Φυσική Β' Λυκείου

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BIBAION
EKAO>EO:AIAAKTIKON
OPI-ANI>MO:
AOHNA
To ptpl(o qur6 e(vqtevop;.tovtop6vo npoq ro tolrlov flp6ypo1lgoEnou6civytq ro
EvroioArixerorot dler npor6rpeton6 rr1pt(xri ovopr6p9oonrou oXokxorjeyXep6t-
ou Ouorrflyro rrlB' AuxefoufEA EnA TEArcrlvN. Aqn6vre,A. Kqoo6toxot I. Mou-
p(rq,6x6ooqOEAB1997.
H oupgeroXrjrou xo0r1yr1rr1 Eropdrq Moup(r4 - ev6q c,n6toug oqpowx6repoug
bdoxdrouqrnq guorxriqornv Ellt6do - orq ouyypogfl r:ounponyo6UevoueYxept-
6(ou,ouv6Bolr,eroOoptonrd crrqvnot6rqro rou Btplfou ctuto0.
Euloprororiperouq 6exd6egouvo66)rgougprogxoo4yryCgAewepop6opuoq Exnoi-
6euonqror rdroireporoug unefOuvouqrtrlv EpyoorqptoxtirvK6wp<ovOuotxtivEnt-
orr;gdrvor ono(orpe rrg e0oroxeqnopornpfoetg toug ouv6Bo]r.ov mrlv re\x[ 6to-
U6peoon rou ouyKeKptpt6vou Btpliou.
EuXoprmo0peenfo4grov x. Bqo0\qEu0upriou Kotrrl!' x. Agpo6fur1ZepBoUmtg
gpow(6egrov ono(urvoqeileror, oe peydlo po0g6,11xcdroroOqo(o rqg 6r66oqq.
Erouyary{ 7
Hlerrpoorurr rdg ollrllenr6ptior rg
'Htrex'rpo
rar payvqrqs 10
H iworq ne6io 27
Htrexrprop6g
rcr 6opr1rqg 6trqg 43
To qtrerr-prrd
gopr(o onoOrlreferor 49
Eporrloergror npoptrrlporo 54
Nrorcoupiv'ro 61
To 4lexrprxri pcripo .63

To garv6peva 64
H 0eopia yro ro qtrexrprr6pefpcx 70
'Evrcro4rou rltrexrprro6pedporog 75
H 6rc9opd 6uvoprrr<o6 79
To rllerrprr6 rfxlopo 82
Avrrordre5 86
H yewrlrpro (rrqyr1)mo qtrerrprrd x6rlorpo 1O2
Eporrrloergror npoplrlporo 112
Nroroupivro 119
Muyvqn rdg oll4lern6pdo€r5 121

Eni6pooqpcryvrlrrrofrre6iouo€ p€uForog6pocry<oy6 122
To rltrerrprrdpefpo cosrrny4 payvqrrxodne6iou 129
O prcryvqrrop6g
ror n 6op4rq5 6trqg 14O
To pcryvqrrr6ne6iorrls fns 144
Epcorqoer5
rar npoplr;poro 146
Nroroupdvro 153
oG ffi0& & & *es& cfr& s& s& s&o s & s & s &
To npdplqpo rrls p€rqqopdgevipyerog 156
To rporv6pevo
rllerrpopcyvrprr4 encryoyrl 159
Or vdpor 165
Aurencry<oyq 169
H c{ronofqoqrrlg rllerrpoFcryvrlnKrl5
errayoryqg 174
Ep<orqoerg
ror npoplrlporo 189
Nroroupivro 196
EpyomqproKds
o6qyd5 199
A'pipo5 Epycmqprord5oorrloerg199
B'pdpogApoorrlpr6rqreq226
Brplroypagio........ ............... ......231
Euper{pro............ ........233
O qtrerrpropd5ror o pcryvrlrrop6g,66o dworr;gprepuOrrdnopel06v,
qrroritreoov, yrd €Korovrd6eg
lp6vro, 66o 6rorpoperrrdrre6fo petri-
rrls rq orroio prilpr rov 6irqro fvoro or<rrvqcvorrr6ooovrov {e1<o-
prord rord rpdno trou i6erXvedrr 6ev eilo'r perc{6 rou5 rovevd5
ei6oug ouvdgero. H evorroiqorl roug unrlp{r: npoT6vrr15ovordlu-
qlqg evtoi<ovvdp<ov,rpuppiv<ov xdrco qrr6 rqv rrorrrtriorov gotvo-
pivcov rar o6rlyqoerq guorrq o€ Fltororvof,cylo orivOeorl,rr1 trey6-
pevrl qlerrpopcryvrlrrrq odvOeoq.
Kord rr1 porpdlpovq rropeio rrpos rrlv ev,onoir1or1,fvo o<op6dv-
Oporror 6rog6prov eOvrrorrlrcov irror {cxvouorqorr rd p6lou g (pqr€u-
rrlpcov rrou rrdp€upiorovro oe cxvorr6cp€uKrous rorero65> oMd, ei-
rs ps rn Oe<opqrrrqroug rardprlorl, eire Fe -rrsr€XVrKigrouq lrqv6-
rrlr€S Kqr rrlv {e1<oprorq<pavrooio rou5, ouvdpotrov oro vq €firrd-
Xuv0ofv or rorerof qurof onoreleopqrrrd. Or 6peuvegrou fdAlou
Coulomb, (Kouldp) tou lrqlo6 Volta (B6lrcr), rou Aovo6 Oersted,
('Eporevr), rou enioqg fdlAou Ampdre (Aprrip), rov feppovc6v
Causs (frdou5) rqr Ohm (OF) rqr r6pra rov Ayylcov Faraday(Oo-
pcvrir) rar Maxwell (Md{youel) unrlp€ov ouverogopig, or onoieg
oov rous lefpcppoug rrou xcrepoivouv qrr(i ra pouvd, 6rlprofpyq-
oov ro rrlqr6 rrordprrr4g qlerrpopuyvqrrrq5 odvOeorlg.
Boorro( oroOpoi rqg 6rc6popiS npoS rr1', refuxq o6v0eoq urr4p-
{ov I npayprororroiqorl rou rrelpdForos O':rsted, r1eroayroyrlr45
iworcg rou rreEiou ror q avordtrurpq rrlg q)terrpopcryvqrrrrlgerro-
ytoy4s, evc6ro 0ecopqrrx6urrdpoOporrlg re,\rr4g oriv0eorlgunrlp€e
ipyo rou JamesClerkMaxwell.
Irq 1820 ro rreipcpro Oersted arrordlurpe rqv 6rrop{4 o}lr1le-
ni6pooqg ovdpreoooe pcryvrjre5ror qtrexr6rrxdpedporo xor 6qpr-
otipyqoe rr1 pdorpq urro\Ufoyro rdrroro rorvti ororleio avdpeoa
orov rllerrpropd ror rov Fcryvrlrlop6.H dpeuvc r<ov qtrercrpoptryvq-
rrrr6v oMqtrerrr6pdoe<rrv rrou srolod0qoe, qrovipoo€ Ftcxor6pq c-
6uvapriorou v€uro)vrrof rrp6rurrou. O Far;rday,urrorc0rorcirvro5
rqv dworo <66vopq o116srrooroorl) F€ rqv eu<puiororrl od}rlqrpq
rou rre6iou 6uvdpe<ov,urrqp{e ouorqorrrd o rrpc6rogrrou o;rgroprl-
rrlo€ rrl veuratvrr{ 6uvoyrrq. Iro errirre6or(DVerpoppoyr6v,qvufio-
l6yrorqg o{iog unrlp{e r1ovordluqrn oro tlB31, and rov Faraday,
rou gqrvopivou rqg rllerrpoprcryvqrtrrl5en<ry<oyqg. 'Hrqv pto ovo-
rdlurpq rrou i6er{e orov dvoprorro rov rp6rro vo rrapdyer q}errpr-
opr6oe peydtrq xliparo, dvo yeyovris rrou ftr rillo(r prftxri 6Xr p6-
vo rov rprirro rpyooiog xor 6ropialo45 alki ror curliv ar<i;,ro rr1
I
HAEKTPOITATIKEI
AMHAENIAPAIE
IT
voorpolrio rou. M€prKig6erceriegapydrepoo Maxwell,6ivovrog
pioo cnd riooepr5p6voe{ror6o€rs ro orivotror4g voporilero5rou
qtrerpoprayvqrropo6, f6er{edrr or 6roropcq:ds rrou ouvrorofv ro evt-
oio qlerrpopayvrlrrr6ne6io 6ro6i6ovrororov yopo pe r6poro, ro
orroiq ilouv rqv i6roraXfrqro KGrrov i6rolcpoxr{po pe ro qos.
'Eroro rltrexrprop6s Koro poyvqrropdgaqro6<oppopovrdorrlKov)
pero(rj roug, evc60qKcxvorq ouviXeroKdrl"r€ro gos.
l-pdrgope ro prplio curd pe rqv eniyv<ooq dr-rro prplfc cpuorxrlg
rdOeenop;g 6evnpiner vo rqpdooouvr,) rilo5 rr15roropfogrq5
ovopconrvq5 orcdrpl5Kqrrrlv onordtrurfrlprro5olryoerogorrirvrog ror
ovavrippqrr;5.Tov6irqro 6y6ooor<6vqq enrmrlprqe(agdvroeopr-
orrxd ro <1dprrou Aiq>qrr6 rqv orrio rou K€pduvorl. l-lprvorrd pe-
prrig 6eroerie5e{orpdvro€ rrs ;.rcryvrlrrri5'noo6rqregror dpole orrl
0fo4 roug qtrerrprrdrpoprioxrvoripevo. [1crogpnopeivoroXuprorei
6rr ro 4trexrpr16cpoprio0o undple r onroo6rlnor€ord le{rldyro
rtov qrtov<ov fiou iplowor;
Irrl 6r6ooratrio r4g nepaop6vrlSrd€nS ruprdplqoe q veur<ovrxq
o6v0eo4, 11Oeppo6uvaprrxrl xcxrol ovrimorX€S lrporcycoviorpreg iv-
vore566vopq rcr evipyero.Irrl 6eurripo'rd{q rou Aureiou, ro K€-
vrptr<6Odpo0o eivor 11qtrerrpopayvqrrrrl <r6v0eoq.
Flrorerjoupedrr o€i(e r rov x6rro vo aol1olr1Oe i rovei5 prerov qtre-
Krpopcyvrlrropr6.frorf 6ev eivor pr6voo 6urr6rrr4g rrou nordpe yra
vc ovdtl.rerro grrls. O qlerrpopoyvqrropd5 eivar ivq npdypo ru-
prolerrrrd ouvucpaopivope rov rpdno nou (o6preror q e{dprr1or1
pog crr'out6v pdoo o116To q<osrrou FoS 6iverr'arroyedporo., F€-
oa qrrd rqv rqtreonrrrrl errdvo, ro ovfprxopo rtov oocvofp 11rrlv
evepyerorcqrpogo6ooic rr15proprllcvic5 pcrg,6qproupye i fvc rrer-
orrrd errrXeip.ltro yrq rrlv ovcryrcrcirrlTovs rov lruopiooupe. Aev ei-
vor pdparo to 1.rovo6rx6. l-ro 6oou5 routrirXrorov vr<60ouvrrlv ovd-
yKrl vo avoporq0o6v yra rq 6opq Kor rrs trerroupyie5rqg 6Iq5 ror
va ern6rr6{ouv vo rrlv Korovo{oouv, q yvcoprpioxar 11e{orreiotorl
p€ rd qlerrpopcryvqrrrd gorv6yevc ouvroro6v rrpoOrro0io€rSo-
rropoirqreg.
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HrtEr{rpocrcil umtqt
urtrtrTif,emtdp,donS
'Hlexrpo xal poyv{r4ge O rl}errproFfs. To qtrerrpr16 <poprio une6-

Ouvoyrotr5 ollqtrenr6pdoerg r To qlerrptr6rpoptiodyerorr rV,ro pq-
Xovq yra rrlv (TTqpcryoy(> cpopriou.o O v6pos rou Coulomb o O Uq-
yvqrro;rdgo Or r6r<irqres o H dworc re6io o l-leiiior<or
rtov pcryvrlrtov
6pdor1 on6 ondorooqo [-leprypocprl evd5ne$iour To rl}errptrd'ne6io
. 'Evrqorlrllerrprro6ne6(ouo Tonoypqcp(q ev6gne6iouo [r.,voprrcd
o Muyvqrrrdne6for To 4lrxrprxrigoprio xor q 6oprir4g ril4g o
Htrerrpdvro o Torltrerrpr16<popriootq 6opqrou ordpou.o H 6rrlrrlprl-
o
orl rou rllerrprro6gopriou Hlerrp<jvrq ele60epoo To llelrrplxd
r o
goprio anoOqxederct O nurvorqg Orjprrorlror errpdp'-ro4 o
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nur<vtorq Enine6os o
nurvorqg H Xtr:F,rlrrrd-
rnro . Na 0up40oripro Nq ovupalrqOod;rr e No kiooupr rpopf{.
Ftrro . Nroxou;rdvro.
O rltreKrpropos
HAercrpxf0o ner rdrr rrou d1er oXioq pr;qler<rpo.[lpdyporr orqv
rorvrldrcpqrou vqporog5tr<rrv rov qlerrltrr<<6v
yeyov6rcov undpXel
ro xelprprndpr, ro rlpr6rogovdg orepe6ulrr6 ro onoio mqv opXoio
ellr;vrrq ytrcOoootrey6rov r1Aexrpov.l-1pot:pXercr
o116perofvrKovo-
g6prov6dv6p<rrv ro orroioorq 6rdpr<erq orc6vrovorlqpuve.Ie ro0q-
prl rordorooq eivorn 6popqnnirpo rrou Xprlorporroro6pre oro Ko-
prrotr6yropog.
Or 'lorveg*0o rrpirrer vo qrov or mp<irorrrou 6rorr(orooov rq
yvcoorrlnopd{ev4 r6rdrqrcrfiou ofioKrd'ro rllerrpo - 6orepc orrd
rqv rprBrl rou p€ ivcr ro;rpdrr drpooprc-va ftr-
tttEtu,fm Pl{doSp Nw rer prrrpdetrocppdovrrreipeva. flop6tro fiou rl
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oqpooio rr15ld{q5 qAercrptoltdg iXer oqpepo
MAGNETE, 6reupuv0ei;rnopo6pevo 6e1ro6;recu5apXrxq
Magneticifq; corporibus & magno
Mrgoctcrclluc, fc librir comprchcofus.
oqpooio rqs rrlv 1616111ro fiou rropouo6(et
r Gvtr r :r r o Gr r r r r r o Col+ ro relprpndpr dorepa ond rprpry.
lE6.g.d6fddqf.
Or 'Ellqve5 cpoive'rorrror5c6racpdprlocvyro
rov qle rrprop6. Altrri ror ol6rlrlpq q ovOpo-
r6rrlro rord rrg 66c,lheries rrou orotro60q-
ocv 6ev 66er(evo ou1'rrveiroro116our6v. To e-
n6prvo op6oqpo orrlv e{ifu{rl rcrlv r6e<6vyro
rov qtrexrpro;r6 epcp<rviorqre p6lrg oro 1600
'Hrav ro rrepigq;.roo6ypoppo
;rerd Xpror6v.
tltpi ltuyvqru-ty -De A4agnete-pdoo oro orroio
o William Cilbert(OuiXropfrrnpnepr),o ouy-
8 8 Dr l{ t, ypo<piogrou, roXupf(erqrdrr q rrapdlevq r6rd-
T tfi Go T ztANt3 ,
Arro lL DC. Errt. rnro rou qlerrpou er<64lc6veror rqr oe dllo
oc6;.rarodrr<o5ro yucili ro Oeldgr,ro peroivr,
ro pouloripr, ro 6roprdvrrKdro opriOuorog.O Cilbert 0o 611;rroupy4-
o€l Kol rrlv rcrvoripyrolf{q qAercrprcd yro v(xloporcrqpioer 6}o ro u-
+ (Dctivtrar 6n o nputrog dv9ponog rrou i6er{e ev|,o,gts>ov yn ng eAxnx(c, \ovar6rrlreq

rou 4)txrpoo qrav o O<xA4so MArlaroq,. IloAAoi roroptxoi :r1c,tmorrllLrlq'ro anooronoiv.
O lohn Bernal ypdgu oXe'n<d <O qAexrprcp6q eiXt tva paxpt xat po9rxd naptAo6v. An6
roug nch6rtpouq lpdvoug noo yvu;pi(ou1tt. ot av9pu.tnot 9qoatpr(av ro 1Aenpo xar t-
aLug tiXctv naparrlprloer 6n pnopo6oe 6artpa anr6 rp$tj va iAxu pxpa o<byara 'Hrcv
guorx6 va 6oov xcttrqv avaAoyia avdyeoa o'aurryv xat n1v noAt rcXupdrepry 66vay4 rou
'Hrav urio4c cpoorx6 va evoayarti;vouv rs 6Lio
u6yv4rq Ecttv6ywct orrl yevtxrl poyrxrl
ox(lql4 rav apyaiav yp6vavr.
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HAEKTPO:TATI IAPAIEI:
KE: AAAHÊN
furd nou ouprr€prqdpovrdl 6rr<o9ro qtrerrpo.
'Evogoqpeprvdg rordtrc,yos0o Frropotio€vo ou-
pnlqpcoOef Fs rrlv rropo€Idvrl,ro vdrlov, ro ld-
ro rrtroortrd, ro Koou-
orrxo/ ro ntre{,ryr<trd5,
rootiKtrr1prfro,rc xepcrprrrd,oMd rr 6Xrprdvope
qurd. fro vo eivorrrtrqp'qg0o irrperr€vo oupfi€-
ono prtroppdver 6lq ro ocirpororrou oqpepotrdyo-
vror 6rrltrerrprrdr1provcrlrig.
H xoOqptprv{ epnerpic. H or<dvrlrrou po(€6€rol oro 6foxo xoO<ri5
rroi(er ro nrrdn, ro rfvoypo rrou vrc60eto o6qydg oyyi(ovrog ro o-
pd{opo rou ouroKrvqrou,or yv<loroi ere ivot Odpupornou orodpe
ror or prrxpigoniOe5nou pldnoupe ra0c65pyd(oupe ro vdttrovnou-
rdpro6 pog ev6 rourdXpovo ro vrcilOoupe vq rol der oro oorpropo5,
eivor yeyovdro rllerrprrd, 611lo611
oqv ourti rrou ou;rpoivouvperd a-
116rqv rprprl rou qlerrpou. Av lprlorporror4ooupre Kot rov opo qA(.-
Krprcq <og6ro6rrooiq rqrd rqv orroio ivc rrri;.roorrorrd qle rrprop6
;rnopo6pevo rro6pe drt oro 6ioro rou fitrtirt, oro ;reroMrrd opd(crl-
po rou ourorrvrlrou Kororo vdrtrovrrourdptoo ouvdprl
qldrrprorl pe rprpq.
Or rpuorrofpipcro 6evpivouvorqv ruloio ncpor4-

pnorl.Avcnapdyouvro y€y()v6rooto epyoorrlpro,
opyavr6vouv rlS fiqpcr4piloergrouS,<prrdXvouv
rorvodpyreg dv-
ouoreuig,6qpro.rpyo6vrcrvoripyreg
vor€S/epnlouri(ouvrq ytroooqrous/ errtorporef-
ouv rq poOrlparrrd, ovorp6Xouv orq yrc6orl rrou rrpoOrrdpler,
exrelodv rrerpdporc, perpo6v, roroyp,d<pouvKor orro6elrrt6-
vouv rq prlv6trraroror rcrotrr;youv oc ouprrepdoporq ro o-
rroio rotrprodvrsr yevrre6ouvqrrorqlcd',rrdgrc vripoug.
H eplcm4prcr{ epnerpio. O r1trexrprop55, lotr-r6v,{eriv4oe arro-

x.trerorrrdror ;rdvo pe fl{er5 oov cur6g rr,ru ovccpipope.'Orrcogr<d-
vouv Koror <puorroipnopofpe vo rrs cvrrrrcpcydyouFsoro spyo-
orqpro, vo rrS noporrlpqooup€ fi€prood-repope0o6rrdKol vo ovo-
(qrrlooupe rot rdnoto nooortrr1 npooiylrroq.
lro vo ro r<ororpipoupre Ocrlperooro(,pe e16rrdgouoreudgrot e-
nrornFovrKd5ivvoreg.Or ouoreudg0o pr<x5 e{urrqperqoouvoro vo
ovcrropdyoups rq yeyovdro p€ Tov rp6no rrou Oitroupreepeig. Or
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ro fiopdv 0o pa5lperoorei eivorq (v€urar\,tK4) 6rivopr1.
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errrrpirpelvo ovrXvedooul.J€ ov iva oc6par,ivcrr;lexrpiopivo,oitrd
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o116.rourpo{utrrd, gefu(61,eire otroupivro/ ",p",pfS,b
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poon rrls qtrerrprr45fl{qg _66vo-
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q. tdv ro rpi,qtoupepe tva xo;tp6rt lgaopa tftt
p.. axouprryooulr€ o€.iva 1.,617q,\exrprcp€vo orulta.
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o;rivo ovrrreipevoorov oipo r16rr ro ovrrxefpevo exEopri(erat.Ta
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roupysi,qoprf(ovrot p€ gopri'o6rogoperrro6r6nou. Mnopod;re
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npc6rq fi€rpopqrrKq rrooorrr<r1 dpeuvo ndvcrrorrg 4trer<rprr<d5
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vril4rgr1g.Kcr yr' qur6v q 6pdor1qrr6 orrSorcro4trerroupyefo) oro-
prcx(oror p) ocpqvovrosorov nopeppolld;rtvo y6po povdlo dvo
pdtro Oecrq. Me ovdloyo rpdno ovtrtro;rpdvEror KGrrrg allqtrerrr-
6pdoergpayvqrc6v.
O Faraday rcr 11dvvora re6io. Kord rqv rpirrl 6eroeriq rou 19ou
q r6dorou rre6iou errovqtrOeavave<rrpivrlrcor6prprrirepq.Iro
orcirvcx
npoorqvro rqv errcvdrpepe o Michael Faraday(Mdrr<tr Oopovrdt,
1791-1867),dvos quro6iEqxrog Ayytrogepeur,qrq5,o onoiog ipeMe
vo e{etrrX0eforo peyotr6repofi€rpoporrK6guorrd, 6trorvr<overro-
X6V.
H cvcvecl;rdvq ivvora nt6io {,erivqoe arrd tqv otrlqlerliEpaoq
aplrd org rivog evotrtrorrt165rprirrog rreptypogqg ou-
pro1ruqrc6v,
O Faradayrolupr(drov drt rqrd rqv €-
rc6v rov otrtrqtrenr6pdoecrrv.
rrf6paoq ev65 pcyvqrrl o'rivov d)rlo poyvrlrrl, o ono(o5 pp(or<eror
oe on6oroorl, q 6pdoq rrpoXcopderota6rorcd. M' dtrlo tr6yro pero-
rpiperor orov Xrrpo Trou nop€ppdlleror ror oTrotref 1p6vo Ytd rrl
perd6ooq rrls. H r6io opvrdrov ro oKcpraio r r15<6pdoqgorrd on6-
oroon> rsr d6rvsorov 1c6poivo p6tro<rrpdrcropo>.fprlyopo ene-
rrdOrp<eKororo dtrtra yv<oord el6r1cllrltrenrtipdoeov.
I
KEI AAAHÊT'IAPA:E:
HAEKTPOITATI
O Faraday0ec6pqoe drr o Xc6pogavcipeocoto oc6poronou qtr-
lqlenr6podv-popurrxd, qlerrprrd, pqru4rrrd- q'raviva ne6io 6u-
vdpeov Kofro govrdor4re 6n e{utrrlpErEioro va \nppd(erat 11
6pdoq an6 €va o<itpaoro dAAo.
H dvvorqnc6fo o{pepo. I-lop6lorrou rl troyrrrlrrlg 6pdoqgon6 q-
n6oroorl 6eviler qn6truro eyrccrclerrpOei, q r6ic rou ne6iouor;pe-
po Kuprqpxef. Idpgcovo pe aurqv, rorri rrlv n€prypqrprlr<ovq}ilrl-
lerrr6pdoe<ov, 4 iprpooq6iverqrorr5 r6rdr-r1r€Srou 1c6pou.H eprpd-
vrorlev6grllerrprxodgopriou q yro no6rd6erypro, ldpe drr rrpoo6i6er
orov Xc6popio r6r6rqro,rqv orroio 6ev6rd0srenpoqyoupiv<og. Tov
e{ouoto6ore f vo aorei 6uvdpre 15os ofic,ro64noredtrlo goprio ppe-
Oeipioo o' qurdv.X<opi5 ro q o X6poS6ev0o erleaurrlv rqv r6rd-
rqro. Mnoporlpevo nodpe 6.n q rapouoiq, rou q aMonbvetro yds-
po rl6116qproupye i dvo rre6io6uvdperov.Aiveror enio4g ipgoorl
oro yeyov6gdrr q ctrloi<rror1 perc6i6eroro116oqpefooe orlpre(o pe
rrerrepooprCvq TcrXdrqro.
Oprop65,6r,cp€q KqrqviXveuoq
sv6srre6iou6uvdprccrlv
Oprol.rrig.Aipe 6rr o' i,vc Xd)po undpyu ne6io 6uvdyeuv eE6oov
ndvu o' iva rcaralilr1Aoun60eya, ro onoio 0a ppe1ei oe onoro\rl-
rrore o4yeio rou, aoxtirdt 66vo1t4.
'Vrraptq. fraT guorrrl q 6rrap€q cv6<lne6iou 6uvdpre<ov oyer((t-
4
rcr orrcoo6{rrore
c. pe yn nqyry o.n6 rrlv orrofa errroprederor ror
p. pe pn oprcytvry \nvuoparrrcq noo6rrTra q orroio ovrrororXf-
(eror oe rdOe or;peiorou Korro rreprypriger.
H pcpurrrq pd(o onoretref nqyrl ev,5gne6iou popdrrpog. To n-
lerrprrd rpoprio orroretrefnqyrl ev6g q,\errprrod ne6fou. OS nrly4,
rdtrog, evd5 yoyvqrrrod rre6iou prropodpe vo Oeorporiperrpo5 ro
rrcxpdveire iva pq'v4Tn eire (o6pgalvo F€ To prlvupa rou rrerpdpo-
rog Rowland)rc rllexrprrd <popriooe rivqoq. Apydrepo, 0o pnopi-
oouF€ vo rorovorloou;tr our<j rrou 6eldpoore orqv enoXq pa5 6rr
oe rdOe Fdl,vrlrrl <xp6povrcrr>4lerrprrd gopric oe x(vr1o4Kor ou-
verrr6gnqy{ rdOe ;lcryvqrrxo6rre6iou rivqt ro qtrerrprrd rpoprio, e-
<p6oovourd ppiorovrot -tos npog xdnolo odmqpo cvogopdg- oe
xfvr;o4.
To 6rovuoprorrx6pdye0osfiou rreprl,pdgerro rre6io pcp6rrlrc5
triyeror iwooq rou ne6fou pcp6rrlrog (d). frq ro qtrerrprrd ror ro
I
HAEKIPOITATIKEI AAAHAENIAPAIEII
p-oyvrlrtrdne6io XpqotForrotodvrot qler<rprro6ne6iou
ldvrocrrl
(E)ror 4 ivroorl payvrltrxo6rre6iou(B),avtiororla. Me rous opt-
opo65Kqrrn cpuorrqoq;rdo'roou'rriv r<ovpre'ye0r6v0o ooXolq0o6-
peopdo<oq perd.
Avf;6vtuoq.H ovilveuorlev6grre6iououv8ierutpreivo <rordMqlo>
un60qto. Yn60epo yro rqv ovflveuoqev65nr6iou papdrqro5 eivor
guorrd, q papurrrqprd(oev6gonorou6(rrort:oc6porog. fro ro r1tre-
rrprrd ne6io ivo orroro6rlrro're <poprioapxeiyrq rrlv ovilveuoq.
'Ooo yra rqv oviXveuorl rtov poyv4rrrc6v rre6iorv,0o oprceorod;re
rrpos ro rrop6v orous poyvqte5rot r6ptc orrl FoYvrlrrrrlpetr5vc,
d'rre(votrivogr6roirepoeuoio0rl-
yro rrlv orroio floupe errrorlprdver
ros ovrxv€urq5rorv pcryvqrr xcilvoMqtrenr6pdoeorv.
nrprypaq{
'Ewoorlne6ioupoprirpoq
'Ewooqrltrerrprrorjne6iou
Ewooqpayvrprrodnt:6iou
'0rovIerroupyef4 pIXovri
Wimshursl,
oroltirpoyripoondrovorpoddrrq
llerrprxdncDio.
epgovl(rlror Il4yri
rounediou eivorro goprio
rou
Tooqotpi6to
oxpoder,r4. gepet
qoprio
qtrerrprrrd nounoi(erropdlo
ovrpeut'ti.
frorn uioondrrgpoprovdneg q
rouerxpepoUg
ondxtrro4 ogeitreror
oe
rdnorordrdrqro
roultirpou.
T
IAPAIEII
KF' AAAHAETI
HAEKTPOITAT
Fl , , c,
I leptypognevosn€olou
'Evo npriypoppo. H nepryporprl evd,5qlertprxo6 ne6(ou0o rrpfrret
vo ovcgdperol o€ xo0dvoond rq orlpeiorou ollot<o;rivou1<6pou
Korvo pnopeivo 6ivetorrcvrrloet5oro tpolrrlporq rou rfrrou'
n6oo toyup6eivativa ne6iooro or1yeioaur6;
xard rq 6pdor7rou reiiou o' tvs goprlo undpXetxdnon optoy(vq
xare60uvorl;
n6oo 66orcoAoeivqtva ronolerrloouyt fva goprio mo or\peioaur6
rpiro
' ep<orqpo.
Ie rdOe,lotrr6v, o4preioev55rre6iou0o ovrtororlf(oupe ;rroi-
vrdoll rot ivc 6uvayx5. Ercr65,d;rog crn6 ro 66o ourd peyi0q, 4
neprypccprl rou rre6(ou0o elunqperq0r:fpioo on6 opropiveSetx6-
rov ooporo
vo GlrJerl'rorrot(oouv
vrs, or orro(e5dXouverrrvorlOeiylo
rre6rqr6Xciporor triyovror 6ovapx('qYpaHp€s.
, t \ _ -?t
\
n€olo
To rlAeKrptro[qAeKrPoororlKo)
-
- 'I
xrprrd 0o ewoodpe rc r1trer<rpoorortxd.
'bvroorlrlA€KrPtKou
IF \
neolou
, ?,
rrlv rrpooox{ FoSo' dvoopropivooqpeiorou 1c6-

Iuyrevrpc6voup€
I
A^^HÊnr^PArEr:
HÊKTP.:TATTKEI
|,||,
pou, ro M. Oipvoupemo M ro yrxp6ogcrlti6rorou rllerrpoororr-
rod errpepods.ASurroOiooultedrt ro ogo pi6ro<piper0errrd gop-
rio q. Arorror<6voupe 6rr oro goprio coreirqr 66vapq,xr ourd or1-
proiver6rr ro M eivoroqpeioqlerrprro6 neDiou.To oXerrrdnerpd-
proropd5 o6rlyo6voe ouprnepdopdro rrou (xgopo6vro orlpefoM.
o H 66voFrl,rqv orroioqoxeiro ne6ioiler pirpo ovdloyo npos ro
6orrpoorrr6rpopriorrou Xpqorporrotefrqt etcdorore.M'dMq trdyro,
(F),
ro rrqlfxo rrlg 66vcprr1s rrou coxeirqt c/ ivq 6ortpoortx6gop-
rio, rrpo5rrlv rroo6rqro (q)rou rpopriouqurof eivororoOepd,'
o H 66voFrlrou rre6iourrdvo oe rdrroto 0ertx6<popriodler rrdvro-
rr rlv i6rorore60uvo4.
To oqpeioM epgcvi(ercrlorrr6v,vo XqpoKrrlp(erct
r) on6 ivo opropivonooonx6 orotyeio,cirro5 eivcl ro rrrllfrcoF/q
K0r
rr) o116prc oproprivqxare60uvoql Tqv rorvq rareriOuvorl 6pdoq5
dtr<ovr<ovqlerrprr6v 6uvdpeov, nou 0q o<rrq0o6vegdoov oro orl-
peio M ppeOe i onoro6rprore urr60epc -gop'rio 0ert16.
T6oo ro rrqtriro, doo rar rl XCIpoKTnprorrrrl rqre60uvoq 6ev e-
{oprr6vrcr arr6 rrg rrpri5 r<ov Oertxt6v rpopri<ovKqr r<ov 6uvdpe<ov,
otrtrdouvOirouv rdrroro 1616111ro rou orlpeibuM.
Iupg<rlvorlpe, rdlog ro oto0epd rrrllfr,r F/q va ro ovopd(oupe
y€rpo rr1stvraoryq roo ne\iou oro o4lttio ,V, 14 6e rore60uvorl vo
rri Oetopodpe rcare60uvoq rr1q,tvraonq rou ne\ioo oro o4peio M.
H o6v0eo4 ;rog o6qyei orov oproprd, rou 6rsvuoparrrod peyiOoug
€vraoryrou ne\iou oro or1;reioM. Ewoeirqr 6rt, ov coXolrl0odpe pe
dvo dMo o4peio M',0o gOdooupe oro oupnipcopc 6tt ru our6 Xo-
porr4pi(erqr o116prrooproprivrlivroorl, yevrrd 6tagoperr14 o116e-
refv4 rou or;peiouM.
'Evrooq
4lerrprrod nediou (4, qrrtrd, rltrerrpL16rre6io E-)o' dvq
oqpeio rou oc ldpe ro n4lixo r4g 66vapr4g (F),nou qoxeirct oe
goprio q (ro onoio ppioxercr oro o4;reio) rrpos ro goprfo.
Xpqorporrorc6vro5 o6pBolo ilou;re,
ri
E= ; e{io<ooqopropo6 rqg ivrooq,; qtrerrprro6 rre6iou
Y
Movd6o 6vrooq5rllerrprro6 rre6iou oro Lre0vigl6orrlpa efvqrro

l Newtonsvd Coulomb(1N/C).H povd6c,dprcc'5 nou Xprlorpolror€irqt
su-
eivqrro ivo Voltwd pirpo (1Ylm),n on()i'G,
vr10<o5 6nco50a 6odpe,oupni-
rrr€rp€ rr;v rrporlyo6pevq.
AEikt vo npooi{oupre 6rr:
I
HAEKTPOITATI NIAPAIEII
KEIAAAHAE
o. H xqre60uvorl'rrlsivrooqg eivarove{riprnrnorrd ro np6orlpo
rou rpopriou-urroOiproros/
ro orroioXF)rlorFofiotrloope
.
p. H rore60uvorlrrls 66vopr15 oupr-irrrerps rrlv rore60uvoq
rqg ivraorls ov ro goprio -un60epcreivqr0errrd,evc6eivoro-
vriOerqps rrlv roretlOuvoqrqg dvrrroqsov ro cpoprio-urr6-
0epoeivoropv4rr16.
H e{ioororlopropodrqg ivrooqg yp<icperor ror F : qE.Auro5
o rp6no5 ypoq4s ernoqpoiver drr r1yv6on rrlg E oe xdnoro
oqpreiopog enrrpdnervo npoplirrouprerr166vop4,rrou 0o o-
orr1Oei oe rdnoro goprio (q),ov our'6ppe0eioro oqpeio,oro
onoio ovocpep6poore. Mrropotpe,p' dtrlo tr6ylovo unoloyi-
(oupr 6uvdpergXtopfsvo oololoripoorr rcdOe rpopdp€ rnv
nqyrl rou rre6iou,ro orroiorrs ooK€i. H 6uvor6rqro aurq a-
noretreiivo o116To ntreovercrrlpororqg ne6rorrlgnporrrrq5.
To ne6io evrigo4prenxodgopriou (ne6io(loulomb).H nlo onlq ne-
pinrcooqqlercrprrod ne6ioueivorourq mrp'onoio n finy{ rou eivqrd-
vcxor1;rerordgoprio (Q)or<iv4ro.H ivraoq orrlv rrepirrroorlou-
rr1prrropeierirotrova unotroyrorei (1,ror<dOe
orlpeio)cprei vo
ouv6udooupe rqv e{rocooq
opropotirqs p€ro vdporou Coulomb.
To gdrporq5 eivor:
E:k.'
'r r 8 ]
'Evo rrs8io opoyevdg.Arp(voupehyrt rq Oeotpioyro vo {cva-
yupiooupe oro neipopro.Xpqorporroro6pe66o dporegperolfu-
ri5 ntrdreg,Korrrs rpopri(oupre
p€rc)usor<po6ircre5
rrls Frlxo-
v(g Wimshurst.
H prionldro orrorrd Oer-rrd<popr(oror 11dl\r1 opvrl'rrx6,aMd ra rpop-

rio roug eivoronohjrco5 ioo. M'ivo qlercrprr<6 errpe;.rdg
avrlve6ou;.re
ro rre6ionou 6q;roupyry0ry<e. 'Orqv ro ocpolrpi6ro ppioxercxr
oro 16po
pera{6 rcov rrtrorc6v,ro vrlpo orror}iver orrE
I
ppeOef i{o ond ou'r6v,ro ogorpi6rofiopoJsvstorivqro.Odpvoupe
ro orporpi6ro oe 6rdgopooqpeiorq5 neproXrl5 pero{6 rov rrlorriv
ror ouyrpivouFrrrs evrdoergrorv oqpeiov qurc6v.Av 11on6oroorl
rorv ntroxr6veivqrprrpqoe oxiorl pe rr5 6roordoer5 rou5 11odyrprorl
6eilver6rr
o q rrp4 rqg iv'rooqgeivati6cyc 6Aara oqyeiarr1qneptoyqc.
o r76rc60uvor7 rrTSeivatrcd]err\orc enftre\,aru)v 66onAarcdx.
o r7Eopd rrTSeivatndvrc an6 rq )enrcr\n)'drcarrpoq,rqv apvqnx(.
Mnopodpevo no6pre6rr oro ne6io nou 6r1;rroupytl0qxe r1dwo-
oq eivorloprxd oraOep4. orqOepi 6lrqqt:l
. Opoyevi5rre6ioprnopodpe vo Oeoprlooup€ Korro
yrlrvone6io pop6rrlrog oe rreprol{ o4preiovrclv orroiov or ofio-
ordoergqrr6 ro i6crpo5eivoroe oxiorl pe rr1yqrvrlorrivo, opxerd
prrpfg.
To o4prrox6 goprfo tog unriOe;ropdoc ori ne6io opoytvdg.Av pi-
oq or opoyevigqtrexrprrdne6io ppeOe i dvcroqpre
rord goprio p€ Frl-
6evrrqaplxq rcXfrqro, 0o rrvqOef eu06ylrppoKorp€ oraOepqe-
rrrrdXuvorl.
Erpdoov ro rpoprioeivorOerrx611rore60uv(rrlrrls rivqorlgoupnirrret
Fe rrlv rore60uvoq rr15ivroorlgevcircxveivorcpvqrrrde(varov'riOerr1.
Torroypogiuev6gns6ibu
Auvc;rrrdg ypaFFdS.H neprypcrpqrou odporou rre6iou 6ev rrepro-
piorqxe orr5 6uvordrrlr€S r<rrv6rcvuopdrcov.H cvdyr<qyro etr6vo
ouv6udorqKs F€ rq govrooio rou Michael FaradayKor pos i6<ooe
pro rroparripo 6uvor6rqro.
'Otrorpc5 dXoupre cxvdyKnyro err6vo. fro vo rorworlooupe ro dro-
po grrdXvoupeerrdvegprenupryve5ogorp ro65, (<oypocpi(oupe xor
ypqppis ps rrs rpoxrdgrov qlerrpovitrrvyiprrr orr' ouro6g. H etx6vo
pd5 poqOdelvo Kqrqvorlooupero odpcro. Aurd nou rrpdretve o
Faradayrqv rpirq 6erqer(s rou 19ou orrilvo qrav vo errovoypcrprloou-
pe ro adporo rre6io pe ypoppdg.H orperqp'o rqg r6iog pprordrov oe
pro erx6vonpcryporrr4.Aurq fiou pos 6ivouvro or6q-
poprvfoprora6rqv ro pflc,upendvor o' 6vo rpfllo
lapri rcu dloupreorrd r<drorfva payv4rq. To prviopo-
ro 6rqrdooovror Korgrrd;vouv pro erxdvops ypolj-
pfg rr5 orroiego Faraday6v6rproo€ 6ovayx(.qypapyts.
Kdrr ovdloyo pnopofpr€vo Korcgipoupe Kqrorrlv
rrepirrroor; rou qlerrprrof rre6[ou.Ie yro trer<dvr1
F€ povtorrKd,uyp5, oro orrofo errrtrtrfouvetrogpoi
orrdpor XtrdnS,rorro0erodl.rerordllqtro ivo qoprr-
I
IAEKTPOTTATIKE'
ONNNN'N'O'O"''
9
oFivo orirpor1dvoo6ornpo goprtopiv<ovocopdrcov.
Aqploupyo6-
pe,6qtro6r1,
rrpoDno0ioers,
yro dnqp€qr1),errprro6
ne6iou.
Blirroupe drr or an6por 6reuOerofvror rc pog 6ivouv pro err6vo pe

qtrerrprrig 6uvoprrig ypCIFpis,q onoia liyerar qlerrpr16 gdopo.
Aev eivar 6riorotro vo errrprrlooupe6rr orr(; Tr€proxigdrrou ro rre6io
eivor ouyrprrrrd roXup6repo€Figqvi(ercr ror peyatr6reprlnurv6rq-
ra ypappc6v.H errfp4orl progevroXderorr,rr crrr6rrlv errdvo (d) rrou
pog 6iver dvq rre6io o;.royevigoro orroio or 6uvoprrr<ds
ypoppis €Fqo-
vi(ovror o' dtregrrg neprolis rou F€ rqv i6ro rrurvdrqro.
Auvaprrdg ypopFds rcr dvrooq. To 6do rrcoqyo6prevo ouprrepdqro-
ro 0q po5 rcOo6rlyrloouvoro vo ouv66oouperqv err6vo r<ov6uvopl-
rc6vypoppc6vp€ rrl Oecopio,11onoio neprl'pdcper ro 4trer<rprrd ne6io
Xpqolpofiorc6vrog rrlv dworo (,vraory.
fro vo rorovorlooupe ourq rq
oriv6eoq0o enrorpirpoupsmo qlerrpr16 ne6io Coulombpe nqyrl0e-
rrr<6rpoprio. Av eilope rrlv ulropov4 vo urroloy(ooupe rrlv ivroorl
rov 6rocpdp<ov oqpreirovKot vo crXe6rdoorrpe 6vc ivo, rrdvrrr o' ivo
rpriMo 1opri, rq ovriororlc 6rov6oporo, l)o grrdlvopre dvo oXi6ro,
rrou 0q 06pr(erqv rrporlyori;revq erx6vo(c) r<ov6uvqrrrc6vypoppc6v.
Or ypcxppi5trou 0q 6rlprroupyqOo6v arr6 ro o6volo rcov 6rcvu-
oprdrarvE 0a eivqr euOeiegrol 0o ilouv rrxre60uvoqqr6 ro 0erlrd
goprio -rrqyq rrpos ro drrerpo. Ko0cig Ocronoproxpuv6;rooreorrd
to cpoprio- il1y4, or ypol-rpig0c opcrc6votrvKorro p6rpo rqg 6vro-
oqg 0o elorrc6veror.
HAEKTPOITATIKE:
MAHAENIAPAIEI:
Av enqvoldpoupre p' ivrx dllo ruXoio qlexrpr-
rrlv rrpoorrdOerq
16 ne6io 0o 6rorrrorr6ooupe 6116qproupye irar oXi6lo pe ypo1.t1.ti5
rrap6poregrrpogereivegrqg erx6vqsrou rrergdporog,aprei vo 6e-
lrodpe 6rr oe rd0e oqpeiorous ro 6rdvuopoE 0o egdnr€,roto'qu-
ri5. Iro pero{6 or ypcppi5 ouri5 0o dlouv rore60uvoqrrdvro o-
16 Oerrxdrrpos opvqrrxd, q 6e rrurv<ir4ro rous (fiopdrotrou0ei>
rrg rr;rig rrlg ivrooq5. H o6v0eor1dl<ovGur,fv pa5 poq0dervo ou-
voqriooups. Or 6uvoprrigypopprigeivorypcrgpigpe tt5 orrofegar-
o)ryronorcirat(.va ne6io\uvdpeuv. Mo5 6ivouvrrtrqpogopie5 16oo
yrd rrlv rore60uvoq6oo xoryrcro pirpo rq<;ivrooqg.
Or ntrqpogop(eSourig pcoi(ovror orrs rropqKdr<onopo6o1i5.

