)"C (K) 11,5 1B 31 40

fro pro ox6pogopd q ovoloyfo pe'roprpo(6pevq9 0epp6rq-

rqs Korodr{qoq5Oep;.rorpooiog vo roXder
<poive'ror oltrd rl cx6-
{r1oqEeiXvsrvq srrrlped(ercxr crn6-rouhrd. Ie o1dor1H€ro
rrpc6roneipoproq Oepporpcoioovel3qivet rrto etirolo. Molo-
v6rr q Frd(oeivorrrtitrr1kgro yeyorrdg6rr ro utrlrd6eveivqt
vep6otrtrdrrerpdloro6eilvervo enqped(errrlvo6(qoq tqg
0epporpooiag. H e{dprrloqou'rr1rr;5 Oeppor<poororqg o6€l-
I

hl

NA KANOYMENEIPAMATA
orls crr6 ro ultK6rr€prypdq€rorps ro Hriyseos
u&xq 0cp1t6-
rqro (c) Korp€ rrlv e{iocr-lolQ : mcAO.
H orivOeoq.To retrrr<6pog, Iorrrd,v,oup:ripqopo 0o rrpdner
vCIouprr€prAdperro drr q o6{qoq rqg 0eprporpooio5ev65o6-
pqros e{aprdror qrrd ro rrood rqg 0epp6rrlros rrou peropr-
pdorrlre oro oc6pro,drr6 rq pd(o 'rou o<6poros Kot cn6 rq
g6orl rou uhro6. To ouprndpCIopo 6rqrurrc6verorps rrlv e{i-
:
ocr>oqQ mcA0.

Io (qrodpe
No rrdper-e;rdpogoe ivq nopdproro fisl'popovo xdvererq
ypocprrqnopdorcoq t : f(AO).
Baor(dpevor o' our(v vo unotroyioe're
rrlv ovd povd6o1p6-
vou preroprpo(6pevq oro vep60epp6rr1ro. No ovcx(rlrqoere
0ep;rdrqrotouveporiqrrd rov oXerrr6rrivqrs rou
rqv er6rr<q
prptriou.

NA KANOYMEIIT PAMATA
 B 'p d p o g

Apoorqprdrrpeg
1. 'Eppeoegperprloerg2. O<oroypogfegr<orroX6r4ro 3. Or opyoi
puOpoirq5 cprio4g4. Koroypogig r<rvrlcreorv 5. O 1p6vo5ovri6po-
orls 0. Xpovogorroyporpiorrlg rrrriorlg 7. iloto rdppo 0o rpOdoet
rrpdrro B. fioro dler peyo]drepq pd(o; 9. floro vrlpo 0o orrdosr; 10.
To rippo oro nor4pr 11. O rpo165 rou Maxwell 12. Avarujxtrcoo4
13. No perprloouperqv ro16 14. Oepprr<(roopporrio15. Milpr vo
lrrioe r ro rrcrydrcr.

1. 'E;rpcorgprrp{orrg
Xpqorpronorc6vrog dvq urroijerdperpovo ;re'rprloere
o) rrl 6rriprerpoprog pndlog []) rr1 brdperpo 8roro;rqg
ev6glenrori o6pporos Kory) ro ndlog evSgrp6llou
ond ivo prpAiooog. fleprypdrprerr1 6outrerdnou r<d-
vor€ Kor roroypdrprr ro orror-eldopo-ro.

2. Ooroypog(r5 ror ru;1d,4rrr

Irrlv npc6rrl qcrrroypCIgio,ro cxurorivqro eivqr ori-
vqro. H 6e6repr1q<oroypoqio rrdpOqrce pe <Xpd,vo fr<-
Oeoqg>1/ 3 0 ro u 6 eu Tep o lin ro u . X p q o rp o n o rc 6 v ro g
rrpoo€KrrKddvc urro6erdprerpo6o<rpdorr vG urrolo-
y(oere rqv roltiT rlrc rou our,fKrv4rou.To prlroq rou
ouror<tvqrou eivqr4,101tf.rpo,.

