- /

,


.
, ,
,
.

.
, , , ,
,
, ,
.
.
, ,
.
: .
20 :
, .
,
.
.
- .
.
,
, . ,
, , ,

.

()
2
1: ................................................................... 13
2: ........................................................ 29

()
1
3: ............................................................................ 45
4: , , 1-1,
.......................................................... 57
5: .................................................................... 73
6: x .................... 87
7: ............................................................. 99
8: ......................... 111

2
9: , ..................... 135
10: ,
, ................... 149
11: ................................................................. 169
12: Rolle - ,
.............................. 175

 13: , ....................................... 199

14: , ............................. 209
15: De l Hospital ........................................................... 219
16: .......................................................................... 227
17: .................... 235

3
18: , ................... 251
19: ,
f ( x ) = f ( t ) dt ............................................. 265
x

20: ................................................................................. 289

-
................................................................................ 305
................................................................................ 313

A.

x 2 + 1 = 0 R , R, C
i i 2 = 1 .
C R
(.. , ) C z = + i , R
( ). Re ( z ) =
Im ( z ) = . z = + 0i

R ( ). z = 0 + i
( ). R,I
C ( )

z = + i . z z z = i .

z1 = + i z 2 = + i . : z1 = z 2 = = .
: + i = 0 = = 0

1. : z1 + z 2 = ( + i ) + ( + i ) = ( + ) + ( + ) i
2. : z1z 2 = ( + i )( + i ) = + i + i + i 2 =

= + i + i = ( ) + ( + ) i
3. : .
z1 = + i , z 2 = + i 0 .
:

z1
z2

+ i ( + i )( i )
+
i
=
= ... =
+
+ i ( + i )( i )
2 + 2 2 + 2

14.

R z = + i :
i. z1 = z
iii. z v =

ii. z 0 = 1 , z 0
1
, v N* , z 0
zv

iv. z v = z v 1 z , v N , v > 1

i :
i1 = i , i 2 = 1 , i3 = i 2 i = ( 1) i = i , i 4 = i 2 i 2 = ( 1) ( 1) = 1

, i v = i 4 + = (i 4 ) i = 1 i = i

1,
i,

v 4 . = 0,1, 2,3 : i v = i =
1,
i,

= 0
= 1
= 2
= 3

. z = + i z = i :
i. zz = 2 + 2

ii. z + z = 2 = 2 Re ( z )

iii. z z = 2i = 2 ( Im ( z )) i

. z = + i . :
i. z z = z
ii. z z = z
III. z, z1 , z 2
i. z = z
ii. z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2 z1 + z 2 + ... + z v = z1 + z 2 + ... + z v
iii. z1 z 2 = z1 z 2 z1 z 2 ...z v = z1 z 2 ...z v v N* .
z
iv. 1
z2

z1
=
z2

(z2 0)

v. ( z v ) = ( z ) v.
v

z = + i . z
M (, ) . M (, )
z = + i .
z ( z )
JJJJG
OM M (, ) .

15.

.
x ' x , (, 0 )
z = + 0i = y ' y , M (0, )
z = 0 + i = i .
z = + i z = i
M (, ) ( , )
x ' x .
z = + i z = i
M (, ) ( , )
.

z2 + z + = 0 (1) C , , R, 0
= 2 4 ( (1))
> 0 (1) : z1,2 =
= 0 (1) z =

< 0 (1) : z1,2 =

Vieta, z1 + z 2 =

i
2

z1z 2 =

16.

1
+ i , R
.
( - ..)

5 2+i 2i
+
+ i z =

6 2i 2+i

2
2
5 2 + i 2 i 5 ( 2 + i ) + ( 2 i ) 5 4 + 4i 1 + 4 4i 1
z =
+
=
=
=
6 2 i 2 + i 6 ( 2 i )( 2 + i ) 6
4 +1

582 5 6
=
= = 1 = 1 + 0i
6 5 6 5

2
z1 , z 2 .
z1 , z 2 z1 = + i , z 2 = + i = = = = ,
.
2
, z1 = ( 2 + 3 ) + ( 2 + ) i

z2 = (3 i ) i .

2 + 3 = 1
= 1
= 1

z 2 = (3 i ) i = 3i + 1 = 1 + 3i , z1 = z 2
2 + = 3
2 + 1 = 3
= 1

3
i ( ).
i v i v 4.
i v i 0 = 1 , i1 = i , i 2 = 1 , i 3 = i .

17.