o To 6tdvuoFa E(M) rqg dvrco4g egdrreror oe rdOe oqpeio (M)
onorao6{nore 6uvo;rrr{S ypqFFrig. Ewoeiror drr qv 11ypoptp4ei-
vor euOeio,o gopdog ro-uE(M)oupninret p'curr1v.
o H rareri0uvon rou E 6ivel Kqr rqv xcreri0uvoq r4g 6uvcFrKris
YpoFFris.
o EexdOeo4peiorou rrediouq rruxvdr4rorov 8uvoplxrirv
ypop-
p6v eivar ovriloy4 rrpos ro pdrpo r4g dvrooqg oro o4;reio qurd.
Ag rpcwoorod;re pra nol6 prxpqerrrgdveroxdOerrlorr5 ypop;ri5. 05
nuxvdrqro rov ypoyp<6v0o 0e<opo6pe ro rrrltrfrovrou oprOporirorv
ypoppo6v,or onoie5 nepvdve o116rqv errr<privero, rrpos ro eppc66v
rqg enrgdvero5.M'dllc lciyro 11nurvdrrlro ypopprr6ver<ppd(errov
aprOpdypopprc6v rrou Gvnororlef otq povd6crenrgdverog.
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Kord rrg c{pxis rou €rKoorodqrc6vqq ouooc6peuoqfierpoporr-
rc6v 6e6opivov 0o orrprir{errou5 0e<rlpqrrro69<puorro69rrpog 66o
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noro xdnoro totorsprr{ 6opti ror pd}roro rroldr}oxq. Idpcpcovo
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vo(4r40ef o' ourriv orprpr65 r4 6op{.
To <poprioeivcr xpavrropdvo. Iro pero€6, orro(poororrrd rrerpd-
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priourrorpio evrel<rrg6rorpoperrrrlgloyrrrl<;,11orroio erle ergpoorei
rcr rrotrr6repo. Ifpgovo 1.r'ourqv, ro 4lerrprrri qoprio unrip;1tr
privo or oouveXei5 noorirqreg. Iqprepo, '/ro vq neprypdrgoup€ou-
16 ro yeyovdg,lpqorponorotiperr1 6rorfrrcoorlro 4krrprxri gop-
rfo efvqt rpcvrro;rdvo rqv orroic 0o npo<rrrcOrlooupevo 6rooacprl-
viooupe.
To qlexrprrd <poprioeivor ivo piye0og rrou 6ev pnopei vo rroipver
6tregrrg rrpayprorrrd5rrpi5. Yndpler rrp<irro orr' dtro dva eldloro
orrg rroo6rqreg qtrexrprrodrpopriou. E(vorro treyd;.revo ororlercS6eg
qtrerrprrd <poprio,ro orroio i1e r errrxpor4oervo ouppotri(eror ps ro
ypdFpo e. H g6oq <poiverorvd (oncryoprrjer>rrlv 6rrop{q rpopriou
rrou vo eivor prrrp6repoo116aurd. To ororleu66eggoprio perpqOq-
K€Kdrppdeqreioo pree: 1,6O210"C.
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eivor80,4e.Me ro gopr(o ouppc(verrord xdrrororp6rro 6,rr xor pe
ro vdprropopro51c6pog, ro oroio 6evprrropci
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tris.
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vo trerroupyrloer0o rorovorloouprexolfrepu doo rropcrxdror0o e-
nrlerpriooups vo lrsprypdq.roupe.
Lra 1879ivog oqprovrrx6g Ayytrogenrorqpovosrls erroXrlg, o
WilliamCrookes(foufirap Kpour5)petrerofoerqv r1trerrprr<r1
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ro opvqrrxd qtrer<rpi,6ro(rd0o6og)roixtopo
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orrrprorfbra.To ;rrlv6poro rrls dpeuvc5 d6erlvov drr or Ayylor ef-
1ov 6frro. Mdlroro, 11orr6rtrroq, rl orroio qrav 6uvordv vo errr-
plrleef rrdv<oorrl 6fopq e{orriog r[g nopcruoio5 payvqrrrcodnr-
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po r;terrp6vto(electron).
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rdr p€ evipyero rrou rlrov orro04reupivrl oe rdrrorov rruxvorrl. Ko-
0c6grpopdpe rn qoroypogio o rrurvorq5 ono6i6er rqv evdpyerd
rou KGrexrpoprf(eror.
Ko0r6go ocpdprlorosrruKvorrl5 perorpdfi€rct oe <poprropivo,
erreleiror rdmoro ipyo orroo6rlnore. Ano6erxvdercrdrr ro ipyo
our6 eivqt ioo pe CV'12,n rrFr4rou 6qlo6r1, e{,cprdror arr6 rrlv rro-
odrqro gopriou rrou orro0rlre6rr;re oro ()uyK€Kprprivo rrurv<rrrr1
rar dXr qrr6 rov rpdrro rrou iyrve 11gdprtorl. Mrropodpreouvenr6g
vo rcrxuproro6pe 6rr o goprropivos nuKvcorqqorprp<rlgerrer6qeivor
Arrigoporrfnor rpopTroprivog,iler evipyero,evdpyero6uvoplrrl trls fipos rqv r<ord-
o4peprv6v nurvor6v. orcorl orrlv orroia qrcv og6prtoros. H evripye lo ourq orroOqre6-
A{f(ervoouyxpivoupero rrlK€ oro rltrexrpr16rre6io rou fiuKv(Drr1xor d rr1 6rdprero rns g6p-
p6ye0oq rorvprxptirv
pero
nuxvtrrrtlv
rroq5 rou F€ rn Fopg4 (6uvc;rrr<r'1s)
evipyero5qtrexrprxo6ne6iou. Ei-
pdyeOog roupoluprc0 vot 6uvqrdv vc qrro6o0ef orrore6rlrrore ouppei rdrroto exgd,prroq
rqggoroyporpioq. ror 4 rrpq rrlg eivor
I
HAEKTPOITATI
KEIAAAHAETIIAPAIEII
,= l *
-4> Ta loporrqprorrrcdev6gnuxvortq- nou r<o0op(ouvKctrrl Xtrl-
prlrrrdrqrdrou- eivqt:
o H yecoperpio rou (ox4tro,pdyeOog ror olerrrq Odoqr<lv 66o o-
ntrropr6v) ror
o H <p6onrou 6rr1trer<rprro6 rrou ppiorceror ovdpreoo oroug oltrt-
o1-rorig.
AEGttvG rrpoosx0ei6rr n qdoq rou perdtrlouro)v 66o onh-
oprirv6evoupperilerorqv 8ropdpqoorlrrls XoprlrrK6rqroS. Av,611-
lo611cxvrrrorcor4ooup€ rous XdlrrvouqontrroporiS ev65rrurvor4
pe 6rio dtrlougorrd,oloupivro,lcrrpigvq ciltrorcilooup€ ro Y€opsrpt-
rd ororXsioKqrro 6rr1ltrcrprx6 rrou rrcxpsppdlleror,4 ltopqrrr<drr1-
ro 0o rlopol-ttivr iorl perrlv fiporlYoti;revr1.
nuKvcorrls
Enine6os
Irqv rrro onl4 popcpqrou o rrurv<orqgeivot trrirre6oS.Anorelei-
rcxr6qtro6r1ond 66o nopdllqtre5 yerotrtrrr<dg nldr<eg, ot onofe5
ppfor<ovrorq prfcarrdvovrr ornv dltrr1.>uv(Orog,ot rrldrcs5dlouv
foa eppo6d ror 6poro oplporo (rurfurcd( op0oyc6vro). Irqv nepi-
rrroorl rord rqv orroio q orrdoroorl ro)v ovrtxptorc6v€rrt(pcvtt-
rilv rorv rrlcxrc6v eivor rrolti trrr-
rpdre pq ond, 6leg rrq 6toord-
o€rs n.ou roOopf(ouv ro e;rpo-
66v roug, ro r1tre r<rprr<6rre6io
rrepropi(eratrrporrr<d oro 1dr-
po ovripeoo orrg rrlcireg ror ei-
vor oproyevdq.
T
KEI AAAHAETIiAPAIEII
F]AEKiPO:IAT
rrurvolrrl
rr rdrrl rq errirre6or-r
Xcoprl
'EXoupefirrrrpoKoropohrd drr q prlpqrrr6rrp'o rd0e rrurcvorrqrcoOo-
prltro; orrd rq <cyecrlperpiorou Kororrd ro 6rr;lexrprrd rou. Irq rro-
pordrol 0o enr6rc6{ou;rsvo epeuvrlooupero dtro(rlrqpa o'rr1vnepi-
rrroorl fiou o rrurvcorrlg eivor errirre6o5.
1. H ntrpaporrr{ dpeuvc. Iuv6dope rov it'ov onfuop<ienine6ou
rrurvorrq prero (yercopdvo) nepfptrrlporou 4trerrpooronfou. O dl-
log orrtrrop6gouv6ierqr ps ro 6ioro rou ql,:xrpoororriou. H o116-
rfuoq rov gri)rltrlv pog 6eiXverrr1 6rogopd 6u,vaptro6r<ov66o onlt-
opcbv.
o) Arroporp6vouperoug onfuopro6g,on'5re ro qle rrpoordnto
pcrg8eiXver-evvoeiror ippeoo- 6rr 116rogopd 6uvoprrr<od cu{r1Oqre
rqr rord ouvirre ro q X<opqrrr6rq'roetrorroiOqre.Arprpei5 Fsrp{-
oerg 6eilvouv 6rr q lorpqrrr<d,rqrqeivqr cxvr(6rrpoqoovdloyrl rrls q-
ndoroorlq 0 rcrrvorrtrropc6v(rl 'rou rrdlou5 rou 6rr1trexrprro6 rrou
nope ppdlleror).
p) Xprlorponoro6pe, rdrpo, rrurvcurrl pe ;reyctrfrepoepBo6d,vo-
rrfuo;rc5v.Arornorrirvou;.redrr q Xorpqrrr<6111ro ou{dveror. Arpr pei5
perprloer5dlouv 6ef€er6rr 11Xolpqrrrdrrlro evdgenine6ounurvorq
eivsr ovdloyn fipos ro eppa66v S rov ontrro;rcivrou.
1l)Irc npoqyodpevorrerpdporo 6rqtrerrpr16qrov o oipog. Av,
rr6po 6rorrlpqooupreorcxOepqrqv orrdorooq rtrrv orrAroprc6v Kor ro
eppo6dv rous Kor <ye;riooupre>r
ro Xc6poovdpeod rous p€ ivo dllo
;rovorrr16o<rrpro, ptrinoupe efxolo 6114 6rcrrpopdSuvoprrorj elor-
rriveror, npdypo rrou oqpoiver drr 4 Xcopqrrr6rqrq rou rrurv<orrl
ou(r10qre.
Or crprBri5 perprloerg orqv rrepirrrcoorlo:urq orrorolfrrrouv 6rt
ro nSoec,gopts 0o ou[qOef q lopqrrr6rqro 6ev e{oprdror on6
rov ouyKrKprpfvorrurvcorq. Ko0opi(eror orrd 14 <p6oqror p<ivo
rou 6rrltrerrprrori.Av, 611lo611, Xprlorpofiorrloou;reyra 6rr1lerrprx6
porelfrq, 11lopqrrr6rrlro rou rrurvorrq pog 0o yiver4,8 gopig pe-
yctrrjrepq o116r4v opprrl. Ero&yovrog,orq ouviXero,poretrirrl o'i-
vov ofiolov6rlnore dtrlov rrurvorrq 0c 6orjpredrr q ltrlpqrrrdrqrd
rou yivercr xor rrdtrr 4,8 <popigpeyoldreprl. Aurd o4poiverdrr o o-
prepdg4,8 ogopd qrroKlerorrxdror pr6vorr> poretrfrrl.Arrotetrei p'
dllo ldyrc, pro guorrrloroOepd ouroJ rou utrtro6.
Kd0e yovor(g loporrqp((erat on6 prcrrdroto guorrrl oroOepd,
q orofo ldyeror &r1Aexrprcr1 ora)epd roo pov<nrr1ror ouvr1O<os oup-
polf(eror pe ro ypdppo <e>.O opropdgrqg 8ivetcr arr6 rqv e€ioor-
orl s : C/Co,6rrou C q Xorpqrr1614roevdgonorou6rlrrore rrur<vcotrl
pe ourd ro 6rr1trercrprrd rot Coq lcoprlrrr6rqro rou (6tounurvcorrl
I
I-lAEKTPOITATIKT:
AAAHAEIIIAPA:EI:
pe6r4lerrprr6ro rev6,11rcrd ;,reydlqrrpooiyyroqrov oipo. l-rqro
xev6,6qlc6q, wy6er,e{ opropo6,€ : 1, r:vc6yro ro dMq 6rqlextpr-
rd eivore>1.
2. Oeoryqrrxdqrro6erKvderqr
6rr yrq rrl ;lcopqrrrdrrlraev<iger'ir'e-
6ou rrurv<orrlroXfer:
c =T
Ie ne pfnrooq, p ip o ro , f io u u -
ndpler rdrrorodMo 6rqlerrprr6-6p revrj- 0q dloupe:
tloS
c = Xrop4nxr5r4rqerrine6ounuxvtor{
u
Ecpdoov ro goprio nopcpriveroro0ep6,q rropouoio6rrllerrprxo6e-
lorrcbverrr16rogopd6uvoprroderrer6qe{ooOevf(er ro rre6io.
Mnopodprercopc va {ovcypdrgou;.rt: rqv e{iocoorlrou v<ipou
Coulombiror <6mevo roXderyrc ollqleni6pooq gopri<ovrropou-
6rqlexrprrod
oio orrorou6rlrrore
1 IItqt
t= rcr ener6rlkqr: i;1oupef =+rrrr"-T-
I + 4reo
qvroxn
Arqlerrprr(rl
Av errrpreivoup€vo <popri(oupeoAoivo Korrr€-
proodrepoivcv rrurvo.rrrl, ro qtrerrprx6 rre6io
rou 0a preyclc6ver rruve1c65.Aur6 6evprrropef
vo e(orolou0qoeren'drrerpov.Ee rdrrorq
orryF40o er6rllco0r:f onrvOqpcsKoro rruKv(D-
rqg 0o €Kgoprror€r'qrro6i'6ovrqs rrlv orroro-
preupivrlmo rllexrcrrdne6iorou evipyerc.H
epgdvroqrou orrrv3{poqrov dvo prqvu;ro 6rr
ro 6rrllexrprx6irrcnpevc trerroupyef pov<orr-
xd, rrcpouoiooe,6r1trc6r1,cy<oyrpdrrpo.KdOe
6rqtrerrprxdiXeropropdv4<crvropl),rrou p€-
rpriror pe povdOeg ivrcoq5 qlexrprro6ne6i
ou. H awopl ourrl avrrororXefar4 pdyorrl i-
vrqorl qlerrprro6 rre6ioupflpr rqv orroio ro
6rqtrerrprr6srrorelef ivo pov<orr1. 'Orcv 11rr-
pq aurq {,errepcoref ro 6rr1trerrpr16 orrd(er
(rpurrder)rar lerrorrpyeicyciyrpa.
H 6rqtrerrprr{crrnoplrou oipo eivar8000
V/cm. Aur6 0c rrer drr yro dvqv rrurvcotq pe oipo, rou orroiou ot o-
rrfuo;rof orrilouv 1cm, {eorrder rlkerprx:d5 orrrv0rlpc5 orrlv rdoq
I
HÊK'P.>TATTKE:
AMHÊ'
r^PA:Er:
E
r<ov8000V,sv6 yro ivav ncpdporosy€<opsrpria5 rrurvorq pe 6r4tre-
(eonde
rrprr6 ro 1opri, o onrvOrlpog r ydp<ooro 140000V. Irrdorpo
6rrllerrprrodouppoiverror xord rrlv rrrc6orlr'<rrv
repouvt6v.
O Benzamin Franklinrlrov o npr6ro5dvOporrogrrou <ei6e>rov K€-
pauv6trls Fro errpdprroqovdpeocoro o6wego Korrrl fq. O i6ro5
avardluqre6rr ro qlexrprrd goprio nporrprirrrg ori6e5Kdrrrs qrx-
pdp6o,yrq vo rsrooKeudoet
pig xor lprlorponoirlosFro perotrtrrxrl
ro npcbrootre{rripouvo.
6rqlerrprrc6v
[livcxrcg pe rrg oraOepig oproprivrrrv
Yfurri Ar4loxrprr{ Arqkrrprxri Yfurri Arqltrrprr{ Arqlcxrprxri

oro0epri owoXri mo0rpti owoX{
or kV/mm oe kV/mm
K€VO 1 <i'ne
rprl
odpog 1,00054 0,8 nopoelovrl
vegl 80 yuoli Pyrex 13
Xapri 3,5 1A pcrelirr;5 12
pfr<a 5,4 160 noluqr0uldvro
Xolo(iqs 3,8 8 lellon
To qlerrprKd goprio
1. Eu06veratyrctns qAexrpooranrctqaAAr1,\tn6pdoerq,.
Aoxei o-
EirEcrruortxq-oe qAexrpx6
nwo\qnore 66vapr1-eire eAxnxrT
goprio.
2. EpEavi(eratye 66o r6nooq,' 0enx6 xo'to,pvr1nx6.
3. Eivat6uvsr6v va ytrap$aarei aTr66vc otispa o' tva dAAo.
4. Meraxueiru pi.oa oe aytbyrpa uhxd.
5. Oeapeirot roo6r4ra r4v oroia pnopo6pe va ptrpqooupe.
5. Eg6oovppioxerat ot xivr1or1,
a))qtremDptlpe payv4rtg.
7. E(vstxpavnop€vo,eivar 6r7Aa64'rrdvrorlax(.patonoAAanAdoto
u 5q oro tyetclrdouqEopr iou.
yeraE€perat sn6 66o ouyrexpry(.va ousyori-
8. f)q, ororyercb&eq,
6n'ro r1),ercrp6vtoxu ro np<ur6vrc.
9. Aev\rlptoupyeirat o6re xaraorp(.guat.
10. Eivat6uvar6v va ano9rlxtttru.
o. Oeopo6vroryvroord:
H oroOepdrou v6pouCoulomb kqr= 9'10'Nm'/C',11ondlurl6rrllerrprrqoro0epdrou K€-
vodeo= ll4rkny=8,85.10'"C'/Nm',ro ororXerdr6eggoprioe = 1,6.10'"C, 11pd(orou qle-
=
rrpov(oum" 9,11 .10o' ffio= 1,67.10'"kgrar q popurrrcq
kg,rl Fd(q rou np<.oroviou enrrd-
xuvonS=10m/s'.
p. Kd0erpoprropdvq orpoiponou XopcKrqpi(eror prrprlvo ileorprl0ei
orlperocdrllerrprr<d
<poprio.
y. Orov yroro 6rrller<rprr<6
evd5nurvorrl 6evovogiperorrirrrro, Oeolprlore
drr undpXcr od-
po$pee=1.
1.8.To irog 1600rr6d0qrero prpliorou

Gilbert'DeMagnete', ivo op6oqpoyrorrlv s-
{,ifu{4r<ovr6et6vndvo orov qlerrpropdrar
ro Foyvrlroprd. To nro oqpovrr16, oqpeio
rou eivqr11drogrl yrorrlv orrio npooovo'ro-
hoporirns poyvnnKqg petrdvog.floroeivor11
dnoqq our4; noro nerpopo npayporonoirl-
1.1.l-loroeivor11opXrrqorlpooior1g 16(119 or yrqvc rqv ,lnoorqpi{e r;
qkxrptop6q;
€iv(nor poorri5r6rdrqre5
1.9.l-loreg rtrlvpo-
1.2.Avogipereriooepo rporv6pevo nop6- lvrlrcirv;
ForoH€ourd nou ouppoive r drov rpipoupe
1.10.Trtriyer,rqlertpr16ne6io;l-lo56qpr-
to r1trertpo. oupyeiror;Menore5iwore5neprypdgeror;
1.3.IE rr page{unrlpsrsi
ro rller<rprrd
errpe- 1.11.Trliyererivrooqrllerrprxod ne6iou;
Pis; florqeivqrq povd6opirpqoq5rou ;.rey60ou5;
1.4.l-loro
goprioovopd(oupe
Oerrrd;
lloroo- 1.12.Ic5 4qro6pevo neprypdq.rere ro 4tre-
vopd(oupe opvqrrrd; rrprrd ne6iorrou6rlproupye
iror ond orlpao-
1.5.l-leprypdqreivo nerpoyoond ro onoio rd qoprio.
vo pnoporipe vo oupnepdvoupe drr proXdI- 1.13.Or 6uvoprrig ypqFpisevd5qlerrprrod
rrvrlpdp6ogenrrpinerrq ;rerar(vr1oq r1tre- nebiou;rdg6rvouvnlqpogopfe5yro rrlv f-
rrprrorj<popriou pioo ond,ourrlv. vrool rou ne6iou.Ie nore5nopo6olig po-
oi(ovrorornlqpocpopieg ourig;
1.6.Ie rr po5e{unrlpereiro rller<rpoordnro;
Ie rr r1rllerrpoororr14UnxCIv4; 1.14.I1e6rdore rrg6uvoprri5 ypoppiqev6g
rllerrprr<ori
nr;6fouro onoio<n4yd(er> ond
1.7.H nopeiorou Coulomb ;rd1pr rr16ror6no- 66oor1;rerord rpoprio+3pCror -1pC.
on rou oXerrro6vd;-rou qrov ivog ouyrepo-
opdg0e<opqrrr15 unoq,,iogrornerpcyorrr45 e- 1.15. Trtr6yer<rr 6uvoprrr6 qlexrprrorjne6iou
nrpepoioorlg. floro rlrw 11Oeopqrrrq unorl.rio; oc dvaoqpe(o rou; floroe(vor11povd6ope-
I-lrrr5
xcrdrpepe vo perprloe r noodrrlregqtre- rp4oeo4 rou peyiOoug;
rrprrodgopriou;f1rr46rmunc6veror o v<ipog; 1.16.Kordrr1<popd ;rruq6uvoprx4SypoHU{S
T
HAEKTPOITATIKE:
AAAHAETIlAPAIEI:
ru 6uvo;lrrdelortcbvovrar.flto5qno6et-
rvderur;
1.17.tloregonovr4oergi6rvovot rpuolxoi
rou 1880oro eptor4poro
o) Yndpxerdpoyt rdnoro eootreprx4 6opq I[c cvcptrl$orilre...
pioo oe rd0edropo;
9) flora eivorq cprio4tou rllerrptroti<popri-
OU;
1.25.Oeopqorerrdvregoprropivoorirgoro
[1ore5 onovr(oergi6rvovot <puotxoi rou
A, B,f, A, E.Av eivuryvcoor6drr ro A dtrrelto
1920ora i6raeprrlrrjparo;Tt ewootioovlf-
B,ro f fke r ro E,ro B on<lOefro E,ro A fl'
yovrosdrr ro rllerrpr16rpoprioeivotrpavrr-
rerro B rot 6rt ro A eivorOerrrdcpoprropdvo,
ouivo; rr eiboug<poprioqripouvrq dl a oc6poro;
1.18.To 1879o WilliamCrookes cvordlurpe 1.26.frjproorq 1730o
rrg ro0o6rxri5 orrive5,rl g6on rctv orrofrov Stephen Crayrpoono-
onorileoe ivo oivrypc.flora qrov q ond- 0o6oeva epeuv4oet ov
vrnorlfiou d6ooovor epeuvrlrd5 xcrd tc e- oc(tpaef-
ro ov0pc6nrvo
ndpevoXp6vro;floroyeyov65 eve0dppuve vorayriyrpo.Aiyerct d-
rqv ondvrqorlourrl; rr Kdnorqpipa qlirrpr-
1.19.Avrprrgoupe prcydro peprraporiproa o€ Hrcyudfuvqpdp6o
q ydro 0o eivqr 0ettr<igoprropdv4ror 11 Kcrrrlv orodpnqoemo
poriprooopvqrrrd<popropfvq, Io5 (qto6pe n66ro rou unqpritrl
va oXofudoere rr16tortinororl:<Aqyroupyq- Tou/ rov onoio eiXe
Oqrerllerrprr<6 goprio>. npoqyoul.rivcog <xpepdoer> pe66oyepdyerd-
rop6dvra qn6 ro ropdvr. H p6rr1rou u-
1.20.Treivorro ele60epo qlerrp6vro;[to5 lrvo
eivorro rllerrpdvranou 6eveivorele60tpo;
nrlpirq rpdpq€e t6re prrpd Xaprdrronou
ppioxovrcvndvoro' ivo rpond(r. Mnopeirt
fkogpnopoJpe pe rprrqptorov opt0p6rov
vo e(qyrloere ro <2otvdpevo;
eleriOepolv vo 6rorp(voupe
qtrerrpovi<rlv ta
otilpcra oe ayoyorig,oe ;rovordqKolo€ n- 1.27.Kpaftr€ ro
Fr: Xiprproperollrxqpd-
prcry<oyori5; p6oror rqv rpfperendvoroe pdlhvo 6<po-
1.21.And rr onoreleirqrivog nurvorq5; opo.H npoond{)e ro oos vo rqv <poprioere
onoruyXdver. frcrrfdpaye;Menotovrpdno
1.22.Trldyerorlcoprlrrrdrqroev6grruKVo-
0o pnopo6oart\/0r0 rororpipere;
rrl; And rr t{aprdror;
1.28.Mnopefre vo
1.23.flc65;rnopodpe va goprfooupeivav re
6 rro rotroyrloe
nurvorq; l-kogpnoporjFsvo rov ercpopri- ourd nou ouypai-
oouF€; v€rorq polrfudrq5
1.24.Menoro el(oooq0o pnopodoqp€ vq ronitroq;
onavrrlooupe mo tpr6rrlpo<undr e[oprd- 1.29.A6oopvnr-
ror rl XcoprpKdrqro ev6gnurvcorq;> rd o4perordrpop-
rfo q, ror q, Ppi-
oKovroroe opropi-
vr1ondoroorl rot
I
IKE: AAAHAFNIAPA:EI:
HAEKTPOITAT
(qroriyevo ouyntrqgiuereto revd:
ollqlenr6po6v.Iog (rlroripela rdveredvo 1.36.Io5
nou o- H ivroorlevd<; rllerrprxod
....'.......'.... ne6iou
oXqporar vo orlperr6oere rr166vopr1
t'r oqpe ia ioq ye 40 N/C're 66o
oxeiro q1oro q2rot oe dvqdltro oXrlyovo eivotoedlo
oq;rercboete rq 66vopqnou sorei ro q2oro
gr. Iupqc,lveireq 6rocptlvefre ye ro 6rt <qv
ntrrlordooupe ro 66o rpoprio oro yrodtr1s.
nporlyotipevrl5 ondorooqS 0o 6tnlootoore(
11rrprlrqg 6rivoPr15>; oq;rtfoA Xc,tpiS roXdrrlra 1166vapr1 fiou 0s
1.30.Iu(qrrlors rls opordrqre5 xot rt5 6to- oorrlOefo'ourd 0o dXer rqv rore60uvon rns
cvdpeoa oto v6po rqg noyroopto5 ........Kqt0o eivoriorlpe'....'....' Kcrd tq pe-
eopds
ftrlr1qror oro vdPorou Coulomb. rorivrlorlrou orlFtlGKoti goprfou-cndro A
oro B ro ......fns 66vcpr15 rou ne6iou,11no-
1.31. l-loreqond rt5 nopcrdr<onpordoer5
odrrlto 64lot;qrr15peroprpo(dpevqg """"'
0eopeiteoorri5; <poprio,0o eivot
ovrr- on6 ro ne6io oro orlperord
o) Or pcryvrlre5 ikouv pdvoor6epdvro
120pJ.
refyevo.
p) Av rpepdooupe rordtrlrltrofvo pop6oyo- 1.37,Ltivo o;royevdS qlerrprxone6io<oqq-
yv4rrlrl pfa rou drprl 0c 6efXver ndvrore voup€)0ertrti <poprropdva ocrlpcrf6ro'Iag
rov poppd.
'ro
y) 'Evo5Fcrl'virrlsynopeirot vo onoOef
prviopcrc or611Pou.
'6) opr-
'ruos pcrl'v4rrlspnopei vo payvrlri(er
o;rivo ovrtreipeva eire pe enog4 e(re rst
Xcopi5 enocpq. 6ova1txr1 tvi.PYen.
1.32.Or ;royvrlre5 ollrllenr6porivpe qle- 1.38.Ie fvs c,Poyevi5 ne6(o<orprlvouF€D pl-
rpoorontrd5[]eldve5. Tr0o ouppef;
1.39.Me nort:5ond rt5 nopordtol npotd-

oetgou1.tg<oveire;
o) To ldorrXcrdXerprrp6rcprl oYttlYrporrlro
qrr6ro oloupivro.
1.34.Menolousrp6nou5pnopoupe vo nt' g) Le rd0e rupr16erqroor6 [6trouunop-
rfXouperqv ondrltorl;rroglenrrl5 6doyqg €tr€6eepo qtrerrp6vto o-
Xouvfieplooc,r€po
qtrerrpovicov; trOdoo oe rdt)e ruprrderaroor6 opytipou'
1.35.EnrBeporc6ore 4 onoppitl-rrerou5ar6' y) Ie rdOerupr16erotoordXakof gtdp-
trouOouq roXuProPo65 youvlTtplooc,rspo t^€deeporllerrpdvtao-
o) H 6rlvayrl'nou oore(ro rllerrpr16 ne6fo trOOoo oe rct0e ruBrrd tKoroordyuotrrod
oeivo or1;teroxd goprio iler ndvro rr1<popd ror ourd ro
epprrlve6er drr ayo'l-
11rltrexrptxq
rqq dvrco4g. yrp6rrlro rou Xatrrorieivur;reyol6tepqand
<poptropdvo otlpori6ro nou exeiv4 rou yurrho6.
9) 'EuoOerrxd
ppioreroropXrrdorivrlro0o peroronrotef
1.40.'Evoq nr,'xvotr15:
rord rq rpoPdrq5 iwoor15. q) Efvqroforrlpo 66oyerrovrrcov ot
crycoytilv
'EvcqlerrpdvroopXrrd 0o pero- efvot
]) -orivrlro vo ouv6iovror oyrilyryc,
'rontoreircrd rq <popdo6[qor15 rou 6uvopr' ono(otXcopiS
6uvordvvo <popri(ovrot o ivo5 pe Oertrd'
ro6.
I
A^^HÊntApA:Et:
BÊKT'.:TATTKET
tr
qoprio Koro dI oSH€qrroldros ioo opvrlrr-
16goprio.
B) Ileprop(erdvc roXuprirllerrprx<ine6iopri-
oo oe prrpddyro. llc f,0ooupe lpopLlpctc
y) Iuvrord cno0rSqqlerrprrrlgevipyerog.
6) Eivororiorrlpc6docnopovr,lpdv<rlv oyto- 1,44. Loo prrrpi5ogafpe5,pe ioo goprio,
yriv. ppiorovroroe oprogrivq ondoroorlror oMq-
6) Ko0toS<poprf(eror ou[dver q lrrpqrrr6rq- lenr6po6v4lexrprri. Tr0c ouppe(mqv lpq
rd rou. rqg 6dvoprlgnou crorei q pio orrlv dtrlr1ov
Menoroond qurd oup<poveire; o. Arntrqordoouy€ l rlvandmooqrougp. Ar-
nloordooupe ro rpoprio rdOeprrog y. Yno6r-
1.41.Togoprioevdgnur<vror(:
q) loodrqrprero dOporopo r<r.lv
gopriarvtorv nlcordooupe r4v,:ndorooq, 6rnloord(o-
rou. vro5rour6Xpovorc AopriordOepro5.
66oontrropc6v
9) Eivarovdtroyorrposrqv rdo4 rou. 1.45.Iro pdprorou NaClro rdvrou No* d-
|) Eivorioo pero nqliro rrlg rdoq5npo rrl niXerond ro rdvrou Cl-2,3' 10''om. lldorl
Xropqrrrdrrlro. eivurq perc{6rouqooxotipevq 66vopq;
6)Au€dve r rord rr1gdprroq.
1.46.I-l6o11 sivor11,1nd,s1ooq pero{66rjoq-
e)Arorqpe iror rord rq gdprrorl.
lerrpovirov,drov 11perc{,6roug qtrerrpr14
Merrorcand ourd ou;rrpoveire;
oncoorrx4 66vcpqcivoriorl pero pdpogrou
1.42,HXropqrrrdrrlrc ev6genfne6ou nu- qtrerrpoviou; (g=9,81m/s').
rvcorrlodpo:
1.47.Lro povrilc, rou Bohryrq ro dro;ro
o) Arnloord(eroregdoov6rnlqorqorefro rpo-
rou u6poydvou 11<lrrivor4g rurtrrrr15
<popriorou. rov
rou rllerrpovirru ydpo on6 nuprlvo
p) Yno6rnlood(eratecpdoov 6rnlooroorei 11 1d5
eivor5,3'10-"m.Yrroloyiore rq 66vo;.rr1
nou
rdorl rou nurv<orr1.
oorei o nupqvogo'rorllerrpdvro.
y) Eivoravdloy4npos ro eppc66vr<ovonlt-
opr.riv. 1.48.Tpioioo orlpr;roxd goprio rono0ero6-
6) Elorrcbverorov yera(ri rcov66o onfu- vror or rpergond,
opr6vnopepplrl0e i 1opri. rrq ropugig ev6g
Meilors snd ourd ou;,rrprrrveire; rerpaycdvou, Av 11
66vop11;rero16
1.43.Av ouv6ioou;re oyriyrparougonlr-
rcDvq1Korq, oivor
opodgev6gnurvorrl:
F,, rcr pero{d
o) Elorrc6verorro goprio rou.
p) Elcrrciverorq Xoprlrrr<drqrd rou. r<ov q1Korq, eivor
a^
y) Elomrivercr11ono0rlrtupfv4evdpyero. F,..noro ond rr5
6) O nurvolrrl5ercpoprf(eror. nopcrdr<orrp65
Menorosnd ourd ouyrpcoveire; roo6rorpero ldyo F.,rlFr r; t. 112p. 2 y. 1l^'12
6.{t.
1.49.ToGymnarchus eivoriva qd-
miloticus
pr lTou(er oro n<xpdfuc rr15A<pprrr1g.Iro
regdtrrrou (A)cpiper 0errr6goprio10-'Ce-
v<irorrlv oupd rorr (B)cpiperonohlrcogioo
goprio opvqrrxd.'fo<poprioaniXouvpero-
I
HAEKTPOIIATIKE>AAAHAENIAPA' EI:
{,6roug20 cm.Ynoloyiorero pfrpo Korrrlv neleu0epriveror evdpyero 3'10').1, Av 11
rore60uvorl rrlg 66vop45nou qoreirar oei- opXrr<r1rdorl rou nuxvorq rlrav2 '100V,u-
vov r6vu6po[utriou (OH'),nou pp(oreror noloyiore rov cpr0p6rov qtrerrpovitov nou
orrl peoordO€rorou AB xor oe cn6oroorl perorrvrl04xuv.
1m.Tq 6rr1le rrprrqoroOepd rou vepod0o 1.56.'Evoodvverpo enrcpdve rcg S=1 km'?
rr1ppeire oro oXerrr6nivqro, ppioreroroe 6qo5h=500m ror 611;.roupye i
1.50.'Evo orlperord ovrrrefpevo dlerpd(o perq l-qnuKvrllr4,rov onoio pnopodpeva
0,04kg 0errrd,goprio3pCror ppioreroroe Oeopqooupe enine6o.H 6rogopd6uvopr-
oqpeio A 4trexrprrodne6iou.H oorodpevrl ro6 pero[6 ofvverpou ror fq5 eivor5 ' 10sV.
oro ovrrreipevo 66vapr1 eivor6.10'N. Ia5 u. Ynoloyirrs rrl Xtrlpr1rrrdrrlra rou fiu-
(11ro6pe vo npoo6ropfoere a) rrlv ivrooq rvorq ror rqv rllerrprrrl rou evdpyero.p. H
rou qlexrprrodne6iouoro oqpeioA ror p) ercpriprro4 nporole i repouvri nou 6ropre i
rqv enrrdXuvorl rou ovrrrerpivouror-drr1 1O-us.fldoq eivar q pioq roXrignou ono6f-
mryprlereivq. 6eror;
1.51.'Evqoqperord avrrreipevo I dXe r <pop- 1.57.Ot ontrropoi ev65enine6ounurvcor4
rio 3pCrsr oorsi 66vopr1F oe ivq dllo o4' eivqrruKfuxoi6ior<or orrivog 5 cm rct on6-
perordovrrrefpevo I' rpopriou1pCro onoio Xouv1 mm o. Ynotroyfore rq Xopqrrr6rqrd
pp(orerororo orlpeioB oe ondoroorl12 cm rou sv ro 614lerrprrd eivorpira (r=8). p. Av
ono ro L Eo5(qroripeo) vo npoo6ropioere q rdorl ;.reru{6r<rrvonfuopc6v eivor500 V
rr166vopr1F p) Oerrrp<ilvrcq ro I nrlyq rou 11- noro e fvcr ro qoprio rou fiuKvorn; t. H
le rrprrorine6fou vo npoo6ropioere rrlv i- npoqyo6pelq rdorl 6rorrlpeiror oroOeprl xor
vrcorlrou ne6ioumo orlpeioB. pyd(oupero 6r4lerrprr6.Togopriorou nu-
rvorrl percrpdlleror;Av vcr,noro efvcr4
1.52.Lt proprrprloroydvoveporjundpler vfc rou rrprl;6. fldoq evipyerofXerrc6poo
<nepiooero> 50 qlerrpovicov. Av q orcydvo nurvorrqS;
ppe0eioe rorordpucpo opoyevd5 qlexrpr16
qrro
ne6io50Vimeivur6uvor6vvo 6rorqpq0e i o- 1.58.To ov()p<6nrvo oc6poonoretreirqr
rivqrq;Mnopeirevc npoo6ropioere rr1pd(o 10" ne pirou rdrrcpo. Kd0e rdrropo p'rTo-
rrls; peivo 0eopqOe f orgenine6o5nurvorrl5, e-
g<5oov q 6rciperp<ig rou eivornol6 peycl6-
1.53.'Evqnp<ordvro eivorele60epo vo rcvei- repqand rr ndXogrqg pepppdvrl5 rou. Or
ror oe oHoyEVi5 qtrer<rprr<d
ne6foE=200V/m. onfuopofrou 0q eivorond oyc6yrpo peuord
Yrro0droupe drr oro np<rrrdvro ooreirorp6- utrr16nou pioo ror i{o ano ro
[]piorceror
vo q rllexrprrrj66vopr1. I' fvo oqpefoA rou r6rropr,. H rurroprrrl yepppdvqeivor;.rd-
ne6iou4 roX6r4rorou nporovioueivarpr1- rpro6rr1le rrprrd.Zqrefror o. ro ouvoh16
6iv. Ynotroyfor€ rnv roX6rrlrdrou o€ orl- goprio q d)t<ov'r<ov rurrdpcovrou ov0prr;-
peio Bnou oniXerond ro A 2cm. nivou oc6prrros Korp. 11ouvotrrrrl ono04-
1.54.O nurvcorqg rougglag FrqSgroroypo- reupdvrl o' rxurd qle rrprrr'1 evipye ra. fro rd-
grr45prlXov4q dXrrlop4rrr6rqro150pFror 0e rurropn:q ;repppdvq 6iveror, r<ord npo-
<popri(eror q.
ye rdorl 200V. Ynoloyimer4v oiyyrorl, ro eppo6dv rq5 enrrpdverog
evdpye ro nou ono0rlre6erqrorov rrur<vorr1 (1,8' 10''m'r, ro ndloq (8' 10''gm), 4 6ra<po-
'l pd 6uvoprrod (9mV) ror q 6rqlerrprrq oro-
0. Au n crrpdprroq nopdyeroroe ms,uno-
(8).
troyimerr1yiorl roXdnou qno6r6erur. 0epd
1.55.Kord r-qverrptiprro4evd5nuxvorrrjc-
-e
HÊKT'.TTATTKE:
A^^HÊri^pArErr
E
Anoornaoparaano ro o@uorxrTE
AnavBrcpe>
TouP4Vo
r'O payvrlrrlg eivat pia o6qprb6,tS rirpa, etpioxerat lttoo rou

aAagxai Aa& ivapiva, eigra oroiq xeirq n pqrynnKq |uvapry, xai
6y eig rryv nerp66q ouoiav
,Kd9e xoypdn lrdyvrpou tyet 6uo noAoug,eig loug onoioug eivat
r7 peyaAurEpa i)xuortxrT 60va1ng,
OT > IK FIE xoi ro0g yvcopi(et nvdg xtvcbwag
tva yayvrTrrl on-otov8rTnoreeig pt-
endver>Ma
Air.rle dy7ha1! ol*opc0die "EA,nca, viopara o6r7pc,u, 6Ao rd p6pn
' Et tie lqpatrir d nads W$nt l((oau rrbv ptvtoydrav otro1 npooxgA-
tlagd tE Acbvrq cig qurovt 6rcu00vowat
,PHTA
Trpos r6v tvav i np6S r6v dMov
r ga es r t x r r i eE TTAAToT, noAov, xqi it':eivq oro0 eivqt
ohme bat'tiltrcn i(zDifie, aeie $i6cw
trdva eig16 Aom6v oayta rou, oq-
tfu 6poya&.
xcbvovrat op9d cbg ayxd9n. flpo-
otrt rd neptoo6repa ptviopara
rpa0o0vrat yt neproooripav ra-
y0rqra eig rou5 n6Aoug, napd eig
rd oAAa ptpq rou.
>Atd ro0ro civoltd(opev d{avo
' E N s l E l tI,rR . ro0 ltayvrTrou rrTv eu9eiqv ypdlt-
pqv oro0 \tip1ieror qn6 r6v tva
&t rit T'aalgagbe ti *.y*b TPA TTNEP.
n6Aov rou, tag eig r6v dMov, ioq-
| 7 9o. peptv6v rou 6i, 16 xqrd xdQerov
'H i;torqg Aotrrov
irilne\ov onou \ntpei eig 6uo r6v a{awd rou.
aurq ro0 payvqrou (16 vd trl roAous) dvat tstQu'rogeig oAoug to09
payvrTrag,'inti4 xcxiqv toi r(axion nvds eig oo<t xoypdna xqi dv
'0tAr1,'naAw
oi 6uo roAot 7tAouv upe1rl tavta etg xa9e xopydn'
,!iE6-oo, rrlv ovopaoiav rdtv r6Aav riE yiS xcri tig roug noAoug
ro0 1-tayvqrou, ineiirl otav duros efvu iAeu1epog, tyet Quotv vd
6rcu0uvr1ravrs roug noAouq rou
>Auo xopyana ltaYvrTrouioa, 6r
aQr1ptva eig vePov otro} va r1Pe1
aAAd )tAouv rPaBtY?rlaPotBaiog,
oov 'ro0 ipoltou ro:v, Sti rqv \nQopav raurqv 6Sta9,,6n o apxnx6g
iolog ro0 tvog, 1tAetrpa\'iTet ro,vdvrdpKTtK6vrou aMouvo1, ine6q I
IAEKTPOITATIKE'
ONNNN'N'O'0"''
.!j.l
oi n6Aot ro0 i6[ou ov6parog, ouvqna9oivra't r6oov yAuyapa, 6oov
av1iAxovrar oi ivaAAa€, eis rp6rov otro1 el'vat v61togro0 ltdyvqrr
opou rourog.
>T6 "Hkxrpov (xeyptStnap)
elvar q opuxr6v, 11prltlttvov
ano rryv 9dAsoosv eig 16 ne-
prynh. 'AltQorepa tlvat ei6og
pu(ivryg 11vaQ9q; rqyyivryg,
r1ngrpiyouoa eig rrTv 9dAao-
odv, dQ' oi anoxrqorl yiav
roo6rqra aAarco8ci;v po-
p(av, nq(et. Eupfoxerat eig
rd neprytdAru rrlg llpouofag,
oi iyxdrotrcot 6rqv eivot
Qoupro1va nryyalvouv rai
16 pa(6vouv tpo6o0ltevot va
prTvrpaBifet nfoa q 9aAaooa
rd xoppdna, ono1 tppttpw
tf,o eigrryv fr1pav, 16 opuxr6v
euyaivet navro}, eiE rqv 'lra-
Aiav, eig rrTv lloAaviov, tis
rqv fepyaviav, xcl eig rryvAa- rl'A.trn,^Ph,"t*ath<s'-I\"fr,
,l|,4. ,/
vrltdpxa. T6 xaAAirepov xoi
neprco6repov ebyaivet eig rqv
Ilopepaviav inapyiav r4E
Ilpouoiag, aQ' o0 oxdrpouv
rqv yfiv xoltpdn.
>'H rTAexrpxrybAq Qaiverat vd dvat ixeivq orro0, orav rpi$apw
tva xoltltdn xeygltndg eig tva ocopa tbg t,d (ema91, xai rpaSQ
rpiya r7 ayupov. Eivat yia riArT'peumordrq xai Aerrrordrq, 6nQope-
nx4 an6 xd9e aAAqv 6d rq aM6xors ncpelropevq onol tyet, elvat
ixavr\ va iva1fi yt 6Aa oye,ov td o6pata, nAtlv yt' 1vd ptv neprc-
oorEpov p6. nv:d 6i 1Atycbrepov. Td raper6pevd rt1q ivepyolwal pt
nona piydAr,v ray1rqra 66 feyapordg airlag, airweg mroreAo1v
Qaw6lteva nePrcPY6rara.
IAPAIEI:
AAAHAETI
HAEKTPOIIATIKEI
AEYTEPOKEOAAAIO
To tpotvripevso Atrlrllenr6pdoe t5
peupdr<ov ror poYvqr<6vo H OstlrPia
yo ro qlertptrri Pe6;roo OoPdrou
rltrerrprrofpedPoroS' To PttiFo
orous perotrlrro6SoY<rlYoti5. r
'EvruoqqltxrPrxoriPe6Pcrog To o
o;rnepd;rerpo o l6rdrrlreSrq5 ivro-
.
orls H 6ru<popd 6uvoPrxori o Mf-
rprlonrns rdor15 e rq5
l6rdrrlre5 rd-
.
olS To 4ltxrprxri xdxltoPo o
Hlerrprrrl evipyeraoe rprlpo rurdc6-
pqros . AvrlorrireSo Hlerrplr<4q-
wforoon o o vdFosrou ohm o An6
rr e[dprdrar11ovrioroorl;o Pu0Ft'
orrrrl ovriorcorl . AvrtordrrlsKolrl-
trerrprrcq evipyero ' EqqPFoYdS '
I6v6eor1ovrtorort6v o H Ysvv{rplu
mo 4lexrptxrixrixkrpu o Hlexrpe'
yeprrrrl66vopq. O tv€pYtrord5 p6-
o
tro5rq5 yew(rPrag HEArqt 6ro<Po-
pd 6uva;rrrodo KrirlolFopeyevvrl-
rpro Kotovrtordr4 o liv6eorl nqy6v
o Nq ouFn0oripeo Nu ovcPtorq'
0o6pt o No ldoouPenPoPl{Pura o
Nroroupdvro.
Z4xtugttXr1
pou66oepe6pa
Arov6oq5 Iopp6noutrog
O xdoprog;.rogefvor r1tre rrpo;.royvqrrr<ig'H routrdlorov rar rlle-
KTpopcryvrlrrrd,g.To releurqio exor6 1p6',,roo nofurrop6gor1po6e6-
erqr qrrd ro qtrerrprrdpedporo KqrrS <rtrtrr1trenr6pdoer5 ovdpeoo
orous pcyvrpegror o' ourd. Irlpepo or ayoyof rrlg AEH6racrXi(ouv
rr5 rrdtrerqKorrrlv 6rror0poperogfpovrc(Sro ayoOd,evr6or Koro-
vql<orrxoiloyoprcoprof rrlg evoltrodvro pqvrofopo5 erod6qpCI. H
rorqvdlororl qlerrpropodcnorele f nror;.rdrpoyro rrlv rrordrrlro
rrls (<o4S.To 4lerrpr16pedpoepr<pavi(errxr orrg rccOqpeprvi5 roupi-
vr€Spqs rr iXer rrro nepdoerF€rCIgoptKdr, orcipc Kororrlv rroirlorl.
Treivorqtrerrprrdpe6po;
A{f(errov rcdrrovo rprdooupso€ prd otroxlrlp<opivq ondvrrloq.
fro vcxro rorocpipoupre 0o {errvrlooupe<rrrdro gcxrv6pevo. flopo-
pepi(ovragfipos ro rrapdv,ro rltrerrpo',,rrd oS errrlerprlooup€ vq
ouyrevrp<6ooupr rqv fipoooX4pcS oe yeyov6rc,orrd rq orrofo
npo6i6eror11fncp€rl qtrerrprrorj pe6;.rorog.
Bpo6drr orrl Aeog6po Apalia5 rr15rrpor-erjouoos. Op.S rurlogo-

prorqq orXF4S.To trecrrcpope io iXouv ovdrper ro
peooio <pc6roroug. Tc' i6ro orcprpc6g ror ro ro(i.
tTl f
t o Qsupa 'Olo perarrvofvrcr opryderr6g o116ro
Frlxovd-
Krq/ rrou rorocpipvou'r/ Kdr yfuorpofv cvdpreoo.
'Evo oroporrlpivo yr<r:ro1frpoiveror rrcogiperve
V
<02t0T00t> o116prnoropfo rcorro 6rpogrou o6rlyod npo6(-
6er orr6yvcoorl.'Evo,rr<6pq oKrvnrorrorqpdvo
rpdlei 6uoXepoive t rq"' rordoroorl.
Iro rrporrooitrr6o rtov ofioy€uporrvcilv e-
<pqpepi6cov o Odvoro< ond, rllerrporrlq{ia rou
7 veopo6 gorrrlrq. <To peripa ordrooe 22ypo-
oTo tr,finrilo
.r urt
rYv\ry
J vo>. H (ror1,dpcrl5,rrF,oxorpderX(l)pfsvo oltrd-
(e r o pu0p6s rrls o€ 'rirrorq. Tqv f6ro r6po oe
EEEEAAONIKH,5
KEPAYNOBOAHAHXEofl6 qfn?Aoqn orrirrc, pcyc(rd Ksr r:pyoordorq erccxrovrd6eg
Odpq trd &an prirro cro lmngi rou 1trrd6e5perpqrig rq,; AEH 6outre6ouvraur6-
orrnoti lou, focqtfu tqE llotwqvtrt{g
l1o[9, a0cvilrcrc c:d, 6gonr*$rforrc Xpovo. Koroypdrpouv rrs xrtroporcipesrrou Ko-
rou :rpl4{fixt oto Oqlmi*no. rsvql<rrvovrq r qrrd ;gl rd6e g 0ep proofg<rrveg,
I
TO HAEKTP KO PEYM A
roorripes, qtrerrprrdgorodrre5,or€Yvo-
1 4 p e Sp o lh c o v ,p ro p q X o v t x o 6t g
< t v q rrl-
pe5,rou(iveg,aoovoip, loprrrrrlp€Sgtrr-
rropro6,{uprorrxig prr11ovd5, r{uye(o,qle-
rTprxd xotroprgip,pntror evr vrire p,
r6pvoug,qtrexrpr<dof6epo,qtrexrprrd
nluvrqpro. H notrrreio(er pioo ond rov
qle rrpo;,royvrlrr o pd. E{opr11 pivrl otr6
qurdv {elvder Kqrvo ro opoloyqoet.To
OupdrorrdOegopd rrou rl FIdPn oe rdnot,l unoorc0p6 rrlv ovo-
yrd(e r vo ro 0uyr10ei.
To i6ro orr<iyeupooe o1otrr16epyoorl;proo rc0qyr1rr15 dlet
pnpoord rou dvq o<op6ovrtxeipevo.Ie liyo 66o orrltregrcovi€r
polr, ivog 6ror6rrrqg,prrooerpdo116rq-
k66ro, ivo prrp6 traprrdrrror ivo qle-
AeN =CP ANbtA/\4
MIAIO A>XHMH >TITMH rrpolurx6 DrdlupruOetTxod o{fo5 ouv6io-
H €IJAN At${MO
vrqr oe oelpdrcr Sqproupyo6v 4trertprxri
rdrctr<rrpa. 'Orcrvo roOqyr;rr]grtrefverto
6rar6nrq, rpia 6ragoperrxdpqv0porcr
npo6i6ouvrlnop€r1qtrerrprr<of pe6;rarog.
To lopndrc cvdptt, rl FcyvqrrKrlpeldvo,
nou ppror6.rovrrirco qrr6 ivo xotr<66to,
peroxrveirorKorroopporref oe prcv dllrl
Odoq,oro 4trerrp,rlurrrd6rdlupa rroPq-
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roupyio rou Oeppooirptovo, rou oi6epou,TrlS
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curorrvq,ov, ro troprrdKloro epyoo'rrlprorcr
or Aopnr(pe5 ruporrc6o€os ors orrirtq rqt
oro poyo(rd. Arorpfvovrqt/pdporo,orr<ir-o I
TO HAEKIPIKO PEYMA
fipoqyo6psvoKord ro drr o'ourd nopdyerorKqlqos.'Evo t<otv6
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vo ro laporrqpiooul.rs<oSgcrvripevaOtSrplxri.
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Tpfrrl opri6o gorvopdvtov.Ie
pro rpirq, rdlog, opd6o pno-
po6prrvo rorro0erqooupe <por-
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trerrprro6pedporoq.
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TO HAE KTP KO PEYM A