3. Or cpyo(pu0;roirrlg <p6or1g
29
Ynoloyforerq prdoqroX6rrlra prernv ofior0 I
ovqfiTuoo€-
ploordq ouro6 rou !)uTou.
ror o t,lrqtr6rspos

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NA KANOYMEtIE PAMATA
 6rdpreloon6 rq orliprl t' prilprrqv t'. p.
o. Kqrd rrl XpovrK4
on6 rr1orryprrlt, pdlpr rqv tr. Iro ;rrfuperpi
rcordrq 6rdpr<ero
loprf 11ntreupdrdOepeydlourerpayc'iv,ru€ivqr2,5 cm. Eivot
yvcoord,enioq56tttr- t.' : 17hxu t, - t, : 591't.

4. Kcraypogds rtv{oetov
Or rropoxdro Xqprororviegilouv nopalOef o116rllerrpr-
16Xpovoperpqr(;reoulv6rqto 50H2.

Iog (qrorip€vCIeliy(ere edv opropdveg atr6 rrg rio-

o€prsoutig eu06ypoppeg rrvrloer<;
eivot
opotrdg 4 otro-
ld errrroluv6peveg.

5. O Xprivogovri6poo4g
O B rporder ivo urro6erdperp{lo€ 0ioq roror6pu-
qn. O A 6evro qKouprrder olld i,qer pdler r-c 6drrutrd
rou rovrd oro pq6iv rrlg rtrfporosKotppioreroroe e-
rrrgulorq, c6orevo evepyqoet oreptoio Kqlvo rrldoet
o ro Xdporo, cpdoarg prdfug
avrrtrqqr0e i 6rt rov agrlveI o
o lpdvog avri6poorlgtou A;
B. fl<irg0a rrpooEroprorei
llpoonaO(or€ vo rrpoo6ropio€rtro 6116oog lpdvo o-
vri6pooqg.[Xp6vogovri6pooqger'69or6proutriyer-oro
etrdlrorogXp6vogrrou peootropr:i cvdpreoootrlv of-
oOqoqev6gyeyov6rog rot orqv 6vop€n tnS evipyerog
fiou .rTpoK0tre(
ourd,ro yeyov69l.

6. Xpovogoroypogf,o r4g 1116o45

ETrlv e{orpetrr( ourrl Xpovoqoroypcrcp(oro lpovrrd 6rd-
orrlpCIovdpeoc oe 6rio 6ro6olrdg Odoer5trlg ogafpog eivct
1/50 rou 6eurepolirrrou. Iog (rlrodpe poor(6p€volo'our(v
dvo onl6 6rc9ovtlg urro6erd;rerpovo
KCIrXprlorl-rorrorc6vrqg
r
:
e

IIEIPAMATA
NAKANOYME
 ufioloyfosrs rrlv €firrdxuvorl rrls etre60epr1g
trr6oq5.

7. lloro rdppo 0o grrioer npdlro;

Bd(oupe ivo rdpproA orq y<rtvicev6g Opaviou q ev6g rpo-
ne(rori. I-lio<rlo116su'r6 rorroOerodpeiva 1dporco (:or rilo'rt
ivo rprlpo rou vo npo{i1er qn6 ro dr<porou rou Opuvfou.
Me 'rov 6efrrrl rou leprorl rrordprerov Xdpcrr<q iror r6ore vo
pnopei vo n€prorpirgeror oe opi(ov-rroerrirre6onopoorjpo-
vros ro rippo. fldvcrrorov ldpoKo, (rrrl pro rou doptl, rofio-
Oerodpeivo dtrlo rcippo B. Xprlorpon,rrorvros iva prplfo eror-
pro(dpoorevo lrurrqooup€ rov ldporo rcocprd. Me ro lrrjrrq-
Hq/ To rippro rrou rlrov rrdvor orov Xciporq 0o rrioer rqror6-
pugCIrrpos ro rrd'ror;rq ev<6ro dtrlo tlq ercro€euOeiopr(dvrro
ror 0q npooyercoOe f rrro pro<prd.

