Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reference Books
R. G. Kuehni, Kuehni, Color: An Introduction to Practice and Principles, 2nd Ed., WileyWiley-Interscience, Interscience, 2005. M. D. Fairchild, Color Appearance Models, WileyWileyIS&T, 2005 G. Wyszecki and W. S. Stiles, Color Science, John Wiley & Sons, 1982. R. G. W. Hunt, The Reproduction of Colour, Colour, 5th Ed., England: Fountain Press, 1995. Billmeyer and Saltzman, Saltzman, Principles of Color Technology, 3rd Ed., WileyWiley-Interscience, Interscience, 2000. Fundamentals of Color and Appearance, GretagMacbeth. GretagMacbeth.
Available online
Comprehensive data
Outline
Colorimetry
Chromaticity Photometry Color
diagram
Color appearance
Color
Chromaticity Diagram
CIE
CIEXYZ
(x,y) x,y) in CIEXYZ Visible spectrum Nominal scales Spectral locus Purple line White point Dominant wavelength Complement Mixture rules Black body curve Color temperature
Spectral Locus
Purple Line
Purples and magentas Mixture of red and blue Cannot be mixed from white and a single spectral color Non-spectral color Complement of green 550C
Dominant Wavelength
Line passing C, white, and spectral locus Polar coordinates (geometrical coordinates) Purple line: complement
Purity
(x,y) x,y) in CIEXYZ Visible spectrum Nominal scales Spectral locus Purple line White point Dominant wavelength Complement Mixture rules Black body curve Color temperature
Photometry
Radiometry
Photometry
Luminous Intensity
Photometry Example
10
CIE 1924
System of Photometry
A spectral weighting function that could be used to describe the perception of brightness matches Convert radiometry into photometry
Irradiance ~ illuminance Radiance ~ luminance Reflectance factor ~ luminance factor
11
Colorimetry
Basic Colorimetry
A tool used to make a prediction on whether two lights of different spectral power distributions will match in color for certain given conditions of observation.
12
Objects
Viewing geometries
Observers
Standard observers
Illuminants
Light sources
BlackBlack-body
Viewing Geometry
13
Diffuse/Normal
The sample is illuminated from all angles Viewed at an angle near the normal
Normal/Diffuse
Sphere at ITRI
14
Normal/45 45/Normal
D65
Daylight at 6500K
D50
Daylight at 5000K
15
A: A gas-filled coiled-tungsten filament lamp operating at a correlated color temperature of 2856K B, C: filtered A E: uniform distribution F2: fluorescent source
16
Standard Observer
System of Photometry
A spectral weighting function that could be used to describe the perception of brightness matches Convert radiometry into photometry
Irradiance ~ illuminance Radiance ~ luminance Reflectance factor ~ luminance factor
CIE 1988
17
18
Color Vision
Color Spaces
19
Color Spaces
20
Color Matching
21
Any color can be matched by a mixture of no more than three colored lights A color match at one radiance level holds over a wide range of levels Components of a mixture of colored lights cannot be resolved by the human eye The luminance of a color mixture is equal to the sum of the luminance of its components
Trichromatic Generalization
Grassmans three laws of additive color mixture Binary relation of color matching = ::= color matching Symmetry law Transitivity law
a=b => b=a a=b; b=c => a=c a=b => s*a=s*b s*a=s*b
22
CIERGB 1931
R = ( ) r ( ) d
G = ( ) g ( )d
B = ( )b ( )d
Plane of x+y+z=1
cs.rit.edu
23
White point?
24
CIEXYZ 1931
X = k ( ) x ( ) d
Y = k ( ) y ( ) d
Z = k ( ) z ( ) d
25
Using a larger visual field of 10 deg 49 observers 10 deg color matching functions (10 deg observer) Excluded central fovea
macular absorption
26
27
YIQ NTSC
National Television Systems Committee Y=luminance; for black-and-white TV sets (I,Q)=(hue, saturation)
28
Why different color spaces? A unit of sensation difference Any given luminance x = 0 Increase x until x is just-noticeably brighter than x; x=1 x = 2
29
JNCD in XYZ
30
UVW decomposition
JNCD in UVW
31
Opponent Colors
32
CIELAB 1976
a* = redness-greenness
+/-
L * = 116 (
Y 13 ) 16 Yn
b* = yellowness-blueness
+/-
X 13 Y 13 ( ) a * = 500 ( X ) Y n n
Y 13 Z 13 b * = 200 ) ( (Y ) Zn n
CIELab decomposition
33
CIELUV 1976
Cylindrical
L*: lightness C*uv: chroma Huv: Huv: hue
(u
*2
+ v*2
CIELCh
C*: chroma
Distance from the neutral axis
h: hue
0 - 360
34
CMC (l:c)
35
Color Difference
36
Color Difference
Goal: color differences be perceptually uniform throughout the space One unit difference in red is perceived to be equal in magnitude to a unit difference in gray Based on CIELAB Eab*, LCabHab
CIELAB Eab*
Based on CIELAB Euclidean distance E * = (L* 2 + a * 2 + b* 2 ) ab between two coordinates In terms of lightness, red-green, yellow-blue In terms of lightness, chroma, and hue differences
37
CIE94 LCabHab
Delta E DRG
Delta Red/Green
DYB
Delta Yellow/Blue
38
Black-body Radiators
Wiens Law
Color Temperature
39