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pio, o AlessandroVolta (Meoodvrpo Bdtrra),nirule vc rcrooreud-
ou rnv np6r4 qtexrprxri or{14, pro 6rdrc{q, 6r1tr46q,r; onofo
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orous 66o nd,loug rr15.
H <polroirrl> orr1trr1{rcv oe 0ioq vo npopq0e6oer pe drpOovo,
rrtriov, pe6po roug Eupconaiougepeuvqrig avoryovtdg rou5 tror c-
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To neipcpu Oersted. To rcpiorpoyro rrlv e{r1trr{qrou qtrerrpopcq,vn-
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rr opo6 rreipcpo fi pcrypqronor q0 11
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vroplo refpev6 rou ypoppivo oro trctrvtrd, o Aovd,gHans Christian
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rileopo ev6gtrerpdpcTos,ro orroio i6erlvr:6rr ro qtrerrprx6pe6po
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TO HAEKTPIKOPEYMA
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peupororp6poKCIIc66to Kot ro rorroe€rodpendv<oon6 ;.rfopro-
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rqg allrlleni8paoqg. H qvqrofv<r>orl rou Oerstedigrooe oro
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lpovrd exe ivr; ol errrgoviorspor guolxoi rrlg follfcg ef'rep6vor
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Krpopoyvrlrro;rof. Avdpeodrous o Andrt!MarieAmpdre(Avrpd
Mcpf Apnip, 1775-1836) urrrlp{e, rord rdrrororp6ro, o €firKs(po-
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liyeror drivopqLaplace.Oo rrpoXroprlooupe oe pc06repqpetrdrrl
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Mnopodpe,lorr-r6v, yrCIrnv ovilveuoqrltrerrprro6pedporogva
iloupe ivc oxdpa rprrqpro.Trlverri6pcorl/Trlvorroiq ucpiorcrora-
116ivq psl,v4rn. H 6iopq rllexrpovirrlv,q orrofcr6rlprroupyeirar;.rioa
o' dvoocotrqvo ro0o6trc6vGxriv<rrv,orroretreirltrerrprrd,pe6po errer-
6q ucpiorororeni6poo4and payvrlrrr<6 rreiiio. H trerroupyicrtov rl-
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6orr;0ofv,Eilovror 6uvdprerg Laplaceqrr6 rov poyvrlrrlon6re iror
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To 6e6Tepo rcecpdlaro {erivrloe,ouoroorrrdrpe ro epc6rqyo;n eivat
qAexrprcd pe6ya; H orrdv'rr1orl,rqv orroio errrlelprlooprevo 6c6oou-
pre<ei6e>ro (qrrlpo p6vo orrd rrlv ntreuprirtov gqrvo;rdvarv.Irq
ouvdXe ro ro opo6orrorqoape eorld(ovroSrrlv rrpoooXqpog oro
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6poor1.
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noiegilouprer16qcvorpepOe i ror ov errrlerpqooup€ vo ouv0iooupe
rc ouprrepdoporq.
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ouv6ioopre cyriyrpo roug 66o onllopofg. Mro roXuprl,rilog, er-
gdprtoq, dn<o5o repcuvdg,6qproupye i rcll prayvqrrr6rre6ioloXu-
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I O H A E KT P]KO PEYM A
Eivor,6r1la6r1, yeyov6gdrr q perorivrloqqlerrprrod gopr-iou,
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vo6e6ouvro qlerrprrd pe6poro.
H rpir4 napor{p4oq. Errrorpigoup€o'ro rreipoproRowland,ro
onoio pog i6er{edrr ro rrvofpevoqlerrprxdcpoprioerrr6pdos Fo-
yvrlreg. o116ro prlvupcrou nerpd;rord5rou o i6rogo
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trovo ppeOeioro rivrpo rou.
Or rper5ourdg uopcrrlp4oer5onorelotiv opropivoo116rq errr-
lerprlporo ro orroiq pogo6qyotivvo 6elroripe6rr:
To qlexrprrri pedpc efvorxcreuOuvripevq xivqoq qltrrprx6v
gopriov, q onoia ougpofverpdoo oroug aytoyo65e{ orriog xri-
rrorqs6ragoptig6uvoprxori.
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p6(oupe6ragop<i6uvoprxori xat au{dve-
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oq. H rivqorlyivr:rorprioooro qlexrprrd
rre6io,ro orroio{iqproupyrirororo €oor€-
prx6 rorv oy<oyd,varr6 roug n6trougr4g
rltrerrprxrpg
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Oopef5rou rcvoupdvou goprfou oro pdrotrlo eivororroxlerorr-
xd xqr pr6vorc etrerj0epo qtrer<'rp6vra/orous r1trerrpotrdreg eivorrcx
r6vrcx, orous adprougoyoryo6gprropef vcxeivqrKcrrdvrq ror qtrr-
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Oopo rou rltrerrprKo0

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Erno'rpigouF€ oro gorv6pevc.'Orqvav'rorp6gcpsrous n6troug
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I
TO HAEKIP KO PEYMA
Frrr4posq<oropo^sfro i6ro,ove{dpr4ro rrnd 'rqv notrrrdrqro rr15
rpocpo66rqoq5. =ipoupre6rr
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ovrrorpd<poup€ rq qopd rou qlerrprrod :re6ioudpo ror 14 rpopd
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poopCIeivqr6rr opropivegex6r1trc6oerq rou rllercrprrodpe6poros(ro
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vor eire n gopd xivqorlgopvqrrrriv <poprfovon6 prrpd 6uvo;rrrd
npog peyoldrepaeire rqr rl gopd rivrlorlg'r<ov 0errrc6vrpopri<rtv o-
rrd peydlo 6uvaprrdrrpo5prrrp6repo.
'E1ererrrrpor4oer<lggopd rou qlercrprxofpefporogvo 0ecopei-
rcr 4 <popdrivqo4grou Oerr106<poprfou.H odppaorlour4 eiXe
rrporoOeiqrr6 r-ovAmp6re.Eivorpro enrtro1,q, 11onoio opy6repoo-
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rou5 peroltrrxod5, n qopd pefporo5 eivqr ovriOerq o116 rq gopd
xivqoq5rrov <popirov, or orroiorouppciver'"'oeivor rllerrp6vra. Bi-
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rqv rrepirrr<ooq 0o erXope orlpepoapvqrrrd cpoprrqrdvoug nupqveg
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T O I - I A E K T PIKO PEYM A
'Orov ivoq perrrlfur<i5oycoy<ig ouv6e-
Oefpreroug ndloug plagqlerrprrrlgrrqyrlg,
oro €o<or€ptr<irou oytoyodxct oe xdOe
orlpeiorou 6qproupyeiror ne6io.
rltrerrprrd,
rqg 4trerrprrqg rrrl'
O p6trog,trorrrciv,
iiev eivorvo nopdyer11-
yr15oro r<6rl<rlpo
Ierrprrd goprio. ll nr1yr1, 6evei-
6r1tro611,
vor <nqyrl>qlertprxo6rpopriou.Arorqpei
dFrS, ro ne6io Krfrrrl 6rogopd6uvopr-
ro6, drrcogpe ovdloyo rp6ro, yn avrlia t,tpo1 o' i,va u6pauNrc6
xtx)utpa 6evrapdyu vep6,o.AAd Xprloytederyn va i'orr1peixdnots
\nEopd nr€oeuv Ko;vs, rporcaAeirrl po4 rcu r16qurdpyovrog ve-
potj. Avrbrorxo, 4 qAexrpxqnqyrl \r1ptoup,yei \ngopd \uvayxoi
rcarnt6io ptoa oro onoio yiveratn po4 ruv 11617 unapy6vruv eAt6-
0 ep<uvr1trexr
povituv roo p erdAAoo.
t
rllexrprr<
rTrl'l
clpi6c-
roKorrTns
i
6rord-
rrTrls
I
p€rpnrrls v€pou
rrqpoxns qprr€poHrrpo
To qlerrprrd ne6io enr6pd oro etre60tpcxrllerrp6vto rord 14

yv<oor4 xared0uvoq. Aurd, 6p.S, 6ev orlprct(ver 6114 raXfrqro rcrrv
qtrerrpovicovou{dver ouvel<oqfipos rrlv i6to rcore60uvot1.
To rltrerrp6vro ouyKpo6ovrqr (otrtrqtrerrr6poriv)
pe ro 6oprrcdou-
orqrrrd -rdvrq- rcov pe'rotrtrrrcc6vcyoyc6v, pe ouvirreta 11rrvqrtrq
evdpyerortrrv €firrcxuvdprevolvqtrerrpovi<ov(ourr1 rrou 0o qrro-
xro6oov enrrrldov ov 6ev unrlple ro rovrr16 ntriypo) vo ;rerotpi-
rrcTor oe ev6pyelarotrdvr<rroqs Tov r6vrrorr KGrvo ex6rltrcivercr pc-
rpooxorrrxd q o6{qor1 rqg Oepporpooicg'rou prerctrtrrxod crycoyof.
To 1ru<oor6, 611lo6r],<0epprxgorvdpevo rrou ouvo6e6errr1 6ritreu-
or1qlerrprrod pedporo5 orrd, roug prerol,Trrro6g cryoryo65ror trdye-
Tor KcIrcporvdpevo Joule.To arrordleopc yrf rq rltrerrpdvrceivot ro-
Oivo ond ourd vo pnv €rrrrdx6veror ouvrrXrigolld vo rrveiror pe
oroOepq(oprorq)<peugcrrr(>rcrXdrrlro.
Evo cxrlpo orlpeio rrpirrer vo npooelOei r6rairepc. l-lprvcrr6 rqv
I
TO H A E K TP II.O P E Y MA
€Fgdvrorlrou qlsKrprrorjne6iourCI€^sdespoqlerrp6vlq rou ps-
rdllou -qlexrpovrxdoipro- €Ktvodvrodrorro, Xopi'S611lo611, <vo
ex6qk6vouvrdrroronporiprr;o4 ) rrposo6rropivq rore60uvoqdror
rrou qv os Fro6roroprlXdlxrvouo6pprorognepvo6vopropdvoqtre-
Krpdvro,rrvodpevofipos optopivqrcorerlOr)vorl, rrlv i6roorryprlrod-
prOpoqtrerrp6vro rrepvofvo116rrlv i6roi5roropqrrvorjprevo rpo5
rrlv avri0errlrore60uvoq.Mnopod;revo ro6pe 6rr ouvotrrrdq rivq-
on ralv qlerrpovirov-oro qle rrpovrr<doripro-ovorpeiror nopdtro
rrou or rcrxfrrlrssrov qtrexrpovi<ov eivorrrlg rdEnsrov km/s.ASorl-
prerco0e
f e6ci6rr or rrpig rqg rcrX6rrlrcqoXerf(ovrorp€rr1Oepporpo-
oio rou perdtrlou,yr'our6 ror q rivqorlrov ele60epcov qherrpovirov
Ifyeror ror <0epprrry> xivqoq.
'Orov, rc6po, eprcpovroref ro
Kqr€6euvonrrls n^€KrprKrlS
6rivopqg 4trerrprr<6rre6io, ra rllerrpdvro
rou periporog 6ev <Xdvouw rqv
rrporlyof pevq ro16rqrd rou5,
alld o' ourqv rrpoori0eror 6ra-
vuoporr<d -odprpcovoHsrrlv CIp-
Xn rqS rxve{oprrloio5 rov xrvrl-
o€ov- r,rr q prrprl peuporrrrl ro-
16rqrc'rq5 ;-rercrivrlorl5 roug.
Aurrl 11e{orperrrd <6rororr-r-
rcrl>6ro6rrooio,orrlv orroio rroip-
ver pipog fvoq rpoporrrrcd peydlog cpr0p65 etre60epovqlerrpovicov
eivorro qlexrprr<6pedpo 4 prdMovrl (FlKpo-uKdvo> rrou iloupe cprrd-
{er yr'our6. Mro opyrl, 6qlo6r1,perorivqo4 rou r1}errpovrrcofoepiou
;lioa orov ev6ooroprrx6lc6po npog opropivq, rdOeorrypq, rore60uv-
oq. To rllerrpdvro, lorrr6v, ;rioo oro perolfux6 o6ppo 6rv;.rerarrvo6-
vror F€ repouvopdlo roX6rrlrc. Mdtrlg xlei<roupre ro 6rordnrq our6
rrou rc{r6efa Hsrpop€pd peydlrl rcrXfrqro q onoio pnopef vo nlq-
ord(er rqv ro1611110rou cpcor6g,eivqr ro <<r4poylo rnv ocprirrvroq>
roug, 6r1lo6qro qtrerrprr6 ne6io, rrou 6ro6i6rtrorpioo orov cryolyd.
Xperd(eror, iorrr5,vo ouvoqrfooupe.'Orov iXoupe qtrerrpr16pe6-
Irc orous perolfuxo65 oyroyori5,prrroporipre vo 6rarpivouy€ rp€rs
6ra<poperr rig rcrX6r4reg.
1. T4v rcrXrjrqro rqg Oepprrrrlg rivrloqgrov ele60eporv4lerrpo-
vi<ov,q orroicr6rorqpeiror/ trrsouvrorr6oc, rur prerdrqv epgdvrorl q-
trercrprr<od rre6iou.To pdye0ogrqg eivar r4g'rd[qg rcov km/s.
2. Tqv nol6 prrxpqrcXdrrlro -;.repiyeOo,;rrlg rd{qq rou 1mm/s-
F€ rnv orroio perorcveirorro qle r<rpovrrdrripro rol 6qproupy€frol
ro qtrertprr6 pe6gc.
3. Tqv rpopepd peydtrrlrcrl6rqro, F€ rn\/ onoio 6ro6i6erorro q-
trerrprr<6ne6io prdooorov cry<oy6.
I
TO H^ EK TPI KO
'EYrqoRrou rller(rprxof
P€uFqros
Ikioo pedyc; A116rq *'yF4, trorndv,rrou 6eX6;,rcme6rr ro qlexrpr-
16pe6poeivqrroreuOuv6pevq rivqoqrltrerrprxori
<pop,iou,eivorloyr-
16 vo ouprgovrlooupe d,rrivo pdyeOog nou 0o pnopo6oevo perpder
rqv nood,rqro ped;rorogeivorq avd povd6o1p6vounoo6rqro rpop-
riou, rrou rrepvdero116pro 6roropqrou cycoyo6,ro rrqlfro, p' dMc
tr6yro,rou gopriou (q) npog rqv ovrfororlq XpovrK{6rtiprera (t).
To piyeOo5triyerordwooq ped;rcrogq orr)rdpefpa. Iuppoli(eror
pero ypdppol. O opropr6g rrou pcg6iveroron6 r4v e{iooorl
r=t
rcrX6er
yro rrlv nepirrroorlfiou ro nqtrfroq/t iler r4v i6rorrprlylo o-
rroro6rlrrorelpovrrcq6rdpxero,orr6reli;re xcrr6rr q ivroorl eivor1po-
vrrd oroOepr1, loporrqpr(ovrogro peri;roco,;ouvsxisxcr orc0ep6.
--i
Irq yevrrrjnepirrrooq 6rrouro pe6poeivurXpovrrdperoBoM6- i
Fsvo n ivroorl rou pe6pcroS (l) orpeiXerlro ovo<pipe'roloe prio
Xpovrrrlorlyp{.O oprop6grqg poo(erorons iworeg ororyerifir1s
noo6rqra gopriou xanorotytttit8rlsytowrci fil,rfprcen.Me crvdloyo
Tp6rro prropodpevo opiooupexcr dMe5 ivroreg nou worpipowcr
oe1pour{ onyp4 6nco5rlror;6rr1rc,4 enrrdXuvorlrar q roX6g.
!
Iro Are0vdg16o111po,11dvrooq peri;roro5(pe6po) arrorelef

0epefuc66eg pdye0og
l' pe povd6o perp4oe-
oS ro ivo Ampire
(14).
loXrier1 Ampdre:
l Coulomb/1seconde.
H e{focoorlourq o-
rroretrefrqv e{iooorl
Ynori0erordrr160epoyov6xrovrrurorlei
oedvoCoulombgopriou,
0 rorolerpnrriq opro;rof rqg povd6og
gerp6erndooCoulomb gopriounepvoriv
ond146roropti perp6er,
ovd6suTspdlenro, Coulomb.1C:1As.
64Iod{,ro Amp0re 4lexrprrodpedporog. Iulvd XprlorFo-
Ewoeirordrr16rorouei6ougxoroperpqrdq
devun6p1ouv.
Onog0o6oripe
opdooq I rroreirqrro-l mA :
nopor6rtorqvewoorl pe0porog
rou4herrprro0 14perp6pe ri I
oro0epprrd
Poo(0peuot
i sfo poyvnnK6 rporvdpevo
nououvodeUouv
rqvepg6vro{
rou, I 10'A.
TO
To oprnepdperpo
Xpero(dpoort Kor 6pyovc rrou vo progperpodv ra Apndp rllexrpr-

ro6 pe6;rorog.Tdroro 6pyovo undpXouv c'e6ldcpopou5rdnou5, 6-
trc, 6porg,ilouv ro i6ro 6vopo. Apnep6perln. flcpeppdtrlovrqr oro
qtrexrprxd xdrtr<opo,oro oqpefo orprp<69nou 0iloupe vo perprl-
ooup€. Aror<irrroupre,6r1lc6q, ro r6rl<oprooro orlpreiocur6 rcqrro
66o drpo rrou 6rlproupyo6vrorro ouv6iouFr Ll€roug 66o orpo6i-
KT€Srou opydvou. 'Erot, cn6 ro oyrrep6p€rpo 0c 6rdpXerorqle-

rrprrd peripo i6rag* ivrooqg pe ourd, rrou eilope nporlyoupivrrtg.
To o;rnepdperpo, 1.r'ivo 6eirrrl rrou 6rq0drer,<6eiXver>,trorrr6v,ro
pedpa (Tou)).H orrdrtrrorl rou 6eirrrl eivcr ouvirero rdrrorou rpor-
vol.rivou,ro orroio er6r1trr6verar6rov rr€pv,i€rpefpc prioo o116ro
* H napouoia rou opydvou aAAotdlvttAiyo r7noA6 ro peipa noo onrlpye nptv anrd rr1v
tapeppoAfi. H aAAoiuorTntptopi(tar, 6tuq, Oa 6oiye, av 4 eaurtprr.rl avrioraoq rou
opydvou eivar oytAqrta oe oy(.oq ye rqv avrimaoq rou ayayo6, roo onoiou ro pc6pa
9tAouye va p erprlooupe.
I
e
T
IO HAEKTPI KO PEYM A
CIprr€p6p€rpo/ o€ rp6rro, pdtrrorc,<6oreq crrr6rtrrorl vo eivolovd-
troyr1npo5 ro pe6;,ro(l) qur6. To gorvdpevceivorivo srrd €reivo,
rrou ouvo6e6ouv ro rllerrprrd pe6;.rcro.Iuvrj0og eivqreireOepprrd
<porvdpevo (0epprrdoprnepdperpo) eire oMqtreni6poorlrou pedpo-
ros l-rsrdnoro Fcrl/rlrn. I' ourqv rrlv rrepinrorrl prioooro oprr€-
p6;lerpoundpler Fcrl,v4rns oxivqrogrct orSre<pdpevo rrtroioto/rtou
ouv6derorps rov 6efxrq.To peripo,nou 6ro;lerederor oro opnepd-
Fsrpo peuproro6orei ro orpeg6pevo nlq(oro orrdre orrg ntreupdg
rou qoro6vror qrrd ro poyv4rq6uvdperg l-aplaceKor ro rrtroioro
orpdgeror.Mo(i rou orpigeror rar o 6eirrrlg rov orroioptrfnoupe
e{orreprrd.Evvoeiror drr ovocpep0qrope pdvoorrlv cppl lerroup-
yiog rou opydvou.H ouvofurrltrerroupyiorou €ivcr,piparo, rrotrd
rrrooriv0er4.
Yrrdplerpro nopd6oorl,fiou OfAerro oXqpcro, ;rero onoio no-

prordvovrorro 4lerrprrd rurlc6poro,vo ilouv co5oretrerdrd-
rroroopOoyrivro no6nll4tr6ypoppor(crvo
rupropXo6v or euOeir;gypoFFiS.Tr;v nopd-
6oo11 0o rq 6rorqprl)oul.rs. Om6oo 6ev0o
r1rov,fo<og , rr'epn6vo Oupfoou1tt6rt ra
oXrlStara 6evanrerxcl i(ouv Euroy paq xd
rrlv npdypartx6rryra, altrd rrl.oultpoAL
(ouv. H rrpdyporrKdrqrcevdgepyoorrl-
prcrorl rur<trc6;roro,;pe rltrerrprxr'1
or4tr4,
6rcx6rrq xorlcpn'rr1poncprordvtror Ft
ro oXrlporo onoio FoSrropqrrdprrer o'orrrrlv. To 66o duoq rqr
nopdMqlo eu06ypcpparpqporo I noprcrrdvouvr;Ierrprxqrrq-
yq oroOepq56rc9opdg6uvoprxori.To ;reyol6, epootr6 ro 66o
ouppotr(errov rr6lo ;rero peyolfrepo6uvoprx6: Av ro 66o rpq-
prororlrov ioo ll 0q rropiorovovdvovolorov6qrrorerrurv<rrrr1.
To oXrlpo@rraprardverqtrerrprr6tropnrrlpo-ovrXveurrlevrirro
/- 6ro,x6rlrrlcvor1r6. Opropdvoox6pocr6Fpolueivor:
nnv(o
Yeroorl -!ru0,
-)'F- peroBtrrlr6q
nurvonlq
opnep6petpo
Bo116perpo -"FL pooqrornq
f-]
C ]L
ri H owrordr4q ouoxeu4
4trerrpo^wrx4
\_z llro^Touerpo)
n
s- Iopnqpog
-+-- 6(o6oq
: peupo
-reF \, evoutooo6gevo
TO HAEKTPIKOPEYMA
l6rorqr€S
rrlsdvrooqE
1. To rrp<6ro prlvupo rrou Ffiopodprevc ndpoupreorrd rrg ev6ei{erg
rcDVoprrtpopirporv eivcr q <rorvrl>rtpq, -rqvorroro iler ro pe6;raoe
pra opropivqonyFl1rord pqrogev6gcryroyod. Erpdoov, 6qlc6r1,oe

dlo ro F4roSrou ayoryod6evundpler 6r<xrld6<rloq, ot rourdXpov€S
ev6ef{ergoo<rlv6rlrrore
opnepdperpcrrv 0rr ouprrrirrrouv.H rodrqro
r<ovev6ei{erov crnoloyeircr pe rqv appl r'r1g6rctrlpqorlsrou gopri-
ou. 'Ooo <poprfo6rqrrve(rorovd provd6oXp6voupioc ond rdrroto
6rcropq,dllo 16oo-ioo- goprio 0o 6rqxrveirqr cxvdpovd6o1p6vou
xor prfooo116prrodllq 6rorop4,orroro6rl'nore. Ag rrpooi{oupree6ci
dr 6evprldpeyro ro<irqrorcovrcrXurrlT(D'v rrrlv rllerrpovi<ov(rou 11-
trerrpovrrodoepiou).Irr5 prrpiq 6roropriqor toldrqreg r<rrvqle-
rrpoviroveivcrouyrprrrrd peyolOtepe5. A4rldpe,6FrS, yro ro6rqta
orrg rroo6rrlte5qlexrprrodgopriou/ fiou 6roruvodvror avd povd6a
1p6voutrrioc orov ryroy6. Kord
6ev OUT€
2. To npdyporc eivor6rocpopertrd egdoovurrdpXer
6rortrd6c,roq (x6ppog). Iro rixlorgo rou crXqprcrog, yro
napd6erypa, or ev6ei{erg rorv'rprrirv
oprnepopirprDveivqt
I : 330m& lr : 110mA Korl, : 220 mA.Mog 6ei1vouv,
611}o611,6rr l,+1, : l. To yeyo'v65otrroloyeiror-rqt rrd-
fu- ond rqv apXqrqg 6rcrrlprlrrrlsrou 4trerrprrofgopti-
ou Koryevrrefercr p€rrlv noprxdr<rrnpdrco4.
To dOporoporov peuprirov rrou <nlqord(ouv>o'
dvcv x6;rpo eivor ioo ;re ro ri0poroFo rtov peu;rrirov
lrou (orroporpfvovrar> qrrd qurdv.
rot rov6vcg errr

g oMd avcrpiperar o€ Fro reXvrr{, rqv orroio prrro-
podpevq Xprloryonoro6pe drqv rdvoupeunoloyropoU5mo ruxlc6po-
rcr.XaporrrlpGerq np<irog errer6rl ouprpcxive
r vo urrdplerivo5 ord;.ro
ravdvogKirchhoff o onoio5ovc<p6peror orr<;6ragopig6uvoprxo6.
O GustavKirchhoff(l-ro6orcp KipXorp), tdlog, o onoiog 6rar6-
rro)or Korrous 6rjo rccrv6ve5,
urrrpp€e ivcA ovopromdgfeppav6squ-
orr6gnou iQlot orrd ro 182aptypt to 1\ti7.
I
HAE KTPI KO PEYM A

FI Sraryqp* Suvtlprxoti
Merpqorlrrlsroorls
Avd;reoooe 6rio oqpeioev65ruxlcirliqrosurrdpler-orrl yevrxrlrre-
pinrcoorl-prc 6rocpopd 8uvoprrro6r;,6nors<ruvqOi(erar
vo tripe,rd-
rrorardor1.A6o qrr6 ro 6pyovoperc orroi<r0o prrropo6oopre vaT q
prerpqooupe notrpoypoqosKqrro polrdperpo.
eivoro qtrercrpovrrdg
O natrpoyp,igos onoretrefrorrupirogcrn6 ivo ocolqvortvo6,
pio gOopi(ouooo06vr1, prio6rdro€nyrq 6rlproupyioqtrerrpovrrrlg
6iopqg ro0c6gxor 6rord{ersyro rrlv errporrq rr156iopqg,drro5 ei
vor, nopc6eiypcroqldprv, ivo (edyogond opr(6vrrorrlcri6ro, ro
orroio errpinouv rr1 6ioyr1 roror6pucpo r:r ivq (eriyo5 qrr6 xcro-
r6pucpo rrlqriEro o116rq orroio q 6iopr1 errpineror opr(6vrra. Av
oro rrponyofpevo rdrl<rlpo 0elrlooupe va gerprgooupsrqv rdoq o-
vdpeoo mo orlpre(oA ror l-, ouv6ioupre1c{ciqpeiaourd prero rrtrqr<i-
6tq rqtqK6puqns orrdrfuo45, orr6re orq'u oOdvr1ro opXr16ilvog
rr15r1tre
xrpovrxrl56iopr4gOo percrrv4Oef rcrrd priccrn6oroorl rrlv o-
rroiq e6xolo pnopodpe vo ovcrydyoupre oe Volts.
To polr6perpo. O rllerrpovrrdg nolpo'ypdcpo5eivar orprpq5 otr-
ld eivarPcp6Sr<xr6tiorotropercgdperor.
Arrd our(, trorrri,v,rrlv dnorgq ro Botrrd-
Ferpontreoverrei.Aev6rogdperond ro q-
pnep6perpoofre oe trerroupyioorjre oe
epcpdvroq. To rccvrpdvrou €ivor,piBoro,
poOpoloy4pivo<reVolts(V).To rorv6Bol-
r6prerpo6ro0i'rerorivrp-oFtr!'vnrnKorq-
yc6yrporrtroioro.To rrlcioro peuproro6o-
to6pevootrtrqtrerrr6pd pe rov pcryvqrrlror
orpirperor, orr(rrt orpdrperorxor o 6ei-
Krrlsrrou ouv6ierqrp' ourd. H er<rporrrl
rou 6eirrq eivot,rvdtroyrlrou pe6pcrogpe
I
TO HAEKTPIKOPEYMA
ouvirrsro-o6l.rgovCIFs rov v6poOhm, rrou 0o pelerqooupeopy6-
rtpo - vo eivqrovdtroyqKornpos rq 6roqropd6uvoprxori.
To polrdperpo,lorndv, perpder rr16rrxgopd6uvc;.trxo6, rrou u-

ndpler avdpeooorous 66o orpo6iKTrs('rou)).'Orcxv Oelrloouprevo
perprlooupe rq Orocpopd6uvcprxo6ovdpeoooe 66o oqpefoA, B e-
vdg rurlc6porog,ouvEioupre oycSyrprorcu5 axpo6fxregprerq on-
peiaourd. H rdoq ovdpeooorous 66o ar<po6iKrss -rnv orroia 6ei-
ro
Xv€r 6pyavo-0q eivorioq ror ps rrlv rciorl ovdpeoooro A rol B.
H o6v6eoqaurrl rou potrrdyerpoutriyercrroriv6eo4oe 6lsxild6o-
oq. Arrd ro polr6perpo 0c rrepdoer,pipcrro,peripcrar r1rdoq rqv
orroioOitrouprevo perp4ooupe0o ollorcrr0ei.To oqdlpo reprop((e-
Torov 11ovriorooq rou polropdrpou eivrrr-oe oxion prerrlv ovrf-
ordorl rou ayolyorlAB- oorlpovrrl.
--J
frovoperpfoouyero pedpoo'6vooqpeio fro voperptiooulre

rq 6rogopd duuopnod
rouxurA6porog, vo(K6{,ouUeD
Xpe16(eror ov6;reoo
oe6doo4peio rouruxhrlporog,
ro rdrlopooroo4peioourdxqrvo ouvddouproydryrpo rouqoxpo66rreq rou
nopeppdlouperoopnepdperpo. polTdpoTpoupero oqpeio, lr,rpigvo
ro rfillopo,
6roxdrl,oulls
TO HAEKTP KO PEYM A
Iuvorpi(ovrogprnopodpre vc nodpedrr:
Iro qlerrprxd ruxfuiprqrqrl rdorl (6rcqopd6uvoprrof)ovogi-
psrqr os 66o oproyivooqpeiorou rcurl6;rc{Tos To orroiq orror€-
lodv rqr drpo rdnorou rprrlprorog.EivorpiyeOo5olyepprr6,pnopef
6qlo6q, n rrFrnrrls vo eivcrOerr14,opvrlTrrrl r1pr16iv.Mnopodpevo
rqv prerprlooupe, efrepenotrpoypdgoeftt pe potrr<ipetpo.
rqsroorls
lSrorqr€S
1. Arlpiroupyo6;.re rrprrq orqtrq,6ro-
ivo 16rl<opotrrr:r1tre
r6nrr1 ror 66o lopnrqpeg, roug onoiougouv6ioupeoe
oerpd.Me rcordtrtrqlo potrr6perpoperpdpsrrS rdoetg
Vor,Vrr,Vor,Korpp(oroupeVû= 2,9V,Vr, : 1,45V rot
Vo,: 4,35V. To o6prrepoopscivordrt V^, : Vor+V*
ror yevrreferorp€rqv e{q56tortincrlorl:
H rrio4 ora rirpo evdgouv,flou cytoyr6v-o€ o€r-
pri- eivor foq ge ro ri0poropq r,tllvrdoetov rrou urrrip-
Xouvo€ xoOdvavorrd aurods rous oytoyodg.
H npoqyoriprevq e{iocooqypdcpercrxct Vr,r+Vur*(-Var) : 0. Er-ret-
: :
6(, 6pcog-Ver Vro,0o roXrierrot Vor+Vur*Vrn 0. Ie pio YtvrK€u-
pivq 6rordrrooqFfiopo6peouverrc6g vo r-rotipre
6rr:
Karri trr{rogev6gxlerorori rurl6parog ro olyepprrri riOpor-
oFtr rtrrv 6rogoptiv 6uvaprrori efvarioo pe pq6dv.H np6roorl o-
rrorelei rov leydprevo 6erireporuvdvs Kirr:hhoff.Xaparrrlpf(eror
xav6vaq-ror dXr<ogvdpo5-errer64cvacpipr;rar/ ouoroonKd,oe pto
relyrxq rrou FoSporlOder vo rdvoupeunotroyollodgoro qAerrprxd
xurlc6poro,X<opiS vo qrrorelef rdrrotovove{dprrlro v6porqg <pu-
orxrlg,yrori <rctrdfir€rdr) arr6 rrg yevrri5 rxp1i5yrq rrl 6rarrlpqoq
rou rpopriouKqrrq Drcrrlpqoqrrlg evipyerrrg. Ei6ope6rr rdrr ovd-
troyoouppaiverror Fr rov npc6roravdvq Kirchhoff,o ono(ogro16-
rr€rorarr<irrlv opx4 rrls 6rorr1pr1oq5 rou gopriou.
2. Orrdxvoupeivo or6pcxr6xk'rpo pe r1fu;xrprr{ ot{In 4,5V, 6to-
rdnrq ror 66o tropnrrlpe5,ro drpo r<rrvonoicovouv6iovrqt cvd 6tio
drr<rr5mo crX4po.Arl;rrcupyorjvror
cry<rryrpo iror 66o 6ro-
rdo6c6oerg,11A xor 11B. Eivcrau'rovdqro 6rr, cxv0etrrloou-
pe vo perprlooupsrrgTdoerqorc drpo rdOetroprrrrqpo,
B OCIrrdpoupe ro i6ro orrorfleopo/ yro rov orrlodorcro
l6yo 6rr or lcpnrrlpeg dlouv rorvd drpo. H odv6eorlcu-
rr1trdyeror nopriltr4tr4 odvdeorl tos rrpos xrinoro triorl
Korrq XcpcKrqpcer q ro6rrlto r<ovrdoeov. Oo pnopo6-
( 3 ,5 v)
oope,6qtra6q,rq odv6eorlqur4, vo q lipre rcan oorcoxrl.
TO H A E K TP IK O P E Y MA
To rlAer prrc6rcirtrclpo
Ego6roopdvor r<opope 6pyovofiou prropo6vvo ;.rcgprerpodvqtre-
rrprrd pedprorcror 6rorpopig6uvoprrodprnoporipe d1r pdvovo (o-
vrrrpiooupe>ouvofuxd ivo rllexrprrcdrdrtr<rrpo,
olld ror vo ro pelerrlooupe. To rrpc6rorrpEpq
rrou 0o rrpirrervo r(ivoupeeivorvo ovoyv<opi-
ooup€dvoiva rc 6rdrgoporprqporo(ororleio)
rrou ro arroretro6v.Irrl ouviXero0o e{erdoou-
pe rcdOemorXeioXcoprord, crrd ororrrd sv€py€r-
orr1.Oo neprypdr.poupre, 6qlo6r1,rq lerroupyio
rou orrlytrc6ooorq5 svdpyerog.
<Erorlero>ev6gx url6Fqrog. Avoyvt6prorl.
An6 rq m4ln rou Alessandro Voltapilpr ro otro-
rlqpcopivoxuxlc6pror c rq g oriyXpovqg rllexrpo-
HlerrprKriKriKlollor[AEdpoonq vrxq5 urrdplerpio <arr6orooq> 66o rrepirrouor-
c6vrr;v,
mq 8rdpxero r<ovorroi<rrv q iwora rtirlo-
yvc6proe
1.ro ;rroonor6qrror€ rvrurrcoororcrl e{ifu{q.Irlpepo,o dpo5
qAercpx6rc6tcAapa cvogiperor o€ pro peydlq rrorxrtrioororleiov ro
orroiaouvoppotroyo6pevo ro qrroretro6v.
'Evoonldxdrlouooroepyooripro
'Evox6rtropo pnopeivo rrepriler troprrrrrlpo ,ovrrordr4, oyo-

yo6go6v6eons, rruKvordg,qtrerrporrvrlrrlpo,pooordrrl,qlexrpo-
trurrxi5ouoreuig,polrdprerpo,6io6e5lulvfeg revo6,rpuoroltro-
6io6eg,6io6egZener,thermistor,rrlvio, qlexrprrrlorr1trr1,
yevv4rpra,
-e
PEYMA
ToFrÊKTPTKo
tn
ouooopsurrl rr ivo ocop6dlleg 6ro'rd{erg preov6poto nou io<rr5,
6ev0o dXerrovei5ouvcvrrloetrrori.
Airrola. I'durd, 6FtS,'ro orotleic rou r:url6poros rlou ovo-
rpipopeurrdplerrdrt rotv6.Ko0dvorou5 dtr;el 66o drpo (orpo6i-
rreg, rr6loug)oro orroiq urrdpler-yevlrd- xdrrotq6rarpopd6uvq-
;.rrro6.Aur65 eivotrqt o trdyoqrrou ot qtrerrpovrroirq l6ve 6irro-
lo.
H Xaparrqprmrxri ro;rndlq.'Evo 6inotroeivqt6uvor6vvo tret-
roupyeipe norrfie5 rrpi5 6rogopdg6uvoprllo6(rdoqs)oro dr<po
rou.H roptdlq, I orroio orretrovf(etrr1ouvciprrloqrdorl5 -pefpo-
rog V : f(l), trr{yeror
XCIpqKrnptorlrrlropn6,\r1yra r<dOe 6inolo. H
petrfrrlrns HdS poqOderdp p6vo vo 8rcrpivc'up€ ro 6rdcpopa6ino-
Ao pero{6 roug, otrtrdKqrvo npop}dq-roupre 'rr1}erroupyio roOevd,5
orrd ourd, 6tov ro rrcpeppdtroup€ os rdrrotc,r6xlolpo.
iil
Xcporrrlprorrrrl,_
Xoporrrlprorrxrl
v : f(r)
v: fir)
peroll rori
11trexrprxrl5
or{1115
r.!--: ,f, ,
Htrerrprrrleveflyero
o€ rHrlFoKuKncDporos
A5 rpovrco'ro6yte,r<bpo,,fva peupro'rorp6po r6rlcopra rt ivo rti4po
rou ro orroio srroretreirot orrorletorrrd ond 6inotro rpogo6orori-
prevc.Oc prropo6oeyro rropd6e rYPq vo rrepriler ivc truprrrrlpc Kol
ivo qlerrprrd por6p. 'Orrog rot rdOe 6irrotrr lcoptord, ro rpqpo e-
v6g rur<Ico;rorog
o. iXer 66o drpa (A,B),pe ro orroio ouv6ferot ye ro undlotno
16r<lco;rcx.Avdpeod rou5 urrdpXer prro6to<popd6uvoprrod (V^r).
p. 6roppderorarr6 4trerrpr16pedpo lor.
y. rpogo6oreirot pe qtrerrprrrlev6pyero.
ArolouOc6vrosrrl Oecopio;rrroporlpeva <prdoouprs o€ Flc e{roco-
orl, Hs rrlv onofo q ovd povd6o 1p6vou peroprpo(6pevr1 ev6pyero
-e
I O ! 1A E K T P I K O P E Y M A
ouoxrrf(€ror 1600 p€ ro psdpo Inu6oo lior p€ rq 6rorpopdSuvcprr-
rod Vou.
=errvdpe qrr6 rov oprop6 rrlg ivvorog \tagopd 6uvaptrco6.
'Eloupre11611
rrar drr oro qlexrprrd ne6io q pero{6 66o oqpeiarv
(A,B)6rocpopd6uvoprxo6eivsr e{ oproprodioq pe ro rrqtrfr<o Wo/q,
dnou Wûro dpyo rov 6uvdpeov rou nr:6iou rord rq peraxivrloq
rou cpopriou(q) orrd ro ivo orlpefo (A) oro dllo (B). Av rc6po ro
dpyo WouovrrKqroorq0ef ps rov dpo <peroprpc(dpevq -piocrr
rou ne6iou- qtrerrprr<r1
evfpyero>pnopc6pe vo xorotrdpoup€yro-
ri 116rogopd 6uvoprrrod(rdoq) orc drp,a rou rpqporos (A,B)0e-
opeiror <ogq ovd povd6o rpoprfou evdlryerorrou peroprpd(eror
o'ourd.
AB
/y'
K60epoyovdrr
noprm6ver qopriocv6q
Coulomb. HTdon oro
6xporouABerqpd(er
rpopriou
r4vovrilrovti6o
evdpycro nou
peroprpf(erororo
rp{poAB.
'Orqv trdpre,
yro napd6erypa, 6rr cvirpeoo oe 66o oqpeio peu-
porogdpou r<urck6porog urrdpXerrdoq 6 Volts, evvooripedrr oro
rF(Fq rrou oproOerefror orrd ro orlpefcra,or6, oe rd0e Coulomb
perorrvoriprevou rlAerrprrod cpoprfoupreroprpd(erolevipyero 6
Joules.H peroprpo(oprdvr1, lorrrdv, o€ ,f,propivolpdvo evdpyero
(W) oE r<dOe rpqpo (AB) rurtrc6poros Orxeivor ioq pe ro yrv6prevo
Vne'Qrrls Ero<popdg 8uvoprrorl errf r4v noodr4ro cpopriourrou
percrrv4Orlrexord ro lpdvo qurdv. Erp<ioov ro pedpo eivor ouve-
1dg -oro0ep6, yro ro rpqpcx AB Ocx roX6r:r :
IAB q/t, 11q : l^rt o116-
r€ KGrW : Vorlort.To rlqtrfr<o,ritroq, rqg peroprpo(dpevqg-oe
1p6vo t- evdpyeros npos ro 1p6vo qurd (t) qrrorelef rrlv ro16 (P).
Oq eivar p = Vnslrs.p(Watt) : rl(Volt)xt (Ampdre). H e{f-
o(l)orl ôrrrdv
T O H A EKT PIKO PEYM A

P=Vl
o' €vc rpqpo ru-
roX6,rrou preroprpdZeror
pog6iver*rqv rltrexrprrrl
xlc6prorogove{dpr4to ond rq g6oq rov rpogo6otofpev<rlv 6lnd,-
rrou rreptiXovroto'our6.
tr<ov,
Kord rr1lerroupyio,lotn6v, evd56rn6lou oTrdro (euydprrdorl