l-lp rvX ru rlrlo o u p re ' ro v

ld p o < o o c rg(q ro 6 p s v CI
npoBldqere edv i) ro <dp-
p o A 0 o g O d o e r rrp < 6 ro
o rf n d ro p o ii) ro rd p p o
B €)ocpOdoe r rrpc6ro oro
ndrcoprciii) ro 6iio r<dppa-
ro 0 a q 0 d o o u v r-o u rd -
XpovCIKcr v0 6rrorotroyrl-
ort. rrlv npdpler.t,qoog
X'rund;reorrl ouvdX€rorov Xdpar<oHsro prptrio,ro <ippro-
Tq rrpocrysrc6vovrqrr<orouyrpivoupeour-6fiou fioporqp(oo-
pe preour6 nou erle o r<oOdvog rrpopk:rper.ErrrXerporipe rdtro5
vo ep;rqverjooups our6 rrou retrrrcdouvdpq.

8. lloro dler peyo)\6repq Fd4o

Bpior<oupe 6uo 6poro rourrd o116ovorpurrrr<i.
To ivo ro ye;rr(oupre pe dppo evo ro dllo'ro 6rorq-
po6ped6ero.To rcpeprdpe vc ppf-
preondyr<o<rro're
oKovrororo f6ro,iqoS.I-log 0o prnoporioop€ vo
6rtxnrorc6ooups rroroiler -rq peyotr6repqpd(o; Iu-
(rp(ore ndv<rto'our6 to Oipo.
I

NA KANOY|!',E
i IEIPAAAAIA
r'- i .i 9. floro v{Fq 0o orrrioer;
't t.
'l
I Av rpoprl{oups pCIIcrd, ondet r,l ndvo v4Fq, evcbqv
rpoprl{oupe orrdropo, orrdet ro rd'r<o.Ae6opdvou6rt rq
6rjo vqporo dlouv rqv i6ro qvOerrr16rrlro,6c6oreprCIs-
€4vqoq.
MnoporjpevGro npoyForonorriooupre 1pqorponorr6-
vrcxgdvo pop6r 100p11200p ror 6tio <oppd'rror<tr<oo'rq5
p0qrfpqros.

10. To rdp;ru oro rrorrlpr

tr+ Bdlre dvocpiitrtrolopri ndvcoo' f,to,norrlpr. l-ldvo oro
lopri rorroOerrlore dvo Tpcrprl(reopyd ro 1oprf.
6ercdprro.
Oo Srornorc6oeT e 6110s rrdperpa(i rou ro rippo. Av ro e-
novoldpere rpcpc6vrcxg orr6topCIrc Xqpri ro rippo 0o
rrioer ;rdoooro rrorqpr.Mnopei'revo ro e{qyqoere ;

11. O rpoyig rou Maxwell

Tt npineLva yvaq$oupe
o) 'Ooo rrro pqld ppior<eT or ivq ovrrreipevo16oo peyohireprl
eivcxrq (popurrr<r1)
6uvoprrrlrou evdpyercr.
'Ooo rrro yprlyopo orpicperor dvog rpold,g 16oo preyohjre-
P)
pr1eivorq r<rvqrrr<qrou evipyero.
y) I' dvo oriorq;ro pe prr<pigevepyerord<; qrr<6lere5,
ro dOpor-
oflCIKrvrlrrr<qgr<or6uvoprr<r1g evdpyero5 epcpovi(etoroXe66v
oro0ep6 r<o0c6g etrorrriveror prerrotrri ollyo6g puOporig.