3
v
i10 + i50
.
i v +1

A=

i10 = i 42 + 2 = i 2 = 1 , i 50 = i 412 + 2 = i 2 = 1 , i v +1 = i v i = i 4 + i = i i
1 1 2 2 ( i )
=
=
= 2i
- = 0 =
i
i
i 2
1 1
=2
- = 1 =
1
- = 2
- = 3

1 1
=
i
1 1
=
=
i i
=

2 2i
=
= 2i
i i 2
2
= 2
i 2

4
z1 , z 2
.
z1 , z 2 z1 = + i , z 2 = + i
=

= + = 0
+ = 0
z1 , z2 .

4
x, y R z1 = 2 + i3 (ix 2y ) z 2 = x 2 + 2yi11
.

z1 = 2 i (ix 2y ) = ( 2 + x ) + 2yi z 2 = x 2 + 2yi 42 + 3 = x 2 + 2yi 3 = x 2 2yi .

2 + x = x 2
x 2 x 2 = 0
x = 1

y R
2y 2y = 0
0y = 0
( x, y ) = ( 1, ) , R ( x, y ) = ( 2, ) , R

x=2

5
z z z .
: z z = x + yi y = 0 x = 0
.

18.

: z = z z = z ,
z R z = z , z .
5
v
i. z ^ v N* ( z ) + z .
v

ii. , R =

i. = ( z ) + z v , = ( z ) + z v =
v

ii. =

3 + i
.
3i

(z)

+ ( z ) = z v + ( z ) = . R .
v

3 3 9 +
3 + i (3 + i )( + 3i )
=
= ... = 2
+
i
3i ( 3i )( + 3i )
+ 9 2 + 9

3 3
= 0 = .
2 + 9

6
z = , , R z 2 + z + = 0 ,, R 0
.
z 2 + z + = 0
.
z = x + yi ,
= 0
+ i = 0 .
. z = , C
= 0
R.

6
:
i.

(1 + 2i )(i z ) ( 4i 3)(1 iz ) = 1 + 7i

ii. z 2 3 3 z + 9 = 0
iii. z = 3z 1

i.
i z + 2i (i z ) ( 4i 4i 2 z 3 + 3iz ) = 1 + 7i i z 2 2iz 4i 4z + 3 3iz = 1 + 7i

3i 2 + 3 + z ( 1 2i 4 3i ) = 1 + 7i z ( 5 5i ) = 10i 5z (1 + i ) = 10i
z=

10i
2i
2i (1 i )
2i + 2i 2 2 2i
=
z

=
=
=
. z = 1 i .
5 (1 + i ) 1 + i
1+1
2
(1 + i )(1 i )

19.

ii. = 2 4 = 3 3

4 9 = 27 36 = 9 < 0

3 3 i 9 3 3 3i 3 3 3
=
=
i
2
2
2
2
iii. z = x + yi . z = 3z 1 x yi = 3 ( x + yi ) 1
z1,2 =

1 2x = 0
x =

1 + x yi 3x 3yi = 0 1 2x 4yi = 0
2.
4y = 0
y = 0
1
z =
2

7
z Re(z) Im(z)
Re(z)
Im(z).
z
Re(z) Im(z).
7
z = (1+ 5i) + 2 3i, R .

z z = + 5i + 2 3i = ( + 2 ) + (5 3) i . z = x + yi x = + 2
y = 5 3 . = x 2 y = 5 ( x 2 ) 3 = 5x 13
z y = 5x 13 .
8
P1 ( z ) P2 ( z ) P1 ( z ) P2 ( z )
P1 ( z ) , P2 ( z ) z z C .
z = + i . x + yi 0 x + yi 0
y = 0 C.
8
3z 1 z + 7 (1) , z C .

z = x + yi 3 ( x + yi ) 1 ( x + yi ) + 7 ( 2x 8 ) + 2yi 0 y = 0 (1) 2x 8 0 x 4 . (1) z = x + oi x 4 .

20.

9


:
z1, z2 1, 2
.
JJJJJG
JJJJJJG
z1
= k, k R z1 = kz 2 OM1 = kOM 2 , 1, 2 .
:
z2
9
z1, z2, z3 1, 2, 3
w =

z 2 z1
z3 z1

R .

JJJJG
JJJJG
JJJJG JJJJG
JJJJG JJJJG
12 = 13 , R =
2
1
3
1

z 2 z1 = ( z3 z1 )

z 2 z1
z3 z1

= w R .

1

i. : z1 = 1 2i, z 2 = 3 + i
ii. z Re ( z ) = 2
iii. z Im ( z ) = 1
iv. z 2 Re ( z ) 2

Re(z ) = 2
2 + yi , y R . , x = 2

21.

Im ( z ) = 1 x + i ,

x R ( x,1) ,

x R . y = 1 .