- pe6poprnopo6;re vo unoloyfooup€Korrq peraprpo(6pevq rlle-
errioqg,on6 rr5 rrpri; ro1uo5xor rdoqg yro
rrprrq roXrj.Mnoporipre,
rr1trerroupyiopro5ouoreuqgvc rrpoo6topiooupe ro pe6;rotretroup-
yio5 rqg. 'Evo5Oeppooig<ovo5 4000W6rsv Letroupyeiurr6 tdoq**
220V0q 6rappierarcnd pe6po| : 4OOO1220 V : 18,18A.
Hlerrpr16 goprio
Hlerrprrdpedpo(l)
ovd povd6o Xpdvou
Meroprpc(<ipevqevdplrsrct W
rdoq N)
Htrexrprrq q
avd ;.rovd6ogopriou
Meroprpo(opdvqevfp'1ero
Hlerrprrqroyrig(P)
ovd povd6o 1p<ivou
Irov rrivqro yrropef xovei5vo 6rorpfver 6r-r{errv<ovrogarr6 rpio

pey60q,goprio, 1p6vo, evipyercrrot rroipvovroS r<dOe cpopd66o c-
n6 ourd Xri(oupe rpio dllo peyiOr1,rqv fvrooq psfFloros, rrlv rd-
orl Kol rrlv roX6.Arrd rer ror rrfpo q e(iocooqP : VI ipXerot cosou-
virrero rorv rptcirvoprop6v.
* YnoAoyioapeq yioq o11j P = Wlt yn rqv ntpintwory ora9epr1irdor1g xar ora9tpotj

peiycroq. Ano6erxvierar6n 11i6roefiocooq P : Vt toxtet yn rq (orryynia) petap$a(6-
yevq rcyi ot xs9t nepirnu:oq.
** Or oxnxf.gaooxeutcrpoEo\orolvrar ye perjpa evaA)ooodyevo. E6xdynnqOepya-
vrxtc ouoxtuiq, pn oytorl rqq popcpfisP = vl lJds6ivetn1 yfo1 4AexrpxtltoXrjt96oov,
tvta-
6yutq, toq V xat I Xptlotltonoul1orivavriororya ot tworcg e rcpy5gtdoq xat evepydq,
or1,nc onoftc 0a oovavrrlooultt oro xeEd/.arcYd rs evatr\aoodyevapajpara.
TO H A E K TP IK O PEYM
HlercrprKquvri'oroorl
Ag unoOiooupre drr iXoupre rpsrscryoyo65,drr oe
roOivqvqrr6 quro65 ecpapp6(oups rrlv i6rordo4
ror 6rr rq qvriororlo pe6poroeivotlr : 400mA,
lz : BmAxot l, = 1mr\.To ougrrdpoolioeivotdrt
o npc6rognopouordilerrotrrirepqoyroyrpdr4ro
arr6 roug dltroug66o evriro rpfro5 <ovrrorire-
ror) fi€prood,reporqr orrd rous rp€rsor4 6rdtreu-
oq rltrerrprxofpe6polo5.Ooiverortroyrr<6 enioqg
vc 6e10oripe 6r-ro rpirog crl,toyds
epgo'ri(erorrc6 gopig peyoldre-
pq ovriorcorl orrd rov 6e6reporor rer6nr6oreg<popigpreyotrrireprl
cvriorooq orrd rov np<r5ro.
Or rpuorroforro6eldpevorourrl rq tr<lyrxrlnporeivouvdvo povd-
p€rpo priyeOog,ro orroiovcx<pcOpotroyei> rrg cxvrrordoer5 -q ovri-
orpogcxtrg cryoyrpdrrlr€S- rov 6rorp6prrrv orq Sritreuoqq-
cryc,.ryc6v
Aerrprro6periporo5.To piyeOogtrdyer<xr qltrrprr{ ovriorooq a-
yroyodrcr opi(eror rognqlfro r4g rtio45 U) nou e;rgcppri(erar
orc rirpo rou, rrpos r4v dvrooq (l) rou peri;roro5rrou rov 6rop-
pder.fra ro ou;rpoho;.r6 rou peyiOoug)(pr1orFrorroreiror6re0vrigro
ypdypoR,oplrd rqg trd{qqResistance.
V
R= T e{ioroo4opro;rodr4g qlexrprrrig ovrforooqg
T
Iro Are0vig lforrlpro, povd6o perplloeotgrrlg ovriorooqg eivor

ro 1 Ohm (Opr).Iuppolf(erar pe 1O. lo16er1C) : 1Vl1A.Aurd or1-
poiver6tr 6vog ffl,ary6seprrpovi(erovdpeoc oe 66o oqpeio rou cxvri-
ordorl 1f Ohm, erpdoov,rord rqv erpcl>proy4 oro oqpeia qurd rd-
orlg 1 Volt, o ay<oyd56rappieror orrd perjpo 1 Amp6re.
To avriorpoqo rrls r;ler<rprrcqg
ovrioroorlg trdyerarqler<rprrcr1
c-
yroyrp6rqro (G).
To rrpciro epcbrqpo tfuor; An6 n e€,aprdrat q avrioraory evdq
ouyrcercpry€vou uyu;yori; Enqped(eror d6rcryearrd 14 6rcrpopd6uva-
prro6 rrou 0o egcrppdoou;re;Av Oilouprr:orrdvrqorl oro rpc6ro ou-
16 epc6r4pq 6ev iXou;re dllq enrtroyrlo116ro vo npoorp6youpe
orrlv (€rupqyopio rou €pyoorqpiou, ecpo6roopivor,p6parc, pe potr-
r6prerpo(11nolpoypdgo) rcoropnep6perpo. Xpero(dpoor€ or<d,pro
pra 6rdra[q rrou vcx;rag 6iverrrorrrtr(qrrpc6vrdoq5. Mra xordtrtrqtrr1
rir-oro 6rdro{q e(vurro rrorevor6perpo.
I
T O HAEKT PIKO PF YM A
1. O oytoy6g- 6inotro(AB)eivorivo roppdrr odppo 1dfu<rvo.
Eg6oov6ev6roppierqro116pefpo, 4 rdorl oro drpo rou eivor
pq6iv. Egopp6(oupe rdoq 1 Volt Kqrro cpnep6perpoFdS6erXver
83 mA.Zuvelf(oupep'our6v rov rp6rro KcrKortrypdcpoupe ro o-
roretrio;.rcro o€ rrivoro. AvrrorpigouFs rllv rdoq, orr6re qv'rr-
orpirperor Kqrro pe6po.Iuprrtrqprivoup€Tovrrivoro Fs rd orro-
relfopo,o rov vitov perpqoecov. Mrropodp;tyro rrlv rdoq ror ro
pedpovq XprlorForrorrloou;re rdpa opvqrrxigrrpig.
vn,(v) 0 1 1,5 2 2,4 3 3,6 4 -1 -1 ,5 -2 -2,4

f^,(mA) 0 83 125 167 200 250 300 333 -83 -125 -167 -2OO
R(O) 12,05 12 11,97 12 12 12 12,0112,05 12 11,97 12
Kord rq 6rdprercxr<ovperprlo€ov gpo-

vri(ou;.revo 6ror4po6;.reyro ro pe6po ri-
Vae(V)
rore5 rrpig c6ore q 3epporpcoio rou o6p-
4 Fqros vo fiqpouor,i(er qo4Fqvr€S H€ro-
xqPoKTrlProrrKrl polig. Aur6 ro rdvou;.reyro vq crroprovc6-
ev65 ldkrvou oouF€ ;.rc rrrOcvrle{dprqoq rrlg avriora-
ofpparo5 oqg orrd rq Oeppor<lrcoio.
Kdvoupe rq ypcrrprrrlnopdoroorl rd-
*f-l- ons - ivrooqg. Ei'ror11XcpCIKrrlprorrrrl
l|J rou 6rrrdlou rrou petrerrloope.Btrinoupe
6rr eivoreuOeioyp(rpp4.To ouprnrpdopo-
- 300 - 200 - r00 ro rc6pcx.Ta 6pyovo r<ovperpqoecovi6er-
3ml €ov 6rr 11ovriororrrl rou ofpprorog eivor
(mA
ove(dprqrq o116rrlv rrpq roi rrlv notrrr<d-
rqro rns rdor;g rfou €gopp6(oupe. M'
dMc l6yro 11ivracrq rou pef;roros €Fgq-
vi(eror ovdtroyq rrsos rrlv e<pappo(dpevq
6rcrpopd6uvoyrxoti.
2. Enovotroprp<ivoupe ro rreipopo pe
or6epfvroodppo rur dorepo ndfu preo6p-
po on6 xpdpo 1oi\xorl-vrreliou. Tq qrro-
retrioprcrcx 6eilvouv 6rr rqr orous dyto-
yorig ouro65 epgovf(eror 11ove{apr4oia rrlg ovriorooqg o116r4v
rrprl rrlg rdoqq.
3. Aorrpd(oupe rc6po pe loprrqpo rrupro6lifo€os. H 6rogopd
qrr6 ro npoqyof pevo rrerpdpoto iyre rror oro yeyovdg 6rr oro o-
yc6yrporoppdrr rou troprrrqpa 0c er6r1tro0eipeydtrrlOepporpooro-
xq o6{qoq. KoraypdgouF€ ro onoretrioprrro o€ rrivqrq. I1e6rd-
(oupe Kol rq XCIpoKrrlprorrrqrou lcpnrrlpcr.
I O I -A
] EKTPIKOPEYMA
Vn,(V) o 0,1 o,2 0,5 0,8 1,5 2 2,5 4 6
ln,(mA) 0 36 61 81 100 132 155 17s 227 285
R (O) 2,8 3,3 6,2 8 11,4 12,9 14,2 17,6 21
To oupnipoopo sfv(xrdrr orqv fi€pfrrrtooqrou

Ioprnrrlporl ovri'orqorl6evnopo;riveroroOepr1. H
c6{r1oqrrls e€ppoKpqoiss €nqp€d(errrlv rtp4 rrls
orlFrqvrrKd.
4. floipvoup€CIvdlo]'ssFsrp{o€rSXprlor l-rorroro-
vrqs rlkKrpovrKis6r6{iou56rorp6pcov rdn<ov.Ot
xcpoKTrlprorr Kis KoFfi(,tresTrourrpor6rrrouveivor
e6ylorrreg.Mog live dlr ro p€6pCI 6eveivqtovdlo-
yo lrpos rqv rdoq 4 drr q ovrroroorl rous -ro Trrl-
trixoV/l- 6eveivorCIv€qdprrlrn arrd rqv rdorl rrlv o-
rroiq erdorore e<popp6Z,oupre.
O voposrou Ohm
Or perprloers HoSo6qyo6voe ouprrepdoFororo onoio pnopo6pe
vo yevrre6ooupe. H ovrimooq evrigpolulfurod oyoyof -ma0e-
p{g Oeppoxpooiog-eivor aveQriprnrq'xrd rnv rdo4 rrou €gop-
pri(oupe.R = V/l = orq0tp6. To ouprrrip,oopo
orrorelei ro ley6pe-
vo vtipo rou Ohm yro rous prerolhro69<ryoyofg.Mrropod;re vo ro
6rorurrcboouF€ Kor6ro<poperr
xd.
T.
T oH Ê K TKPoP E Y MA
ll
Egrioov 4 Orpporpcoio evrigperalhxod cytrlyof 6rorqpcirar
orcOep{, 4 dvrooq rou periporog(l) nou rov 6roppderefvqrqvd-
loyr; npo5 rq 8rogopri duvoprrori (V) 4 onoio egcppri(ercr ortI
dxpu rou. l-pdrpoupe:
t=*U p s R= m, u o e p d
O v6gogrou Ohm 6eveivqryevrx6gv6pogyra dtrou5rous cryo-
yo65.Or lupfe5 r€vo6,yro nopd6erypo,6evrrerOaplofvo' qur6v.
H crvriorooqrou5 e{oprdrcr c'nd rqv rdoq rrou egoppd(oupe.To
i6roroXderKqryrq noModg dtrlougayoyo6,1,roug orroiousXprlor-
pronoreiq qtrerrpovrrrl oqpepo.Or xpuorotrhrofovopOotriq,ro
rq thermistors,
transistors, crrorelodv oproprrvo;r6vo orrd rc fidpo-
6eiyporc <ovurrororlg>. H oriyXpovqrltrerrpovr14 Kdro€ rdrroro
BcepdKqro Xopqxrripo5rou odyXpovou<rllerrpovrrod>rrofurr-
opo6 oXeri(srqrFt rqv cneiOerdrrou OeiXvc,uv oro v6yo Ohm 6lor
outoi or crycoyof.
A5orlprercoOe
f e6rildrr 4 e{ioooq oproprorirq5 cvri-
orCIorls(R : V/l) 6evouprrrinrap€ ro v6;.ro'rouOhm. loXueror6po
Kqryro rous (crvufirixooug>rrposro vripocyoyorig.
H qvrioraorl rou vrlpcroqev65tropnrrlp<r1A0Wl22OV, eivor

484A. To ofppa qrrd ro rolc66ropragtrdpno5dler avrioraorl
prrpdreprlrqr qrr6 1 O, evcbrl cwimaorl rou crv0p6rrvouorir-
poros prropeivo rupov0e(o.n6100 O, prilpr 500.000f), cvd-
troyoperrg nrprmdoerg.
flrt6o4 rrioeorg.Ie xd0e rF4Fo xurtr<6pcro5, ro yrvdpevorou

pe6poro5(l) etri rqv <oprr{ovrioroorl (R)trou napouord(er ro rpq-
pc our6, triyeror nrc6orltdoeoq. Av ro rFnpq rurctrc6poros ufio-
rodermov v<iporou Ohm, ro yrvdpevoourrj eivqrioo pe 14 6ro9o-
pd 6uvoprrorl(V)rrou urrdpl€roro drpo rc,urpqporog.H rodrrlra
V : I ' R6evrqXder rrdvrore. Irrlv rrep(rrro)cir"l,
yro rropd6eryFd/
rrou
mo rprrlporuxkripcro5undpler ivcg rrvrpf;poS,rl 6rogopd6uvo;rr-
ro6 orq drpc rou efvarpeyatrdrepqorr<5rrll'nrr6or1 rdoeog.
J
;
T oH^ E K T PPTEKYo* , f lf
Avnmdreg. Or aycoyoinou rrsrOqploriv oro v6porou Ohm triyo-
vrol,qwtmdrcq (ovrrordoergq co;rrrig ovrrordoerg).'Evoroprprdrr
odppoeivoro rrroontrdgavrrordrqg.Av'nori Xperooro6;.re crvttord-
avriorooq npirrer vq rS ovo(rpr'looupre
res F€oproprivrl oe pcryo(rd
nou rrouldveqlerrpovrrd.Opropdvot qrr'ouro65 eivotperotrtrrroic-
ycoyoipioo oe prrrporl5
rcepoprrodg ootrrlvegrr ilouv e{<oreprxd
lpco-
prorrmi5trcopi'6eg
grrcryprive5 o116opdlro.
An6 rq 1p<6poro,pdtrroro,pnopeiroveig-egdoov {dperrov rc6-
6rro- vo rdvetav(ryvoorlrrls rptlg rq5 ovrt-
orqorls oe Op. No perorppd(er, 6r1tro6rl,
orrd
lpc6pora oe oprO1.ro0g. Yndplouv or6po o-
vrrordoergon6 rcrrdMrllo pryporooe peyd-
lr1 rrorrrtriorrprc6vrwrioroorlg.EToofyXpovc
olortrqprrlpdvoru rlc6Fcrq Xprlotporrototi-
vror ovrrordreg <1116 rrotr6lerrrd oyc6yrpo
grIP.
Ag npooi{oupr: Korrr16ro<popd ovdpreoo
orous 6pougavnc,rdrqq xol avrioraory.O o-
vrro'rdr45 eivoro oyory65evo q ovrforco4
0prroioytoyof
6v0oro
eivor ro piye0og. Kdrr avdtroyoouvcvr4(Iop€ Korp€ TouS6pou5 rru-
taxurr7c KatXu p qn K6rqrc.
Ano n e(oprdror rl ovriorooq;

'Evoo116ro rrpoqyodpevo rrerpdporci,Ser{e6rr 11avtiorcrorlev65
ouyrercprpivou cry<oyo6 e{oprdror on6 rq Oepporpcoicrou. Ytdp-
1erBiporo crdpraro ep<orr1po. [-lo,norc,tytiaenr1ped(oov rqv npr1
rrls avrioraoqs ev6sulttxoti ayuyori; Irqv crvtioTotpl epc6rrlorlYtCI
rn XtoprlrrK6rqro rou rruKvor4orrovr{<ropre 6tt n rrpr1rrlg 6ropop-
<p<6veror on6To ye<o;re, prrd ororleio K(r ro nopeprpoM6pevo 6rq-
lerrprx6. Irqv rcoprvrlrrepinr<ooqrqg o;rimoorls, or nerpopro, 1165
perpqoergpdg 6eiXvouv drr q avriorooq e(oprdrar qrr6 rq ytop€-
rprxd ororXeiorou oytoyodxor ro utrrr'irou. Er6rrdyro xufuv6pr-
ro65 q rrprol.ronKo6g aycoyorigoroOepq56raro;.rr15, ro rretpoportrd
;rqv6;roro po5 trdve6rr q ovriorcorl
o) eivurcxvdloyrlrrpos ro pnroS(0)rou cryc,ryod,
p) eivorovriorpogo ovdtroyqrrposro eppo66v(S)rns 6roroprlg
T OU,
y) e[oprdror o116rr1Oeppor<pooicrou cryoryod.
H oXforl
0
R= o i
'5
I
To P E Y MA
f!! ' Ê K T P T K .
Er6rr4cv'r(mcoq (p) peprrr6v,ufu
rc6v
Er6rrrlovrimoorl(p) oe Om
orous 2D'C.
Mdrqllq
Apyupoq 1,6 . 10'u
Xolxd5 1,7 . 1O'E
ApyiXro 2,8.1O'u
Ii611po5 9,5 ' 10-8
Y6pdpyupo5 96.10"
Kpdporo
Kovmavrdvq 50.10"
(Cu,Ni)
Xp<oprovrrelivrl 100'10"
(Ni,Fe,Cr,Mn))
Mu,6ycrvivq 42.10.8
(Cu,Mn, Ni)
H;royaryoi
Ilupirro -1 0 0 0
feppdvro - 0,5
Arqlexrprrd
Kepoprrd 10'oro510"
Fuotri 10" < o51Ott
:unO 108rog 10"
Av0pr6nrvoo6pa
Aipo 1,5
flve6povcg 20
Ainog 25
kelerdg 5
ergpd(er ouvohrd rrlv ordvrqon. O ouvrdreorrls, rrou ouppoli(e-

ror Fs ro ypdppo p, ldyercr er6rx{ ovriororoq rou uhrod Kqr Fs-
rpriror oe O'm. Evrirq ovrioroorl qvqgdperrrr oe cry<oy6,r; er6rrq o-
vriorcorl ovog6peror oro ufu16 rou oyDlc6. Adpre,yro napd6ery-
prc,11ovrioroon rou vrlprorogrou laprrrrjF,o, tv(6lfpe 4 er6rrrlo-
vrio'rooq rou Botrrppcl.riou.
vq rcrcrrd-
Me rprqpro rrlv rIprl rqg er6rrrl5cxwiarcxorl5prrroporipre
{oupre ro ufurd oe cryion F€ rrlv crycoyrp6rrpdrouq. Iro oXerrx6 rrivo-
Ko Ll€rS rr;rig rcrrver6rrriv qwrordoe<ov,e(voro{roor1;reicorrlrl rrCIpou-
oio oopdr<ov, 6no4 ro {rilo Korro yuqli rc rlrroiq rc eryoprerqrqrd-
I
H A E K TP IK O
(er oroug provorri5.Eivorour6 nou erlope fier oro npc6ro recpdlaro 6-
rr, 6qlo6q, q 6roipeoqoe ay<oyo65Kor pcv61f5 eivor <Xov6poer6r1g>.
'Olo rq ufuxd ilouv nenepoopdvq, plrcprl
4 F.yolq, er6rx4awimoo4.
hl \,
ru()proilKrl
ovTioroon
H qv"rio'rqor1ev65 opoyevorjg ru-
trrv6prroday<oyo6eivor ovdloyrl
fipos ro p4roS rou. lldvto o' 0u-
rrlv lqv ovotroyic pooi(eror q
trerroupyiorqg puOprorrrrlgovrioroons, rou opydvou6qtro6r1 nou
pog errrrpirrervo <puOpi(oupe> eire ro lledporou ruxlc6poro5eire
rrlv rdo4 oro drpo ev656rnd,lou.Avdloyo Ferov rp6no rrou rro-
peppdlleror oro rfxkopcx ro 6pyavocturd,0o lerroupyeieire rrlg
puOprorqg rqg rdo4g, orr6re rcr 0c ldyt:tor norevotd;rerpoeire o4
puOprrorqg rou pefporog,on6re 0a liytrar poomdt4g.
'EXou;rerrer dr dvq qrrd ro <rouprrrd>rou po6ro<pcbvou ouv66e-

rdr F€ peroptrqr6 rrurv<orq.'Evq dllo <rouprri>, cur6 pe to o-
rroio <6uvopr6voupre arrorele i rp4po evdgrrorevotol.ti-
rq <p<rrvq>,
rpou. florevordprerpotdrorourfrrou rr-opouord(erolrropcrdro
o€ crxrlpsrrKqrapdoroorl, o€ qxDroyp<xcpio KorFs ouppoltop6.
flrlrevord;rerpo.To dr<porou
oproyr:vo6g rufuv6prrofo6p;.rorog
(AB)<ruv6iovroraycdyrpro F€rous
rrdlo.rgrns rrny{S(oXqpo).Or c-
yoyoi o6v6eoqgiXouvopetrqrio
ovriorooq yr' our6 KorVo, = Vr*
: V. Todrpo A ouv6derorF€rov
iva orrpo6iKrrlrou 6rrr6louoro
onoi'<r 0iloupe vo erpoppdooupe
rr1pu0pr(6pevr1 rdor1.To dtrtrod-
Kporou 8rrrd,trou ouv8ierotpero
xutrrviipr16 o6ppopriocrl rou cryo-
y o f l-Aro d x p o A ro u o n o io u
ppior<erar rrdvro oe errogq prero
rutrrv6pr16 o6ppa ror prrrope f vo
peror-orr(erorrrdvcrlrou.
I
T O HAEKT PIKO PEYM A

H rrvqrqcurrl<enagrpA ovopd(eror6poprda5. Yno0droupre dr ro
rdrlopo AAI-Z eivorcxvorrrd*ror 6rr ro APNBeivorrlermd. Av erpap-
p6ooupero vd;roOhm
o) yrc ro 6irrolo AB,0o iloupe Vas: l'R16
p) yro ro 6inolo AA,0o dloupreVra= l'Rea
: vas : =
ondreV,na
k
*u
k f, on'orcv*v^ i.
5rroux:A A r0r U: A B .
H retreurqiqoxion pog lie r drr pe ;reroi<ivqoq rou 6popic 0o
prropofpevo noipvou;.re 6rdgopegrrpi5 rd,JrlSperold rov rtpriv
;rq6iv ror Vr*. To 8irro\o AA rco8uvapei,ooven<bg,
Fe rqy4 pu1pt(6pevqqrdorls.
Pooorrir4g.Av ouv66ooup€ rov ivov rrd,lorqg
trny4spe ro drpo rou opoy€vo65 ruhv6prro6odp-
R Hdros KGr rov dllo ndtro F€ lov 6popio, nape;rpdl-
lovra5 oe oerpdro 6inolo ro onoio Oitroupe vo rpo-
go6oro6;repe puOpr(dpevo q
p,e6po, puO;;rorrrrjo-
vrioroorl Oole rroupyefo4 pooordrq5.flp6rerror,d-
n<rrgrorotrcBoivou;re, yro odv6eoqXopfs6raxld6o-
oq. Eivorgcxv€pd6rr q pe'rorivqoqrou 6pogdo0o i-
X€rorsouvdrrero14 peropotr4rqg avrioToorlsrou
rurl<6pcros dpd Kdrrou pefporog rrou 6roppier ro rdrlcrrpo.
Kd0eourorrvrlrdrr iler ivo

p rrp d r1 )re rrprdr rrv q rry p o .
'Evagpooordrqg pu0pi(erro
pedparF'oqo$ooiasrou Klvrl-
rrlpc pe onorileopo vcxpuO-
pi(er rar r4v roXdrrlTs rou
prrpo6ourorrvrlrou.
AvrrororrlsKor rll€Krprr:qevdpyerq
=ovopl6yoore rc6poorov ovrrordrrl yra vo petrerqoouH€ rrl ou-
rou o116rq ororrrdrrlg evipyerrg.Ario eivorra orlpcx-
pneprrpopd
*'Orav ro ruitcAu.l,pa
AA|Z eivanxlent6, ra ryfipara rou xul\wipxorj orjpparoq 6e 6npp(.-
ovrar qn6 ro i6ro perjpa xat ro tpdpAryta yiver,q xdnug no atv9ero.
I
T O H A E K T P I K OP E Y M A
vrrKdr€pdy€yovdrqfiou ouypoivouvolov ;.rrrpdroopoev65ovrr-
ordrq drov rov peuporo6orrlooupe.
o To dvo eivor11erribpcoqrou qlerrprxc,drre6ioumo ele60epo11-
trerrpdvroror
o ro dMo q cMqleni6pooq rcov rrvouptdvovqlexrpovi<ov;rero 16-
vro rou oycoyo6rrlv orroio pnopo6pre vo gavro(6poore oov o6-
YKpouorl.
To rllerrprxdne6io qoxef6uvdpergoro qlerrp6vro ro ripyorcov
orroi<ovperpderrr1peroprpo(dpevrl evdpyero. An6 rr;v dtrlq, or ou-
yrpo6oergrov qlerrpovf<ovpe ro rdv'rc'ppsvdpouvro qlerrp6vta,
yeyovd5rrou FoSerrrrpirrervo Oecopodpr 6rr rcvofvrorl.r€ora0epq
peuporrrq rcrXfrrpc. Kdrr avdloyo oupfloiverxor rqrd rqv rrrcforl
rou ole{rrrrorrrorrlo orro(o5svepyofiortrot orrd ro rre6iopop6rrl-
rog, e{orrioS,6ptoS,rr15ovriotoons Tou oipo, rricprer refurd pe
oraOepqrcrXfrqra.
Iro0eprl, 6p-S, toldrqra orlproiver x.otmo0eprl rrvqrrrrl evip-
yero.H np6o0err1nvqrrx{ evipyercrrolrorroKro6vro qtrerrp6vrc
ovdpeocoe 66o 6ro6oXrrdg ouyrpodoersovoKorovdperor ovdpeoo
o'qurd Kqrro rdvrorou crycoyod peouvrirrero n F6on rrvrlrrrrlevfp-
y€rqrrls raldvr<ooqsr<ovrdvr<ov vo cu{dveror.'Eloupe6r1lc6{ u-
nopriOproqrng opydvopfvns evdpyerrrg nou noipvouv ro 4tre-
rrp6vra (qnd ro ne6io) oe cvopyrivtorrl0epprr{ evdpyeru.To ye-
yovrigex64l6verqr F€ rnv od(qo4 r4<;oeppoxpcoiogrou cyo-
yori.
- Ag ouv6udoou;.re rc6porq 66o r6roir,:poyvropiopororou ovrr-
ordrq orq orroiodXoupeq6qcvcrpep0e(;
c) Yrroro0eroro v6porou Ohm. H orrioroorl rou (R)eivqrqve-
{dprrpq rou pe6poros(l) rar rrlg rdorpg(V).l-roora0epq0eppo-
rpooio roXderR : V/l q V = lR.
p) Merorpirr€t rq peroprpo(6prevq o' qur6v evipyerce{ oloxlrl-
pou oEevipyeroOepprrr1. l'lp6rerroryro'nl{pq evepyerorrl unopdO-
prorlyr' our61p4or;.rorroro6prerq gpdoq <<O cvnordr7g rcarcva\tb-
vetrr7yerap$a(6yevqo'dur6v ev(.pyen>.
Oupi4oupre 6rr q ovd povd6olpdvou peroprpo(6p€vrl orov qvrr-
ordrq evipyero(roX65) 6iverarcrr6 rrlv t:{io<oor1P = Vl
Av ouv6udoouperrs 66o ourfg r6rarr-epdrqr€S Kdrrr5 ovr(oror-
1ege{roc6oerg 0a rrporfq.rerq e[iocooqyrq rqv avo ;rovd6o1p6vou
qlexrprx{ evdpyerorrou Kqrovolt6verdvo ovrrordr4g.
P = l' R
P : Vl o"/rtKoroorqooupe
Iqpefooq. Av o'rr1ve{io<rlor1 ro I pero
ioo rou (odpgovo F€rov v6po rou Ohm)0q npordr.1rer
11
enio4g ev-
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cvrrordtqg 4-_
H <cuor4pri>ytrriooo r4g 0tppo6uvo;rxrig.To 4trercrpr16 ne6fo
rrou eyrcOiororor oro €ocor€ptx6 rou peu;lcrog6pouoycrryodo-
ore(, 6rr<o9einope,6uvdpergoro qtrerrpdvro.To ipyo our<6vrcov
6uvdpeorveivor -yro r4v rrepinrooq oro0,spo6pe6poro5- ioo pe
W : Pt : 12Rt rqr orroretrefrqv noodrqro yeroprpo(6pevr1g rlle-
rrprxrlg evdpyercg. Ag npooi{oupe 6114 evdpyeraourri 6ev ono-
04xedercrmov uyaryririna4 q evdpyeroor'dvav nuxvtor{, olld
antrri peraprpri(ercr urrd ro ne6fo orov oyoyri pio<odpyou.Irq
ytrc6ooo, 6r"11c6r1, qrroletrei ivo fpyo.
rqg 0ep;ro6uvo;rrrr15
Or ouvdrrereg ourr15rqg peropipcorl5eivatvo ou{qOeirl €oor€-
evipyero*rou cytoyotiKorro'yeyov65er6qla6verarpe
prrq Oepprrrrl
cri{4o4 r45 Oepporpcroic5 rou. Aur6 dler <rgonordleopc vo F€To-
fupd(u o ay<oydg 0epp6rqrcoro neprpdtrtrov rou. Irrl ouv(0r1rre-
pinrcrlorl6rou 11Oepporpaoiqtou oy<rryoti ncpopdvetorc0epq 4
percprpo(riprvqorov oytoyrievdpyera(unri popg{ qlcrrprxod
dpyou)efvcr foq pe r4 0epp6rnro rnv onoia o oytlyrig percprBri-
(er oro neprprillov rou.
(xvTroTctI rls
foule. O 6p6pogrou netpdporos. Kord 'ng CIpXfS rr156eroerfo5

rou 1840,o JamesPrescott JouleorcotrouOr6vrcg, 6no5 irove rrd-
vrq, ro 6p6porou rrerpd;roroqrordlrl€e oe ou;rnepdoporoncpd-
Forqps qurd rrou rreprflovrarorrlv e{io<o<r1
P = l'R. Eprnrmeudpe-
rou Korrr5 prerpqoers
vos rrs ouoxeud5 Toucrri6er{e6rr:
Kcrri rq peupcrodrirqoq evrigcvnmdr4 r<orecgdoovq oep;roxpo-
oio rou rrupo;rdveroruOep{, ro ovd ;rovri6a;lprivou rroori Otppti-
rnrqs rrou €Kxopeimo neprpdllov rou eivqrc) cvdloyo rrposro
" Xptn(erat, ioutg va ouyioouperq 8nEopd avayeoa croug 6pooq Oepyn<4 evi.pyen ran
Otpydrrya. Me rov 6po 1epprc1 evtpyen xrppd(ou1tt ro pipog ueivo rrTSto<orepxrfg e-
vtpyenq,, or percpoAiq, roo onoioo avravaxAti.tvrat o tg 9€pyoKpaotax(.qperapoA(.q.
Mnopoipe oover<bqva Atye 6n au{r19qxe4 tAanu;91xe 4 9eppxtl ev€pytn tv6q ouo'ri-
paroq,.Avrioera, o 6pos oepp6rtya tyer v6r1pay6vo og evtpyeta yerappc(6yuq an6 ro
o6orqya rtpos ro nep$4l\ov rou 11avriarpoga.
I
TO H A E K TP IK O
rsrpdyovo rou p€riForos,sgdoov or Frrpiosrs yivovror Fs rnv i-
6ru qvriorooq Kqr p) uvriloyo rrpos rqv ovrfmcoq, egdoov or Fs-
rp{oerg yivovrar ;rero i6ropedpa.
Ta ou;.rnepdo;roro curd, ouvroro6vrov treydpevo vripo rou foule,
o onoiogeivor,orrlv ouoio,ivo5 ox6po rlfrro5 yro vq neprypdqou-
pe rq 6rorrlpnonrrls evipyera5orqv er6rrrlnepinr<loqrrls F€ro-
rponq5peroprpo(6pevr1g evipy€rqso€ evripyero
0epprrq.
O vdpogrou Jouleqrrorelei <vdpo>rcrrd rrlv i6roiworo rrou o-
norelei ror o v6;ro5rou Ohm. Avcgipelcr rcr ourd5 oe oproprdvo
pr6voufurd rqr 6evouvrord ivo yevrrdvdpo rq5 96orlS.E{dtrtrou,
rcd0eutrrrdrrou rrerOap1e f oro v6porou Joulener0apXe i rar orov
vdporou Ohm.
H rrerpcparr14 enalqOronrou vdpou,pcoi(e'ror
rrdvoroe perpqoersrrls Or,pprd'rrlrcs
rrou erlopef o
peuporocpdpog ayroy6grrposro rreprBdMovrou.
Ti'rorouei6ougprerpqorlr5 prropod;revc rdvoupre
KorFt d,pyovarrou 6rq06r-er ro oXotrrrdepyoorrl-
pro '
Ocrvdpwo Joule.To gorv<ipevo rqrd ro orroioro q-
trexrpr16 perlpo 6qgroupy:fo6{qoq rr150epporpc-
oic5 r'covoyroyc6vi1er errrrporrloerva trfyerargor-
v6pevoJoule.A,evepcpovf(eror prdvoorous ovrrord-
re5. Epcpavf(trorKororou(;crycoyofg rcrrvrltrerrporcr-
v4rrlpov atrtrdxcr oro €oorrprr6 rurv r1trer<rprrc6v
nqyc6v.Er6rr<d,6F-S, yro rous ovrrordregro garv6-
pevoJouleorroreleirov trrovo6rr6 evepyeror6 perc-
olqporropdrrou ouppoivrro'ourofg drov 6roppio-
vrcr o116rltrerrprr<d
pe6po.
Eqqppoy€S
rou gorvopdvou
Joule
O Aaynr4pa,q,rupcrcrdto€oq cfioretreiror arrd yudfuvo rrepi-
Flqpo, pioo oro orroio undpXer pre'rotrtrrrdvrlpo rutrrypfvo oe
oneip<rlpro.To vq;.roeivar rrol6 lenrd rr iXer p4roS rrou prro-
pei va <pOdver Kqr ro ivo pirpo. 'O'rqv peupcro6orrlOei rpOd-
v€r o€ Oepporpcoioroopporricg2,200"Cpe 3000"C orrlv o-
rroio exrrfpfi€r ro yv<oor6 rpotg.
O npc6rog qle r<rprr<d5loprrrrrlpo5rruporrcbo€rrrs Koro-
rou1910pev{poond
Aopm{pog
potrqpdlro orceudorqrerord rq Serceriq rc,u 187Osr6 rov Thomas
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TO HA EKTP] KO PEYM A
Edison.To npoplqporo rrou XpsrdorrlK€ vo dvrtF€rrorri'osl
yro vo lrpoxoprlo€ro116rqv opltrrl rorooreurl orrlv fiGpo-
nipo pelrioon 4rcrvrrolld xct opto;.rivqorrd crsr6, drr<og11
rr1{qrou peralhro6 vrlporogror q c,{ei6oor1 rou, epgovi(o-
vrov o{erripooro. E{urraxoderordrr yro rqv reXvoloyiorrlg
erroplgprogrirorou ei6ou5npoplqyorq ovrperoni(ovror
erixolo.H rq€rlrou vrlporogorrogedyerorp€rrlXpqoporrol
66orrlrrou ;rerdllou, 6rrorgeivcr ro polgpdprorrou fXer
qor'1
oqpeior4€rlS3650"C.H o{ei6<oo4 rou perdtrlouuvrtper<rrrri-
(eror pe ro vd prlvurrdpXerpioo oro 6o1eioofpcq ql d fva
o6povi5 oipro dnog eivotro opy6, ro rpurrrd 11ro d(crlro.
Aopmdpog nourorooreu6mqxe
Iro pero{d 4 nopouoio rou oepioueivor cvoyxoio, yrcri e-
ro 1879on6rovEdison pno6i(er rqv eloip<oonfiou 0o urprbrororo pirollo, edv
1riocoro yudtrrvonepiptrqpoun(p1e andluro revd.
Eivor1rucoor6drr ro <parv6pevo 6evo{rorroteirorpd,vo
Jor"rle
ps rous tropurrlpe5gorropo6. H r;trexrprrrl rou(iva Kqrro rl-
trexrprrdof6epoarrorelo6vXopsKrrlprorrrd rropo8eryporo
orrrorcirvouorcucfv,orrg orroiegp6riore r erpoplioy4ro i6ro
<porv6pevo. To i6roouppoiverKorp€ rov qtrexrprx6 Oeppoof-
(p(Dvq.
Ie rdOe Oeppovrrrqouoxeuq cxvmlpdgovror6rio ev6ei{erg.
Eivorro trey6pevoovoyaonxd orotyeb rr;9. To ivq orrd qurd
ovcgiperar orqv rdoq (Vo)rrls Ko\/ovrKrlg lerroupyio5 rrlg
Kor ro dtrlo orqv rltrerrprxrlroX6 (Po)rrou 0c rqrqvqtr(6vtt e-
g6oov 0o lerroupyei pe rrlv ovopor:rrrr1rdoq Vo.Av q ou-
Irjyxpovoqtrolm4poqley6trnq orceuqlerroupyqoerpe rdoq prrp6rtpq o116rqv ovopoorrrq
to;tiog(5KW)
noulp4otgonoteirot qrro6i6er roXf plrcp6repr;o116rqv Po,11p&ypqoorlprgopo.Av
oeKrv[P0T0YpogrK6q
li{'erq'To ,,dtrr trerroupyei'pi rdorl'preyctrrrepq o116rrlv ovopoorirrl, o-
ondpolep6Iro.'
v{poroueivor
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rof prerc{6rov rr6l<ovrns
rpogo6oreiror ol6rtrqpo ro
Trrfy4s(rrotrrrr1 r6oq, V") FoS
rdrlcrrproe{ orriog rrls rrq-
6iverrqv ovd povd6orpopriou
pouoicrgrns rrrly4s.
4lerrprrq evdpyerorrou fiq-
pilercr oro <e(coreprl<6> p6- 2. Arroretreffys 6rysn1e io rcu-
vo rp4po rou xurtrr6Fdros. rdr4r,r5rns rrny4sro orroio
Aev orroretref rdrroro (oror- 6evefoprdrorqnd ro urr6-
1e(o rourdrrlros) rq5 qle- lorrrq ororXeio rou xuxl<6yo-
rrprxrl5rrqy{S.H rrpq rrls e- ros.
{oprdror o116rrlv nqy{, ol- 3. Toyvdpevo<E. l> (rqg HEA
Id rqr urr6 rq urr6trorrro rls n q y rlg e rri rq v d v ro o rl
ororle(orou rurlc6parog. rou pr:fporosrrou rr16rcppd-
3. To yrv6p€v o< V , ' l) (rn s er) p o 5 6 iv e rt q v o t rrrr;q le -
rrolrrrlg rdorlg erri rqv dvro- xrprxl;rcrXd rou ruxtrc6paro5.
on rou pedprorog nou 6roppi- E .l :por
sr rrlv rrrly4) pc5 6iver rrlv rl-
lerrprrq roX6nou npoogipe-
Tqr oro <e{orepr16>-;.rdvo-
rp{Fq rou ruxlc6;.rorog. H r-
oX65ourq eivorprrp6rsprld-
116rqv olrr4 rcrd rqv rrood-
rrlro rltrerrprrqgroXdo5rrou
rqrolioxeror, l6y<orporvopd-
vou Joule,orrlv €o<oreprrq o-
vriorooq.
V,l : Po1- l2r
€
t07
TO HAEKTPIKOPEYMA
I
H e{io<ooqV, : E- lr enrorlpoiver
drr rl }{EAFtoSrrny4s€ivqrFs-
yctrdrepqo116rrlv nohrrl rdor1,erpdoovn rrny{ 6rcppfroro116qle-
xrplr<6pe6po.H HEAou;rninrerprerq prirrrorrl rrofurrlrdoq rrou
pnopei vo epgcrvioerq nqyr1.Aur6 ou;.rpoivtrd'rovn rrny46ev6rcp-
pieror ond,pe6po.Mnoporipevc Oecrrporipe enforlg6rr or rrpi5
roug ouprrrirrrouv
erp6oovrl €otrlr€prxr1
ovrioroon rrls nqyrlgOeco-
pr1Oei-oeoxion F€rrs urr6lorrregovrrordoer5rou rurtrriporos- o-
orlpovrq.
Kur,\opop€yewqrproror owrororrl
Mnopod;revc <npoptr6qroup€) ro pedponou 0o nepdoer o116dvq
rdrtroproyvororr6vororXefcov rrptvvo ro ,JuvopFotroyrlooupe. H
6ro6trooio}iyeror eniAuorlrou xuxAuparoq.Ie nepinrcooqfiou ro
r6xlopo onoretreirarorrd qvrrordr4 yvororqgovrioroorls (R)ror
ond yewrlrprCIp€yv<rrordororXeiorour6rrlrog (E,r), prnopofpevo
dlouperq nopoxdro rp€rSnpooeyyioets o1'onp6ptrqpo.
o. Ipagrx{ npoodyyrrrq.Xopdoooup€o€ Kor-
vd o6orqpo q€dvtovrrl lqpqKrrlprorrrrlV : f(l)
rns rrrly{s Korrrl XopoKrnprorrrrl rou oprro6 o-
vrrordr-r1.To oqpreioropns0o pog6c6oer ro pe6-
F0 rrou 6rappderro xrixlo;ro.
Av ro ororleio rcur6rnrcs rrls rrnynseivor E
: 4,5Y, r : 1,5O ror 11cvrioroo4 rou ovrrord-
'rn R : 12 (1,ro pe6poOcleivqr | : 0,33A.
p. npoodyyroq;rdoo r4g 6ror{pqorls rqg €-
vdpyerog.I'dvo rdxkoprcr rrou ofiorele(ror arrd
nqyrl r<orovrrordrq, rl pr(rvq
evepyerorrl6ro6rro-
oio 0o eivor 1.rro
o6rdronrl perarporrqrr15evip-
y€ros,p€ Trlvorroiq rpotpo6orefn rqyn ro 16-
r.lc,-rpa,
oe 0epprrqevdpyto Kororrlv ovrioroorl
R clld Kororrlv eo<oreprxrl ovriorcoq r rrls ysv-
p€ rrlv qpx{ rrls 6rorqpryrr15r45 evipyercs Fno-
vqrprog. I6prcp<rrvc
po6peva ypdrpoupe.
Avd ;rovd6oXp6vou Avd provd6o1p6vou Avd ;rovo6oXp6vou
npoogep6uewloNKn = ev6pyetonouroro- + ev6pyeronou Kovoro-
ev6pyero voJ\(oxerorqrrlv )rioxerotorrlv eoorreprnq
owlorqon R. owforoorl r
EI l rR + lrr
E
orr<ire | =
R+r
I
t08 T O H A E K T PIKO PEYM A

H releurqiq ourrl e{io<loq ovocpiperor Kor og e{ioroorl roo v6-
pou Ohm yn xAetor6xtjrcAuspa pe ovrrmdrq rcr nqyrl. Av rq oror-
Xeic rour6rrlrqs r4s rrrly4s eivor (4,5 V, 1,5O) ror R = 12 Q rdre a-
nd rqv e{io<oor1 noipvoupe rqv rrprl rrlg ivroo4g I : 0,33 A.
y. Ilpoodyyro4 ydoro rou 6e6rrpou xsv6vo Kirchhoff. O 6edre-
po5 xovdvog rou Kirchhoffproglier drr xo'rd prlxogev6g rtrerorori
rurlc6porog ro d0poropq r<ov 6rogopc6v6uvoprrorl e(vor pr16dv.
Tov erpcpp6(oupre: VAB+ VBN+ VNp+ Vr : J (en6pevooX4po),
AIld VBN= VpR: 0 (or cryoyof ouv6ioeorg dlouv opetrrlrdo ovr[
oroorl).
Vo, = lR (o oytoyd5AB eivqr ovrrmdr4g).
Vrp : -Vp^r: - (E- lr) (H V^ eivorrrotrrrfl rdoq rqg yewrlrprcg).
Iuven<69lR : E - lr r] | : E/ (R + r).
Btrdnoupe6rt, tfte orolou04ooups ro l.rovorrdrrrqg 6rorrlpr1or1g
rqg evdpyero5 efre orolou0r;oouF€ ro\' 6edre po rqvdvc rou
Kirchhoff,grdvoupe oro i6ro onordtreopc.
0onpdner vonpoodfoupu drroroyoryoi PAxorl,l8nou

ouvddouv rougndloug rlg n4y{gpero 0rporou
ovrror6rqeivoroyroyoi
ouvddoeog peoo{povr4
owioroo4. Aur6o4poiuetdtt V' = 0 f Vr= VrT0ollpsio
6nlo6{rouxurl6poroq A xorPeivor rooduvoprr6.To
fdroroXUetKoryroro o41eioBxorN.Hrdo4,Iorn6v,
orouq rdlouqr4qUyt|qeivor onoldrog i0qIe rnv1600
oro6xporouowrmdrq.
IuvSeorlnqycbv
l. hiv6eoq oe oerpdr
Avoiyouperqv <rrtrorcd> rllerrpr14 orr1tr4rcov
4,5 V. Blfnoupe 6rr oro eoorreprxd rqs u-
ndplouv rpio rutrrv{iprrdrltrerrprrd ororXeio
rrou ouv6fovrqr p€'ro{6 roug pre;rerolfurd
orjpporo. l-'lopcrqpo6pedrr o Oerr165n6tro5
rou rrpr6'rouororleiiru ouv6derorcry<6yrpo ;re
rov opvrlrrK6 16lo 'rou 6e6repou, rou orroi-
ou o Oerrrd5rrd,log,ruvSderor Frsrov cpvnrr-
16 rou rpirou. Kcr'qur6v rov rp6rro fiopo-
;rfvouv 6rjo ndtror <ttre60epor>,o Oerr165rou
rrporou Kqt o opvrlrr169rou rpftots, yro vo
qrrorel{ioouv rous n6trougqtrerrprrrlgorq-
lqg. flpdxerrsr yro c'6v6eoqrrqy<6voe oerpd.
I
TO H A E K TP l K O P E Y MA
Me potrr6perpo11ye qlerrp6prerpo6rorrro'rr6vouF€enioqgdrr 11rd-
oq cvdpeocorous ndAou5rdOemorleiou, 6rcrv6ev6roppier-arcn6
pedpo,eivqr1,5V. Eivor11rllerrpeyeprrrrlrou 66vopq.
Me rov i6rorpdno ouvOiovr-or Nrrelfou- Ko6-
6ixo ouoo<rrpeurig
piou rcov'1,2V rcr 6qproupyeiror ivag ou(roop€urq5<6<o6erdpol-
TOS).
Houv4Oropdv4 "6rol,ex60olrq,pnoropio
(ouooopeurrlqpol0ll6ou)rou ourorrv{rou
onoreleiror rouq61erE= 2
ottd6[t rrot1eio,Ko06vo
V,r = 0,010 xoreivorouvbedeuduo ocoerp6.
Ewoefiot6r o lopotn4ptol6S (6odeK600lllD
ovogdperorqrqvqkrrpeyeprr{r4g6rivoIr1.
Mnopodyevc ono6ei{oupe6rr ro-

rd rr1ofv6eorlnqyriv oe oerpdro o6-
--l}-]l-- orrlpq rrou rrlloxdrrrer roo6uvopeipe
qlerrprrrl rrrlyrjrq5 onofcg:
o) q rltrerrpeyeprrxq 66vopr1eivqri-
orl F€ ro dOpcropcrrov HEArov n4-
Y6v.
p) q eoore6rrrqrq5 crvriorooqeivct
iorl pe ro dOporoporttrv eocoreprrcirv
o-
-t---' vrrordoecovrorv rr4y6v.
E,o= Er+ E2+ Ert... * E"xot
f,o= l r+ 12+ 13+ ...+ r,.
Av or yewrlrpregeivar<i;.roreg,
0c roX(ietE,o: vE Kqr rE : vr.
2. Ilapdllql4 odv6eoqripor-
ov yevu4rprriv
Av ouv,5iooupreaycbyrpo<itroug
roug 0r:rrro69n6trouqevdgou-
vdlou yevvrlrprc6v xqr ouv6f-
oouF€ -orr1 ouvdlerc- cyc6yr-
po 6trougrous dpvrlrrro69rrci-
l- loug r,:rrvyevvrlrprc6vqur(6v
l.
0a iXoupenopdltrrllrl o0v6e-
orl.
E{erd(ouperr1o6v6eor1 cu-
ro0 rou rdrrou yrc Trlvnepi
I
TO HAEKTPI KO PEYM A
trerrprr( lrrlyrlrrls onofoS
66-
I tllt*ipeyeprrr( 66vcpr1eivcrioq p€ rnv qtrerrpeyeprrr(
") nrlYdS
vqpq FrcSo116rt5
'pi'q
tocoteprrqovriorooq e(vorioq pe ro xtrdopor/prdnou p ro
nlr10o5r<rrvnqyc6v.
T O H A E K T P I K OP E Y M A
iroryvomd ro morXerc66eg
Oe<upe e = 1,61[r" C.
qlerrprrd<poprio
2.8.Trliyeror ivrooq rllerrprxodpsdporos;

flcogrq F€rpitrs;floro eivor4 povd6ope-
rpqoe<o5;
2.9.l-l<o5 6rorunt6veror o npc6rogxovtivog
rou Kirchhoff; l-roriliyeror rcovcivog xor<iXr
2.1. floregeivoror rpergopd6e5<porvopdvov v6yo9;
qnd ro onoionpo6i6eror q 6nop(r1qtrerrpr-
xoripeuparo5;Avogipere6do<porv6;revo2.10.flrr;5pnrlpotipe vo perprlooupe rq 6ro-
yrordOeopd6o. cpopd 6uvoprr,rod pero[6 66o orlpei<ov evd5
rurlc6porog;
2.2.H ollrlleni6poorlrou rllerrprrorjpe6-
rg. 2.11.Ikog6rorun6veroro 6edrepog rov6-
ForosH€Hq1/4rr1iXer, pdporo,6do6rpe
l-loregeivorourf5; vosrou Kirchlroff; frorf liyeror rovdvoqror
6yrvdyoq;
2.3.To ralororprrou 1820o AavdgOersted
qvqroiv<rloe ro qrrorileopo ev<ig nerpdpa- 2.12.HperoprSo(dpev4 o'dvc rp4yoruxlc6-
ro5 ro onoioOecopeirar rmoprrd.flororlrav ;roro5 rlltr<rprrrrl
roX6g eivorforl prero yrv6pe-
ro nerpopo;frorf 0eopeitorroroprrd; vo r45 rdorlg oro drpo rou qrq;luroq enirrlv
ivrooqrou peri;rorog. [lro5ono6crrvderor;
2.4.Trorprp<irq eivorq Erivoprq
Laplace;floro
uhrd 0o Xp€rooroulls c6ore,ov ro ouvoppo- 2.13.Trtriyeroravriorooqevdgayoyo6;
loyrlooupe, vo er6qtrco0ef
q 66vopqourrl; 2.14.tltlg 6rqrund)verqr o v<1po5 rou Ohm;
2.5.fleprypdrl,rre
66ogarvdp€vo rq onoioe- 2.15.An6 rr e(aprdrorq ovrimoorlevd5ru-
rqv rupiapXrldnoqq drt ro <4tre-
vrcrXrjouv trrv6prro6
ayrrr1,o6;
xrprr<dpedyoeivctruteu0uvdpevrlrivrlorl4-
lexrprr<ori
gopriou;>floroocrrpori6rq
eivoror 2,16.Trp6lo rroi(erivq rrorevordperpo;
Ie
<popei5rou gopriouquroJ; rr 6racpiper
onri ivov pooordrrl;
2.6.TrOecrlpeiror
gopd rou qlerrptrodperi- 217. Tt eivorro gorv<ipevo
Joule;Avogipere
p0ros; 66o4lerrprrfg ouoreuigxmd rrllerroupyio
tov ono(cov ro cpcrvdpevo
ourd nof(eropvq-
2.7.'Orsvfvog ;rerollrx6gaycoydg 6rappfe- rrrd pdtro;
rqr snd qlerrprrdpedpo<undpxouu) rp€rs
qno6errvderqr
6rocpoperrrdg raX6rrlre5o) q ro16111rorrlg 2.18.fkog Oecoprlrrrddrr rc-
r<ivr1oq5r<ovele60epolvrltrexrpo- rd rr1orlv6eor166oovrrororcilvoe oerpd 11r-
0ep;rrrr15
vfov p) 11roXdrqro peror<ivrloqg oo6rivoprl ovrioroorleivcrfo4 pero dOpor-
rclv qle-
rrpovfrr.lv
ror y) raXrirqra 6rd6ooq5rou qle- oyo r@v66oorrrrordoecr.lv;
rrprrodne6ioupioo orov crYtrly6. florqon6 2.19.I-lcrlg Oecoprlrrrd
ono6errv6e'rqr 11oXi-
rr5 roli'rr1rc5auri5 rfvar 4 peyoldrepq; orl rrls roo6dvCIprlsovrimooqgperrg 6uoo-
floroeivqr11prrp<ireprl; vrordoergrorri rrlv nopdll4lr; odv6eo4;
I
IO HAE KTPI KO PEYM A