e
 Tt tcdtwltt o Tt xoeatqQodrc
o) Irpigoupe rov perolfuxdrpolti
y0pcr:on6 rov d€ovdrou drot
dlorerq 6riovriporovc rufu10orlv
ndvo mov d{ovu rar o rpoltig vc
qvuqxDo€i
arqv ropug{ rr15
6rdro(r15.
p)Aq{vouperov rpoXoele60epo
ondre rov pMnoupevo
neprmpCgercr pegopd awi0errl
mrd ereivrlrrou rov orpdgop€
drcv rufuyopero v{po rcr
rcurolpow va rmipXerar. Ko0tirg
rmepciverrcr ro v{po {erulfueror,
o rpoxogmpCqerordlo xfl nto
yprlyopo.
y) O rpoldg rpOdver
mq lopfldreprl
Odoqror e€arolouOei
vc neprmpdgeror.
6)To vripaop1(er ndfu vq ruliyeror
ndvo mov d[ovc rcr o rpoXrigc-
vepoiverev6 mpdgeror yrip<oand
rov d{ovo,6lo rqr nro opyd.
e)O rpo16gmrypraiccrrvqrei.
m)O rpoldg oplf(er ndfu vo orpd-
gerqr p€cvri0errl gopd, dlo ror
nro ypriyoporar vo rcrepoiver.
I
IIotE <pxoqpdEoalno
aatd fiu) wpfaivet
at1 7,k6ooa oE €1,&ye.aE
evfpyenmov
Merq3rpd(oupe
rpo1d.
Irqv ropug{qg 6rmo[qgo rpoxoS
on6 dorl
neproodreprl
d;trer evCpyero
mr1pdorlrr15
efied'rarrpproxrSrcv
6rdroiir15.
H 6uvoprr{evCpyerorou rpoloti
elqrr6verorevr6qutdver
q xrv4nr{rou evipyeto.
O rpolig ncpouord(etrr1pxprirepq
6uvoprrrlevipyerorcr rq peyoftireprl
rrvqrrrrlan6 rdOedrtrlr1
0dor1.
rou rpoloi
H 6urcqrraierdp1€ro
qu€d\,crotn KvnrrKrielarrc6rnril.
H rrvqnrrievfpyerapq6evi(erot,
q 6uvoprr{qprq p6yrmqrrp{.
qu€dverar
H rrvqrrrrl evCpyero
evcir4 6uvcprx4evCpyero
per<ovr:ror.
 12. Ayan$xl,too4

13. Na petgriooupe l.li1vwy6

13. Me pto p€rporqrvfqrl dvo
oov {iper-e ro pdpog oCIS_vq I
qvqrrrdoo€t o opyovroprdg
oo<
Aog.Merpqore npolra ro riqo<
 , io<og,riva ropprdrr rlcoo'rr1.Ie rrvrlo'reqrr6 rdror rr opliore
I vo qv€poivere6oo nro ypqyopo Frroll€i're.Oa lperoorei rr d-
vag gfiog yrCIvq XpovoFsrprloerro ovipoopd
oCIs.
Aut6 prropef vo yiver r(cxroro oXoleio eg6oov,
piporo, undpXouv orstrorrdrro Kor6porpor.Oo
XperoorodvoproydvoreOe,\ovrdg nou vo yvcopi(ouv
ro pdpo5rou5. l-lpdnererrioqgvo ppeOorjv Xpovo-
pirpeg ra0c6gror rdnorcs lrou 0o perprlosrHs u-
no6ercdperpon6oo 6rgogdXerrdOeor<alorrdtt.