2 Re ( z ) 2 2 x 2 . ,
x = 2 x = 2 x = 2
x = 2 .
2
1 + i
.
R : 1 + 2 2 i = 3
1 i

(1 + i )
1 + i
1+ 2 2 i = 3

1 i
1
( i )(1 + i )
2

1 + 2 2 i = 3

1+ 2 2 i = 3

3 (1 2 )
6
1 2 + 2i

+
=
+
1
2
2
i
i
1 + 2
1 + 2
1 + 2

3 (1 2 )

=1
3 3 2 = 1 + 2
4 2 = 2
1 + 2

2
6 = 2 2 + 2 2
2 2 2 6 + 2 2 = 0
6
=
2
2
2
1 +

2
=
=

2
2 2 2 6 + 2 2 = 0
= 2 = 2

2
2
=
.
2

3
z1 , z 2 C z1 z 2 = 0 z1 = 0 z 2 = 0

z1 z 2 = 0 . z1 C z1 0
z1 z 2 = 0 , z2 =

1
1
( z1 z2 ) = 0 = 0 .
z1
z1

1
.
z1

22.

z 2 0 z1 = 0 . z1 = 0 z 2 = 0 .
z1 = 0 z 2 = 0 z1z 2 = 0 .
4
= 0 (1)
( + i ) + ( i )

.
2002

: ( i )

2002

= i ( + i )
( i )

2002

2002

2002

= (i )

= i 2002 ( + i )

2002

2002

= ( + i )

2002

= (i )

2002

= (i + i 2 )

2002

i 2002 = i 2000 i 2 = (i 4 )

500

i 2 = i 2 = 1

. (1) .

5
z 2 =

20 3 12i
3 9i

(1) , z C .

z = x + yi . (1) ( x + yi ) =
2

x 2 y 2 + 2xyi =

20 3 12i
3 9i

(20 3 12i )( 3 + 9i ) ... x

( 3 9i )( 3 + 9i )

y 2 + 2xyi = 2 + 2 3i

x 2 y 2 = 2 x 2 2 = 2 x 4 2x 2 3 = 0
2
2
x
x y = 2

3
3
2xy = 2 3
y =
y = 3
y =
x
x

x
x = 3 x = 3
x 4 2x 2 3 = 0 x = 3 x = 3 .
.

y = 1
y = 1
: z1 = 3 + i z 2 = 3 i
6

1
3
2
2
z = +
i , R z1 = (z + z ) (z + z ) .
2 2

1
3
1 3
1 3
1
3
i = 2
i=
i=z
z 2 = +
2
2
4
4
2
2
2
2

23.

2
2
2
2
, z1 = (z + z ) (z + z ) = z 2 + 2 zz + 2 zz + z 2 = ( z + z ) + zz ( + ) (1)

( ) ( z ) = z z

z 2 = z 2 =

+ z2 = z + z

z = x + yi z + z = 2x R zz = x 2 + y 2 R
, 2 + 2 R (1) z1 R.
7
(z) z 3 1 .

z = x + yi . z 3 = ( x + yi ) = x 3 + 3x 2 yi + 3x ( yi ) + ( yi ) =
3

= x 3 + 3x 2 yi 3xy 2 y3i = ( x 3 3xy 2 ) + (3x 2 y y 3 ) i

z 3 1 z 3 R .
: R C
.
z 3 R 3x 2 y y3 = 0 y (3x 2 y 2 ) = 0 y = 0 3x 2 y 2 = 0 .
3
3
i. y = 0 z = x z 3 1 x 3 1 , x 1 .

y = 0 x 1 .
ii. 3x 2 y 2 = 0 y 2 = 3x 2 (1) . y = 3x y = 3x z 3 1

1
x 3 3xy 2 1 (1) x 3 9x 3 1 . 8x 3 1 , x .
2
y = 3x x

1
y = 3x x .
2
8
=

z
z = x + yi x, y R .
z+2

. + i , R
. (z)
i. ,
ii.

. + i
. z 2 z = x + yi x 2 y 0 .

24.

: =

( x + yi ) ( x + 2 ) yi x 2 + y2 + 2x
2y
z
x + yi
+
i
=
=
=
2
2
2
z + 2 x + 2 + yi ( x + 2 + yi )( x + 2 yi ) ( x + 2 ) + y ( x + 2 ) + y 2

.i. Re ( ) = 0 .
Re ( ) = 0 x 2 + y 2 + 2x = 0 ( x + 1) + y 2 = 1 .
, z
2

( x + 1)

+ y 2 = 1 ( 1, 0 ) 1,

( 2, 0 ) , , x = 2 y = 0 z = 2 .
ii. O Im ( ) = 0 2y = 0 y = 0 z y = 0 ( x' x ) ( 2, 0 ) .
9
P ( z ) = v z v + v 1z v 1 + ... + 1z + 0 . (z)
z0 , z0 .

z 0 P ( z ) P ( z 0 ) = 0 .