2.20.fko5eivar11XopoKrrlprorrrrlropndlrl qlerrprxofperiporr6- o6rlyrloov rr10eopq-
progyewrpprog;l-ko5pnoporipevo unotroy(- rrrrl oriq,rqorrlvenrvdrloq
rrlgiworoggopti
ooupecn6 rqv roprrdlrlourrl rrlv rrprlrr15 rou r1Aexrpxod pedp,a7sq.
qtrerrpeyeprrrq5
66vopq5Korrnv rry4 rou p. H gopd rou qlerrprrof periyoro5 eivoro-
ppaXururlc6oeog;
perjporog vri0erq on6 rr1cpoldrivqoqgrov rllerrpo-
2,21.fr trfyerorqlerrpeyeprrrrl66voyq;rrog viorvev65peu;roropdpou perotrlrxorioyro-
yrw4rprc5; Yo6.
y. H gopd rou rllerrprroripedporo5 xo0opf-
2.22.Trevvooripe liyovroq drr q yewrlrpro (eror cn<irqv nofuxdrrlrorrls rporpo6dr4-
eivorrivoqevepyerord5 perorponio5; oqs.
2,23.fpd,qmrqv e[iooroqnou errppd(erro 6. To qltr<rprr<6 periponpor<oleierrponq
v<iporou Ohmyro rle ror<ixrirlurpro.fkogc- rrls poyvrlrrrrl5 pskivo5npog opropivrl
no6erxvderor pdoer rou v<i;,rou
6rcrqpr1or1gnleupd. Av oMd{,er11qopd rou, 11payvrlrrrrl
rr15evipyerog; peldvo 0o errpone'npos rqv dtrlr1nleupd.
2.26.Menore5onri rr5nopordro npord-
oer5oul.rgoveire;
o. 'Evrooqqlerrprro6periporo5 liyeror ro
n4lfro rou goprior,nounepvdan6 pro6ro-
roprl rou ayoyo6 rreopropdvo Xpdvonpo5
rov Xpdvoourd. CtopropdgroXde r yro rrlv
I{c cvcpoarl$oipe...
nepfnroo4Xpovrrd mo0epoupe6yorog.
p. Iuvrl0oqprerpdpe rqv dvroo4rou pedpo-
2,24,Yndpyouvrp€rS,rouldXrorov,opd6eg
rog poor(dpevor mrlv cMrlleni6poorl rou Hr
gorvopivrov on<iro onoio npo6i6erar116-
xdnoropcl,v4rrl.
nop{q qlexrprrodpefporog.Eivor:
y. Iuvq0ogperpdperrlv ivrooq rou pedpro-
rq5 0epporpooio5
o. ............. rcrlvyeroltrr- ro5 poor(riyevor orov opropdrqq. Merpdpe
xc6vcryoyr6v 6qlo6qro rllerrprxd<poprio ye er6rrd<ipyo-
p gorvdpevo, tinc,rg
........... vo Korro Xpdvope;povdperpo.
y. .............
qlerrprrc6v peupdrov 6. H povd6o;.rerprlrretlg rou peyi0oug ivro-
To <porvdpeva, dpols,nou rrErltrcbvovror o- orlpeiparoqeivorro 1 poAr.
n<oo6qnore eivorourd rrls .......opd6o5. e. H povd6operprlcre<rrg rou gopriou (1 rou-
Io5 (qroUpevo ouynlqpc6oere rq revd trdpn)6eveivor0epetrr<ir6r1g olld opi(eroro-
Xprlorponordlvro5 ond rr5nopcxdrro: nd rr5 0eyefuc66er;
tri{,erg povd6eg dvrooq5r1tre-
o OdpJ.rqvorl o Au€opeicoorl . Tpirrlso A6- rrprrof pefporo5xor
Xp<ivou.
€qor1. H rltrerrp6luon. Kqt oyoyrirvo
2,27,'Eyooye ro 6pyovo r45 oeli6og80.
Oepprrdo KorHcryvrlr6v . np6rns o Xrlpr-
o) Bpeire rrlv rdorl
xd o Allrllent6poorl.
r) 6rsv o peruyoryi5e(vormr10ior130 ror o
2.25.Me noregond rrg nopordro npord- 6efrrq5mq 0dor1 rou oXqporog
oergoupgcuveire; rr)<jrqvo peraycrrl<ig perorrvrlOef orrl 0for1
o. Ta Oepprrxd gorv<ipevo - onorileopo rou 10 rqr o 6efrrqgorrl 0ior1rou oXrlporog
I
TO H A E K TP i K O P E Y MA
p)Oilere vo perp4oere fioq76Y. Tono0e- c) po= psl,i F) pt = p,l2 y) pn= pe
Trlme rov perayoyriorrlv firo xcrdMqlrl 0i- 6)p^:2p, =
e)pn 4pa
or1.floro0o eivqr11iv6er[r1;
2.33.floro<iXerpeyolUrepqovrforcorl,i-
2.28.Ynoloyimr rrlv cvrimcorl voglopnrrlpos rtov 60W11ivc5 rcov100W;
E{4yr1me.
2.34.Aopnrrlpe5 ouv6iovroroe oerpdror
peuporo6orofvrcr peopropiv4rdoq.
o) Av ivo5 :n'ouro6g (Ko€i))rr 0o ouppei
mougundlornouq;
p) Av npoore0odvoe oerpdneproodrepor
lcynrrlpeg, rr 0o ouppef Hsrov gorropd
rov }opnrf prov;
2.35.Iro onirr oog or lopnrqpeqouv6io-
vror or oerpd11oe 6ruKld6ooq;
Arxoroloyrl-
ore rrlv an(vrr1or1.
2.36.Kqrd rq odv6eoq66oovrrororc6voe
orrpd.
o) H peroBrl3o(6pev4oro odorqporllexrpr-
rq roXri5ei'rorioq pe ro d0poroportov r-
2.29.flororond rou5nopordrrrlcryoyodqu- oXriovnou rqrwoliorouv or 66oqvrrotd-
noxodouvmov v<iporou Ohm; rrs
c. Xdlrrvorotr<ir6rop. lulyio revody. xtitrrv- p) H roo6dvrprlovrforoorleivcrprrpd,reprl
6pogonri oloupivro6. Kpumulfurd5ovop- qrrd ro d0poropororv6uoqvrrmdoeov
0<rlr115. y) H rdoq o'rodrpa rou evd5eivoroncoo64-
nore ioq pe rqvrdoq oro drpa rou dMou
2.30.Ie noro cpuorxti yiyeOo5ovrrororXe f
6) Or 6rjoovrrordregEroppiovror on6 pe6-
xcOeprd on6 rr5 ncpordr<opovd6e5 p€rp{-
poro iotove'ndo€rov
o€(l)s;
p.1V Menoro onri ro nopondvo ouprptrrveire;
o.10 \.1) 6.1C e.1A.
2.37. Kuru r-qvnopdtrlqlrlodv6eorl6rioo-
2.31.Iq AEHnlqpovoupsyronopoXqrlle-
vrroror<6v
rrprrori goprfou,qlexrprrrlgroXrio5 11qle-
o) H peroprf]o(dpevrloro ofmrlpo rltrerrpr-
rrprxq5evipyero5;
14 roXrigeivor iorl pe ro d0poroportov r-
2.32.Lvopre roMrrd opoyev(o6pparoA rcr oX6cov nou r:qrwotriorouvorovrtordreg.
B iXouvorprpc65 rrlv i6rcovriorcorl.Av ro p) H roo6dv<rpr1 ovriorooqeivorprrp6rep4
prlxogror 116rdperpo5 rou oripporo5A eivor on<iro dOporopo rov 6uocvrrmdoeov
6rnldorqrov ovrfororXcov peye0<6vrou B, y) Or 6uoavrrordre56roppdovror ar6 pfi-
noro ond rr5 nopardro oXdoerg pero{6 pcro iorove'ndoeovp6voveg6oovor ovrr-
rov er6rr<ilvcvtrordoeovpAKorpBeivorq ordoergrou<:efvcrioeg.
oomn; 6) H rdorl oro drpo rou evd56eveivorioq ;re
I
HAEKTPI KO PEYM A
rrlv rdorl or0 dKp0ro dl ou y) Eivorrvepyeraxdqperurponfo5.
Menoro cn<iro nopondvo oupgoveire; 6) 'EXe
r co5oror'1eia raurdrrlrog rqv rlle-
rrpeyeprrrrl Korrrlv eooreprrrlovrl
6rivcrprl
2.38.H peraprBo(dptvrl o' ivo rprlya ru-
0r00n.
rlciporog qlerrprr<r1roX6g
Menoro ond ou'rdoupcpovefre;
o) Eivorndvrore iorl pero yrvdpevo rr15rd-
orlsoro drpo rou rpr;parogenfro pe6pc(l) 2.4l.Iuvappoloyoripe ivc rrlxl<rrpo perlle-
nou 6roppier ro rprlpo. rrprrrlnqyrl,6rcrrdnrqror ovrrordrq.Iog
p) EivoroexdOenepinroorliorlpero yrvdpe- (rpodpeva ouprlrlprioereru revd:
vo lR<inouR4 ovrimoo4rou rprlporog. 'Orav o 6nxdn.qs tivat cvorxr6g rdorl
\
y) Eivorr; avd povd6olp6vou peroprpo(6pe- orouqn6AooqrrlgTTrly4q tivu .........
rqv qAe-
vrl0ro rprlpoevipyero. xrpeyqnx7 66vryq rqgrrrry4c,.'Orsv xAei-
Menorc and ro napcndvcrloupgroveire; oouyEro \nxdrrry 4 .......... eivatiorypt royr
vdyevorr1gtvrctorlgrou pe1yarogeri rqv
2.39.Ilofudme dlo doc noprmdvovrorro-
HEArqs rqy4q, q nohx4 rdoq rqc nqyr1gti-
0c6grcr doq unovoodvrorps rq oriroc rsr
ro oXqporo,rq onoionopoOiroupre. vst ........rqv rdorl ora d,xparou avnordrrl.
H HEArrlsnqyr1<; nohxrl16o11
eivat........rr1v
ev<br7..,.....eivatiorl pt.ro rtrpdywvo rr19t-
vrdonqrou pilyaroc, eni rqv np7 r1q avri-
t orsong,
I{a }r0ooupe
rpcp}.f1patc
2.42.IqXpovrri orrypqt = 0 rleivouperov

6rordnrrlrou rl'rlc5pqros.
q) fldre 0o ovdtl.ret
o }opnrrlpog;
p) l-loro0q eivorrl qopd rq5 riv4or15
rtov rl-
lerrpovirovorouquyrrryo65;
ffiMU y) Merd ndoo Xp6vodvo rl}errpdvro0q
e €n dir
t-l\:==J
grdoermo lop'nrqpq,ov rn Xpovrrrl
t = 0 FpiorerororrlvneproXrl
orryrq
rqg nqyrlg;(H
ondvr4orloog0o 6o0einpooe1ryrorrxd).
2.40.H rller<rprrrl
nqyr1o' ivo rf rlcopo l:-----
o) flapdyerrllerrpxd goprio. "**/.
p) Eivotnr1yrlevdpyerogund rrlv dvvoro6rr
ncpdyerevdpycro an6 ro pq6iv.
I
TO H A E K TP IK O
2.43.To periporrlg 6iop49qlerrpoviovoe fuc6v220Vl800W. fldoo pedpanepvderurr6
prar4ledpoorleivor6;.rA. fl6oo qlexrpdvra rd0e proouor€uq;tl<ioorrtroporarprc rlle-
ovd 6eurep<ilenro<Xrundve> orrlv oOdvrl rrprrrl5evfpy:ro50s rqrovotro0o6v qv or
rqs; ouoreudg ourt5 lerroupyrloouvrourdXpovo
2.44,Zro xdrlopo rou oX(parogeivoryvco- eni 20 trenrd;
ord drr | = 2A,lr = 1A,l+= 0,5A. 2,47.Lc; (qrodpre vo npoplirgererrlv ivro-
Ynoloyiorerrg rrpi5 12,13,ls rrov ovrforor- orl rou pedporog nou 0o 6rappder
dvw svrr-
peupdrov. ordrq 2kO ov oro dxpc rou erpappdooupr
Xorv
t6oq24 V. fldoo rlkrrpdvro0o 6ripXovror
ond pio6roroprrl rou oe rdOe6eurepdlenro;
2.48.Arorpdpc:vrrpcfvoyrrof cvrrordreg
ouvEiovrqrnopdltrqlo.Arxoroloyrlorerov
roXupropd:<H oo66vapq wrioroo4 rougi-
Xerrr;rr1
prrpdrcprl
ror ond rq prrpdrep4
o-
vrimoon>.
2.49.'Eva XdkrvoodppoiXerpr1xo51m ror
eppa6dv6rcropr15 1mm'.Irs drpo rou e-
rpoppd(eror "raoq12V. Ynoloyiorerov opr0-
2.45.Oecoprlore ro xdrlopa rou oXrlyorog. pd rov qlerrprvirov nou nepvorivond ;rio
Aivovrororrrpig lr = 10A,l, = 4A,l, = 2A, 6roroprlrou oe lpdvo 1min.Aiveror11er6rx4
ovrioroorlrou Xolxodiorlpe1,7.10uOm.
L= 6A d,rovrleivouF€rov 6tor6nrr1.Yno-
troyiorerrg rrpig ror npoo6ropiorerrg go- 2.50.'Evqopoyev6g roppdrrXatrroJiXer
pig rtov un<jlornorvpeuprdrov. oX4poop0oyruvfou nopollrllenrni6ou
6rqordoetllv 2(tcm x 30 cm x 60 cm. Kd0e
gopd nou 6roliyoupe66oqrrdvqvrri6pe5
Korrrs Oeolpor-pc <dr<po> rou, npordnrer
ivcl 6inolo, q crvrioroo4rou onoioue{ap-
rdrqr o116ro Z,euydpr nou 6rold(o-
e6pc6v
pre
. Ynoloyforr:rnv rrprl r4g ovriorooqg
oe rdOepio nrpinrooq. Oeopefror yvrll-
ord 5rr q er6rrricvrforoo4 rou Xakod ef-
vor1,7.1OuOm.
2.51.Too6po po5eivorayorydg rou qlerrpr-
opoti.Oopefgrou KrvouFrvou rpoprioueivor
rq r6vroNorprtu, Koliou,Xltrolpiou ror Mo-
yvqoiou. ppf0qre6tr 11er6rrrl
Anr5;.rerpqoer5
2.46,Zro onirr fXouyeovdqer rourtiXpovo ovrimoo( rou eivornepira 5Om.Exrpqme
rper5ldpne5r<ov220Vl100 W, rov Oeppoor'- rrlv qlexrprrrlcnrfmoorlrou 6eirrqrou X€pr-
govo 220Vl4000 W rr dvooreyv<rrrrlpo
potr- o6 oog.Irq our,iXero, unoloyiorero pedyo
I
TO HAE KTPI KO PEYM A

nou eo irepdoer
ov €gqppocn{raoql?Y. 600sl
2,52,fts ro Xdtrrrvo
oripporortov €otorspr-
rriv eyraromdoecov ro piyrmo enrrpendpe-
vo pe6paefvor11A svd mm'6roroprlg, yrari
oMor65orcryoyofpioo orousrorXou5unep-
0eppoivowar. Oraycrlyofrou 6tl;rariouoogi-
louv 6roroprl1,5mm'. I-16o11
eivor11ouvofurq
pfyrorqroX6grov ouoreur6v, nou 0c pno-
poriocvvo trerroupy4oouvpioo oro 6oydro;
oersrrlv ouvohrd roravolrordyevrlroX6.
2.53.H XopoKrrlprorrrry
evdg6rn6lounopr-
ordverororo crX4pa.To 6inotroouvforqror 2.57.Aro0irouF€dporous ovrordrts rcov
ond 66oroprro65ayoyo65raro dvogon'qu- 10O. Menororprino0o inpeneva ouv6i-
rodg dXer ovrforcorlRr = 3000. Me noto ooupeoprol.rivou5
on' ouroti5c6mtva 6qpr-
oupy4oouyeovrrordrrla) 15Op) 32,5O y)
120-.
2.58.Ara0iroupsrpsrsovrrordre5dporou5
(R),rou5onoiou5ouv6doupe pe6lou5roug
6uvorodgtpdnou<;.floro 0o efvor11uvrioru-
orl rou ouorqporc5or rd0enepinrcoorl;
2.59.Tpetgovrtordre5Rr= 120, R2= 60,
R: : 12Oouv6do'rror 6nco5oro oXrlparar
onorelorivro 6inrllo(AB).
rp6no ouv6iovroror 611o uyroyof;floro eivor Ynoloyiorero pe(,paronou 6roppfouv rou5
q rrprlrrlqorrrimoo4grou 6edrepou ayoyori; ovrrordregro016g rcr 14 6rogopd6uvapr-
2.54.Tper5 ovrrordregR, : 20C),Rz= 40, rod pero{6rov oqpei<ov A ror f, qv oro 6i-
R: = 16O ouv6iovroroe oerpdror 4 rdoq nolo erpcppoorefrdoqVr = 12V.
oro drpo rou ouorqpcro5eivcr12V.Io5
(r1ro6pe vc unotroyioere o) rqv ivraorl rou
pedporog rcr p) r4v rdorl oro drpo rou R,.
2.55.Atjoovrtord'regRr= 140Orqt R,ouv-
6iovruroe oerpd.l-lopeppd),lercr dvoopne-
pdprerpo ovrioroorlgror oro d-
o;relr1r6o5
Kporou ouorrl;roroqr; rdorl eivor20V.l-ldor1
eivor11rrprlrr15R,ov ro apnep6;rerpo 6ei-
2.60.Mru r1tre
rrprr<q
Oeppdorpo600W110V
Xver50mA;
ouv6ieruroe oerpdpeqlerrprrdlcpnrrlpo
2.56.Tprrgovrrmdregouv6fovrur dnorgmo 52W6V.Iro o6cr11;.roerpop;rd(eror
rdorl
oXrlpoxormc drpo rou ouorrlporos€qqp- 110V.No e{erdoereov o lopnrqpc5ler-
p6(erorrdo4 30V.Iog (r1ro6pe vo unoloyi- roupye(xqvovrrd.
I
T O H A E K TP IK O P E Y MA
2.61.A6oypoFpds perogopdqqlerrprrq5e- pd 6uvuprrori orou5ndloug rrls nny4sy)
vipyera5perocpipouv r4v i6roroXriorrlv i6ro r4v evdpyero TTouKorovdliorero ovrord-
on<imcor1.Er4 pio 4 perogopdyiverarund rr15oe '106eu'repdtrenro.
rdoq 200Vevr6mqv dMq yiverorun6 rdoq
2.65.'Evog ovrrordrrl5(R= 12O) ouv6derqr
10kV.To ndXo5rorv ayoy6v prerorpopd5 ei-
pe4lerrprx4rnqtrq.Ofloupeq rdoq oro d-
vorriroro c6oreor ldyrrrrou gorvopdvou
Kporou wrrcrdrq vo eivur1,38V. l-lore5rr-
Jouleoncitreregvo tivcr f6re5ror orr566o
pdgnpdnervo iXerq HEAxarq eo<oreptrr; o-
ypopH6s. Ynoloyforerov ld'yonou npdner
vrioroo4 r4g orqlqg; Aiverordrr 11ivroorl
vo fXouvor 6rdperporrolv cry<oytov
rorv 66o
rou periycrogppcrXuruxlc6oeosrrls m4lqS
ourriv ypo1.r1.rov.
eivcr1,5A.
2.66.Tiooeporiporaqlexrpxd morXrioouv-
6dovrqroe oerpd.Tpergriroreqoerpdg oror-
ouv6iorrar
Xeicrlv nopdMqlo, or<1r€ xor 6q-
proupyeirorproouororx€io666e ro dporov
Or n<ilorrqg ouorotXic5ouv6do-
ororXefcrrv.
2.62.Tperqovlordreg R: = 10f), Rz= 20O vror F€potrr<5rerpo eooreprr4gavrioroorl5
ror R, : 30C)eivorouv6e6epivor oe oerpd. 19C)on6re 6runrorr6verct 6rt q rdorl eivcr
BpaXururl<ovouy€ ro oqpeioA rqr A rcOrir5 5,7V.Ynoloyirrre rqv HEArdOe morXeiouw
rqr rq I rqr B. eivoryv<oor6 drr or eotoreprrdgroug ovrt-
Ynoloyforerqv roo6rivo;.rr1 ovrioraoq rou mdoerg eivcr
0,750.
6rndlou(AB).
2.63.flp6rerrorvo 6qproupyqooupe dvaqle-
rrprrri r0xloryc yeoumoryio4 onoio dXerr1-
trexrpeyeprrxrl 6uvopq24Yxureooreprrqo-
wimooq 1O,rper5cwrmdoer5R, = 20O,R2
= 3C)R: = 160 or oerpdxqrCvqcpnep<jpe-
rpo aprlqric5 eo<oreprrrj5 avrimaorl5.Icg
(qro6pevo npoptriq.rere o) rqv dv6er{r1rou
opnepopirpou p) rrlv rdoq oro dxporq5 R.
y) rr1peraBrpo(dpev4 or4v R, 4lexrprr4r-
oXriror 6) rqv o6{qor1rrls €oor€prKr15 Oeppr-
xrlgevipyero5 nou ouvretreirar orrlv R,avd
6eurepdlenro.
2.64.Ic ororXe io proqyewrjrpro5eivcrE :
6V ror r = 0,5O.Av or n6lor rr15ouv6e0o6v
cry<6yrpopera drpo avrrmdrrlR = 1,5O,u-
noloyiore a) rov opr0p<i r<ovrllerrpovitov
nou 6rdpXovror srr6 praonoro6rlnore6roro-
pri oe Xpdvo10 6eurepolinrov p) 14 6ro9o-
I
T o HÊ K T PT K P
o EY M A
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H Bo)raixqorq)q
Toxavohptonou tEtpvt 11or4A4Volta,r1ravaoEaA<bq, r7rccv1'rqrdrqs vd 6ivetqAurpt-
xd pe6ya, 6nwq xato nuxvwrr1skpnAqLeyden)xd)e Eopd noo utbvovrav pt otippa ra
66odxpa rr19.Le sx(.o\, 61ttug,ye r7 gdAq Leyden6ri0ere oopa,pdraronAtovtxrr1pa.
Mtrd rryvayd)ypq o6v6eoqnnv 66odxpwv rqs, q \ngopd \uvapxoti 6ev iderXvevo e-
{acpavi(erar
L' tvaypdpya orov J. Banks,np6e6porqS BaoArxrlS Erapti<xqrou Aov6(vou,o i6toqo
VoltaypdEer
20 Mdprry1800
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ouoxtu1,yn rqv onofu
oaq,yi\dto, tivat avaltgipoAo6-
n 0a,cctgxarar'Arlfet.Eivu tva
o1orqpa aywyrilv nou f,Xouv
rono1erq)ti xsrd (.va,vtt6tx6
rp6no Eixoor,oapdvra, efrlvra
xoltpdna XaAxoi (r1xaA|rtpa
apY6p''ou),xu}€vu a'nd ra o-
roia't pooapp6(erato e i.vs
xoypdn xaoonf pou (r1xaAhe-
ps VE$cpyipou) xat av61teod,
roug crputStarayapno1 4 6tp-
paroc,,tpnonopiva pe ay6yr-
lro uyf'6. H v(.uouoxturl pou 1tt-
peircttro anoriAeopa rrlCAd-
AqqLe,rden.
2e tva opt(6vno rpantQ ro-
ro)et<it i.vs peraAAtx66ioxo
xcrtrtcivu,to' cturdv npooapp6-
(u tv<x6bxo an6'4,ttu6dpyupo.
[ldvu rou paQu tva orpbpa e-
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outgperd ivs,6ioxo arr6 dpyu-
po, xt ,jorepa€vavat<1pa\iorco
'peo6apy6pou,rov onoio 6,o'6tXtrati.va ax6pa epronop(.vo np<itpa.\uveyi(ovrctgpe
yn orrlArl16oo ,gqAr1,
rov i6torp6no oXr'1pari(erar 6oo vs,pnopti vs ouyKpsrsircxy<u-
pig va ni,gru. Me xapn uxooapd (e6yr1perdAAu;vr7orqAqdvcn xavrl va npoxaAti ri.-
vsyHqo€ 6trorovayyi(tt rc 66odxpctrr1gStera y(.prurou...)).
(Aroonaoya)
TC HAEKTPIKOPEYMA
itl
H vi,d,ouoxtuq npoxdAtoepqd-
Ao uEaE(.pov orqv entorr1povtxrl
xotv6rrla rrls troy7q. To No(.1tppro
rou 1800npooxaAeopi.voq oro [7a-
piot, o Volta, exrtAti netpdyara pt
rrlv <txnArlxnxrl>orrlArlrou. O No-
noAiur,,rapayy tAvet vd,KdrdoK€.ud-
orei pru pqdArl ouorotyia (pnara-
pis) sn6 600 orrlAtq,rqv onoia npo-
oE€.puxqv EcolePolytechnique (t1o-
AoreywxrloyoArl rou l1aprcto6.Mn
ax6ya fiXup6r€.pl ouororXia xcra-
oxeudQ:rcxoro Aov\ivo ar6 rrl.Royal
Socie{ziBaofuxrlEraryeia).Ot ouvt-
rrereg6rodiXovru rl pfa rqv dAAr1. H
(.peuvarrdvu oro qAexrprc6 pe6pa
apyi(et n ntpoioreirat. Zrqv AyyAia
o Humphry Davy (XdltEpu Nrfipu)
1epefu<hvet rqv rTAt
xr poyqpeia, ev<i.t
eixootr:epinouyp6vrc apy6repa o
OerstedErdvet oro xpiotltontipalta,
pt.ro or:oio spXGu q moy7 rou qAe-
xrpopayqnopo1.
TO HAE KTPI KO PEYM A

TPITO KEOAAAIO
. Eni6pqoqFoyvrlnKori ne6iouo€psuFqrogripocyoTi . I-l66-

vcprqLaplace o H eni6poon poyvrpKo6 ne6iouoepeuparoqrdpo
o
nluioro Hlerrprr6grrvqr(pog To . qlsKrprxripedyuog rr4y{
o
pcyv4rrrorine6iou Mcryvrlrr16 peupurogd-
ne6foeuOrjypCIpFou
pouuyroyod o Mcryvnrr16
ne6ioootrqvoer6o65 o H iworqpsYvqrt-
xor q 6op{ r4g 6149o H rivrlorlrov
x6 iino\o r O lruyvrFroprig
nqyqrou poyvrpropod
qtrerrpovirov o H 0eopioWeisso To ga-
yvqrrxrine6ior4g l'qg. Na Oup4$oripe . No ovop(')r4goripeo
Na fuioou;renpopl{poro o NroxouFdvro.
Ie npoqyofpevore<pdAcro 6d0qreq eurcrrpiovo prlryoou;re
yro otr-
trrllenr6pdoerq rllexrprrc6vpeupdrov Korpcryvqrc6v. H iworo;.ro-
yvrynx6ne6io p6g porlOr1oe ncpd ro16 xord rr5 mpr6re5rrsprypd-
rpig curc6vrrov otrtrqlenr6pdoecrlv.Eino;le6rr urrd Tn prq ro Fto-
yvqrr16ne6ioenr6pdorous peupororpdpous crytoyofgevr6on6 rqv
dltrq ro qlexrpr16peripa6qproupyef neiriopoyvqrr16.Iro regd-
loro nou opli(er 0a errr6rc6{ouprvo epp<r06voupre fuyoneproo6re-
po orq 66o ourd (qr4poro Fero vq ov,r(qrqooup€rous vdpoug
orous onoiougunoroderI 6pdoqxor q 6rlyroupyiorou pcryv4rrxo6
re6iou, rou rre6iou,6qlc64,yro ro onoio ro qlerrprrd pe6pc,orro-
rele i rqv nr1yr1
olld Korro und0epo.
F(IYvqrrKorineEiou
(r€ P uF(Irogopo (|Y(DYo
H 6uvopnLoploce
T6oo ro rltrercrprrdpor6p 6oo ror ro aprrep6pr€rpops orpecp6prevo
rrloioro lerroupyo6v pdoer rrlg eni6pooq<;pa1rurlrqoe peuporog6-
po aycoyd.Iro rrpoqyofpevo regdlcro cvagepO1rcopeo'aurq rrlv
eni6pooq rar einope drr pnopo6p€ vd l'rlv neprypdgoup€ Fs rrl
porlOerdTnSvsurolvrr<45iworag66vo'pr1. Ero rropcxrcdrcrl 0c petrr-
r4ooupe rqv emi6pooqaurq 6re{o6rrd.
Ero epyaorripro.Xpqorporrororipe iva po-

=ipoupre
yvqrrlnerotroer6r1. 6n orov 1c6po
rrou oproOer€ir,frorrd roug 66o n6lou5
rou, ro pcryvrlrrr,l6
rre6ioeivoropoyevigpre
<popdan6 rov p,5ps1e rr6tronpo5 ro v6rto.
O eu06ypoppog ayoly6geivorrprrlpoevdg
xuxlc6poro5perrrlyrlouve1o65 periporog,
pooordrq,oprrr;p6perpo Koroy<6yrpro u-
ypd.Tono0ero6pe rov ayroy6oe 0ioq ro-
roxdpugrliror rou dvorprlparou vo ppG
oK€rol<pioc>o'fo pcryvrlrrr6 rre6io.To d-
Kporou eivorBu0ropdvo oro ay<iyrpouypd
I
M A I N H T IKEI
AAAHAEIIAPAIEiI
iror c6meq ev6eldpevq 6pdoqxdrrorog66vopqgvq eivsr6uvsr6vvq
l0eivoupe
er6qlco0ei. rov 6rqx6nrr1rar plinouf € rov crl,oydvo p€ro-
xveirqro€ Frovio Oioq.
H rare60uvonrqs ;rayv4rrr{g 6rivag4gLaplace.O rpdrroqnou
;.reraxrv40rlxeo cry<oy6gnpo6i6errqv rore60Lrvorlrrls ooro6pevrl5
66vopqg.Eivorprrorore60uvorloouvr10rorq. Ctprcryvqrrlg epgovf(e-
pt: rdrroro 66vopqnou
ror vo 6po - piocrrrou rre6iou-orov crl,<rryd
6evdler o6re rr16rerl0uvor1rou ne6iouo6re rr16re60uvoq rou cryo-
yo6. H oororipevrl66vopqiLrr 6re60uvor1 xdOerqKo,orov crl,<rlY6
r(q,orrlv ivroo4 'rou ne6(ouB. Av ovoorpirpouperq <popdrou Fq-
yvqrrrco6ne6iou 6rorqpc6vrogro pe6pc o-
perdptrqro, plfnoupe <irr q rpopd r4g 66vo-
pqg Laplaceovaorpdgrerqr.H ovcorpogrl
6rorrrorc6verorKor orrlv rrepirrroorl fiou o-
vcorpirgoupe rr1 <popdrou pe6proro56ro111-
p6vrag ro puyvrlrq orrlv op1rrl 0ior1 rou.
To vo neprypdr.;,rouFs rrl <popdrqg 66vo-
pq5 Laplace6ev eivor .16ooedrcotro.Apiotrrg
nopoxdrco erc0drou;re 'rp€lSr€Xr/tKigyro rrlv
nepryporprlrrls Korarprlvoupeorov crvcryvc6-
orrl rrlv errrloyrl ourrjg rrou 0o tcrrprd(er
rreproo6repoorrl 6rrq rou orirprl.
1. H npc6r4 cn' ourfg eivoro leyd;revo5rov6vog rou Maxwell.fro
vo rrl Xprlorporrorqoouperrpirrer err65 o116ro i>rdvuopoB vo Oe<oprl-
ooul,r€rqr ivq 6rdvuopo lerrdv<rroe rprlpo pqxougUrou peuporocp6-
pou aycoyo6pe gopd rq rpopdrou qlerrptro6 pedporog.Edpcp<ovo ;re
rov rsvdvq rou Maxr,vellI rpopd qg 66vo;.rqgLaplaceeivor 11rpopd ro-
rd rrlv orroic 0o peroxrvq0ei o 6e{rdorpogos r,rxlios (pro pi6o 11iva
ovorXrqpr),rov orroio <pwro(dpoore vo mpirpr;ror rord ro ouvropd-
repo rpdtro l0 npog B. Av dXou;rtKdrofiroorei pe raroopibro Kor p€
rrppnouodv eivor guorrd vc 6ef{ouprerrporipqoq orov rov6vq
Maxwell.
MAIN HTIKEI AAAHAEtI IAPAIEII

ME IO ANOINHTI
TIATI OEAO NA ME-
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rrlcxioro)eivorivo poyv4rrx66fnolo. Or i6regautf5 noporqpqoer5
prnopodv vo pos poq0rloouvo€ fro rroparrdpoeprpdOuvorl
orrlv dv-
I
e
\
voropcryvrlrr16 6inotro.=ipoupercor'oppyvdrr, 6rrtogrd0e dMrl o-

qnpnpivn iworq rq5 guorrqS,\ tvvon payvqnx6\inoAo avag(.pe-
rdr oE tva npdypa rou 6evnpoo\rcpi(erar (unoypxnnxd) an6 rr:'
yopE4 rou, npoo8ropi(trar 6F-q @noypeurtxd)mrd rq ouyTr€.pt-
gopd rou.'Evo ;rcryv4rrxd 6inotro0o pnopcfoe vo iler rr1poprpqe-
v65 pop6opoyvrlrq,ev65rurfurorl peu;rorocpdpou oycoyofr1rr1
Fopg{ ev65 peuprcro<pdpou ootrqvoer6odg.Oo prrropodoe 6pcrrgvo
eivor ror rdrr oov <po6porouri> rrou 6evp nopo6pevo ro ovoi{ou-
pe.To xlerord cur6 <rouri>0s €r'vorpcryvrlrrx6
6inolo 6l yroriiXcr
xdrroroouyxerprpivnFopg{. Oq qrrorelei (q 6ev0s qrroretrefl6f-
rrolo errer6rynopouord4er (4 6evnop,ruordiier)
prc opropiv4oupfis-
prcpopd, e<p6oov 6qlo6n
o. Mioa oe oproyevi5 evc6ro i6ro p. ,Arlproupyef papr;rrrcd

pcryvrprx6re6io 'ne6io,or 6uvcprxig
ugiorcror 'ypoFFiSrou onoiou
fipoodvorotrropd. <qrrue6vovrarorrd pro
,rproprfvq rrepropl
(p 6 p ero gn d lo 5 ) T rp o s
.rrodMr1.
AE(1etrilo5 vc o4pre ror0e(6rt ro poyvlrrrd 6irotro eivor o o-

nloforepoq poyvq'rr165 crxnForrop6g. Erov qtrerrprop6o qrrtroJ-
orsposoXtlportopdsfiou urrdplereivqrro rxrropovor;rdvo rltrexrprrcd
goprio (q) evc6ro rllerrprx6 6inotroeivorc,1q;rorrop65
ouv0er6re-
pos.
MAINHT KEI AAAI1AETIIAPAIEI:

O Ftly rrop65
Ktlr n 6optl rq5 ritrqg
To 1820eivor,dror5 {ipoupe,q lpovrd rrou ro neipopcOersted
<yiwqoe>rq pdorpqunorgioyro rdrroro rr>rvdoqpeioovdpeoooro
qlerrprrd Kqrrs gcryvrlrrrdgorv6peva.Er-qerqr6 rrepinoulpdvro
rrou qrolo60qoov -ror ev<6o rllexrpopalvqrrop65eiXeopXioervo
olld(er rrlv errdvorr15ovOpcondrrlrog-x.uogopqOrlKr Kqr6ropop-
gc60qre11Oeopio rrou eivqrono6errq pri1ll orlpepa.
Idpgcrlvcye ourrlv o Hqyvnrrsyrigogr:iAerotorrs xrv{oer5rtov
4lexrpovialv rrou ou;.rperdlouvoro riropc. Ag pdloupe 6p<ogro
npdyporc oe xdrrorqoerpd.
4116rq 6exqerio rou 1820or guorrof ovcryvolpi(ouv rno 61166o
<av6poro> npdyporo drr<og o <puorrd5
Fcryvnrrls Korro peuporocpd-
po rrloioro 6rlproupyodv ivo nopdporoonordtreopc.Anivovrr oro
yeyovd5qur6 or rrrOqvoi6pdporrrou 0q ltnopodoevo rpopq{erq
guorrq ordqq rlrov rperg:
(c) Tc 4lertprxd pefycro rreprdlouvrrirrolougo6porougquot-
ro6q pcryvqreg.
(F) Ot rpuorxoipoyvqregrpdpouvxd'norqo6porc qlercrprrcd
pe6;rorc.
(y)Yndplouv 66o 6rogoperrrigrrnyis pcyvqrropof.
H dnoqrq rou AmpEre.O Ampdreuroorrlpr{e o0evopdrq 6e6-
repq dnogq. Oavrdorqxe6rr or puorqpr<66er5 161614r€5rcovFq-
yvqrriv dnpenevc ogeilowor oe o6pcro xletord qlerrplrri peri-
porc, 6rr o pcryvqrropr6g, eiXepio ror pdvo(rrny{Drr ourq
6r1trc6rj,
qrov rc qlexrprrd pedproro.
drr doo Krov Kopporrd(oupe ivo payvqrqnpordnrouv
ndvro pcryvqre5
-ipouge prrp6repor. To yeyov65 ourd pdg o64yeforoloyr-
xd ouprripoopc6rr Kqrro rrro prlrpdrpr];rrlraevdgpayvrprlorror€-
tro6vororXerc66erg poyvrlre5.To rporvdllevo qrov yv<oordorov
Ampdre. orrd ourd, roXupiorrl<e 6rr ror oro prrpdraro
rprlpcxrc-exrvcdvrog
rrlg 61115-rc p<ipra6rrcogrrior€r'e-undplouv xlerord ;rr-
rpoororrrrd pedparora orrofqeu06vovrcrr yro rrs prcr,pqrrrig1616-
TrlT€s.
flcp6tro 6pr<o5 ro qvoyvcrlpro;rCvo xdpo5rou Ampdre11erropl
rou 6ev rjrov <6prp11 vo uroOerrlo€r Flo rriroro drrorg4.ASpn FcS
6roge0yer6rr rqrd rq 6eroeriorou 182(l6evurrdplerorire v6{q
yrd €o<or€prr4 6opr1r<ovordporvKotyto rrvoripevarllexrpdvrc.H r-
I
l,tt9 MAfNHTTKE:
A^^HÊnr^pArEr:
cMd 6ev{e1dor4reevrel6g.
6iq rou AmpErea1ruoqOqre
H dworq payvrynxf ponf. fo rr; ouyrp<irrl(T FraSOecopio5 yro rov
poyvrlrrop6XprlorForrorrlOqre err6g crr6 rrlv iworo payvqnrc66i-
rro.lorqr 11iworo / priyeOog yayvqnxrlpoTri, q onoio orrorelei ro
ororXeioraurdrqrog rdOepaprlrrrof 6rrrcilou.EivorpdyeOog 6ro-
vuoporrxd.H rore60uvo4rnS opiorrlxe€rot riote, xo0<65 ro 6irro-
lo npooovoroli(eror ;rioo oe payvqrrr6 rie6i'oq payvqrrrrlponq
rou vd reivervq orrorrrloerrrlv rorerjOuvorlrou pcrprlrrro6 rre6i-
ou. H ;rcrpqrrrqpon4 ev6gpap6opcrl,vnrn llo ix€r ouvencir5rored-
0uvoq orrd ro v6rro n6lo rrpos ro pdpero ev<611pcryvqrrrrlponrl e-
v6g peuporog6pouayoyod 0q eivorrdOer-qoro errine6orou 16-
xlou ror prexore60uvoqrdroro <oorevo ov'rorrorpiv€rqlorov rrpo-
ocvorotrrop6.
H ohxrl pcrprlrrxrlporrq ev65ouor4polog 6rrr6tr<ov eivorio4 trre
ro 6rcvuopcrrx6d0poroporov pcqrurlrrxc6v pon6v.'Evo o6orrlpro
66o xuxfur<ov peupdrov rov orroirovrq errirre6seivqrnopdtrlqtro
iler ouvofur4pon4 p46iv erpdoovor gopCgr<rlv66o peupd'rcuv eivor
cxwipporre5.
H rivqo4 rorv r;lerrpovicrv n4yri rou Fqlvnrrspod. Kctd rq 6e6-
repq 6excerio rou qrc6voFoSor <puorxof i;1ouvrrro 6e10eipro €oo-
reprrrl6opqyro rd0e dropo rr iXouvuroOerqoer ivo opropivopo-
vrilo yr' ourd. Iro oroprr6 povrfAo,rcdOe qtrexrp6vrorreprgdperor
y6p<rlorrd rov rrup4vo oe rtreror( rpolrdr evcrrrour6xpova rr€pt-
orpigeror oo <opo6po)ydptoon6 rov eo;ur6Tou,oupl-l€rf1er 6q-
Io611ror oe pio rivrlorlovdloyrl pr rrlv rlpepqorarr€prorpogrxqxf-
vrlorl rou rrlavrlrq pa5.
Aplxd 0e<op{Or1xe 6rr q neprcpopd rorr rllerrpoviou y6po on6
rov rruprlvo,roo66vo;r4pe <xleror6pedp<x> -6qlo6r1pe ;.rcryvr1rrr6
6inolo- qrov une60uvrlyrCIrr16qproupyiorrov prcryvrlrrxobv ne6icov
rcovFcryvrlrc6v. Aurd 6;ro5 6eveivornopd 6vo prxp6FipoSrns orl-
peprvr;g drrog45.
flol6 o6vropoerrerpdrqoe q r6io 6rr 11rdpron4y4 rou Fcrl^,nrr-
opo0 rlrov q r6rorreprorpoq{rorv qlerrl:ovicov4 orroia iler 6re-
0vco5errrrporrloervo liyeror spin(onrv).
Kord rrlv 16ro,reprorpogq ev654le rrp,oviou,q xivrloqrou qle-
rrpovrro6 gopriou prropeivo Oecopr10e f roo66vopqpreorrerpoord
xurhrd pe6poro.Ko0ivo o116ourd rooiiuvayefpe prrpooxorrr16
poyvrlrr166inolo orr6re ror ol6rtrr1po'ro rrsptorp€gdpevorlle-
rrpovrr6 goprio roo6uvapeiFe FcrlrrlrrK<j 6fnolo KorXopqKrrlpi(e-
ror o116opropdv4poyvqrrrrlporr4.
BCpcroro povritro ev6grylerrpoviourrou rreprorpigerory6p<o
orrd rov eour6 rou e(vqrnol6 prlXcvrorr 16 xql 6evyivercr qrro6e-
I
116 on(r rq odyXpovrlrpovrrrcq
guorrrl. Oordoo q 6nop€q Fa-
yvqrrr4<;porr{Sorc ororlerr66q
curd oopdrtq efvotorlpepoeu-
priroro orro6exrrlrar Oe<opeiror
6rt oyeri(eror pe rcdrrorqev6oye-
rr1rivrloq.
vrl rreprcirporpr
Eeivu rulcio ufur6,dnoq ei
vor, ldyou 1dprv,o 1otrr6gq o
y6lup6og,rdOeivo crr6 ro r1tre-
rrp6vra ncpouord(er opropivq
pcyvrlrrr(pon4. Or xrv4oer5 6-
F<rrSro\/ qtrercrpovicovilouv r-i-
Torousrfpooovorotrropodg c6ore
pdKpooKonrrd 4 ouvohrq puyvqrrrq ponrl vq eivotioq pe pr16fv.
Aurd dya4 6evroXderyro rous p6vrprouq payvqreg.Or pcryvrlrrrcig
pondgKorrs payvrprrdrre8iorrou 64proultyo6vrcr rupi<rl5crrd rq
spin ror,,rrlle r<rpovi<ovroug 6ev
otrlqloovorpodvror atrtrd ouvOd-
Touv Trl proyvrlrrrcrlporrq ror ro
pcyvqrr<d rre6io rrou ouvo6e6et
rd0e poivqrq pr6vr;ro.
H Oeopic Weiss. Kdrr ovdtroyo
ouppaiverKoro€ 6lo ra or6rlpo-
pcryvqrrrrdufurd. H 0eopio dpog
our4 6ev prrrope i vo e{qyqoer c-
rrdtrurq rr5 16rorrepdrqrdgtou5.
H r6roireprl oul.Irrsprgopd
r<ov or6 qpopayvqrr rr6v utrrxcbv
epprlverierorrotr6repc pe rq le-
ydprevql)eorpiaWeiss (BdrS).Ei-
vor firo Oeorp(ofiou ufioorrlpf(er drr rcd0eorSqpopayvqrrr<6 utrrr<6
-oe Oepporpaoialopqtr6repq orrd rr1 XqpcKrrlprorrrrlrou Oeppo-
r<pooioCurie- qrroreleiror arrd prxpooron'rxi5 neproldg rrou ldyo-
vrqr ptryvqrrri5 rreprold5 (domains)Weisr;.To dropcx r<d0enepro-
Xrlg iXouv pcryvqrrrig ponig <ouorqpd> rrpooovorotrroprfve5npog
prroopropdvqrore60uvoq.
'Orqv ro or6qpopcrpqrr16orirproppeOefprioc oe rdnoto <e{ote-
pr16>pcryvqrr16ne6io, or FcryvrlrtKigpondg rdOe rreprolq5 reivouv
vq rrpooovorohorodv preonoritreoFc ro rr<6;ravq qrrorrd pcrl,vn-
rrrcqporrq Kor vG prayvqrf(eror.Ie opropivc ufurd o rrpooovcxrotrl-
opr6ge{orolouOef vo ucpior-cratrot perd rrlv orroprdrpuvorlarrd ro
I
AAAHAEIIIAPA:E
MATNHTIKEI :
ne6io.Tq ufurd qurd t,ivoror 1ru<oorof
ef<oreprrd;rcryvqrrrd pqs Fd-
vrporprcyvqreg.Ie dtrlegdp<ogrreprrrr<6oer5,arr6 rq orryprlrrou
na6ervo errr6pdro e{<orepr16 ne6fo,r1Oepprrrlrivqoqi-
;rcryv4rr16
Xsroov onoritreopo rq ufurd vo orqv rrporlyofpevq
encxvfplo\rror
rordorooq.
Or ypc;-rprrdg 6roordo€rsrtrrvrr€-
prolcbvWeissilouv piyeOogrrlg
rd€nSrcov10-:pdXpr10-'cm,rrptrt-
F0 fiou oqpoiver6rr yivovroropc-
ri5 ror pe prrpoor6rrro.
'Olo qurd qrrorelodv ropprdrro