14. @egprx{ r,ooggor(o

Mdoq o' ivq 0eppr66perpopd(oupe vt:pd,rq prd(orou orroiou
iXouprenporlyouFivrrrgperprloer eire dpreoop' dvo (uy6 {re
fprpeoops oyKoHsrpr16 oortrr1vq. Me ro Oeppdprerpo <6ropd-
(oupe>rq Oeppor<pooia rou ouo'rrlporos.Zeo'roivoupre 6ore-
po pilpr ro orlpreioppoopori pro dllq nood'rqrc vepo6,rou o-
rroiou rqy&(a 61oupeerrforlgcppovrrbervo perpqoou;re.X6-
voup€orrl ouvdlew ro (eord vep6 oro 0eppr66perpo.'Orov o-
fioKooroo, qOef0epprrrl roopponio rcxr-crypdcpoup€ rrl Oeppo-
rpcoio rou ouorrlpqros. Mnoporjprep' ourd ro otorleio vcr
npooEropioouH€rq OeppoXrrrpqrr 16rr ro rou 0ep;rr6o;rirpou;
H trprl rrou 0q nporrir4rer 0o rreprdlt r orr<rro6r1fior€rdrroro
orpdtrpo.florq eivorq r<upr6repq cxtric,ruro6rou ogdlpdros;
va l,r6oer to naTdxr
15. Md26gr,
Bdlre o' dvq norqpr pro rroo6'rqro vripori,rou orroiou iXere
rTponyoupivrrr5pre'rprloer -pe 4ry5 q pe oyrcoprirprlorl-rrl pd-
(o. Xprlorporrorcirvrq5 ivo Oeppdperp,o rrpoo6ropiore Kor rrl
Oepprorpooiorou. fldpre 6orepo dvo rroydxr qrld rqv ra'rd-
quqn, prerpqoreo6vropo rr1 ;rd(o rou, pdlre ro oro vep6 r<or
rdvere urroprovrl, pilpr vo lrrioer. Tr1orryp( rrou 0s iler trrri-
oer ol6rlq po oq perc6or€rrl Oepporpo<rio.l-lo(pvovragurrdr.,l.rr1
6rr 11Oeppd'rq-ra r4€nS rou ndyou tfu<xt 3,30. 10'Jlkg u'notro-
yio're rq Oepporpoofcx nou 0q inpere vcr fXer ro orjorrlproov
rlrov Oepprrdorropovcrrpivo.Iuyr<pivererrg 66o 0epprorpo-
oieg <or pydtrere'rooXerrrd ouprrepdcrpdrd.
I