( )

P z 0 = v z 0 + ... + 1 z 0 + 0 = v z0 v + ... + 1z0 + 0 = P ( z0 ) = 0 = 0 .

z0 P ( z ) .
10
P ( z ) = z 2 + z + 0 , < 0 , , R

z C . z1 , z 2 P ( z ) = 0 :
. ( z1 + z 2 ) R .

. z1v + z 2v v `* .
. A ( z1 ) , B ( z 2 ) z1 , z 2 d ( A, B ) =

. ( z1 + z 2 ) z1 + z 2 :

E( ) =

4 2

2: z1 , z 2 ( z1 = z 2 ) z1 + z 2 = z1 + z1 = 2 Re ( z1 )

. 1: z1 + z 2 =

25.

( )

. z1v + z 2v = z1v + z1v = z1v + z1v = 2 Re z1v R

. z1,2 =

i
2

= ,
2 2

d ( A, B ) =
. z1 + z 2 =

= ,
2 2

2 2

=
=

1
1

=
( ) = =

2
2
2
4 2

1. () ().
. z = + i
ii. z z = 2

i. z + z = 2i
iv. ( + i ) = i ( i )
2

iii.

( z )=z

v. ( + i ) = ( i )
2

B. z C z + 2i = 5 + i, R z = 5 = 2
. i. i 2003 = i

ii.

i3
=1
i

(: . i. , ii. , iii. , iv. , v. ,

2. z =
. 2i

i 22 + 1

iii.

2i
:
1 + 2i
. i
. i

. 2i

iv
. ,

=0
. i. , ii., iii. )

. 3i
(: .)

3. z, z , z , z
.
.
.

.
(: .)

4. .
. 5 2i
1 2i

2 + 3i
4+i

3i
i7
(: .

9 8
11 10
3 21
+ i , .
+ i , .
i)
5 5
17 17
50 50

26.

5. z1 = 2 + i z2 = 3 2i :
i. z1 + z 2

iii. z1
z2

ii. z1 z 2

2
iv. z1
z 22

33 56
( : i. 5 i , ii. 8 i , iii. 4 + 7 i , iv.
i)
+
169 169
13 13

6. , R z = 3 + ( 2 ) i w = 5 3i
.
(: = 2 , = 1 )

7. z C z 2 = z 2 z I z R .

1
2
2
8. , R (i ) (i + ) + + 1 = .
i

9. z1 , z 2 C z1 + z 2 0 z =
10. N ^ :
i. z 2 2z + 2 = 0 ii. 4z 2 + 4z + 5 = 0

(: =

1
, = 1 )
4

z1
. z R z1 z2 R .
z1 + z 2
iii. 2z + z 1 = 0

iv. 2z + 1 = 3z

1
1
3
354
3
35
(: i. z 2 = 1 i ii. z 2 = i iii. z = + 0i iv. z 3 = +
z 4 =
i)
2
3
4
i
4
4

1 z1
. z1 z2
1 z1
z1 z 2 z 22 .

11. z1 = + i z 2 =

(: = 0 R, 1 = -1 = 3 )

12. z = 5 + 3i , [0, 2 ] .
x2

(:

13. z C z 2 . w =

52

y2
32

=1)

z 4i
z w R .
z2
(: 2x + y = 4 (2, 0))

14. z = x + yi zz z 2 + z 2 + 1 = 0 .

27.

(: x 2

15. z C z i . w =

y2
1

=1 )

z
. . z.
z +1
2

(: yy, (0, 1) (0, -1))

16. z = (1 + 2i ) k + 1 i, k R (z) z
i. (z)
ii. k z .
y = 2x 3
1

6 3
(:
1 A , k = )
5
5
5
y
=

z + 8i
Re ( w ) = 0
z+6
z .

17. z = x + yi , x, y R . w =

18. z : z 2 1 0 .
(: z R , z 1 z 1 )

1

, .

2 2
z.

. z C z = + i

. z1 , z 2 C z1 = z 2 +

1
. z 2
z2

O (0, 0 ) 1 z1
, .
. z 3 = 1 z R
. z.
. (1 z + z 2 )(1 + z z 2 ) = 4
. (1 z ) (1 z 2 )(1 z 4 )(1 z 5 ) = 9
(.: . y 2 x 2 = 1 x 'x ,
.

x2
+1

y2
1

= 1, E ' ( 2,0 ) , E ( 2,0 ) , . z =

1 i 3
)
2