;rra5 Oeopiog 11orroic 6ev i1e r pr{Xpr
orlpepo avorp,eOei. Evvoefror6rr yro
ro n<itg 0o ovrrloppovdpoor€ r0
rrpdyporcx oripro 6ev prropotipe vc
xdvou;;e rcoprrri np6Btrerprl.H e€tfu€n
rr1s enrcrr1ylS eivar yn evrurutonxq
6rc& xaoia ap g rcp qr r7o Eev/ 6nq) €.6o etuv, e',raAqoe6o xnv, evon o rq-
o€u)vt e6parcboeuv Ko,tsvdrpordsv q onoia 6evoraltcrd,et nori.
No ouvor}riooupe :
1. OAo ro l.royvqrrrd ne6iq oge(lovror or 4lexrprrd gopria
xrvofpevc.
2. H rfvr;oq rri0e 4lexrpoviou pdoo oro riro;ro xor xtipto 4 t-
8rorrrprorpog{ rou 6qproupyei dvc moryr:r66rg pcyvqrrxd 6fno-
lo rar euodverar yto rr5 ;rolruqnrdg r6rrirqreg rtov drugriporv ufu-
xr6v.
3. Or npoocvorofuopof Tou rropouorriiiouv rc morlertir6n Fq-
yvqrrrri 6inola orov prxp6KooFo rou rd0ri o6;rcrog pnopodv va
pog 6rroroloy{oouv rrs FqKpooxorrrxdg;r<:yvrlrrrdgrdr<irqregrou
oriporog.
4. Irrg ofyXpoveg onrirper5 yro rov orliqpopoyv4rropri sFrrs-
prdlerar xcr 4 OetopiqWeiss. AeXripuore cirr rq or6qpopoyv4rrrri
ufuxri orrorelodvrar qrrd ;rayvrprrdg rreproldg oe xdOe pia clnri
rrg orrofeg u<piororcr dvog <ouornpdsD lrpooovqrofuopdg rtov
morlero6t6v Fqyvqrr Kt6v 6rnriltov.
MATNHTI II
KE: AAAHAEI'IIAPAIE
Mro pcryvqrrxq petr6vorcpe;.raopivq
pe raror6pucpovrlpoo116ro xi-
vrpo pdpouS rlS, rrpoo-ovorotri(eror
ror(i rrlv rore60uvoqrou yqr-
vou Fcyvnrrrorjne6iouB,erp6oovpiporo orqv rr€ptoxr;rrlg 6evundp-
louv dMe5rrnyis pcryvqrrxr6v rre6i<ovrrou vcxerrr6podv rrdvotrqg.
To yeopoyvqrrrdne6(ooe rcdOe oqpeibrou Xcipouror oe rd0e
lpovrrrl oTlytr4neprypdgerorFr ro morl:io rou 6rov6oporogB. To
6rdvuopoB rdOerdrrou ovqreroe ivo ou6s6p,U5uororar6pugo e-
rrine6o nou l6yerot yayvrynx6q, peor1pppu6qroor6nou.
Arrd ro rilog rou 15ouorc6vqor Euponoiory,'<6pr(ov 6rr 11pcryvq-
rrrrl petr6vo6ev6eilverorprpcigrrposrov (i6perondlo. To rcrox6pu-
rpoerrirre6o(;rcryvqrrr6g preoqppprvdg) crroorroio toopponefo;qpori-
(er pe rov yeoypocprr6 peorlppprv6 rou r6nou pro 6ie6p4ycovio4 o-
noio ldyeror pcyv4rrx{ onrirfuoq. Kd0esrr6KltorlXqpoKrqpi(eror
o5 cvorotrrxqq 6urrrr1,ecpdoov wriaroryo o pdperog n6log rq5 peld-
vog ppiorcercr qvorofurd q 6urrrcdrou ystol/pogrro6 peorlppprvod.
Mro or6prorroporrlpqoqfiou frqvqv t:rriorlgor Eup<oroior rord
rov err6yevocrc6vo,rlruv 6rr rord rrlv rortpporriorq5 q pel6va 6ev
qrrxvopr(d,vrlo.Irq ytrc6ooa
rou rre6iou prrroporipe va
rrodpre 6rr oe rd0e rdrro ro
6rd:vuopo B oXrlpori(€rp€ro
opr(6vrroerrine6oprioy<ovio
rrou triyercr poyvrlrrx{ d-
1x,tro4.'Orqvro 6rdvuopo
B r.oreu06vsr0r fipos ro rd-
rcr -6rro5 ouppoiverorrlv
Eup<6rrq- 11dyrfuoq0eorpei-
rc 0errrrl.Ie ovriOerrlrre-
pfrrroroqq iyrfuoq 0ecopef-
rqr opvnrrK4.Iuvq0og qvo-
1 6 ru p e ro 6 rd v u o p oB o e
66o rdOeregouvrorr6orsK0-
rd rp6ro c6orerqr or 66o
vo avrl Kouv oro errfrre6o
rou FcryvrlrrxodpeorlpQprvod.H pio o116rrg ouvrorrrioeg(8") eivor
opr(6vrro*ror q dllr; (B")eivor,piporo, rc<r'roxd,pugr1,
* llpdrrer vo or1;reroOei6rrq polvrlrrr<( pel6vo rqv onofo ouvr10<o5 6ro0droupeeivor

orperrrrj rrepf xcror6pu<god{ovo. Aur6 o4poiver6rr rtxrd rqv rfvqorl r45 6rorrlpeircr oe
opr(6vrro erri,re6o.'Orcxv,ouven<og,roopponeipcg 6ei;1ver rrlv opr(6vrlo ouvtorooc rou
ye<opcryvqrr ro6 ne6iou.
MAINHT]KE: AAAHAEN
IAPA:EII
Ee rdOelpovrrrl orrygrl Kdroe xdOe16-
rro ro yrlrvopcyvrrr16rre6ionpoo6ropi-
(eror orrd,ro rpio ;.rcqrurprrd ororleio: o)
rqv Foyvnrrxrlorr<ixlron9) rrl proyvqrrxq
Cyrtrroqror y) tqv opr(dvrrqouvror<lroq
B.. Or rrpig xor r,:rlvrpr<6vpoyvqrrrov
ororXeicov ncpouord(ouv nepro6rxi5olld
ror orr6ropegperopold5.Or nepro6rxd5
peropolig efvcrrlpeprlor€S Korerqoreg. Or
orrdropegperopoT'igouvo6e6ouv opro;16-
vo guorrd <porvdprevc 6ncogeivoror qho-
rdg rr1Af6eg, ro noh16 oitrog Koror o€r-
opof.
To 66o oqpeiorrrs orrofo 11iyrfuoq ef-
vcr iorl pe *90' rcrr-90' ro orlpreio 6qlo-
611oro onoiq 11rpripoopivrlpcryvqrrrrlpe-
t r6 v oy iv e ro r ro rq r6 p u g n q rro re lo 6 v
n6trou5rrls fns. Or 66o aurof rr6trorppioro-
rou5 66o pcrlruqrrro6g
vrqr rovrd orous y€oypogrKo65ndtrousX<rrpfs dp<ogvc oupn(-
rrrouv pe ourodg.Iro pdperorlprogciproxovrd oro popero6urr16
ppioxeroro ivog yso)Fcryvrlrrrd5
dr<porq5 l-porvlcv6iog 116lo5,o o-
rroiogo6pg<ovcF€TouSopropo6grrou iXoupe6eX0ef qrrorelei ivq
<v6'rro>
pcryv4rrrdndtro.
Ie prorrrp<6rr1 npooiyyroq
ro yea)Fcryvqrr16 rre6io0u-
;ri(erro ne6io nou 0o 6r1pr-
oupyo6oeivog pcp6opa-
yv4rrl,;o onoio50c ppror<i-
rov o'ro rivrpo rr15Fq5rcr
0o oXrlpdrr(eproy<lviorre-
p(rrou11,5' pe rov yrlrvod-
(ova rreprorpog4s.
trsl
11y*:t1^ryapa:rr: .l
3.9.florqeivcr4 eliooloqopropo6rou ;reyi-
9ougyuyvryrtx46nnepar6rqra;\ noprord-
ver ro rdOeodppoloo' ourrl rqv e[fooorl;
3.10.l-loroeiva 11r6rorrepdrrlro
rorvor64po-
prayvrlrrr6vuhrr6v;
3.1.o) Trorprp<i5ewoodpeHsrov dpo6tl- 3.11.l-lorouhrd lcporrrlpi(ovroro) 6ropo-
valtrl Laplace; yvqrrrdp) nop,rpayvqrrxd;
p) Ie roro oupnepdopora, oXerr(dp€vqH€ 3.12,Atr6r q'rorelefroro rllexrpopoyv4-
rr16r1vap11ourq, ;rd5o6r1ye
i 11nerpoyorrx4
rqg; l-loror6r6'rqroa{ronoreirorrord rqv
ipeuvo;
rorooreuf rou;
3.2.flc6gopr(erar4 6rerj0uvoq
rou ;leyiOoug
3.13.No ovogripere riooepr5egoppoyd511-
tvrao11yayvqnxoi n e6iou;
Ierrpo;rayvrlrciv.
3.3.q) florqeivar11ouprneprgopd evd5peu-
H rivqoqrdOe4trerrpoviouroo6uvopei
;.rorog<5pounlqroiou prioaoe opoyevi5po- 3.14.
pepuyvqrrrd6fnolo.Ie norq rivqoqovoge-
yvqrrxdne6(o;
p) ndtgepprlvtrieror p6poore;
Oeopqrrrdrl ouFnspr-
gopd ourq; 3.15.Treivqror neproXdg
Weiss;
3.4.Peuporo6oro6pre ivo peroMrrdntrqioro 3.15.Trliyercr poyvrlrrrrlondrhoq; fldre
ro onoioppforerorpfoo oe poyvqrlrdne- Xoporr4pi(eror ovorotrrrq;
6io.floroeivorro epnd6ro nou 0o qvrprro- 3.17.Trtriyerorpcryvqrrr(dyrfuorl;l-ldreXo-
nfooupenporerpdvou vo 6rlproupyrloou;re
d- porrqpi(erorerrrrrl;
vov rllerrprr6rrvrlrrlpa;l-lc6g
{enipoow ro
epnd6ro our6 or reXvrrof rqg enoX45 rou
Ampdre;
3.5.Kd0epeuporocp6pos cr),tlly6s
6qproupyei
payvrlrrr6ne6io.And rr e{oprdrorq ivroorl
rou HcryvqrKorj neEiouo' fvo oqpeio rou
a) orrl yevrxrl
nepinroorl I{a cvcpool.l}o0pe...
p) oe nepinr<ooq nou o ay<oydg eivqreu06-
YpCIl.rpos; 3.18.l-leprypdqrre 66orp6nougH€rous o-
3.6. fleprypdqrrsro pcyvrlrrr<5 ne6foevdg nofou5pnoporiyevo ovrXvedooupe rrlv 6-
eu0uypdpyou peuporo<pdpou oyroyo6.Kd- nqpqripcryvnrrrod ne6fou.
vr€ Ksrivo xordtrlqlooX4F0.
3.7.Trliyeror nrlvfo;Trro r6rofrepo ev6rq- 3.19.H 66vo;.rr1 Laplace
11oorodpev4 oe eu-
<pdpov ncpouord(er6voo<olqvoer6d5 nqvio; 0fypappo pruporo<pdpo oyrrlyrio ofiofos
ppioxeror oeop,ryevrig
payvrlrrrdne6io
3.8. lleprypdqrr€ro poyvqrrrdne6ioevd5 a) 'E1e r rrlv roredOuvorl rov 6uvo;rrr6v
peu;rurogdpouocolrlvoe r6orj5. ypcppc6v rou rrt6iou
-e
KEr
A^^HÊ'l1iE
rr
lg*Tr
B) fivor rdOerrlmov cyroyriar6po rcov o o- oTr ro gorvoP€vo
ytrly6s6eveivorxd0erogorr5 6uvoprri5
ypoHHiS rou ne6fou
y) E€oprdrorqnd ro ultrd rou cryoyoti
6) EFgavf(er rr1peyol6rep4rrprl erprioovo
oyory6geivornopdllrllo5 perr5 6uvoprrd5
ypqppds rou ne6iou.
Menorosn'ourd 6rogoveite;
3.20.Mdoaoe opoyevi5yoyv4rr16ne6io
ntroforo.Tr0o
Bpiorerorivo peuporocptipo
ouppefov avrrorpigouperour<iXpovo rrl 3.23.flc65pnopcdyevo ovnlTopo0dooupe
qopd rou poyvqrrxod ne6iouror rq gopd rrl ouprrrprgopdnou nopouord(ouv pdoo
ped;rorog;
rou qlexrprrorJ ne6io
oe opoytvigpayvrlrrxd pro payvqttrrl
petr<5vo ntroioro;
xorivo peuparorpripo
3.21.'EvqXdtrrrvo euOriypcppoofpyo pno-
pefvc rrveiroroe rorordpugo enine6oyri- 3,24.M(sa oeopoyeviq;ruyvrlrrrd ne6io
po on<5ro orl6vqro drpo rou, 6nco5oro c) 'Evqpeuporog6po nloioro npoocvorotri-
ox(pCI.To dllo drpo rou efvcrpu0ropivo (eroriror <6orerr enine6drou vo eivqrno-
orov u6pdpyupo HrqS lerdvqg.To xdrltopo pdllqtronposrS 6uvoprrigypCIFpis.
6rcppieraron6 oroOepdpedpo(l) evc6rou- p) 'Evogeu0rlypcppog ptupororp6posoyto-
rdXpovoppioreroroe opoyevi5poyvrlrr16 y6g6evnpooovar-ol(erar
ne6io(B).Tr0couppeiov(d)| = 0, B+ 0' (p) y) Mro payvrlrrrrlpefuivonpooovaroli(erar
l+ 0,B=0'(y)l* 0,B+ 0. drorc6oreo d{ovri5rrlgvo eivornopdM4}o5
nposrS 6uvcprri5 ypcHtris.
Menoro0n' ou,(i ou;,rrpo.lvoite;
3.25.H palvqrrrl petrdvooxivqrq6er'Xverro
Poppd. Eivor6uvardv vo (ouyKrvq0e i> ov
q) p)
ntrrlordoou;,re 'jvovI,rCIyv4rl, ivo peu-
pororpdpo rql66ro xd0eroorov d[ovd rr1g,
y) fva or6epfvronoprpf.Mts notq qn'ourd
oupgoveire;
3.26.'Evo5 euOriyp
oppo5peuporocpdpos crl,to-
roug n6-
Tr 0o olld{e r ov ovrro'rpdqroup€
y6gonefpoupqrcoug snoretreinrlyqpcryvqrt-
lou5rq5nly4S;
ro6 ne6iou.Avo<prlprrdpero ne6ioaurd,:
3.22.'Evog rpoXd5onoretreirqr ond Xdlrr- o) H ivroo4 rou rre6iouoeouyrerpr;.rfvooq-
ve5roopqre rgorrivegrorcveprlpdve5 o;rord- peio efvoravdloyrlnpos rrlv dvrooqrou
FopgCI -dnrrlg gaivtror oro oX4po- rcr pe6;,raroqnou 6rcppierrov ay<oyd
pnopef vo orpfgerorydpo on6 opr(6vrro d- p) H ivrooq rou rrE6(ouora Erdgopcxorlpeio
{ovc (A).Or orrive5ipXovroroe eno<pr1 pe ovdloyrlnpos ro rerpd-
eivorovtrorp<icp<r"5
rov u6pdpyupo rrlgtrexdvrlg.O d{ovognepr- ytovorns an6or<ror1g rou orlpeiouon6 rov
orpog(5 ror o u6pdpyupog ouv6dovrorpt oyroyd.
nqyq orcOepr15 rllerrpeyeprrrrl566vopqg. y) Orcv o peupcrog6po5 uy<oy65 efvoropr(d-
Av ro orlorqpopptOe f oe opolevigHcryvrlr- wrosor6uvoprri5ypotrpiseivorxurtrrxofoXrl-
rd ne6foopXf(ervo neprorpd<peror. E{qyr1- Lrorosro enine6orov onoitrveivoropr(6wro.
-e
ull I
MA IN H TIK EA: A A H A E I]IA P A :E i :
Menoroqrr'ourd oupgolveire; pefpcracnor0ofwor.florg
cnd o;rrippor<r
peupcroq6pog
pnopodpe vo rfqyrlOoritrre
Oealpqrrrd
o' ou-
3.27.'Evc5 euOdypoppo5 o-
yoyds oupneprgdperqr
16ro oupnCpoopc;
cosycryvqrrrd6ino-
lo; Arroroloyrimer4v crnovrrlorl.
3.28.'Evqpeuparogdpo pe p{-
ocolrlvoerDdg
rog U ror n oneipegonorelei nr1y4Fal'vnrr-
ro0 ne6iou.EXerrxdpero ne6ioourd
u) Ero eocoreprxd rou ool4voer6oriqro ne-
6io eivqropoyevdg
p) Or 6uvoprxdg ypolt;td5
rou eivotrurfuxod
o1{porog
yi l-ie{iooo4 B = 4n lg k/0 pcg6iverro pd-
rpo rls dwcoqgoe onoro6{noreor1;reio yu-
ptr)cnr6ro ool)\qvoer6i5.
Menorocrr'qurd oupgoveire;
3.29.Av mo eo<rrreprrdevdgpeuparog<ipou
ocofulvoer6odgBdloupe dvo roypdrr pclord
oi64po:
a) O oi64pog6ev0q pcryvqrrmei
B)Iro drpc rou or6epdvrou roypmrodor6u-
voprrCg ypqppds0q nuKv(6oouv 3.33.q) Tc q),errprivrq ralv ordp<uvevdg
y) To 6rr <qivroo4 payvqrrrodne6iou0q ldlxrvou 6iorou 6ev i;1ouv rilo poyv4rrx{
au{r1Oeip qopdg 0a o4poiver6rr q papqr- porr4.
'Ols rc
xri 6rcneporrirnrorou pclaxori or6{pouef- 9) 4lerrp6vrorov ordporvev6gpd-
vorforlye p. vryoupcxyv{rr1 dXouvpayv4rrrrlponrl.
Menotc cn'qur6 oupg<oveire; y) Or rrvrioerg-ulv nlexrpovi<rrvturv ordpov
evrigpol6B6n'ouoortr{vqi;1ouvrdroroug
3.30.s) Er6rlpopcryvqrxdufurd eivo ;rdvoo
npoocvmofuopougr6,ore11ouvofurcipayvrl-
oi6npoSrorro ropdlrn.
rrr( pon{ vc eivcriorl prero pq6dv.
B) O oi6qpo5ror ro ropdlrro 6rorrlpofv14 Menorq qn6 crurdou;.rgolvei're;
or6qpopayvqrrrdrrpd roug egdoovq 0eppo-
rpcofc roug eivcrprrp6repqcnd Cvw 6pro. 3.34.Menoro rrn6 ro ncpcrdro oupg<ovef-
Menorocn'ourd oupqorveire; TEi
c) To pcryvqrxr56inolo npoo6rop(erorulTo-
3.31.q) Av Oeppdloupe pro xopgiroo Kqrn crndrr1popg{ rou.
Oeptrrorpooicrqg (enepdoerdvo6pro,11rop- lpeorrxd
p) H pcryvqrrrripeldvooupneprqdperqr ttls
gfroo Xdverrq or6rlpopcryvrprrdrqrarr1g. pcryvrprri6inc'lo.
p) !6rlpoycryv4rrrdufurdeivorpdvovo oi64- y)
Kd0epeupotog6pooail4voer6Cg ouprrrpr-
posKorro xopdrlrro. gCperor<rl5payvrlrrxd6fnolo.
y) H poyvqrrrrl6ronepor6r4rororv 6ropo- 6) Kd0eeu06ypcppog peupcrog6posdl'ol-
yv4rrx6vutrrrdlveivorpeyotrUreprl on6 rr1 ydgoupneprgdpercr o4 prxyv4rrrd
6inolo.
povd6o. e)To ;rcryv4rrni6fnolo npoo6rop(erorulTo-
Merrorocrr'curd oupqoveire;
lpearrx<i crndrr1oupnepqopd rou.
3.32.A6o napriMrllor cyoryoi6roppe6pevor m) H xi'uqoqrcrOevdg mr6 rq qkxrpovro ev65
=
h
e
rl r6rofisprorpog4
ordFouKorKUpitoS rou 6n- 1,6N. Io5 (qro,ipevo unoloyioererrlv i-
proupyei rr66e5
ivo morXe payvqrrxd6motro. vroorlrou payvrlrrrori
ne6iou.
3.35.No oupnlrlp6oerero xevdenrliyo- 3.38.KdnoroS TTrirpopororrlgdXerpnpoord
vrog on<iro nopcxdrco: rou ivqv rorordpu<po peuporocpdpo crl,oyd
. fstrlypogtKd,S. Bnpeo Korqrdpugo. prlxoug80 cm o onoiogppioreroroe opr(d-
Andrhoq o Opr(dvrro. Bouveo Apvrlrrx4 vno FcryvrlrK6ne6io0,4T pexore60uvorl o-
o Mayvrlrrrriso'Eyrfuorl n6 6e&drrposol)ror€pdodpgovoF€rrlv o-
Meoqppprvdg trCyerorro ........
€- vrinqrgrlrou ficiporrlp4rq.To perjpo nou
nine6ooro onoio ppiorerorq ;rayvrlrrrq pe- 6roppierrov oytuydeivor8 A ;rerpopdon6
l6vq 6rsv roopponei. Mcryvqrrrrl..........
tri- rdro npogro fi,ivttl.Io5 (r1ro6pe
vo fipoo-
y€rorrl yovfc nou oXrlyorf(erro 6rdvuoyo 6rop(oererq 6rivuyqnou ooKtiro payv4rrrri
rou yrlrvoupayvrlrrrori
ne6ioups ro .......... ne6ioorov peuprro<pdpo cryoyd.
enine6o.Av eivqrB,o11opr(rivroouvrorc6oo
3.39.Oovroorefre drr ppioreoreo€ Frqn€-
rou yrlrvoupoyvrlrtKouneEiouB ror e 11i- proXrlrou lorlpeprvof dnou11ivrcorl rou Fo-
yrdroqroXderBoo . H iyrdrorlorrlv yvrlrrrodne6iourr1sfns eivaropr(dvrrcxor
neproXrlrq5Amrr{5rivor............. fXerpdrpo3.10u--. Iro Xdprooagrpordre i-
vov opr(dvrroeu3rlypoppo crl,coy6
rov onoio
Korfipooovoro\f(ererord 14 6redOuvorl
Avorolrl-Atioq.Iloro0o eivorro pe6panou
0o npfner vo 6rrrppder rov aycoyti,
c6orevo
pnopei vo roopprlne i; Oecopqme drr ro ofp-
yo iXer pd(o 5.1t)'kgcvd pirpo pr6ou5.
I[c ].0ooupenpoptrfipctc
3.40.O pruyorrlcpripog uycoy6q fiou lTopr-
ordverqroro oXqyoppioreror;rioo oe opo-
yevdgproyvrlrrrci
ne6foror oXqpor((er ivo
No 0ecoprloere yvoorrl r4v rrprlrqg orc0e- op0oyr6vro roooxetrdq
rpiyrovo.flpoo6ropiore
pd5 lt (ior1He 10'N/A') Korrrlv rryq rq5 po- rr1ouvofurrlycryrqrrxq
66voyr1nou ooreiror
purrrqgenrrdXuvoqg =
I 10 m/s'. o' dvt6 rov ayoyd.
3.36. 'Evog eu06ypoppo5 crl'coydgpqroug14
cm 6roppirrorcnd pe6;rc5 A ror ppiorerar
oe opoyevig;rayvrlrrrd ne6io0,03T. No
npoo6ropioere rq 66vopqnou qoreiro pq-
yvqrrxdne6ioorov cr)'oydegdoov
o) eivorrdOero5 orr56uvoprxis ypCIppds
p) oXqpror(er yovio 30 porp<ov yerrg6uvcpr-
rdgypoppdg
y) eivornopdMrlloqperr56uvoprri5ypop;ri5.
3.37.'Evogeu06ypappog crl,trlyds
dXer prlrog
40 cm,6roppieror on6 pedpo12A ror ppf-
oKrroroe opoyevigpcryvrlrrrd ne6fo.Aronr- 3.41. Ara0irou;rr:
dvoouppdrrvonloforoop-
orc6veror rirr av ppe0ef oeoproyivrl0ior16ev 0oyr6vrou 6roordoetrlv10cmx
oXr'1pruro5
qoxeiroro'qurtjv 6dvopr1, evr6sv orpogef 30cmye 100onefpe5rqr qvriorooq2 O, ro
xqrd 90" q oorodpevrl 66va;rr1 eivoriorlpe onoiopeuporo6cro6pe ouv6iovrcqro drpo
I
MAf
NHIKE:
A^^HÊntAPArE
#l
rou p€nny4nl€Krpsy€prK{S
66vopr15E= cryoyo65lapi<; rprpfg xor prerpdno rilore q
2,5V rureooreprrqg r = 0,5O.
avrimaoq5 yarvianou 0a rrXrlyor(erpeourori5vc eivqr
8roprcog op0r1.'Evo5nerctroer6q5 pqyv{rns
6qtrrroupyef
orqv neproX4 r4g pdp6ouopoyr-
vi5 payvqrrrti'ne6io0,2T perpopdnpo5ro
rdr<o.H pdp6o5pnopefvcnupopiverurivq-
rq eg<ioov oro 6ioronou noprmdvrrqroro
oX{FCI ronoOe rq0odvopropivrlS pd(oS
oraOpd.yn6|6ryiorerr1pd(o rrov onorrou-
;rivov oraOydl'r.
3.43.'Evo5 eu€rlypappog cq,oydsppioreror
oe rorordpuqrqOfoqror 6roppierorond
pe6po 10A perpopdnposrs ndvo. Io5 (q-
rofpe vo npoo5ropioere rrlv ivroo4 rou Fo-
o) Ynoloyiorerrlv ivrao4rou 4lerrplrod yvrltrrcod
ne6ior-r
oeon6maorl 2 cm urr<jrov
p€uH0ros. oyrrlytiKqrvo (ruyKpivererqv rrpr]rrlg pee-
p) To nloioro rpiperor qnd rov ivq 6ioxo r<eivqrq5 opr(rivrro5ouvlorc6oc5 rou yrtrl-
(uyof dnrrlg oro oXqp@evri ro rordrrepo poyvqrrro6nr:6iou11onofo orrlv nepoXq
ryqpo rou ppioreror pdoo oe opoyevd5po- nou ppiorerorrl ayoy6gefvor2,510''T.
yvqrrx6 ne6io B. Mrl6evi(oupero perlpa r<ar
3.44.'Evog eu€6ypoppoq A ppiore-
oytoyd5
plinoupe 6rr yro rrlv roopponiq onqlro6-
ror oe opr(dvrroOioqpnpoordoe rdnoro
vtar opro;.rivooro0prd. Orov peuporo6o-
noporrlpqrrlrrrr6roppieror ond pe6po20 A
rodpe 6runrorcivoupedrr ylo vo undp(er r-
qopdson<i6e{rdrrposro oprmepd.IuS (q-
oopponic lperd(erar vo npoo0ioouF€oro
rodpeva npooiiropioere
6iorcoorc0pd 1td(ag 1,02 g. Arroroloyqore
o) rrlv dvrooql'ou Hcrf/lrKo6ne6iouoe oq-
yrorf ouppoivrrourri, xor unoloyiore rrlv i-
peioA ro enei6,ppiorerororo i6roopr(dvrro
vrqorl rou pcryvrprro6ne6iou B.
enine6oye rov ayoly6ror oe cn6mqorl 5 €-
3.42. fldvtrrorou5 opr(6vlous Kqtnopdllq- rqrooT c6v grrd gurdv
loug peralfuro65ayolyo65xx'rcr yy'roro- p) rr166vopqrou 0q cor40efoe ivav dtrlo
crl,oYdprlrou5| m, o onoiogeivornopdllq-
lo5 npo5rov y',<rrepvderqr6 ro oqpeioA>
ror Eroppierorond pe6po4 A op6pponope
ereivorou syo'fod A.
3.45.Or 6donopdllqlor oytrryof 6rappio-
vrot srrd pedptxrolr= 100At<otlr= 50Ao-
vriororlo. Ie rrorqneproX4ppiorcovrorro
Oereiror praperotrtrrrrl
pdp6ogprp<ou5 10cm
ror svriorqons 1 O. To drpo rrov perclll-
rr6vuycoyr6v ouv66ovrqr H€rous n6trougq-
trerrprrrlqnly4s rqg onoiagrc <ororXe fo
rourdrrlrcgl eivsrE = 10 V Kqtr = 1 O. H
pdp6ogpnopefvo percrrvefrcr ndvo orou5
T
MAINHTIKE:AAAhAEIIIAPAIEI:
onp€idoro oTroiqro FcryvrpKdne6iopr16e- TTou TTopouord(er ro orlpporou eivor1,5C).
vi(ercr;(o) p6vomqv A; (p) pdvoml B; (y) To dxpo rou our\qvoer6o65 ouv6dovrdrp€
orqvA Koron1vC; (6)oe roprdond ourf5; rou5n6trougnq1'{5oraOepr15 HEA12 V rqr
3.46.A6o peydlouprSougnapdMrllor ayo- eo<oreprxrl5 ovriorooq5 0,5C).Ynoloyiore
yoiondXouv10 cm ror 6roppiovroran6 o- rqv dwaoq rou ne6iou
F,4ryrpKori nou 6qpr-
oupyeiror oro €o(DrrprKdrou oolqvoer6odg.
pdpponaperiparalr= 4Axot lr= 2A.t-lpoo-
6ropimerrlv ivroo4 rou FcryvrpKofnr6iou 3.51.Tootippon,riqo<ol4voer6o65 500oner-
mo orlprioPro onoio ondXeron<iroug 66o p6v iXercrvrimc,rrl0,9Q.Era dxpurou oto-
cryoyo65(oX4Fq)6 cm ror 8 cm cvrimorlo. lqvoer6orj5egopp6(eror rdoq 9 V o) Ynolo-
y(mer4v dwooq rou pedporognou ro 6rap-
pder.p) Iro eo<oreprrdrou ootr4voer6odg u-
ndpXeror6rlpopayvqrrxdg nuprlvago onoiog
5 cm
ep<povf(e r poyvrlrrrq6ronepordr4roF =
- 1000.Ynoloyiorerqv dvroo4rou pcryvrp-
1 0cm xodne6iouoro rotrlr€prr<i rou oorlrlvoer-
6o69cv eivoryvalmd rirr ro pr;xogrou eivcr
ioo pe40 eroroo'rd.
3.52.'Evsoup;ro'rdvronlsioro iXerrerpdyo-
vo oXrypa penleupd 10 cm 6roppierorund
t, peupol'= 20Arcr 0e<opeiror cBopd5.'Evog
eu06ypappog peuprorogdpoS (l) oyroydsri-
3.47.Lrsdrpo ev65oolqvoer6orig 500oner- rrerpouprixouglonoOerriror oro enfne6o
pdrvecpappri(ercr 6rorpopd 24 V. rou nloroiou nopdMrllo npos rrlv nleupd
6uvo;rrrorl
Icg (rlrodpevo nepryprirpere ro payvrlrrxd AD rot oe opropdv4 ondmoo4 b = 5cmffrd
ne6iooro eoorrprx6rou oortrrlvoer6orig. To ourrlv.o) fleprylldVr€ ro Foyvnrrrdne6io
prixogrou oolrlvoer6o6g eivor40 exsroord nou 6qproupyei o eu06ypappog peuporo<pd-
ror q rllexrprrrlcwimoorl rou 3f). po5ayorydgoe rriOeo4peiorou nloroiou. p)
3.48.'Evooolrlvoer6dg pe4.000onerpe5 dXer Ynoloyimerr1ouvrmcpivrlrtov pap4rrr6v
p4rog60 cm. fljoo npiner vo €fvorro peripc 6uvdpe<ov nou <roxorivrqroro nlqioro ov
fiou ro 6rcppder cilmemo eotoreprr6rou vs | = 10A.
6q;rroupyeiror payvrlrrrtine6io0,1T;
3.49.'Evooorlqvoer6ig 600onerp<6v dler prrj-
rog 50 ercroord xcr roprr( uvrimco4 2,5O.
To drpo rou ouvbdovrorps rous n6loug
prc5rl}errprr4S trny4Speeooreprrrlovri
mooq 0,5O.Me er6rrtipcryvqr6perpo 6ronr-
orc6verordrr q dvrcorlrou Fq'f/rpKodne6i-
ou oro eooreprr<i rou oolqvoer6orig eivor
4,521O'3 T. Eog(4rori;,re
vo unoloyioereo)
ro peri;rorou rurk6;roros KqrB) rqv rlle-
rrpeyeprrxrl
66vopr1
rnsnny4s.
3.50.'Evsoollrlvoer6d5
fler 200onerpe5ror
p4xog25 cm, evc611rllerrpr14ovrioroorl
=
e
3.53.'Evog AB,yqrou5 3.54.H paprlrrr4 iyrfuoqev65rdnou eivot
perollrrd5sl,toY6s
;rerr1po4Oera
20cm,6rorrlpeiror ouvtmc6oorou Y€oFo-
66odpol- -30" ror 11opr(,jv11s
oeOdoqopt(6vrro.Ero i6ro yvqrrrorjne6io.teivor0,25.10'oT.flpoo6ropi-
ov etrorrlpfolv
or€ rrlv dvroorlrou ysoPcryvqrrxoU ne6(ou
B-orov r6no aur<iv.Kdvereivc oXrlpooro
onoiovo noptcrtdvete ro payvrprrr5
P€onF-
Bpv6 rou r6nou xst ro 6rcv6oyororns opr'
(tivrrogKorrrl(; rcroxdpugrl5ouvtot6oog
rou B-.
3.55.Mra pcryvlrrrrlpel6vo-nou pnopeiva
neprmpdqerorydptoond rorox6pu<po d{o-
vo- roopporT€ixord 14 6re60uvor1rr15 opr(d'
vn oSouvlorrircro5(Boo)rou YEoFcrYVrlrr xori
enine6orqt oe qrrdmooq5 cm ne6iou.Arprpc6g
xcror<ipurpo and ndvo rono0ero6pe d-
rdror an6 ourriv ppiorerotdvogeu06ypo1t- vo rewopdvoxulc66ronopdMrllo fipos rov
pogoytoydgdnerpoup4rou5.Peuparo6o- d{ovd rq5 oe o:n6orqoq4 cm' Peuporo6o-
rodpt rou566oayolotiS pel, = 294 Kotl, = rofpe ro rql66ro ror 11peldvaorpdqerat
50A(oXrlpo)on6re6rlproupyeirorprcvdo0i' xsr622' .l-l<io1eivorq dvraorlrou peripo-
or1roopponic5 rou AB,2 cm Xop4tr6rspq o' rog;Aiverat6rt Boo= 2,5 10''T rot 6rr e9220
n<irqv nporlyoripevq.YnoloyimerrlmoOe- = 0,4.
pd 
KepouvoiouBewlesKorgrXooogrrro
r<tripo
(An6onoo;.roon6 dpBpo Srlpooreupdvooro neprolirro @uoxoExooltoEl
And ro ydoorou 17ouorcbvo dpXroov vo epgov(ovrorornpcire,;yponri5 poprupfe5 oXer-

rd pedvo<pumr1prci6e9 <porv{.revonodXeouppeiencverlqptrrdvo orrl 6rdprercvourrrc6vrs-
{r6rc6v.
Avogep6rcvorqv eni6poorlrtov Kspouvc6v ndvrooenu{i6e5rropoBrc6v nou ro{i6euov.
To yeyovd5erXenpo(evrloer rordnl4{q orougvourrro69nrlu drule vo ro noporqprl-
oouv.To Oe<oporloov puor4pro6eg ror ave{rlyrpo. erXcv(r1rrloer
Enovertrrl;rpdvo r4v e{qyr1or1
rou cnd rou5enror4povrs rrls enoX4g Xropig vo ndpouvrdnorrrondvr4orl.TroXioqpno-
po6oevo iXer 11nrc6orlev6grepouvori;rerq ycryvqrrrrlpetr6vaprognu{i6o5; E6c6 6ev0o
nprintt vo pos6rocperiye r drr 4 enoXrl6evyvopf(er oxd;runog rr repauv<ig eivcrqtrerrprxd
pe6po.'Evqrirorou ei6ou5 epc6r4po onivovrroro onoioI enrorjprl rrlg eno14qi6erXve ovi-
oxuprlvo ovrcnorpr0e i npdnervo FoSgdprr mo pucfuirc ovrimotXc<pum4pl664gcr.
v6;rwo>nou unripXouvorqv rnoX( pag xcr pdvouvltopig xaprri xrilurp4 unri 14 onF€pr-
v{ trrrorripq.Or rnrdpevor6ioror,ro rprycovo r1rqlendOero,eivcropropdvo
rolv Beppo66crlv,
povdXoon' ourd. H petrirrlrqg roropia5r4g enrorrlpqgeivori',ro5noki raldg rp<inoqva
pogBorl0qoer va ouver6qronorrloouye drr 4 enrm{p4 nord 6evriivurxdn nou dler reler6-
oer,I enrm4pr;rd0eenoXqg 6evrivorr(noredMo and fvo o4peio o' ourq rrlv 6r<iloueu06-
ypqyFnrpoXrdnou rdver11av0pc6nrvrl ordqq ;rdooorrlvroropioAg[ovdp0oupe, 6pcog,
orc
pfoo rou 17ouorrirvoKororo np6plqporov nu{i6tov.
Mround,rrgnolrdrepegpoprupieg ndvo o' ourd ro npdplqponeprdXeror os HrqE'noro-
lrl Xpovoloyrlpdvq oro 1676tl onoio mdl0qre qn6 ro Aouplivoorov er6<irqrou €nrorrlpo-
vrrodnepro6r xotl<Philosophical Transactions>,
Irqv enrmotr4cvc<piperor drr rord rq 6rdpxero evd5ro{r6rofnposrS Barbados vrlooug
ror evc6 ro xopdprppror<drcv mov peoqppprv6 nou nepvder on6 n5 Beppo66eg dvog6uvor65
repouv6q pdnrloe ro ropdpr;repronol6 nopd{evr1 ouvinerq.Aprioorg ;rerdrrlv nrcioq rou
4 nu[l6a onolTpooqvorol(mr1xe. O B6perog nd]og r4g dyrveN6rro5 ror o Ndrro5Bdprrog, pe
onoritreopro ro nloio vo oplfoetvq arotrou0ef rqv orprpr65ovriOerr1 rore60uvorlon6 rqv
opprrl, Ie hyo pdhmo 6ronrmri0qredr dlegor nu{i6egrou r,rpcpro6ppiorovravmqv i-
6rorordmaorl.
Ko0t65nepvdverc Xp6vraor poprupie5ndvo)o' qur6 ro Odp,rn6llortloord(ovror ror e-
pnlouri(ovrat.Mtq rqtvodpro naparrlprloqeivor6rr petqv nr6oq rcrrvxepouvc6v ouppoiver
vo pcryvrlri(ovrqtKotperoMrxdorefq, 6na4, yro nopd6erypo, rrr paXarptoKolro nqpodvro.
H npc6rrlrirotou ei6ou5 epnerpioava<pipercr ot proyoprupian<lurr uurrl6qpoore6rrlre mo
<Philosophical Transactions> orq 1735.Tqv6rqyeiror iva5 ipnopo<;qnd ro Wakefields. Odluye
oe pro[6hvr1rooflo dvopeydlooprOpd an6 paXoiproxornqpodvrorpayrlrodror drqv dneoe
repouvdg6rqnimtooedrr ro pcrXorponqpouvo erlcv payvrlrrmei.To npdyprorc,lorndv, i6er-
lvov 6r xdnoro oXforldnpene vo undpXer uvdpeoo mov r<epouv,5Kororov payv4ropr6.
I
MAINHTIKE:AAAHAETIIAPA:EI:
O Benjamin Franklin, nou eivoryvrrlor<55 oav egeupdrrls rou ole(rrfpouvou,unr]p{epio
cnd rtg peyol6repe5 npooontr<irrlrss rrls Apeprrrl5rou 18ourrrcirvqrqr rourdXpovcivc5 o-
nd rou5orancveigrrlg enrorrlprlg rou'Hlerrpropori.'Hrav o rrpcilro5 dv0ponognou rcord-
lape drr o repauvd5, uurrl 11rpoprprl66vopr1 rrlggdorlg,6evrlrovrinore dllo qnd proqle-
rrprxqerxfvrrlor1, ivc rllerrprrti pe6;ro,avdpeoomo odwerporol rq yrl.
'Ymepuon' curd (1750)0q neprpeve rovei5,av 61 vo <rpoveil 11oxdorlqlerrpro;.rori-pa-
yvqrropo6, toulfXrorovva opXioer vo 64proupyeiror rdnoronenoiOrloq npogourrl rrlv Ko-
re60uvor1. H roropiorqg enrorrlpqS, dpc,ts, eivoryepdrqon6 rf rorqnopo6eryrorodnouev6
dlo <rpoivovror irorpo yro vo yiverdvop4pofipos pto rariuOuvorl,ro prlpoourd, dpeoo
rouldXrorov, 6evnpay;.rcronoreiror. Aurd6ev0o npfner vo posrdvarevr6nooq,frorf ro vo
pogrdvetevrfnooq orlpoiver eiredrr npoonagrloope va <6oipe>ro yeyov6ropera ;ldrra
rou 20ouorc6vq eire drr 6rv nrlpcpeundq.rrl opropiveg r6rclreprirrlreq
nou puOyi(ouv rrg ele-
li{ergrov yeyov6rolv rqq roropiogrr15enrmrlpq5. 'Eror,rorrd(ovro5ro npdyporopeparrd
20oriorcirva eivqrnr0ovd, vo 6o6pentogdorepoon6 r4v ovoxdlurprlrou Franklin (drro re-
pouv<55 sivor4lerrpropd5) inpenevo yiverro endpevop4pc,npogrqv roriuOuvorlrrls svo-
noirloqg4lerrpropo6KqrHcryvrlnoprori. Aur6,<iprog, 6evouvip4rqr 6eveivotrdoo 66orolo
va 6rcrpivou;re peprr<i5 ond rrg poorrigorriegyrorrg onoie5&v ouvfprl,dno5 eivor(o) n o-
6uvo;.riovq rrpcryporonorq0o6v oopopignerpoparrrf5npoond0ereg npo5currl rqv rore6-
Ouvor1 alld ror (p) q ovunop{,ioev65xordllrllou grlooogrrodrliprarog,
MAINHTIKEIAAAHAENIAPAI
TETAPTO
KEOAAAIO
To np6plqyc rns F€rogoprigrvdpyercgo H qvoxdluqq . Or 6l)d-