NA KANOYMENEIPAMATA
 BlBluuoygacptu
.1996.
C ol l i nsE ducal i onal
Eyleqi8ra Er0ooxuhfug U .K .
16. P orrl e S ., V /hi tehead P . P H Y S IC S
1. B au tra n tR ., B ra m a n dP. e t a l l . SC IE N C E OxforddUniferrsity PressU.K. 1996.
PHYSI Q U ES 2e. 17. R i ban D . IN TR .OD U C TION TO P H Y S IC A L
Hachete,Paris198'l. S C IE N C E Mr:
S C raw -H i l l e N ew Y ork
2. B otta ro P., L a c o u rt J ., R o u z aud L. 1982.
P H YS IQ U 2E '
e C o l i n ,Pa ri s 1 9 8 1 . 18. Spears J., ZallmanD. THEFASCINATION
3. B r o d i e D . PH YS ICOx S fo rd U n i v ersi ty OF P H Y S ,IC S ex6. The
P r es sU .K.1 9 9 6 . Benjamin/Cunrmings P.C. U.S.A. 1 985.
4. Cack e tt G . rc .o .C OR EP H Y SICOxford S
Uni v e rs i tyP re s sk .k . 1 9 8 3 .
5. Dorl i n g C K .q . P H Y SIC SN uffi el d Iotogic tov Ernotqp6v
CoordinatedSciencesU.K. 1994. lttrr Ertrotqpoil,oT(c
6. F au g h nJ , K u h n K . PH YS ICFSO RPE OP LE
W H O T H IN KT H E YD ON ' TL IKEPH Y S IC S
19. A pro' rori | e1r5 OY IIK HA K P OA :l I (TA
S a u n d e rsC o m p a n yPh i l a d e l p h iU a .S .A .
OYIIKA) Merdcppoorl K.A. feorpyo6lq.
19 7 6 .
T . F or tu z z i M a ri a C i o v a n n a N OZ ION ID l E r66oer5 A .N . fl qrrq6npo, A 0rl vo
F I S ICeA1 6 .Z a n i c h e l lBi o l o g n a1 9 8 4. 1972.
B . F ul l e rJ ., C o a te sL IC H TON PH YS I CeSrc5. 20. BernalJ. H Enrr.THMH :THN rr.ToprA. T6-
Cam b ri d g eU n i v e rs i tyP re s sU .K .1 982. po5 B. H ernorqprlr<orr1pro;rqlovrrrle-
9. F ul l i c kP . PH YS T C S 6H
er< . e i n e m a n nU .K . novdorooq. Merdrppooq E. Mnrrod-
199 4 . rq. E 16. l . Zl ol opdnoutro5, A 011vo
10. Ha b e r- S c h a i mU ri , D o d g eJ , W al terJ. 1983.
P SS CO Y L IKHAn 6 6 o o q o ro e l l qvrxd 21. B utterfi el d H . H K A TA To| H TH :
Oovdoq5 K<ooriro5 er<6.'l6puyo Euye- IY TX P ON HE : N I> TH MH (1
I, 3OO-1 B OO).
vi6ouA0rivo 1992. Merd< ppoorll . A p(6ytrou,A . X proro-
11. Ha l l i d a y P., R e s n i c kR ., P H Y Stcs John 6oul f6qg. E r< 6.< Moprpcorrx6' l 6pupo
W i l e ya n d So n s .N . Yo rk1 9 6 6 . E0vrrrlgTpond(r15> A0qvcr1983.
12. Ho l to nC ., R u th e rfo rd F .,W a ts o nF.TH E 22. C ohenI. IN TR OD U C TION TO N E W TON ' S
PROJECT PHYSICS COURSE (HPP). (P R l N C l P l fu
. H arvardU ni versi tyP ress,
Irrlv l'rotrrrcq ix6ooq Unit) 1 : ll moto, Unit) Massachusetl:;, 1978.
3: l l tri o n fo d e l l a m e c c a n i s a(1 977). 23. CoveneyP., FlighfieldR. To BEno: ToY
Irrlv Kovo6i(rrq ir6ooq, tome 1: Les XPONOYMerrigpooq Tdoo5 Ku'nprovi-
conceptsdu mouvement (1980). 6115Ex6.Kdrc,rrrpo A0rlvo 1990.
13.J a rd i n eJ . P H Y SICl S F U N .H e i n e mann 24. l-rcirpyou lpopr;.rorrrdr4.H KOMH THI
Educational Books,London. BEPEN I K H I, Fl overrrorrl ;rror<er6d-
d5
14.J o h n s o nKe i th P H Y SIC S F O RY O U er< 6. oergKpr1rr15.
S t a n l e yT h o rn e sU .K .1 9 9 5 . 25. E i nstei nA ., Infel d L. H E = E A t= HToN
15. P a rs o n s .S., Pri c h a rd I. PH YS tcS e x6. IA E ONITH C )Y :l K H .Me rd< ppoorl E .

-e

NFIPAMATA
NA KANOY/\AE
 M n rro d x q . E r< 6 < . Ac o 6 q l vq>A, 0r1vo
1978.
26 . C u i l l e n M . F IV E EQU AT IoN STH A T
C H AN G E DT H E WOR L D . e x6. Li ttl e,
Brownand CompanyU.S.A.1995.
2 7 .H a rma n P .M . E N E P| E IA, AY N A MHK A I
Y AH .An 6 6 o o rl o rq e l l q v rr d Tdoo5
Torovro6lc5, l-loverrrorqpro169 er<66-
oer5Kpqrr15,1994.
2 8 . H a w k i n g N . Ste p h e nT O X PON TKTOY O
XPONOY e16. Kdrorrrpo A0rlvcx1996.
29. Hewitt P. Ol ENNOIE:TH: OY:IKH: Ms-
rdcppooq Eldvq Irlgdrcrl. l-loverrrorrl-
prorig ex6doergKpqrq51992.
30. KoestlerA. Ol YflNOBATEIMer. l. Xo-
r(qvr rolrl Er66oe15Xar(qvr rolrl A0r1-
vq 1975.
31 . Ste w a rt l a n n A l Z E tO O E O L ZA P TAH;
En|:THMHTOYMOYI per. K. Iopopdg
ex6. Kcooropdrq A04vo 1991.
Keplerror 11errdvc rou 6opucp6pousivol
qn6 ro prBlio // Mondo della Scienza er66-
oerq<Mondadori>, Mrldvo 1978.
O nivorrr5 prerrg rrp6g r<ov pro(dtvei-
vor qrr6 ro prplfo PhysicsD. Halliday-R.
Resnickex6.1966 er6. JohnWiley and Sons
N . Y ork196€.
Oprop6v,:5an6 rrg <poroypocp(eg ror
ro olqporo npodplovrot ofid ro prplio
nou ovocpdpovrororrl prpfuoyporpiope o-
p r0po651,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,12,13,14,18,29.
Mrxpd anoorrdo;rcrcr/ fi€pifiou qu-
ro6oro, Xprl<rprorrorrlO4xovond rc prplio
pr
pe opr0p6 l3fu oypocp(o g 12,17,2O,3O.