Horrrls loyrrrl5 . O 6pdposrou nerpdpuroso To gorvd;revo4,le-
rcpoyayvqnrl enayotyti. Iro €pyoorrjproo H qrr(s ror ro onori-
leo;.too OI vriporo O vdpogFaraday o O rqvdvosrou Lenzo Ellc-
lury{ xar 6ror{p4o4rqg evdpyaugo Aurenayoyri. H orirprl rqr rq
gorvdpeva. finvio Korour€ncrytoyrl. Evfpyero ne6iol,o
;rcryvrlrrrori
H o{ronoi4oqr4g qlrxrpopap4nx{g enoyoyrigo few4rpresevrrl-
looodprevou pedporog. ApFrovrrd evcllooofpevqrdoq . Appovrrd
evotrtrooo6pevo pttipc o Miol roX6qo Pe6;roouveX65 ror perjpoe-
vollooodyevoo Merurpopd qlerrprrq5evipyerog o O perooXrlporr-
orqg o Na 0upq0o6;.rs . No ovaporq0oripeo Nu ldoouyenpopt\{.
.
Foro Nroxou;rdwo.
To np6Btrrlpo
rqs F€rcrgopdsevdPY€rq5
tov FnXo-
6pcrr5
H trerroupyio
vr6v o'rq epyoordora rrcPouoio-
4e xar oopcpd peroverrrlPorc.
ror popris CIrFoPrl-
Ot rreTrrirpre5
Xovig pr6luvov utePPofurd rqv
orp6crgorpq, €vt6 11ouvollxrl
6rq6rxuoiq petoverrodoe ooPo-
pd oe (r1r4poro 6nco5 q PeraPf:
pcoq 'rr1grivqoq5. fro vc PeraPl-
poorei q r(v4o4 orrq rlcrroroPrl-
q-
lovdg 11orou5 t6pvou5 Tc",v
rrdpcrrrorv epyoorqolqxrirv ot-
0ouocirvlperc(6rov ivo ol6rlq-
po <6cioog>cnd rpololieS, rPd-
vr€S Kf,rd{ove5.
Yrrrlple 6;rcogivo ordPranP6,-
eyroraord-
Fltlpo rrou rlrcxvKotro ooBcp6repo.Or tpyomcotoxdS
or'5 dttpttte vo Xrf(ovrqt orroo6qrrort rovrd oto opuleio ylori
6rogopettrd0o-dtcv urreppotrrrd oo6prcpopq rl FerCIgopdrauoi-
prcovcrrr6ro opuXeiorrpos ro epyoordcrto.H evipyero{rcv rrotr6
bforolo vCILrsroq€p0e i. H crpoevdpyerapnoporiot vtr X-pqolFo'
nor4oei ydvo orov'rrirro r45 nopayt't'yri5r45..Tonp6pl4yo 0a
qvrlptrorrlotei pe ptc ratvodpyla ovcrdluqrl
;rrropo6oeioo5, vo
ENAIOT H
HAEKIPOM AINHT IKH
n onoio 0a npriogepe evdpyrrcrKtrvliva 6rovdperorofid ro Kd-
vrpq nqpoy(|)yrisrrpos rous rdnoug Korrrvdl(|)ons.O 6p6pog
fiou o6rlyo6oerrpogrq vdo ovordtruq.rq ei1; ovorlref o116TrSou-
cv&yregrrlg proprlXov(og
yxer<pr;.riveg rrlg enr>p1q.
H enror{;.r4.A6o nepirrou6eroeriegperd rrlv avordtruqn rqs
orr1trr1grou Volta,or enrorrlpoveg erXcvaplirrervq rrroredouv6rr 11
l6oq oro np6plqpo rrls F€rqqopd5evipyero50o prropofoevo
npoiA0erqrr6 rov rllexrpro;r6.
YnrlpXe6p<ogpio o6uvopiooro (qrqpo'rrls rropcry<oyqg peyd-
lov nooorrlr<ovqlerrprxrl5evipyerog.H lqprrq evipyerorr'19potr-
roirqg orqlqg i6erXvevo e{cvrtreirar notr6 .fp4yoporcr rporvdrov
orordllrltrrl yro rov p6lo aur6. 'Hrqv cvcryr:oiova errrvoqOef ivcg
ral6repo5 rpd,nogrrapayoyrlqqlerrprrrlg evipyerog.H tr6oqgcr-
vdrqv 6110o pnoporioevq 6o0ef o116rr1vridpd/r6re, errro'rr1pr1
rou qtrerrpopoyvrlrropod. To rreipapra OerstedKoror ouvor6lou-
Oegdpeuve5 eiXovrreioer6rr o rllerrpropdgprropofoevo <nopd-
yst) l.royvrlrropd.To epc6rqporrou yevvr6rcrv rlrov ov o l.rdyvrlrr-
op650a prrropodoe vc <nopdyer>qlerrpropr6,ov unrlple 6r1lo6q
gcrv6pevoavriOeroarr6 qur6 rrou eiXe11611 ovaxolucpOef. flohi
ofvropo rd €rrrorrlpovrrcd rrepro6rrdrqg foltric5 Korrrls Ayyliag
nhqppdproovqrrd dpOpcoXerrrdprerrerpdp<xro KqrunoOdoerq nd-
vtrl orov qlerrpoprayvrlrropd.To npdplrlpo llrov xofproror q orrd-
vrnorl opyodoevo 6o0ei.'Hrqv n 6pq rrou r:Fgoviorqreoro fipo-
orrlvroo MichaelFaraday, o'rotrelv(5 xorcryoy{gouro6i6orroge-
peuvqrrlqp€ rrlv aorlpovrrlpcOqporrrrlrorriprroq o onoio56porq
ouviparve vq 6raOirer
piir aouvq0rorrl gcvrcx-
oio ror pfo erntrqrrrrrl
rrrrvdrrlra orrlv fiCIpcry-
pcrrorrofrlorlrr€rpcpoTr-
x<rivepeuvc6v.Ira 1831
ovqxdlugr ro qvurro-
|(ryorrlg o{fog rporv6-
prr:volliocx cxrr6 ro o-
noio or dvOpconorppq-
Kcu rov 6pdpo rrou o6q-
yc,6oe orrlv rrcpcyatyrl
r1),errpropo6or peydlrl
Todrog1856o Faraday xlfprora. To rorvo6pyro
dlernroovoyvtoprurei. rpcrv6prevo ovopdorq re r;le rrpo;rayvqrt r{ r naytny{. H o{r onofrl -
0 nivoxoq
rov orl rou errpdrerro vo oltrd{er pr(rxd rov rp6no (<orlgr<orepyooiag
nopouorf(er
vo6iver14
1povr6 pro
exeivq otrld r<orourqv or6pa rrl voorpofiic rrov orv0pc6rrovrou pfllo-
enmqpovrxri6dle{q. vros.
I
H A F(TP OMAN|-Tr<- E nA lOl '

Hs rdlu$q
To np6ptrrlprotrls nopcrycoyrlg
qtrerrprro6pe6prcrogeiXeorrooXo-
lrloer rov Faradayo116'rrgqpxiS tq5 6erccreriag
rou 1820.H nopeio
trpos rrl peydlq ovordtrurgqunrlpfe porprdlpovqror pooovrmrrrl.
C r\,
t/r oPoporrrlsnoYrKns
Ag6o6perrp6rc rq troyrxqcgerrlpic ofic,rrlv orroiq{exivr'1oe q ror-
vo6pyroavcrdlur.1,r11.
a. H loyrrri rou <uvrrorpdgouD.Trlv i6ro rrepfrrouenopl o
AmpdreiXerano6ei{er6rr rd0e qtrerrpr16 F,€6po 6qproupyeipcrprlrrrd
ne6io.Xprlorporrorcbwog pio troyrrq<crwrorpd<pou> o Faraday epedvq-
o€, To edv 4 nopouofc ev65pcrl,v4Trl rovrd oe ivc rleror6 rfrlorpa
0a gmopo6oe vo 6qyroupy4oer rllerrprrd p,:6paoro r6rfuotrroaur6.
p. H loyrxri r4g cvcloyiag. O Faraday eile 6ei{erpeydlo ev6ro-
gdpov yrq ro cporvdpevo HAexrpooranxqenayuyri. Eivorro gorv6-
pevorord ro onoio ro rllerrprr6 goprio ev65cry<oyo6 <errfyer>cx-
vriOers<poprioo' dvqvyerrovr16ayoycicpprd ogdprroro. Axo-
trou0c6vrag pro troyrxqovoloy(ogo Faraday epe6vqoe ro edv dvo q-
lerrprr<6perl;rc0o pnopo6oevo <errdyeufvq dMo rltrerrprr6pe6-
pa oe xdrroroyerrovrx6rcdxlcopa.
O 6popogrou nerpdp,f,ros
To rreproodreporrerpdpqrorou FaradaylrpcryForolror{O4xcrv rrpog
rr5 66o epeuvrlrrrdg rqreuO6voers orrs orroiego6rlyo6ocvor rropq-
rrdvo hoyrrcig. flpoondOqoe611lo611 piorr orrd pra peydtrqrrorrrl(q
pe066cuv vc 6qproupyrloer (endyer)r1trerr6rrr6
pe6poo'ivo rdxkoprc
Xpqorporrorc6vrc5 e(re (i) roXupo6g payvqreg rou5 orroiouqronoOe-
'ro6oerovrd oro rdxlopo eire (ii) ro pedpcev6gyerrovrro6rurl<6-
Pqros.
Meprrf56erd6e5potrroirig orr1treg, F(ryv4rss,ldtrrrvc o6ppro'ro
ror xoppdrrq arr6 oiEepo qrrorelododv rq paorrrl utrrrore1vrrcr1
rou
uno6opr1. Ari0ere<5pco5 rar dvc r6roirepoeuoioOqro,yrq rqv erroXq
ereiv4,cxvrlveurrl rllerrprrod pedporo5T,)Iry6pevoyolpov6perpo.
To 6pywo qur6 onoreAeiroo116;ro glqqprd pa'pqrrx( petr6voar-
opo6pevqavdpeoooe 66o n4vio. Ipv$fovrog ro 66o nqvio xardl-
lqlo prnopoloemr6 rr1;.reroriv4orl rns pcryvqrrxrlgpetr6vog vo svr-
Xve6er rrlv 6rrcxp{q rllerrprro6 perjproro5oe ourd. Iro rlpepoldyr5
I
HAEKTPOMAINHIIKH
EIIAIOIH
rou ppioKouFslrc,ludpreFtSrr€prypoqis
r(Dv rrsrPOFdrcrrvrrou fipoYporofioi'no€.
Oleg 6;.rcog rora,\qyouv ornv f6ro rr€pf-
rrou rropdripqon <<dev unrlp€e xayia fv-
6er{4>.
Tilog, ro rolo<oipr rou 1831 nqpe ro
npc6ro evOoppuvrr16prlvupo. To rolvotip-
yro gorvdpevoerle ovorotrucp0ei*.
O Faraday,ovrfOero qrr6 rov Oersted,
6ev dorreuor vo ovoKorvc6oer ro e6pr1po.
Iuvdloe r4v ipeu'vo fipcryporofiorr6vro5
nolld o16po rrerlrdprcro evcirrou'rd1po-
vo ovo(qrofoe rr,; po06repegot'riegot o-
noieg 64;roupyorioov ro €rrcrytoyrrdpe6-
;roro. Mioc oe livse5 pr1ve5erle r<orogi-
psr vo 6rorurrc6oer rov v6po o'rov orro(o u-
An6onoopoondro rrcro6e r ro <porvdpevo ctrld Korvo rorooreudo€r rrlv npc6rq yew4-
qpepdtroyro
rouFaraday,
oroonoio
neprypriqer rpro pe6poros rrou trerroripyqoe pe pdorl ro gorvdprevor4g r1tre-
TqvovoK6rruUq
rI|q KrpoFcryvrlrrrrlgeTroy<rry4S. Erye,p' dltro ldyro, xororpdpervo pdle r
qIeKTpopoyvnilKriS ro 0e;.ritrro }i0o rryg qlercrprrq5propqXavicgrou pillovroq.
enqyoyiq.
Hpepog4vio: '
29AuyoUmou 1831. Iro nopoxdror 0o pelerqooups ro gorr'6pevoorotrouOc6vragi-
vo opropivo np6ypoppo. I6pcpova p€ ourcr:
o) 0o r<orocprjyoupe oro €pyoorrlpro 6rrou 0o aoXotrr10otl;re pe
ouyre rprpivo rrerpdporo
p) 0o errr6ro{oupevo <6torpivoups)rrlv xorv4qtriq rot ro rotv6
crrorileo;ro 6}ov rtrrv fi€rpopsrrrc6v6ra6rroorrrivKqrvG ouyKpo-
rrlooupredvcv oprop6 rou gorvoprdvou
y) 0o nopouordooupe roug v6prousorot;S orrofoug urrqrodet ro
rporvdprevo
6) 0o enr6rc6{oupe vq ouv6iooupe Oeo:5rqrrrd ro rporv6pevorot
roug v6prousrou Fs rov urr6trorrroxopp6 rr;5 guorr4g.
+ To 1830, dvc
1p6vo rrprv o FaradayqOdoerorqv ovcrdtruqr;, fvo5 o116rou5 peyoldre-
pou5Apeprrdvou5enrmrl;rovegrrlg enoX(5,o JosephHenry(T4d(e<p Xivpu) ond rqv dl-
lr1 ntreupdrou ArlcxvrrrodeiXercrrarpipervc Erlproupyiloer pedporo. f1op6-
eTrcrycr;yrrd
lo rrou oqpepa0eopeiror pfporo 6rr 11ovardluqrl rou Henrynporlyrloqre,4 ovordlu-
qJnrou gqrvopivouarro6i6erqrorov MichaelFaraday, yrrtf o Henryxo0uorip4oerr16q-
pooieuo(r119.
I
f P OMA |N HIIK HE nA l OtH

rIA E K
I
I
Iro epyoorqpro
Iro 6rdrpoporerpdproro0o urrdplerprrorrqyq pcryvqrrrodne6iou,
rrou FTrop€f vq eivoreire pcyvrlrqgeire peuprororpdpo rrtraioro.
Mnopodpevo rq tr6;retnaycnyi.a.Oa urrirplereniorlgro r6rlrrrpro
oro orroio-e<p'6oov 0q eivorrcIero16- €o errdyovrorqlexrptrd
pedprcro.Aur6 0o ro lipe enryuytlto.
l-lpdrrqoerprinerpcprirtov.Encryt6ylpourivqro, trrsrrpo rnv rrn-
yri puyvrprxorine6iou.flerpcporr(6poorspe66orrqviarq orro(o6rq-
rqpodpecrivqro oe prrprlperc{6 roug orr6<rrooq.To r6rlorprorou r-
vdg (rrpcore6ov) rreprtroprBdver
qlexrprrqyevvqrproror Erordrrrrl,evcb
ro dxpo rou dllou (6eurepe6ovrog-encryc6yrprou)ouv6io-
rqoroOeiq orcOeponofrloq, ro pefprcrou 6eurepe6o-

vrog ;r46evi(ercr.
Av avoi{ouFr€rov 6rordrrrq rou rrpor€6ovrog,oro 6eurepe6ov
0o epcpavroreiqtrexrprrdpe6poovr-i0err1g eopdsqn6 ro npoqyo6-
F€vofiou odvropc ror our6 pr46evi(eror.
Kleivouperrdtrrro rrp<ore6ovr<6rdcopcr Kcr l-r€rq porl0eroev6g
pooordrq -rrou dloupreouv6ioerrv ro) per-o{6-nporalodpr ouv€-
p1 o6(qoq rou pe6prorog.Tc6poro yotrpcrvdp€rpo 6eilver drr oro
6eurepe6ov endyerorpe6pcx.Av npor<olio,)up€eldrroorl rou pe6-
poros Tou rrpor€6ovro5,oro dtrlo r6rhopa Ocx6rorrrorc6ooupe
pe6paovriOerqgqopds.To gorvdprevo liyr:ror altorpaiaenuyuyry.
Atdrep4 oelpri nerpo;rrirtrrv.Enoy6yr;ro rrvodpevotlrs rrpos
r4v rqy{ ;royv4rrxodne6iou.1. Iuv6iouperc drpo evdgn4viou
pe yotrpovdpsrporor ntr4ord(oup€rrpos lo nrlvio ro p6perorr6tro
ev6gpayvrlrrl.Arorrrorc6vouF€drr (o) oro rlerord rdrlorpo rou (e-
I
H A E K T P OM AINHT IKH
EtlAIOIH
rrtryc6yrFou) nqviou 64proupyefror
rllerrp rr< i p e d p c . (P ) T o p e d p c
6roprefdoo rqr r; rivrlorl rou Fo-
yv{rq npos ro encrycilyrl.ro. (y). Av
nlqordooup€rno ypqyopCI rov Fq-
yvlirn epqavi(eror pedpc peycrl6-
rsprls ivraoqg. (6) H gop<i rou
pe6paro5avrrorpigerqr cv qvrf
yrq rov p6pero,nl4ord(ouF€ rov
v6rro ndlo rou pcqru4r4.(e)Kcr0cig
nlqord(oupe rov pcyvr]rq crvrrtrcp-
pov6poorc 14 6pdoq rdrrorag 6ri-
vaprls rrou cxvrrordxerqrorqv rrpo-
odyyro4.Ewoeirqrdrr yra vq rrlv e(ou6erepcivoup€ 0o npdner rcrd
rqv nopdppcorl pog vo peroprpd(oupeevipyero,vq exrelodFs dp-
yo. OOdvoupeoe cvrimorXeg6rcrrrorcdoergorroparpfvovrds Tov
pqyv4rq on6 ro nrlvio ro orroio 6rorrlpo6pre orivqro, otrtrdrcr yevr-
rdrepo xdOerpop<irrou o pqtv4rqs Kqrro rrqv(oppeOofvF€ orror-
ov6rprorerp6no oe crlerrx4rfv4o4, nopor-4po6;.re crvdloyo gorv6-
F€vq.
To i6ro 0c ouppei Kqro€ rrepi
rrrtuorl rrou qvri yrc payvrlrn Xpn-
orpronor qoouPso)snr1yr1 proyvrlrr-
rod rre6ioudvq orroro6rlrrorepeu-
porogdpo nloioro.
2. Ofroupe o€ n€prorporpqivo
oupporivro rrtraiororo onoio pp(-
oK€rsrpdouoe opoyevi5payvqrrrd
ne6io. H rreprmpogqyiverory6pcr
crr6 d{ovo nou ppiorerqr oro erri-
rre6orou filqroiou rqr eivqrxdOe-
ro s o rrs p o y v 4 rrx ig 6 u v c p rri5
ypopFiS.'l-adrpo rou rrloroiou
ouv6dov'runye rtrerord rdrtrorpo
Xtopfsyewrppra mo orroio 6pog undpler rol ivog avllveurrlg rlle-
rrptxorl pe6poro5.Kc0c6grrpcryFqrorrorei'rqr n rr€ptorpogrj6lonr-
orc6voupe6rr (o) ro r6rlcopo 6rcppderorcrn6 rllerrprrri pefga ge-
rcpcM6yevrlggopdg (p) yro vo 6rarqprlooupe rord rrlv rrsprorpo-
gr1oraOeprlouXvdrqrolperd(erqt vq nqp€ppoivoupre 6roprc6go-
or<6vtcg6uvdprerg, lperd(eror p' dtrlo l6yro vq exrelodF€ dpyo.
Aur6 or1;,rofuer6rr qrr6 rq onyprlnou err6lercr pefpo mo rrlcioro,
, oorodvror rrdvcorou 6uvdpersfiou <6rogcovodv) Ferqv r€prorpo-
grrrj rou rivrloq.
I
e
Xpa6(tru, io<og,vo ouvoqri'ooupe.Iro rrerpd;rororqg npcrlrqg
oerpdg
(i) 6evunqp€eropriooXerrrrlrivqoqrrrly4spcryvnrrxofrre8iou
rar errcryr6yrpou.
(ii) 6evlperdorrlrevo erretriooupefpyo yro vq nerdXouperqv
epgdvroqrllerrprro6 pedporo5oro errayciyr pro.
Iro rrerpdpororrls 6e6repqgoerpdq
i) 11nqy4rou trcryvlrrro6ne6iounapouoiooeolerrrrl rivqorlrrrg
rrpos ro encryc6ypo.
ii) 4rov ovoyxoiovo erreldooupeipyo'fo vo 6qproupyq0e( perS-
H0 oro ertcry<6yrpo.
H orrio Korro onordtreopo

Epl6pcore rdrpc orcr ouprrrepdoprcrc.A5 cvcporqOodprerotoplqv
(rroro r<orvdororleio eprrpoviorrlKs Kor orrr r6ooepo rrerpdparo;>
E6cil6ev 0o 6uorotreuro6peva orrovrrloou;re. Ie rco0ivo qrr6 ourd
6qproupyqOqreqtrerrprrd pefpo Xrrlpfsvo urrdpler orire r1tre rrprxd
ororXrfo orjre ouooope utqg oro ovriororXo rcfrlopo. To rorv6
ororleio ppior<eror,trorrrdv,ors, anoreA(.opcra. Avri0ero, ot anieg
gdvqrov vo rrorrilouv qrr6 ro rrerpdprorq1-rlsnpc6rrlg oerpd5dnou
ontrc65prercpdlloupe ro pedpo evd5 rurlc6pqros pilpr ro releu-
roio dnou pdtropeivo oupprorivro rrtroioroo€ rr€prorpo<pr1 pioo oe
poyvrlrrrd rre6io opoyevdg.floro rorv6 ororle(o 0o ;rnopo6o€ vo
xpfperur xdrt'r qn6 6lcg ourdg rr5 gorvol.r€vrxti6rogopenrdg ar-
riegi
O Faradayrordgepe Korro <ei6e>.Ie 6),o ourd ro cporv6pevou-
ndpXer rcdn r'oo percpdlleror 6roprccir5 Korrq rpcrv6yevce{eliooo-
vror p6vo rrp'6oov ourd ro rcdrt ooveyf(:r va peropdlleror. Oo
prrropodoaprvo ro 6rorpivoupe ror epreig.fro ro ororr6 qur6 ro re-
Ieuroio ne(poproev8efrvurarneproodrepc'.To proyvqrrx6ne6io ei-
vor lpovrr<dor-c0ep6ror opoyevdg.Ko0r65,dJrrs, neprorpdcperorro
rrlqioro urrdple r rdrroro ororXeio ro orroio o6rdr<orroperopdlle-
ror. Eivorour6 orprpc6grrou 6rircprve o Faraday,6qlo6q o oprOpri5
rtov 6uvcprx6v ypappr6v nou rdpvouv rrlv errrrptivtro rou rrlqr-
oiou ot xri0e lpovrx,i onypti.
Or rpuorroi ilouv errrvorloerivo ouyrerprFivo yiye0og ro orroio
excppd(errov apr0p6 r<ov Lroyvnrrrc6v6r.rvcprrr<6v ypoppriv rrou
nepvo6v cn6 pio enrrpdvero. To piyeOog \fyeror poq poyvqrrrod
re6iou 11atrld poyv4rrxri pori.
H yayvrynrcry po( efuandvo pov6perpo piyeOogro onoio -pcr(f pe
rrlv ivrooq -neprypdrp€rro pCIyvrlrrx6ne6io. Iuppotri(eror Fr€ro
-e
H A F ( -P O MAT \H- lKrEllAfOf F

ypdppCI0, ovorpfperoror ;rroerrrgdvero11onoio ppiorceror o€ pc-
yvrlrrr<6ne6for<orercppd(a rov opr0p6rolv 6uvoprr<cbv ypoppr6v
rrou rrepvorivo116ourrlv.
o. A5 uno0iooupedrr ro payvqrrr6rre6ibeivoropoyevd5 ror drr
q enrrpdvero (eppo6orjS)eivorenirre8qxor rd0erq orrg 6uvoprxi5
ypotrpis.Erpo6rd(oupe rqv enrgdv€rqp€ 6vr 6rdvuopod rdOeroo'
pe rqv r<ore60uvorl
qurrlv . Edv4 rore60uvoqrou fr ouprrrirrrer rou
B 11pcyvqrrrcqpoq op((erorcrlsro yrv6prevorq5 ivrooqg enf ro e;r-
pc6dvr4g enrgdverog. fpdgoupe:
O=BS
B. Edvq enrgdveroeivoroe Oioq rdOerrlrrposrqv nponyofpevq
drorriore r<oprrd
6uvoprrrlypopprlvopnvrqv 6rorrepvd q prayvqrrrcrl
porleivore( opropofioq pepq6iv.
y. O ouv6uoopr6g rcovnoporrdvoro6qyeiorrlv e{iocoorl
O : BSouvo
6rrou <cx>0o eivqr4 yovio rou 6rov6opcxros d pe ro 6rdvuoporou
pcryvqrrro6ne6iouB. H povd6opdrprloqg-fnsFcryvnrrrrlg porl5li-
yerorWeber(Bdpnep) rcorouprpoli(erar pre1Wb.
Av errrorpdqroup€ oro rrerpdproro rrls rrpc6rr15 oerpd5,e6rotra
0o ovcryvcop(ooupe 6rr rord rrlv e{ifu{,q6trrrrvrorv gorvopivcovpe-
rcpdlleror o oprOpdgrrov 6uvoprrc6v ypopprc6v rrou ripvouv rdOe
orrefpa rou erroyc6yrpou. floparqpeiror, p' dtrtrotrdyrc,percpotrq
rns pcYvrlrrrqSpoq5.
-3 F-
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>. F
Mrropofpe, yevrrefovrcxsvd roxuprorodlle6rr 11orrio 6lurv rov

enoytoyrrrirv peu;rrirov eivcr q gerapolri rqg payv4rrx{g porig
nou dq;roupyeirar oro rlermd erruy6yrpo xdxltopc.
Aev rrpirrer pfporo va {eXvdpe 5t, orc rtrerord rcuxlciporo ro
pe6poro 6qproupyo6vrqro116rdrroro q\exrpeyeprrrcq6rjvo;rq
(HEA).Irqv nepinroorl, trorn6v,rou qorvr)prdvou rrou e{erd(oupe
r
(rl ttA -O-F

hA t( I P OMA I-N -1T
6qproupyrl0e f. Xpqorponorc6vro5 6pto5ivr rordtrlqlo 6pyovo,5-
rros o notrpoypdrpog, prrropodpreoe rdOerrepirrr<ooqvo ovlXve6-
ooupsrqv eprgdvron ptos6rogopdg6uvoprrod(encrycoyrr45 rdorlg)
rrou 0o ouvrord Kdrro povo6rr6onorilt:opCIrrls peropotr45 rq5
po4S. H rdo4 ourrl pro5 perpder rqv nlerrlleyeprrrq66vopr1 nou t-
11&yeror oro rfxl<rlpq.Aev rrpirrer va {eprdps 6rt oe xdQe ovolrr<i
rdxlorpo pe 66o drpo 11rdo4 trou u<pioro;rot avdpreooo' ourd ,ro
drpc ouptrinrerperqv rltrexrpeyeprrrq 66r'oprq.
Autq orprpril511eprpdvroq qtrex,peyeprrrrlS 66vopr15 trl5ouvi-
rrrro rrls peropolrl5rns Fqyvnrrrrlgporl5orrorelei ro gorvdpevo
rqg qtrerrpopcryvqrr rrlg encryoytlg.
Meropolq Encry<oyrrrl ErraY<oYtxd

pcryvrlrrrrlS qtrerrpeyeprrrrl -mffi
5 Pe6po
po4s 66vopt1
O opropos
H qlerrpoyayvrlrrr4 enayolyrl eivot tivo grrtvdpevoro orroio, 6rrco5
6lo ro gorvd;revc,iXet ouyxerplpivq ctril rqt ouyrerprpivo qrro-
rileoprc. fro vo crrovrrloouprelorrr6v oro epc6rqpa<n Atyerat q\e-
Krpopayvqnrcrlenayuryrl;> ltrtopoipt vG (Irlooocpqv(oou;lsrrlv ol-
rio ror ro orroritreopo.
Hlerrpopoyv4rrr{ cnoyroy{ trdyerot ro golvdyevo nou dlel
og crr(o rq perapolti tns ;royvqrrx{S Potis o€ FIs percltrrr{
oneipc Ktrr to5 onordleopq ro 611 4 on'eipo yiveror rr4y{ 4le'
KrprysprrK{g 6dvcpt1g.
NHTTKH
HÊKTP.MA' EfrArofH
lg
Or v6;ror
O vopogForodoy
O Faraday 6evordOr1re, 6nco5e(nope,orqv ovordûqrqrou qorvo-
pdvourrls €noycoyqg. npolc6pqoerrqporripo ovo(r1rc6vra5 xol
rouq vdpousorous orroiou5unoro6erro g,rrv<iprevo. Kordtrq{rlrcov
ovo(qrrloecbvrou rlrov r16rordrrcoorlror.rAey6pevou vdpourou
Faraday, q v6pourqg encrycoyq5.
H encyoyrx{ qlerrpeyeprrrri 66vapq fiou ovorrrdooerqr oc
dvq rfrlopo rivcr avriloy4 rrpos rov pu0pti peropol{g rng Fo-
yv4rrrrig po{g nou nepvrierand qurd ro rlirlopa.
Erpooov q percfu\ qg pcrp4rrqs po4sos plooneipoyveror;reoro€e-
p pnp6 o,olroSpnopafw 6rmr-m<o0e( ;rerqv eQo<rrr;lE-l : xl A<Dl
At
Iro Are0vigErior4popovd&ovr1mo0epccvoiloyo5(x)eiwr ioq perov o-
pr0p6<1>,on6're
=H
tE-t
Ir4v e{io<rlorlro AO noprordver rq percpolq fiou rrqpouoiqoe
4 pcryvqrrrrl porl oe prc orreipo, 'rr16rorpopdtns rehxrl5 rrprrlgrrlg
poqq peiov rqv op1xr1. To At rrcprotdvet rrl lpovrxr; 6rdpxerorard
rqv onoio ouviprl q percpolrl.
Ecp6oovry rllerrpeyeprrrrl 66vopq endl'erot oe rrqvio pe <n>d-
poregorreipeg0o roXder:
= #
lE",l "
Ero rrp<orocrr6 ro rrerpdpcror4g 6ef repq5oerpd56rorrrorc6-
oope 6116oo rrro ypiyopCIntrrlord(oupre
q crrotrrorpdvoupe ro Fq-
W4rn rdoo nro peydlo pedyo0o 6r1;rroupl'eiror oto etroy<6yrpo.H
6rorriorooq onoretreiprc Oerrrqiv6er{r1yro ro 6'rr roXdero v6po5
Xopig piporo, vq orrore)reinetpcpcrtrq orr66er-
rrou ovcgdpo;.re,
€n.
Arprpiorepo rrerpdprorqps ro orroio ;rr;rpdpre rov pu0yd ;rero-
Fol4S rrls po(S Kcrrrlv errcycoyrrqqtrerrpsyeprrrq 66voprg, errtpe-
por6vouvrq pero{6 rou5 avctroyio,errrBeBqr(6vouv 6r1lc6qrov vd-
po Faraday.
HEA
rord rrlv orroio rl €rrcrY(DYlKn
Irq yevrxq6H.S, rrepirrr<rror1,
o116orry;.rqoe orryprlpreropdlleror,Xperd(erqtvo rdvoupErrlv o-
vrr6rooroAqavdpreoooe orryproiaKqro€ priorlrtprl ro11r4tc5 ;le-
ropotrr15poqg.
F€ rov v6;ro, ovdtro-
H orryproio encrycoyrrqHEA eivol, o6Fcp,h;vq
yrlrlposrov orryproio rrtspons.
perapotrqg
Bu0prd
O rcovovos
rou Lenz
Iro nefpopop€ ro 66o crivqro nrlvio 6ronrorc6oope 6rr xord rqv
ori{qoq rou pe6porosrou np<rlre6ovrog endyerororo 6eurepe6ov
ivo pefproopropivqggopdS,evr6,6rov elsrroveror ro pe6prorou
rrparredovros/oro 6eurepe6ov rc6rl<opo endyerorivo pe6;rccvri-
0er4ggopds. Iro neipoprop€rov perorrvo6pevo pcryvrlrqei6ope6-
rr qv ov'rfyro rov p6pero rr6tronlqordooul;errposro nqvio rov vd-
rro rr6trorou, rl rpopdrou errcycoyrrcod perjpcrogovoorpirperor.
'Evo
1p6voperd rqv ovordlupq rou (porvopivourr15errayoyq5
ror evc6110qprc66qg (orrrdrqro rou Faraclay 6rolereu6rov11611 ror
npog dlleg 6poorrlpr6rrlr€S ro np6ptrqporr15cpopdgrou srrcryoyr-
ro6 pe6;roro5ipreveovorrdvrqro. To epc6rrlpo qrov: YnrTpXe dpoy,
xdnotogv6poq,nou eri.paAAeora trayuytxd ptripara rr1pic 4 rryv
dAArlEopd;
Iro prero{riq ei6r1or1 yro ro rorvotipyrogcrvdpevoeiXeoplioer
vo ouyrrveiaprerorigEupurnoioug epeuvqri5.Avdpeodrous o y€v-
vqpdvog orq ProoioHeinrichFriedrich Lenz(XdrvprlOpivrprlAevrs)
ror fuyoopydrepoo feppov6gHermanvorrHelmholtz(Xippavrpov
X6lp1otrrg)ouvipotravouoroorrrd orqv r(ffu{rl rcrlvyvc6oecov yro
rqv qlexrpopcryvqrr rrl encrycoy4.
Iro 1834o Lenznirule ;.rroo6vropqr:orroOoprl6ror6rrooqe-
vdg rov6vo fiou Ffiop€fvo ;rog6iver rr1rpopdrcrlverrcryoyrr<6v psu-
pdrov oe rdOerrepinrooq.
H gopri rou €rrtryt'ryrxoripcrJpcro5eivor rdrolq t6ore vo rrpo-
xdnrsr ovri6poor'1orrq orrieg rrou ro 6rlprodpy4oav(Kqvdvq5
rou Lenz).
H 6rqrtirrool pipcrc rou rovdvd 6evcrprefyrc vo rov rorcvorl-
ooul.r€.Xperd(erorroroppiv vo 0u;;40otipsrq oXio4 rrou i1er ro q-
trerrprrdpe6po16oope rrg orrie5rrou ro 6qproupyoriv doo Korp€
oproprivogarvdprevo fiou sfirlpsd(ovrorcrrr<irq qopd rou. Tiroro
gorvdprevo eivarq 6qproupyiorou l.rcyvrlrr<o6 ne6iourou pe6;rorog
doo ror rlyevrr6repqotrlrltreni6poon rou pe6;rarogpe payv(reg.
'Evoncpd6€rypo.Ito oXerr16neipcpc rqg 6efrep45oerpd511
npooiyyroqrou payvqrq6rlproupye i oro rrrlvioerrcy<oyrr<6
pe6pc
Korro rrqvio perorpdrrerqror ptryvnrr16 iSirroloq rrofur6rqro rou
onoiou roOopi(erorarr6 rq rpopdrou etrrryoryrrod pefpcrog.I6pr-
(povo F€rov rov6vo rou Lenz,n gopd r()u tficryalyrroripedpcrog
eivorriroro c6oreq erri6pooqrou rrqviou-6rn6}ou orov poyvrlrrl
n A E K T P OM NHT
Af IKHEtlAfOth
rrlv npoodyytoq,
fiou filqord(ernpog our6 vo reivetvq ovtrtpdoet
pe6poro5.
rrlv orrio, 6qlo6q 6qproupyios€ncrY<oYrKo6 Kcrl qurdv
oro
rov rp6no 11eniEpool rou nrlviou-6rndtrou payvrlrrler6qlc6ve-
r0r tos drrurroq.
yivetotpayvqrtr6
npoodyyrorl = = ro nqvio
HEA.oro = srrcrYoYlKd
to, payv4tq - nlvio psupq f'inolo rirotcS notrrr6rqro5
Trouv0 uvrr6pdorqv
rrpooiyytoq,mrlv otrio
t;qlo6r1rou encryoyrof
6re6porog
Mro oetpd, tdlog, qn6 outrtroylopod5nou neplilouv orotXeio

guorrc(g,yeoperp(o5 rar dtryepposPdS ,l6qyef oro ouprrdPoopo
6rr
LtjltEuva p€ rov rcsvdvctroo Lenz ro aAyeppxd np6oqpo rqq €-
nayuyrcrls HEA oEeiAerva eivs,tsvri)ero an6 ro np6orlpo rrlq IrE-
rapoAqcrrlsycw nrtxr1q,
pons.
refurd vo ypdqerot pe
H e{(o<ooqrou v6pou rou Faradayo<pefi\er
TNFOPQ4
E= - n a o
At
I
KH EIIAtOtH
HAEKTPOMATNHT
f- r cr l
EnoYoyrl
KorororrlPrlon
rnscv€pyetos
Aryo lpdvro F€rd rrlv qvCIKdlugn rou (pqr\,'oFdvou,
o Helmholtz 611-
pooi'€uospra epyooio F€ rqv orrofo i6erXvedrr ro gorvdprevorrls rl-
lerrpopcryv4rrrqg enay<oyri5pnopodoe vo Oecopq0e i <lg ouvdnero
rqs qpX{Sr4g 6rorriprloqsrns evdpyerog.
frs vo rorovorlo o u F €rrl lo y rrrl o 6 r, 6 e o nrro u rrp d rrrv r o
Helmholtz,0o lperoore(vo errrorpdqoup€ oro fiporlyofpevorrer-
pdporo.
1. Iro rrpciro qrrd rq nerpdporor45 [iedrepqgoerpdg,xo0c6g
nl4ord(oupe rov pcryvqrrloro nqvio 6rqrrr-
orc6voupre 6rr rrpdrr':rvq erretriooupeipyo,
lperd(erorp' dllo ),dyrcvo peroprpd(oupe
evipyerc.
Ie ovriOerrlrrepirrroorl0o eiXaperropd-
yoyrl evipyero5orrd ro pq6iv.
Arro6errvferorpdtrrorq6rr prnoporipe,
poor(d,pevor orq 6rcrrqpnon rns evipyerog,
vo o6qyq0o6pe o'rovv6porou Faraday.
2. Erl'rcrptcpoup€oro npoqyo6pevonei-
pcpc. Ko0rigrrlqorci(ero pcryvrpqg,ro rrrl-
Tourohd"rdnotq vio yiverorpeupcroqr6po, perorpirreror6q-
KT6WOr.
tro6r1oe proyv4rrr66inotro.H cpopdrou enoy6p€vouqtrerrprrorl
pedpcrog0o xoOopio€r rrlv notrrr6rrlrdrou. Boor(6pevor orq 6ro-
r4pnorlr45 ev6pyeros oupfi€poivoupre 6rr 1166voprlrrou ooref ro
peuporo<p6po rrqviooro pcryvqrqrrpfrrervrr crvrrriOeror ornv rrpo-
oiyyroq.Aurd oqpoiver6rr rl qopd rou €firyoyrrod perjporos(o-
rpeiXer> vq eivqrriroro rirorero dxpo rou n'qviou- 6rndtrouoro o-
rroiorrlqord(ero pdperog, tr6you1dprv,rrdtrr4vc lerroupyei co5p6-
p€roSpcryvnrr x6gn6log.
Iro i6ro6progoupnipaopo yrc rrl gopd rou encrycoyrxof pedpo-
ros FoSo6r1ye i ror o rqvdvogrou Lenz.
Blinouprelorrr6vdrr ;rnopo6psvo npol3triq,roupe rq gopd rou
errcrycoyrrod pe6porogpoor(dpevoreire otrv opxq rqs 8rorqprloqg
rqg evipyerageire orov rqv6vo rou Lenz.Ar ;.rdfuoroldpoupe urrd-
pr16rr q 6rot(pqoqr45 evdpyerc5 eivcr 6v<xg yevr165vdpo5rrou r-
o16eryro 6troTo <pcrv6pevo prropo6pevq urroorrlpi[oupe6rt o xo.
v6vagrou LenzanoreAeipo e{er6rrcupi.vrl 6nrdn@on rnq dpX4S
rrlq &arrlprTorlcrrlq,ev€pyenqrrpooapyoop,ivqoro gaw6pevo qAe-
Krp oIrffYvnr t xr1uruy u-ryrr..
Aur6qeivorrqr o ldyog yrq rov onoio 6r:vrov loporrrlpf(oupe
v6po, crlthdxav6vs. Oupf(oupe6rr rdrr ov,iloyo ouppoiverKotF€
roug 66o rcv6ve5rou Kirchhoff.
-e
H A E K T P OM AINHT IKH
ENAIOIH
Auretrqyr,ryn,E
H ore$rl Korro gqrvopevo

Kd0epeuparog6porrjrlcopo ppiorerorpicrooro i6roro pcryvqrrrd
rre6iorou. Kd0eperapotrqrou pe6poro5rrou ro 6roppierrrporotref
ovriororXqpercpotrqoro pcryvnrrrdqur6'ne6io ror orq pcryvqrrxrl
poq nou rrepvdero116our6 ro i6roro rdrl<rrpo.
H onlrl ourq oxdq.'q6q;.roupyei <<'Eva
e6troyodvoep<6rr1prct' peu-
yaroE6po xdxAupa 0a pnopotioevd \qptoupyeigctv6yeva ena-
yuy4q orov i6to rov esord rou;))t0o pnopc6oe,64tro6q,vo noi(e r
ouyXp6vo5rov pd,troencry<oyioror erraycbyrprou;H arrdvrqoq rrou
pog 6iverro rreipaproeivorrororporrrrl.H orroro6qnoreperopotr4
oro pe6;loev65rurk6pCIros6qproupye f rpurvdpevo
rrrayoryqgoro
i6roro rdxl<opo,ro onoio triyerorer6rr6repoaurencyoyri.
To neipopo.
Me rqv i6ronqyrl ouveXo65 rdoerogrporpoEoro6pe 66o lcxpnr4-
peg nop6;rorou5.O 6vos (A,) Bpiore-
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roMrrig oneipe5ror yevrr6repcrivog cryruy6g.
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fious.
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2. H m4yr1rou Fcryvrlrrrod ne6iou (peuporog6po5ay<oy65)
rcve(tcr<oSrrposro errcryc6yr;ro oMd perapdMerorro rllerrpr-
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rrpc6To ond qurd.
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oio rqv orrofqerr6rriroupeeivorn Fsrqrloorrrirqg npoogep6pe-
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ntrqioroeivorrdOeroorrs 6uvoprrri5ypopprrl5.
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noiou n rrF{ rcr q gopri perupritlowor rrepro6rxti.
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pdyrorog6uvor55opr0p6g6uvopr rrcirvypcppc6v.
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H nepio6ogtqg ;reropotrqg dn<o5Kotro ovriorpogo giyeOog
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14.ASoqprer<oOef 6rr orqv rrporcerpivq nepirrroorlrl ouXvdrqrdrq5
eivoriorl perq ouXv6rrlrorr€ptorpoqr1s rou (tuppordvtou rrlotoiou.
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orq Xpovrrrlouvdprrlorlrou peyfOoug ouroti.
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I
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H A E K TP OMA IN H TIK
p€6po eivor o A C. llp o ip x € ro r o n 6 t o o p lrrd ra rv ld le c o v
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orroiorrpodpleror.
To od;rnepoopo fiou pyoiverqnd 6tro<rurdeivot6rr ro (appovtxd)
evotrlooo6pevo pefpro6qproupyei pcryvqrrx6 ne6iolpovrrd ;reropotr-
l6pevo'r<ioorqrd ro pirpo rq5 fwooq5 tioo ror ra, d rqv xqte60uv-
oq. H ivrooq rou rre6iououro6 0o 6iverorond ;ro oXionrns Hopg4s
B = Borl;rotq orroio uno6qlc6ver 6rr ro 6rdvuopro B 0q (rrdM€ror) Fs
ouXyd,rqrciorl peq ouly6rr;ro rou evoltrooodpevou pe6poro5.
p. Tc Oepprrd cparvdpevd fiou 6qproupyo6vror rqrd rr16rileuoq
rou pedporo5eivorove{dprqro on6 rq qopd rou. 'Orcv p€uporo-
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vros rn Oepproxpooio rou oroOep4), eo iler pio opropdvq rr;rq.'Evo
qrr6truroi6roorroritreopo0o prroporioevo nporlrlOefrqr orrd iva
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od rrou qvrolldooer 6vog peu;roro6orrlgivog orrd ro perjproourd
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ve1o6gpefyorog, ro orroio rpogo6or<ov'fos rov i6ro qvrro'rdrq eni
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0eioriporo rrollonldoro rrls nepr56ou.
drr 11troyrxqrou opropodouroti pooi(eror orov vdpro
Btrfnoupre
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rou Joule. Hss-
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peirororc0epq)11noo6rqro ourrl 0o po5 6iverKorrrl Oeppdrqto
rrlv ono(o orov i6roXp6voerlcopef oro rreprpdllovrou.
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pero ntrdros rou (1.)FErrlv e{iooor1
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lipe d,rrro rd6e pe6po eivsr 10A, 50Hz ewco6pe drr q evepy65 d-
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votrtrooo6prevqr-dor1V : VorlJr<ot
rrlv o-
rroio iloupre erpopp6oeroro drpo ev6g
avrrmdrq R pe rrrrordtreopqrrlv epcpdvr-
or1evoMooo6pevouperlporo5 I : loqp<ot
pa evepy6ivrocrq l* . Og evepydrdoq *
rqg evotrtrooo6,revqg aur(g rdoq5 opf-
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EH
H A E K TP OMA IN H IIK N A TOIH
orrofo ov sgCIppo4drqvord drpo rou i6torrqvrlordrq (R)0a nporo-
trodoemc0ep6 pe6;rc iwoorlg ioq5 pe rqv'rcporrdvo l-.
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prypdgouvourrl rr;v rdoq erroprc6g.An6 rqv evepy6rrpq pnopo6pe
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rr€rvq urrotroyf(ouF€ Trlvnepio8o (T) rcxrrrlv xurtrrrr;oulvd, qro
(ro).Aiyovrog,trdyouXdprv,6rr pfo evutrtrqoodyevq rdoq eivor
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ros rrls 22Ol2V 311V,11oulv6rqro rqr; 50Hz: 50s-'rcor11nepio-
:
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routrdlorov drroqn.
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ivo preydlonp6plrlpo ymi rord rrlv €rro-
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po gorv6rov <rdrr,ru vo rrqyoiveu, €vri)ro
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verd€rrron6 ro orlppcro. Ardpo Kororrlv'nepirrrcooqrrou €ivcrouv€-
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ro drr <xdrrou rrqyciver>r1;re ro 6r <6evrrqyoiverrrouOevd>.
Eivorpiporo yeyovdgdrr oe opropiveg rreprrrrc6oerg -6nor516-
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ve1i5 pedpo pdg eivcr qvqvrrrqrdororo. An6 rcerror rripo 6;r<o9ro
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rreproo6repo, oe orlpreiofiou rl oe rrcryKa,oFro enine6o enrrpdrqorl
rou vo Oecopeiror 6rroroloyqpivq rcr cpucrrotroyrxrl.
floro orprpc65eivor 5p<rl5ro poorr<6'nleovirrrlprc rrou fiopou-
ot61t; ro evotrlooo6pevope6po oe oXdrrrlps ro ouvsxdg; H ond-
vrrlorl 6ev eivor 66oro14.
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rr crprBor5 evvoodvor <puorrofKor or rlJr€Krpold,yor pe our6v rov
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6rorpopd6uvoprro6(V) nou erpapp6(erororo dxpo rou.
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peu;rdrrrrv(Ampdre)fiou pfiopofv vo 1-rc,; 6ivouv rrlv i6ro qtrercrprrrl
ro16. H i6ro qlerrprrq ro169prnopefvo crrro6o0eioe ivo rpqpo r<u-
rlcoporo5 F€ rous ouv6uooprorlg 24 rcr 100V, 5A rar 40V,20A r<or
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vor200W.
To vc percprpd(oupeprroopro;.rivqqle rrprrrl roXf ;re uqq^4 rdor;-
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ouvenrig, r6roirepo potrrr6 rord rr1 peropipoorl qlerrprr<45evdpyerag
ro vo trropori;re va crnld{ou;re cfrc rqo;r4ldg nioerg-peyrilc pe6;ra-
rq) sirs (Vrlld5 rrioerg-prrp, crvriloyc Fs rrlv nepirrnooq.
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rroprordvoupeovrimorXc rrlv evepy6rrp{ r4g rdo4g ror rou pe6pcrog.
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Iro 1880,nevrlvro otr6xlqpolpdvro yerd rrlv cxvordluq.rq rns rl-
trerrpopayvqrrrrlq encrycoy4g,ro npdplrlpo rqg enrloy4govdpe-
oc oe pedpoouveli< xar pefpo evqlloo-
o6prevo 6eviXerox6po truOei. 'Evogo116
rous rrsproo6repoi'€eppou5ufioorrlpr-
rrig rou ouve1o65preriporog rlrw ror o
peydlogAprepr xov65erpeupirq5Thomas
Edison.Tqvenolq ereivrlerle r6p6oer r4v
eTorpeio Edison Electric Lightq onoio erXe
Kolro provorrc6fuorou qtrerrpocporroprori.
Iro0pdqnopoyroviq H ercrpeiocurq 11o'noioopydrepopere-
qlerrprr{qevdpyenq
rqq
erorpelog pe
rouEdison {eli104re, orrl }vrorrrrloqpepoCeneral
yew{rpcgsuvexoUq Electric,
erleerrev66rrer rdre repdorrore-
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vop4SouveXorig perlporog.'Hrqv on6luro qruorrdtrorrr6vo r6pu-
T4Srns vq cvrlouxsiarr6 rq 6rocporv6prevrl o'nerlrlyra rrlv enrrpd-
rrlon rou evollaooS;revoupe6porosKorvq rivor gavcrrr6g rroli-
;rrogcuro6 rou ei6ou5pe6prorog. H crrertrrlnpoeplSrcvo116pro
dMq peydlqerorpeiorrlv Westinghouse Eleclric.
H npc6rrlfi €rpoporrKqeyxordorcorlfidpdyrrly4gevollooo6;re-
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loug. <Dpovri(oup€vq eivqr rqrqr6pr-rcpegpero{rl rous rrq-
pdllqtreg KGrvo pp(orovrcr oe ondorcxoq ioq Hs ro dOporopo
rov pqxcOv6rjo vrlpdrclv (yfp<o orq 20 eraroo, d). Euv6iou-
ps orrl ouv6Xerorrg rrtrdregFr rous or:po6irres rrls pnxCIvns.
Ta vqtrroro6rqrdooovror oXe66vopr(6vrra ror nopdllrllo
pera{ri rous.
=
H cvrip,rooqrov yeyovdtorvotq ylu6ooaqg guolxtiE
1. Tc prvfo;.roro{arrlc6vouv
rrdvrq rrecx6poregraprrdleg
ypqFFiSor onoieg liyovror
ypqpHiS.
6uvo;.rrrr15
O Xc6pog eivorpoyvrlrrr6ne-
6io. OcpeiX€rrrlv 6nop{q rou
crrnvrropouoiqrou Hcq,v4rn.
2. H erxrivoF€ TouSorr<ipoug
ro0o6qyeiro plippo rq5 or6tpqsFCIS crrovq 6torpivero6po-
re5 yp4rpig nopdMqleg pero{6 rous h.drrdOeregorq 6uo e-
Idoporo. Eivqror 6uvoprrigypoFtrisrou qlerrprxo6 te6iou.
To ouyrerprpivorllerrprr6 ne6io eivoropoyevdg.
3. Errl pro o116rrg rldreg epgovf(e'rsr0ertx6 rllerrprrd
rpoprforo orroio dyerar, prioo an6 ro rc}<66ro,crr6 rov i-
vo orpo6dKrnrrls Frlxovns.Errlv dhlrl dyeror ioo oe nood-

rnrq opvrlrrxd goprio F€ rov i6ro rp,5no. To goprfo rorv
qrrorelei rrnyn rllerrprxod n'e6iou.Tc opr(dvrro
rrtrqrci>v
vr(paro pdg o6rlyodvoro vq gqvrqorodpe rrg c6pore5 6u-
voprxig ypqFFiSrou ne6iou. Eivqrpe'ro{6rous rrqpd}Ir1-
treg,npdypq rrou orlpoiverdrr ro 6r1;roupyo6prevone6io ei-
vor opoyevCg.
-
N
Irqv epyootqprorrl dorqoq 1, erlape ouv6doerdvov arpo-
66rrq rls FnXCIv{S pe r-ov qlerrprrd OrioqvoKqrnqpqrrl-
prpooprero vqporo vo 6rqrdooovrqr oov orriveg rrou 0a
pnopodoov va {errvo6v o116ro rego}dKr rou oreldloug.
H errc6vqourrl pdg o6qyef enioqg oro vq 6roxpivoupe,pre
ro pliprpo, €wo€iror, rqg origrlS, rlS c6pore5 6uvoprrr<fg
ypqFFiS ev6grre6iou rrou 6ev eivqr opoyev6g.
Egortrioe6
o. Tr npopline'r-edrr 0q ouppei F€ rCI,rr6qpoprvioprora
edv
rdro qrrd ro loprf cvr( yro ivov poyvrjrqpdloupe66o po-
p6opayvrlr€S orrlv i6rqeu0e(siror rime o B6perog
rrdtrogrou
T
ev6gvo <pldner>rov v6'rron6lo ou dlAou; Aorrprdor€vq ro
rdvere.
F. fl-S 0a rrpdner vq eivqrpro 6rdro{r1pe on6pougyra(dv
KqrKooropflqro c6o'reor orr6porvq 6rqrdooovrororrrvcord;
Aorrprdorevq ro fiptrypqronorqoere.
I
Epyuorqpruxri
dox4o43
OdppovonXcDpi(;
0.pp6rnrq (porv6pevo
Joule)
fr,atf xrivoupe trutri tqv rioxrlorl