O nivorog (<oypogrrq5rqg oetri6c5pe

rqv onoio (ovory€r)ro regdloro O X<itpoq
xat o yp6voq eivor rr15'Ellrlg Appopdvrq-
Aporono6lou (1980).
O nivarcg (oyporprrc(gr4g oeli6og pre
r4v orroic ovoryer ro rcecpdtraro fleprypagry
rrlg xivqorlS eivqr rou Atrrfuou(Dqorqvod
( 1 9 8 1).
O rrivor<cgp€ Tov orroio ovoryer ro rri-
;rnro r<egdlqro rivot rou Aprorer6q Bldo-
oq (loroprrq gcoroypocpio, 1979).
Tq oriroq pe rq Mogdlvrq eivqr rou
ApyevrrvorjQuino, ond rqv eltrrlvlr{ ir6o-
on rrls Mocpdlvro, Er66oer5<Bopil>. To
orfroo F€ rov repporog6lor<o ro0c65 ror
ro oriroo orov 6edrepo v6po rq5 r<ivqorlg
eivor rou enioqg Apyevrrvod orrrooypd-
gou Mordillo.
O rrfvara5 pe rr5'rcrXdrq'reg r<ov (c6<ov
eivqro116rrlv eyruxtrorrai6ero<Aoprq>.
O nr'varog (oypogrrr]g <Odvoro5 rou
K o rri p v rro u )/ n fi p o o @ rro y p orpi c rou

-e

NA KANOYME
t]EIPAMATA
A6gdverc 90,94 Er,6Lxrj
Oeqpdmlta 203,205
Adpr,o 227 Elcoruxdgna,gcrpopqr6oer,g 84
AxtlvoBoi,.(c 240 El,aorr,zriOuvcplxljev6g1erc, I72
praE6rlvopr1g 87
Av<il,uor1 Etrmripr,o 84,160
Agrcrord),r1951,58 El,eri0egq nrc6oq 51
Agr,ororellxrjOuoLxrj 88 Ewpon[c. 234
Aglr{ cve[aqqo[ag ruw xLvrioeolv 63 E[r.ot6oeLgxr,v{oer;
ASX{tqE6r,amipqo4g qg evdpyeng 2L4 'EQyo 154
AqX( ntS6Lanipqo4g rqEoQprig 130 Eooxepuxrj evdqyeuo,224
Atcfifc ev6gououiparog 235 Eu0rlygcppqopal.i erulrc,1uv<ipevq
Aropo 224 x(vr1oq 46
Eu0tilgcrprpqopo),{x(vqor1 38

B
B<iqog 55,I02,L19,I23 H
Bc,guruxri
8uvcpr,xrjevdgyeur Hl.r,crxr{amrvopoll.o 240
Bcqurr,xrienr,rdluvorl 55,123 'HiutoE 1A
petgrjoeolg I84
Bc,r-p,ovri6c
Bcr T[eqpg(WattJames) I52

g vdpogq g 8uvcrprxrjg 94
@epel,r.c66q
f @ep;rcrvnxrjuxc,v<ilqraxcuofpou 239
lal.ul,afoE 52 @egpoxgao(c l9ri
Ixc,1x<igr,vfrorigl I24 @egp<lqra 202
@egpciqta efodgr,-,or1g 208
@egp6qrc u'lfiqg 209
A
/l
@egpoltrrpqtw6upa 204
@doq 17,35
Alrivuol.rc 32
Au{qr;oq qg pqlcvrxriE evdg^yer,crE773
Aeuteg<ltrerro 20
At,cr{gqoq qE evdpyerag 214 I
Arculgrloq rIS oetniE 126 IIWS 183
Aogug<lgog I24
Ap<ion-aw(6pcroq 105
Arivcprl 81 Kd0er'1avtf8pc,oq107
Auvapr.xrievdpyer,o, 168 Kov<ivcErrovperc,tcrtfoeov 33
Kav<5vcrgrouna,qalJ,rli'oyqdppou
34
T

NA KANOYME
TIEIPAMATA
 Kevrpop<il,ogbrivcrpq1I2
Kewgop<i),oE enr,r<iluvoq 59,1.12
K(v4or1oe
1r(cbuiorcoq 36
KrvqrrxrjevdqyeLc 16L
KicrorilrougPoriwotrg
(Clausius Rudolf) 235
Kl,ipaxc K61"Btv 199
Kl[uaxa Kei'o(ou 198
Xra0egdrou eiuaqg(ou 84
Ircnrxri rpLl3ri 108
X{v0eor;Arrvripeorv86
2uvr,orcpdv4 8uvdpeov 86
Xuwe)"eorri; o-ranx{Erarp{g 109
Xuwel.eouj,;rarprjE ol.io04oqE 111
}iorrlpc cvcrqogtig 18,31
Xulv6qrcr 20,62

M<iyepP6pnept 2I4
M<i[c 94 T
MercBLpc[dpevqevdplerc I53,2I2 Tcxtirqrc 41,
Metcr<inLon 32 TEdoul,-Movri6crpetprioeorEI54
Mdrpo - povdbc prrixoug 13,26 Tfdoul.TEdnFs llq(onor 215
MqlctvLxrjevdqyeLa 7'16
TqrB{ol(o€qong 110
MLxprinoopog 232,226,228
Tqop<i 30
Mdpro 225

Y
YnoBdOpLor
lrqE evdgyer.ag231
NedrrrlvIourix (NewtonIsaac) 80,90
Neurrr:vr,x{
cnivOeoq 79
NLoritov- povdbcrpergrioeo4 98
N6pogtqg c6q<iveLcrE 91
N6poE8pdorlgcvrf6pcoqg 103 Xrlprxri ev66n7e
ra 238
qg el,eri0epqg
N<5trroE rurciorlE52 Xoux Pdpnrgt (Hooke Robert) 84
Nripoguygncyx<lopuag dl,[r;g 127 Xgqotpdqt,r rrlg evdgyetc,E 235
Xpovlzrj 6r,d,pxeta 19
Xpovrx( orry1ri 19
Xgdvog 19
Opa),{ xuxLtxrlxfvqoq 60,712 Xc6pog 12
Og1<ivcoo4ev<iEououjparoE 235
Oqrl6wra Bol,{ 65
OSpti r29

II
lIepLo6r.x6go,rvdpevo 20,62
fIepfo6oE 20,62
=
h

NA KAN E TIEIPAMATA
EKAO TH B' , 1999 ( ANAM O PO O M EN H )- A N T T T Y n A1 4 2 0 0 0 - A t ) : Y t V B A I H ) i 2 0 2 2 1 8 - 2 - 9 9
EKTY|IQIH:N. BA:lnElOY- r KEOAAOnOYAO:I O.E
BIBAIOAEIIA:B AAAAPHI& >lA E E