O JamesPrescotJoule(T(iqpg flpioxor- T(doutr)unr;p€eivo5
o116roug rrovdrepousrr€rpqporrorfgrqg yevrdgrou. Itq
1840,1t6N922rrc6v,rropouoioosFtq €pyqoiqrrdvo orrl Oip-
pqvorl rtov psuFqrogdpcovaycoyrilv.Arcolou0<irvrqs, Snog i-
rcxverrdvrq, rov 6p<iporrls fi€'poporrrlrlg6parqpr6rnrqsKq-
r6lq{e o€ ougn€pdopro'ro ro orroio ouvqOalg ovocpdpovror
og v6prog rou Joule.
H dorrloq yiverorpreoron6
q) vq eppoOrivoul-rros opropivegarr6 rrg nrulig rqs rrstpCI-
prarrrrlgipeuvogror
P) vc oorqOof p€ oro vq rr€prypdrpoupe 'ro yeyovdroorrl
ylc6ooc rcoveworcirv.
Tr 26qeuifetorvo fdqoupe
1. 'Orr r; 0eppdrqrqeivqrevdpye ra peroprpo(6pevq srr6 ivo
o<i;rao'ivo dllo p6vovegd,oovundpller6rocpopd 0epprorpo'
or<6v.
2.'O'n ivo oc6pro prnopei vo OepproivrrotKqtXopis0epp6rqro
opreivo peroprpfl(trano'our6 evdpyelo urr6 popcpqipyou.
3. Tovv6prorou Joule.
4. Nq ouvoptrrotroyodpre 6vq r6rlcrrpap<xor(6;rsvor
orn crxnps-
rrrrl nopdorqorl fiou ro rreprypdcper.
5. No XprlorFonororipe oprrepd,prerpo,
llolr6p€rpo, 0ep;16pre-
rpo KqrXpovdperpo.
6. 'Orr ov rlypogrrrl rropdrooq 6tio peleOcirv
efvqreu0eiq rrou
I
IflTTaE.E,PAMATA
n€pvd€rqn6 rnv qpx{ rulv o{6vcovrq 6rjo peyd0qe(vqrovd-
loyo.
Tl uiur.xri0c 1genorc(tpe
Xpera(6praor€ rpoqo6orr16(4 qlercrprrdg
orqtreg)6tor6nrr1,
rolc66ro,pooordrq, opnep6perpo0-5A polrdperpo,Oepprr-
66perpo,lpov6perpo,Oeppdprerpo qrrlqr(r16.
Xpero(6poore e-
niorlg o6ppo XpopovrKslivq5 pe ndlog 0,2 mm ror prlroge-
v6gpdrpouro onoio 0o ruli{oupreoe oneipeg.
Tl rrivoupe
Euvoppoloyodpre ro rrjrtrroprq
rrou neprypdgerqrFsro fiopo-
rdr<.rroX{Fq. Bu0i(ou;rero oneipcotrdrns Xpol.lovrK€tr(vr1g
oro vep6. l(leivorrpero 6rqr6rrrrl, on-
prerc6voupe ereivq rq orryprr;rrlv -CIpxr-
rq - 0 e p p o rp o o ir (0 r) rq r o c p q v o u p e
vo nepdoer qler<rpr16pe6po erri opr-
oprivo lerrrd, orr6re roroypdcpou;re
rr1v6o 0epporpo,riq(02).Merorrvo6pe
orq ouvil€rq ro\/ pooordrrl rar {avo-
rdvouprero neipoprqerrf rqv i6ro 1po-
6rdprerqq^,\d pe perjpo 6rocpope-
vrrcr1
1116.Mrropodpe rqr' sur6v rov rp6-
rro v0 enovoldfioup€ ro nefpopc ap-
retig qopis. Koroypdcpoul-r€ro drro-
retrioproro oe rrivqro. An6 rer rorni-
po npoxopdpe lrord rpd'no nopdporo
pe ourdv rou rrerpdpqros fiou fispr-
ypdcperorrropar<drcl. I' dvq fipcq,FCI-
1116rrefpoFqrrou dyrvepre0eppr66ye-
rpo vepo6 oro orroio rdOe ;.rroo116rrg
lpovrrdg 6rdprere5rlruv 3 lenrd, nq-
pCIF€rq onore)rioporq fiou ovoypd-
govrsr or-ov rrivsrq. 'Orqv Xopd{cxpe
rrl ypqqrKq nopdoroorl A0 : f (l) cpdvrlreroOopd 6rr rq rro-
od 6ev efvqr qvdloyo. Errl ypqgrrrl, d,pcrrg, rropdorooq,
A0:f(l') ro ypdcprlporpav eu0eiqypdpJn.
I
e
Ot Oz AO
A "c c K N
0,50 19,39 19,60 0,22 0,36
0,75 19,60 20,00 0,40 0,56
1,00 20,1O 20,9O 0,80 1,00
1 ,2 5 21,1O 22,10 1,00 1,56
1 ,5 0 22,60 24,00 1,4O 2,25
2,OO 24,2O 26,80 2,60 4,OO
2,5O 26,8O 30,50 3,80 5,25
Etq fl6ooc tovv sl,"voufv

H euOeiqypotrFlirrls ypqgrKrl5nopdmqorl Ae = f (l') orlFqfv€l
dn 11OeppoKpqorqK4 o6{4o11rou v€pof (oe opropdvoXp6vo)
epcparr(erorwdloyq npos ro r€rpEovo rou p€6Fqro5.Aur6
orlpqfv€r6rr q;reroprpo(dpevrlorov€p60epp6trlto(oeoptopd-
vo p6rro) eivoravdrloy4TpoSro tetpdycrrvorou PsdFqros.
Kqrd rq 6rdprerqrou rrerpdporog110epporpqofqKqrrl s-
ocoreprrrlOepprrrlevdpyerorou svrrordr4 nopdpetveorqOe-
pr1.Zuvenr63,odpqcrrvoFe rrl 0eppo6uvaprK4, q cvd povdEo
1p6vou evdpyerorrou p€rqprpd(erar orov ovrtotdrrl (un6
Fopg{ Cpyourltrerrprrcbv 6uvdpe<ov)eivcrfoq pe r4v ovd po-
vd6q 1p6vou 0epp6rrpc rTouFtrqp$6(et o qvnfidrns oro
vep6.Mnopofpe 64fa6{ vo xcrorlrl(oupero oupndpoopc drr
r7avd ptovdfiayp6vou yerap$a(6p€vn orov avnordr4 evtp-
yelc eivataniloyn Fe ro rerpdyutvo rqs €vro,orlq,rou petya-
ros, rtou finpp€et rov ovnudr1.
T
\z
H
NEIPAMATA
NA KANOYME
Kdrrn l /rllorr1e{iocrloqP= l' R
H avoloyia ourq enrpeporc6ver
Telrrd
o To odpFo0eppoiveror larpig 0eppdrqro. H Ofppovorlrou
yfveror pe preropfpooqevipyerogurr6 Fopg{ ipyou qtrexrpr-
rcilv6uvdpeolv.
o To vep6Oeppoiveror pe peropipoonOeppdrnrds.
Egox{oe6
Eag(qrotip€ vq orrovrrloer€orq rroporrir<oep<orqporo
i) n6oq rlrov 11peroprpo(6pevq oro crdpporoxfSdrsv ro
pe6paeile rrg 6rdcpopeg rrprigrrou n,f,pouold(ovrotorov
rrivoro;
ii) n6oq 0epprdrqra peroprpdmqrce ond ro o6ppooto vep6
p6oo oe rpio trerrrd 6rov 11dvraorl rpuv 1A ror ndorl drov
tlro,v2A;
iii) rrora arr6 rrg rropordrar rrpdgyrcrrrl p61c 'rou vepo6
Oecopeire 5rr ppiorerarrrlrlorior€pCIorrl pd(o rou vepo6
rrouXprlortrronorrl0qrce;50 g, 1009,2009, 250g
e
Epyuorqprax{riorrloq 4
AvqKpi ovrq5 prs

nleKrprKrl orqlrl
(M rpqon rllerrp€\f€prrxrlg
ouvqFnsK(Ir€o(|)r€PrKns
1 .'
qvriorqons FroSnrtyqS)
Irati xdvoupe autri trp' fioxqorl

O pcorrdgtr6yogyro rov ono(o rdvoupeourrl rqv dorqoq ei-
vqr yrq vo 6ei{oup€fi<oseivqr6uvqrrivvq ouv6ud(ouH€ rrs
ev6ei{ergrov opydvov H€rous guorKo65v6proug <6orevo Kq-
rolqyoupe oe perprloergpeye0c6v6norgeivor11qtrerrpeyeprr-
rq 66vapqKorrl sooreprrrlovrioroorl FlsSrrrly4s.flpdrcerrol
yro <ovdrprorl)rqs qler<rprrqg
orr1trq;pe oron6 rqv onord-
lrqn rcrlv(ororxeicovtqur6rqrdgrq5>.
Tu lgeuifetor vo ldgoupe
1. Nc ouvopprotroyorjpe dvo r<6rc1<rlpo
[]oor(6p€vororrl oxrlpo-
rrrrl rropdorqorlfiou ro neprypdgel.
2. No 6ropd(ouperrg ev6ei{erq ev6gBolrop6rpouKqtev6ga-
prnepopd'rpou.
3. Trorprpc5g perpdpepeivo o;rnep6;lerpo Kqrrr peivo potr-
16prerpo.
4. Tovvdprotou Ohm yto ovrrordtr1.
5. Tovv6prorou Ohmyro rdrd<opope uvrrordrrlKorrrly4.
6. 'Orr ov ouv6dooups rous orcpo6dr<'rrig
evd,g
BotrropirpouF€
rou5 n6trousrrrlyrls,q dv6er{q'rou op1'dvouprrropei
vo Oecoprl-
0ei ioq Hsrrlv qlerrpeyeprrrq 6rivo;rnrqs nny{S egdoovq e-
ooteprrq ovrio'rooq eivqrrrohj prrr<prioe oX6oqprerqv ovrf-
I
NAKAN.YME.ETPAMATA
lg
orqorl rou polroprirpou.
Tl uX,r,xri
0o lger,cotoripe
Koryroto 66onerpdpro'ro 0o lperoorofpepro qlerrprrq otrl-
trnFedyv<oorqororXeio,6ror6nrq rqr rotrr66rq.
Er6rrdyrqro rrpc6roneipoponpdnervc dloupre 6vavlopnr4-
po, ivo potrr6perpo0-10Vpreov'rimoor;nohj F€yqlnoe o1ior1
preereivqrns rrny4srqr ivs opnep6perpoC-3Apreeooreprrqa-
wimoorlnol6 prrpqoecrydoqpreereivqrou laprnrqpo.
frq ro 6edreponeipopa0o lperooro(rFsenioqg66o qvrr-
ordreg peprrc6v 6erd6cov Op (o ro0dvog)ror fvs oprnep6pe-
rpo F€eooreprrqovr(orooq HrKp{oulKl)rrrKd;reereivqrrou
dlouv or ovrrordre5.
Tl xrivoupe
'ro r6rlcoprcfiou rroprmdverqroro crX4po
o. Iuvapproloyotipre
'Orqv o 6ror6rrrqgeivarovor1169 rqv iv6er[r1
oqpr:rc6voup€
rou potrropdrpou.
l0eivoupe rov 6ror6nrrl Kqr rorcrypdgou-
p€ rrs ev6ef{erg rou qprr€poprirpouKqr rou
potrropirpou.
Bcor(6pevor orrs rpergaurig ev6ef{erqror
egopp6(ovrosrov v6porou Ohm yro rlerord
rfrlcopo F€rrqy{ rqr qvrrordrn Korrov vdpo
rou Ohmyro qvrrordTrl, urroloyi(ouperehrd
6dvcprlrrls rrqy4s
i) rqv rllerrpeyeprrrrl
ii) rqv eoco'reprrrlavrio'rooq rqg nrlyqg rar
iii) rqv ovrio'rooq rou loprrrrqpo
Iu(rlrdpe yrCIr0 ocpdl;.raro.
p. Iuvoppoloyo6pe ivq rtklopq Fs rqv i6ro rrrly{ Kor F€
ovrrordtq yvcrlorrlgovriorooqg Rr rropeppdllovrog Kqr o-
pnepdperpo. Kleivoupe ro rrjrlopc Kor Korqypdgouprerqv
6v6er{r1rou opydvou. Enqvqloppdvoupri rq 6ro6rrCIoiso}trd-
(ovrog rov ovrrordrq pe dllov yvcoorqg enfoqg ovr(o'rooqg
Rz.Karoypdrpouperr1 vdo 6v6er{qrou (rl.rn€popfrpou.Boor-
(6prevormrg 6rjo ourf5 ev6ei{ergKqr €g(xpp6(ovrag rov vd;.to
rou Ohm yro rlerord, rfrlcopro pe ov'rroldrrl Kdrfiny{ urrolo-
I
e
yi(oupero o'rorXeio
rourdrqros rrls nrly4S.Euyrpivoup€ro
orror6leopope erefvorou nponyo6pre'vourrerpdproro5.
Egoxr{oerg
a. l-l6oqevipyeropetaprpd(€rororov ovl-rordrrl Rrrcotn6oq
otov R rou 6e6repourrerpdprqros o€ tlvo6eurep6lenro;
F. >qS 41ro6pe vo npoplfr+€r€ rr gq 6ei€erro opnepd,Hsrpo
oe 6vq rfrl<opo F€rnv i6ronqy4 sv o dvrrordrrlgeivqr100O.
49o6 xdvererqv np6pl€qrrlvCIEorrprdoer€ vo ro rdvere rql
vo crXofudo€r€rrl 6rorpopdavdpreouo' qur<irrou npopl6r..1.rore
Koro'our6 rrou oa5 6eiXver ro 6pyavo.
Epyuorqprur{dor uq 5
O Ftlyv rqg €nrSpo

o€ pcuFq stpopo (|Y(ilYo
Irati xdvoupe aurrrltqv rioxqorl

H d o rrl o q o u rrl yfver aryr o vq epeuvqooup€r r l 66vopr 1
LaplaceKdryro vo n€prypdrpoupe qurd trou 0q ncpar4prl-
ooup€o€ Froylc6ooofiou qfiorrei ivvrlre5TrlSy€cop€rpiog
ror iworeg rrlg <puorr4g.
Tr 2ggeuifetorvo ldgoupe
1.'Ot 11allrlleniEpcorl p€upqroq6pcovaycoyc6v KqrFcryvrl-
rc6viler 66o <5rqer9ror o6;.rcpovq F€rr Froorr'ouri5 o Fs-
W4rnSern6pdo€ p€upqrocpdpo crl,oy6.
2.'Orr rdOepcryvrlrrlg arorelef n4y4 p(ryvqrrKod ne6iourqr
6rr or 6uvaprrf5ypqppis qurod rou rre{iiourqreu0dvorcxro-
rrd rov p6perorrdlo fipo5 rov vdrro.
3.'Orr n qopd rou rl}errprrori pedprorog roOopi(erqrcxrr6
rqv nohx6rnro rrls rdoq5.
Tl uh,xd 0c lgelcotorlpe
Xpero(dpoortFrs pdorlo116povrdpr,prrrpdp6opqrougB0 e-
rqroord)v ror rrdloug 10 pfuoorcOv,6vavcntrd,oriv6eopro,
prcxpdp6oepovirqpe 66o orpoEirres, proldlrrvrl pdp6o(r1
ivo lovrpd o6ppa)ndloug 5 1trroor<6rr ror ;rrlroug10 nepi-
fiou tKsroorrirv, dvc or<opofpevo rrrlvirr,rrerqloer64potr{-
rq, rok66ra pe rcrdtrtrrllo FnroSoltrri 61r rporo6erldrra,
rpocpo6orrr6q 66o rltrerrprrigorqleg rrov 4,5 V ror 6rar6nrq
prrour6v.
NA KANOYME
IIEIPAMATA
Tr ndvoupe. H arigrygaqrittov
Tl waqatqgoripe yeyovritorvofil yhfiooo r1g
y€optetQaog &or,tqE cpuorxrig
c. Euvopproloyo6pre rq 6rd- o. O pr ayvr lr r lg
nou 6r oOi-
rotrl. Br6c6voupe rr1 porpld rouFs eivornrlyq prayvrprro6
pdp6o ndvor orrl povreprd- rre6fou.Ecpdoov dXerro ou-
vro pdorl ror orepec6voup€, yK€Kl)rFdvo oxrlFo,ro rre6fo
p € rrl p o q e er0 r ou ouv6d- pera[6 r<ovrr6tr<ov rou Llfio-
opou/ rr1pdp6o arr6 spovi- pef v<r0ecopqOe f opoyevdg.
rq . K p e p d F F
s € r olc66r or q Ms ro plippo, €vvoefrcr,
1dfu<rvq pdp6o XprlorForror- rrlg orit,uqgpnopo6pe vq 6rq-
c6vrogyrc rrs ouvEdoerg le- rpivouperrg o6poteg6uvopr-
n rd l d l xrvq oupFqr dr r q. rdg ylrappdgour-of rou rre6i-
Iu v6 d o u p r€ro us or po66- ou. ErvsrypqHFdS rarordpu-
Kr€Sl-r€roug ndlous rrls q- q€SKcrcxvurrore0e(drr o p6-
Ie r<rp rrq g o rrllqg ( 11H€ psrosrr6log eivoro'n6 rrdvco
ro u s q K p o 6 i rr egr ou r po- or 6uvo1.rr6dgypoppdsKorsu-
cp o 6 o rr
ro 6 ) n opeppdltr o- 06vovrorfipos rq rdrco.E6;r-
vro5 6rordrrrq.Torro0e'ro6- qcrlvoperq Oecrlpqrrrq orirgq
pr rov poyvrlrrl dror c6ol-e11 q Xdlrrvrl pdp6o5eivorivog
l d l rrvq p d p 6 ogvo ppfor e- eu06ypoppog aycoydgrdOerog
ror ovd;,reocx orous rr6troug org 6uvoprr<dg ypopp6srou o-
TO U. poyev>69 pcryvrlrr
r<odrre8iou.
p. Ktrefvoufr€ rov 6ror6rrrrlp. Mi'h5 rleioaprerov 6rq-
Kqrnqpdrqporipe6rr q 1dtr- r6nrq q pdp6ogexrrvdX0rlre .
rrvrl p d p 6 o ge rrrvdoor r qr .
M6h,; peuproro6orrl0rl re
Ag urro0iooupe6rr errrvdo- rqg oorf;Oqrerdrrors66vopq.
o€rsr fipos ro i(o. Efpaore}orn6v urroxp€<o-
prfvorvo 6e10o6;.re 6rr 116reri-
Ouvoqrrlg 6uvoprrlg eivorrd-
0er r 1r i,oo or q pdp6o 6oo
Kororrs 6uvoprrx6g ypCIFFdS
rou pcryvrlrrrofrre6iouror rp
qopd'rr1geivornpos ro i{o.
florog5pco5dorrloe rr166vo-
pq outrl;
y. Arroporp6voupre rov pq- y. H Oeopqrrrrlunorpio6-
yv4rn KCIr p€upqr-o6oro6pe r r q 66vopr or l ov psupqr o-
ro rrirlcopro.l-laporqpodpe q6po o'y<rly6 oorrl0r;re o116
5rr q pdp6og nopoprdvero- ro Foyvrlrrrc6 rre6foyfvercr
prerorcivq'rq. pepordrqrq.H 66vqpqoutrl
trdyerorror 6rjvoprlLaplace.
6. Avofyoup€rov 6ror6rrrrl 6 . O r 6 u v q p r1 6 9y p o F F d S
ro r {o vo cp d p voupe r ov p0- Tou pq'fvqrrrod rre6iou rq-
W{rn orrlv qpxrKrlrou Oioq reu06vovr0r fipos ro rdro.
o l l d F s ro v v6 r r o n6lo H cpopdrqg 6uvoprlgLaplace
lrpos rq rrdvo. e{oprdlor crr6 rrlv rqre60uv-
Kleivoupre rov 6rqrdrrrn Kcxl orl rou prcryvrlrrrod rre6iou.
q XdtrrrvqpdB6o9exrrvdo-
o € T q rfi p o s ro eocor epr r d
rou Hoyvrlrrl.
I
NA KANOYMENEIPAMATA
e. Avoiyoul.rs rov 6rox6nrq e. T'opedpo iler rripo o-
Ksrovqorpd<poupe rqv rrotrr- vr(Oer;r1gopd. H cpopdrrlg
1 6 rq ro rn S rp oqo6ooiag. 66voprqgLaplacee{aprdror
'Orqv rlsfoouperov 6rord- rqr srrd rrlv rore60uvon rou
nrrl n pdp6og0o errrvolOei perjporo5.
npos ro e{orepr16rou pro-
w4rn.
or. Avoryoup€ rov 6roxd'rrrr1 or. To pe6podler rripo ;re-
ror ou{dvouH€rrlv rdoq rr15 yotr6repr1 ivroo4. H rrp4 rq5
rpogo6ooiog6rorqpc6vrog 66vopr1gLaplacercOopi(eroro-
rrlv rrporlyodpevqrrofu16111- 116rqv ivrco4 rou pedporo5
nou 6roppia rov cryoyd.
T0.
Eog [qtodpe €fifoqE

1. Boor(dp€vor orrl Oecopioyrd rn 6tlvrrpr1Laplacevq rorroOe-
rrloe'rerov poyvrlrrl F€ rov p6perorr,5lo fipos ro r-rdvco, vo
rpocpo6orrlo€r€ ro rdrlcoprcpe rdorl opropdvqg nofurdrqrog
Korfiprv vo xleioerero 6ror6firq vo npoplfq,rerequr6'nou
0o ouprpei6rr<aroloycirvrqs rrlv npdplegq.
Nq Kê(oer€/ orrl ouvdXero, rov 6rsr6rrrrl Korvo 6rqrnorc6oe-
r€ GV11npdpleqrrloqs rlrav ooorrl.
2. No orrovrrloer€ors rropordrcoepcorrlpro'ra
i) frorf 6evnpdnervo XprlorForrorrloou;re rporo6erldrro;
ii) Tr 0o ouvdporve qv qvrf yro 1dh,:rvr1pdp6oXprlorHonor-
odoopre or6ep6vro;
iii) frorf 11er6qtrcoonrns 66vapq5Lirplaceoro qrcopo6prevo
rrrlvioeivarrolupdrepqoe o6yrproqye ereivqorov Xdtrrrvo
cr!'<oY6;
iv) Tr0o ouvdBorve av pd(o;reivo rrol6 prrp6Xdlrrvoo6p-
proiror c6orevo or<ope iror xqrqr,jpuqo ovdpreocorous
ndloug rou payvr'1rrl Kqrro psupcr,r6orodoqFe;
NA(ANovME
f TPAMATA
tg
I
fratf rrivoupe aur,rl tqv rioxqoq

H epyoorqproxrl cxurqdorqorl ova<pi-
p€ror o' dvo rpiorpo (yro rqv e{ffu{r1
ro)v €fi rorrlpovrrc6vr6ecilv)nefpapa
q n 6 ro v
f io u f ip q y F c ro ' n o r1 1 0 1 1 re
Xavg Kpforrov'E5lor€vroro flqverrt-
orqpro rrlg KorrelXdynSorrg 20 louli-
o u ro u 1 8 2 O .
To rdvoupr€H€ oKorrd vo eprpo06-
vouF€ orrg lerrropipe regevd,govdtro-
y o u rrerp d p q ro s K o r v 0 rrg o u v 6 u d -
o o u F € F € rrl o e rrrp rlrrrqn e p ry p o c p q
Tou Frcyvqrrro6 rre6iou.
vtr ldgoupe
Tr,2gger,rifetor
1. 'O'rrro rre(poya'Eporsvrd6erlvsrrcogivo peuprorogd,po
rcs}<66roenr6pdo€ pro payvqrrr( petr6vorqr 6rr Hsro neipo-
proour6 dvor{eo 6p6pog,yrq rrlv evorroirloqrou qlerrpro;rori
H€rov pcryvrlrrop6.
pel6voolld{er tiocpvrrd
2.'Orr ov prq pcryvrlrrrq rrpooqvqro-
hopd oqproiver rre6iooro orroioprdlprrdre r-
5rrro ;rcyvqrrrc6
oopporrodoedler peraptrq0ei.
3. Tc Baorrdororleio rqg 0eoprlrrrqgrreprypocpqs rou pc-
yvrlrrro6rre6iourrou 6rlproupyeidvogeul)dypotrFos psuHoro-
qdpoScrl,roy6s.
-
o
NA KANOYME
NEIPAMATA
Tr,ul,r,xd0o lger,aotodPe
pe}6voorps-
Oo lperooref vq ovo(qrrloouptFlo puyvrlrrrr'1
rcov
nrrl nep( xoror6pucpod{ovo, rol<66ro,rpels o'rr1treg
4,5Vrut 6vqv6rqr6rrr4.Oo prropodorrpeenioqSvCIXprlolpo-
ro65 o'r6lou5.
rrorqooupe66o provco'rl
Tr xrivoupe.Tr rtogatqgoriPe
H rrequygotpri tov Teyovdtov otq yl)"t6ooorqE yealpetg(oE

ricl,ttlg cpuolrrig
o. o peupratocp6pog onoretreinnY4Pcrl'vqrrrori
crl't,lYds rre6f-
ro 6tsr6ntq q pel6vq loopponodoeoro
ou. flprv r<trefooupre
ye<rrpoyvnrr16 ne6iofipooqvqrotrroplivq ra'rd rrlv opr(6v'rlo
ouvrorcOoq rou.
To proyvrlrrr6rre6(ooro o'noio'r<irporoopporre i rrpoipXe-
rot on6'rr1 ofv0eorlrou (npo0rrdpXovro5) YecopcxYvrlttro6
ne6iouKqlrou puyvrlrrrodne6(ountlu 6qpro6pyrloe o ptuplCI-
rogdpog trl,oY6s.
p. Av ovoorpocpe i n gopd rou rllerrprro6 pefporos qvc-
NEIPAMATA
NA KANOYME
orpigsrqr Kdr rl Kore60uvorlrou Hcryvnrtro6ne6iou.
Tl waqatqgoripe enioqE
Au{dvoupe tqv rdoq rpocpo6ooiog.fru 'ro oron6 ourd lpqor-
ponorodpre rpe rgorql€S rrllv 4,5 V ouv6e8epdv€S o€ oerpd.Te-
vrr6voupre'ro rqlc66ro rrdvco on6T 11petr6vo oTqv i6ro o116-
orqorl p€ rrlv npoqyo6psvrl KCIr6tontorrivoup€ F€yCIl6repr1
ycrrvioerrporrrlg.
Arorrlpodpr€ro psul-rorocpdpo rqlc66ro rrdvor o116rr1 pelS-
vq orrlv oplrrrl Odoqror orlprerc6vouFs rrl ycrtvioerrponqg.
Irl ouvil€rq ro orroprorp6voup€CIpyd8rorrlp6vrqs ro rrcx-
pdMqtro rrpos rov d{ovq rqg peldvos Korrrcpotqpofpe dtr 11
errporrq 6rapr<c6g prer<6verot.
{Ddpvoupero r€vropdvo peuprorocpdp<l rolc66ro rrdvcoorrd
rr1 peldvo rrotrrj rovrd rns Kqr rdOerq or-ov d{ovo trls ro0c6g
roopponei.flaporqpo6pe 6'n q pel6vo prtivet <oouyr(vr1'rr1>.
Eog lqtoripe
1. Iog 4r1ro6perc6po vo pooro'reire o'rr1OeolpqrrrrlrrtptypCI-
cpqrou payvqrrro6 nebiou eu06ypo1-tpou aycuyotiKqrvq Trpo-
pA(.gue rr 0q ouppef qv ronoOerqooupero p€uHqrocpdpo
ncpdtrIqtro rrposTov d{ovc rq,; pel6vo5 o}ld orpr-
r<atr<66ro
Bcfgrdrco urrd aur(v.
I'rq ouvdXero6orrpdor€ vq ro rdvere . Au'rd rrou fisporrl-
pe(re oupnirrrer ps rqv npdptr€qrrloCIS;
2. Iog (qrodpe enioqg, poor(6pevorrrrrlv i6ro 0eorpic,vo
ep;rrlvedoer€ro yeyov656rr q pel6vo prrlver <oouyrivqrrl) qv
<pdpoupre ro p€upqrocpdpor<olc66ro crpLpc65orrd rrdvor rr1g,
rdOerq orov d{ovd trls.
3. IcA (qro6pre,rilog, vo rrpoo6ropioerefi€rpqporrKdrrlv
opr(6vrru ouvrorr6os rou y€cllFqyvrlrrrorirre6(ourns fi€pro-
x4s oos. Oo 1perooreire opnepd,perporqr uno6erdperpo.
I-rqro ororrd qur6 vo nopeprpdtrle,e ro oprnep6p€rpooro
16r<Iopcr.
Oo 1perooref vq rorro0erqo€,Ttrov f)€upqroq6po ay<oy6
nopdllqtrCI fipog rq Betr5va,ndvco c'n' currlv rcqtoe srr6-
orqorl rrlv orroio 0o pnopeire vo perprlo'ere.Tqu'r61povoor1- I
NA KANOYMEI]EIPAMATA
NA KAN E NEIPAMATA
Epyaorrlproxridoxrlo4 7
Avrror K€rqr orn\v qrriq
Ilcri xrivoupe outri trlv rioxrlorl

H epyoorqpror( ourrl dorqoq yiveror yrCIvo rorovorlooupre
po06repo fvo oXe6dv<proyrrd> cporvd;revoq ovordtruqrrlrou
onoiou dtrtro{epr(rr<drqv nopefo rou fi,ffurropoti pog. Irqv
nro ontrrl er6rllcoorlTou ro gorv6pevo ourd ouviororor oro
d'rr <qv oe fvq perotrtrrrd,
6qrr6fuo rrlqordooupreivov pol /4-
rrl, orov 6qr<TrifuoEqproupye iror qAerrprr<6pedpro>.Eivqte-
rjooups ro qle-
vrufio)oror<do1116.Arjorotro eivor ro vo crvrXve
xrprrcoourd peupro
H dorrloq enioqg yiveror pe or<o116 vc{ovcyvopiooupe rr1
;reydtrr1ondorooq nou ouXvd undpler ovdpeoo oro yeyov6-
ro dpeorlgnoporqpqorls Kcrorqv €pprlvt.ioroug.
Tr 2gqeuifetor v0 ldgoupe
1. To rr<69er6ql<6verorro rporvoprevo
4.ler<rpoyayvqnxq€.rrcryu-
y4.
2. Tov rcvdvq rou Lenzyro rn qopd rou €rrcryoJyrrotl perjporos.
3. 'Orr dvog peuprcrocpdpog 6orrrltrrogonorele i prclvqrrrd 6i-
rrolo rq0c6g<or 6rr ro rrots nAeupd rou )rx oupneptEtp€rar .luc,
pdpetoc,ndAoc,KU,r rrord tuc,vdnog r<o0op,f(erorqrr6 rr1 gopd
rou peripcrosrrou ro 6roppier.
4. Or opc6vuporrr6lor qrr<rrOorivrsr
evciror r:repc6vupror
ftrxovror.
Tr ulvrxri 0a lqelaotoripe
To poorrd ovrrre(pevqfiou rrpdrrer vq Srcx0iroupre
eivor dvog
;royv(rqg ror ivog peroltrr16S(olld 51r or6epfvrog)6cr<rrj-
hog. Oo pnopodoe,tr6youXdprv,vq eivor1dtrxrvog.l-lpor<erpr6-
N A (A N OY MEi IE IP A MA TA
16rl<opo.
Tr, rrivoupe. Ee fiolo ouF,rlegriopatrl rotah{youpe

Br6c6voupre ndv<o orrl Povrepivro pdoq rqv nro preydlrl o116
rrg pdp6ouSrot rrdvcoo'ou'rr1v, XprlolHofiorcivrogrol o6v6e-
vs eivol opr(6vrro'
, oFo, orqp(oupe rr; prrpdr-epqdror ci>ore
, fpepaps orrl ouviXero rov pretolhr<66oxrrjho Xpnolpofiol-
ro-
, ,6*o9 to vqFq. Kpordpe Fs ro dvo 1dlrl tov pop6opayvqrq
I rd rp6no r6ote o p6peroqn6}og vo <plineu npos ro 6qrr6trto
pro-
*o' tou nlqord(oup€ npos ro 6qrr6ho 1copi5xq0Slou vo
: (61tameorr6te rot 6ev rraporqpe(rqt rirrorq arrotrrircoS'
'frtouoloppdvoupe
, ro eyXeiprlpcx F€ pio trro orr6ropq rivrl-
, oq rSore 11rrpooiyylorl fipos tov 6stcrdlto vq yiver rroltl rrro
oncoOeirot'Iuprrept-
, yprtyopo. l-lapotrlpof;re 6rr o 6qxrfhog
, cpiperor oov vq opveitor rqv npoodyiroq'
I Aorcpd(ouFt orrl ouv6Xetonpooeyyi(ovrss rov v6rro 116-
, tro rqt 6tonto'rr6vou;re6rl ouppoivert-o i6to'
: l-lepvdpe6mepo tov papqrrl pioo orov preroMrr6 6oxr6trro
, Xtoprgvd rov cryy(er Kst rov rpapdpe 'rrr6ropc rrpog ro 6{'co'
'
i Ararrrorr6voup€6rr o'cxurrl rrlv'nep(rrroorl o 6arr6trrog
I ikerqr qrr6 ro
Hcr\^/4rn.Mnopoo;rri dprcoq vo rro6pre6'rt rqt
. rrdtrr ouFfi€plg6petor oqv vq <cpvtirot> rrlv orropdKpuvorl
: rou FcrYvqrqrcr vq Odtrer vq rq pc'rotcioel'
. H atgrygoqri ttov yeyovdttov rtol rl egpqveio toug

flcog eivol 6uvqr6v dvog 1dtrrrvo5 6crrr6lrog vo ooref dtrIore
orr<oortrrl xql dllore etrrrrrq 66voprr1o' ivov pcryvrltrl; Tt eG
eivor ourq;
6oug 66voprr1
NEIPAMATA
NA KANOYME
Mrc loyrrrl un60eor1: q 66vopr1efvorproyvqrrrq.O Xdtrrr-
vog6iorogouprrreprcpdp€rqrocv pcryvrpqg.fro va roX6er
6HrS
qurd pdvodvo rrpdypoprnopeivc ouprploiver. H npooiyyroq
rou payvrlrrlvo rdverrov 6qrrffuo p€ul.toroq6poror piporo
ivog peuprorocp6pog 6orr6fuogsrrorelef pcryvqrrr66ino-
tro.
E6pgcovaps rn Oe<opio rrlg rllexrpopoyvrlrrrrlgeno-
y<rly{Sour6 pnope(vo ou;,rpqiver. Ko0rriglorn6v rov rrlq-
ot6(u o p6perogndlog o Xdlrrvo56orrdfuogyiverarrrny4
rllerrpsyeprrrqg66vopr1g ror erre16rlouvrordrqr rlero16
qn6
rrirlcopro6roppderor rltrerrpr16pe6;ro.
H <popdrou €rroyoyrrodquro6 lledporoqeivcr,ori1.r-
q<rrvqF€ Tov rqv6vq rou Lenz,riroru cirorero periprcpi-
oq orrd TrSHcr1^/rlrrrfg
er64lc6o€rs rou vs qvrroriK€Tororrlv
srris'nou ro 6qproupyef.
Ksr0q pnopofoop€vq 6e10o6pe 6rr crplrrl orrio rrlg 6r1prr-
oupyiagrou eivqr11npoodyyrorlrou p6pr:roun<jlou.To pedpro
Iorrrdv iXerriroro qopd <6ore11nleupd rou 6orrul(ou npog
ro pipog rou payvrlrrlvq ouprreprgip€rotog p6perogndlog
Ksrvo qtrcoOef rov p6pero16lo rou pcp,qrq.
Kar xriaou eQotriFoto

To np<bro.l-16Sepprrlve6erqr ro yeyov<i5d,rrro0c6gqrropq-
rp6ve'roro payv(rqg o 6orrrlfuogdlxerarqrr6 our6v;
To 6etrepo.Ko0c6g nlrlord(er o p6perogndlog o pq-
yvnrns sr6rllcbve r dncooq.Av ouviporv€ro qvrf0ero
(rqr o Fdyv{rrlser6rllcove dtr{q)r'o gatvdpevo0q rrq-
popi'o(erqv opXqrqg 6rorqpqonsrns evdpye rog.f wrl
To rpiro. Av orroprarpfvouprerov Kp€Foopivo1.to-
W4rq arr6 rr10ioq roopporricg(,:rX4Fo) ror rov ocpq-
ooup€ele60epovo or<opq0ei, rr 0<xouppei;
Arraroloyrlor€rrlv orrdvrqoq.
-e
NA KANOYMEIIEIPAMATA
B 'p d p o 5
Apoornpr6rnr€S
1. tDoprropdvoqle r<rpoorcirrro2. fluxvorrl5 orrd clouprv6Xopro. 3.

O perpqrrl5rqg AEH 4. Aogdlero on6 orrrotrdpoltro.5. A6o 6ro9o-
perrrfg ouvSfoerg.6. Avo(4rrilvros rov poyvqrrrc6peoqppprv6.7.
Encxycoyq ;re oXerrr<r1
rivr1or1.B. Aurerroycr;y{9. H lfpro, ro ropgi rcor
or onrvOrlpeg. 10. O p€rocrxqpcrrorqgror ro potrrdperpo.11. O pe-
rqcrxrlporror4g rcr o notrpoypdgo5.
1 . Ooprro;rdvo qlerrlpoordrno
Avc(qrqore ro qler<rpr>or6rrro r<orerrr6rc6{'re
vo
ro goprioere Oerrrd.
Iro 0trrrd cpoprroprivorltrerrpoox6nrorrlrl-
ordore dvo rrupcrrcrlpdvoouppordr<roov our6
rrou XplorForrorodpeyro ro rpfrgrporqs Kcxrocx-
pdtrog.Tr ncporrlpeire ; Enovatrdperero f6ro 6-
rov ro rlkrrpooxdrrro eivorrpoprropdvoopvrlrr-
NA KANOYME NE PAMATA
yro rrlv €pprlv€foour<6v rcov rporvopd-
xd. l-lporeivere ur-roOio€rs
v0)v.
2. flurvtrrr{g orrd ulouprvriltrpro

Iog (qroripe vo grrd{ere ivov rrurcvorrl XprlorForrorc6vrog
o}oupr-
vd,lopro ond pol6 otrouprvfounldrou5 30 cm xor Xopr( nd1ou5
0,1 mm. No unoloyiocre rq lcrlpqrrrdrqrd'rou. Oo 1peroortfte (.-
vq urro6erdFr€rpo.H 6rqlexrrrcrloro0epd rou Xoprrod{van 4,5.
r<rprrcd
6rr1tre
orrhoprof
3. O perpqr{g r4g AEH

Iro orr(rt oo5 0c urrdpler onolo6qnore dvog perprlrqg qtrerrprr<r1g
evdpyero5 rqg AEH.O perpqrqg ourdg d1er ivo 6ioro o orro(ogrrepr-
orpirperor Srov le rroupyef pro orroro6rlrro'-erllerrprrrl ouore uq.
Ael0eire 5rr q yovic rleprorpogqg rou 6ioxou eivor avdloyq H€rqv
rorovchord,pevq evdpyero.
a. Avdrpre pdvo dvo tro;rnrrlpo rou orroior; n roxds eivor1vcoorr1,
100W yro nopd6erypo, Kor peporoOefre6rr efvorn Fdvn ouoreu4
rrou trerroupyeforo orrirr oa5. Me iva potr6rrrou perpder6eurepS-
trerrro, perpqore rov orrorrodpevo lpdvo yr({ vo rdver o 8iorog pro
fi€prorpogrl. Ynotroyiore erriorlg rrlv evfpyero fiou rsrsvqlcilvrr o
Iopnrqpog o' ourqv rq lpovrxq 6rdpr<e ro. Trxorrorel€o;roro ourd
rpovepr6vouvrdrrorc ovrrororXio ovdprroocnov opr0p6 rreprorpo-
cpc6vrou 6iorou Kcxrrrlv rorovotrrordpevq evdpyero.Iuyxpivere ou-
rqv rqv ovttororXfo p€ rrlv ovoypocp6prevq rrdvtu oro perpqrq rqg
AEH.
p. Ipqore rov tropnrrlpo Kor nrlyoivere \,o qvofEsr€ r4v ndpro
rou rguyeiouoog ro0c6s Kdrro rroprdrr rq5 rccrdpu€45.Merd on6
trryo0o ovrrtrqcpOeire 6rr o xrvqrrlpogrou quyeiou ocs prrciver oe
trerroupy(o. Enrorpdt,t.rrrroro perpqrq rqg AEH rcarperp4ore ro
I
NA KANOYMEIIEIPAMATA
o 6foK')SFtCIrr€Prorpoqrl'Yno-
Xp6vorrou XP€rd(€rdrYrovq Kdvtl
ro qluY€io6rqv letroupyit o
lfyrore rqv ivipye ro rrou Korqvol<irver
rrvqrrlpoSrou.
a. Ao<grileto cIrrd orookiPallo

:uvopl.roloyo6pre dvo xrirlopo pe rdoq 6'B V' Euv66oupe oe oerpd
6rordnrrl, trcpnr4po 6-8 V, ;rovortr6 ort'tro,crootr6pollo' 6e6re-
po povtolKdor6lo xcr opnep6Fsrpooe r<'t(porc0-3 A'
'
klriuorye ro 6tqr6rrrrl Karo lopnrrlpog goropotrei' Me ivo
rolco6ro(prlrou530 cm) pe pdoprcrappolururtr<6voupe rous o-
rpo6drregrou tropnrrlpoo onoio5rrq6etvo g<oropolei' iv6er(r1
H
rou oprrspopdrpoupreycl6verarr6toproevr6ro69o rou orootrd-
poltrouepuOponup<6verot rct rotyerct,?tetroupyef6qlo6r1oov o-
ogdlero.
To aroal6pollo eivot ivo trerrrdo6ppo pe ro orroio rpfpoupe
rrs Kqroop6leS.Tqv rdoq prnopofprevc rr5 ndpoupeeire o116ro
rpocpo6ort16 eire o116qlerrpxiS orr1tre5'
5. Ario 6rcgoPerrxds ouv6doerg

ro 66o ruxl<6polr rrou rloplordvovrot oro
l-lprvouvopprotroyrloere
crx4Fqvo npopldtp€rt (rrolo on6 ro troprrrdrro0o ovdpouvrrto i-
*ouoo Kolvo 6rxorotroyrlosrerrlv rrp6pletprlooS'Aorlpdor€orq ou-
vilero vo rdvererr5 ouv6ioet5drot <6orero d{r 6porctraprrdrcovo
.,u&Borurour6lpovo. Tt 6tqrrtorc6vere; Erlore6ixro;or 66o orrlleg
va eivor6pote5'
rrou 0o XPrlolForrolrloere
6. Ava(qrdrvrqsrov payvqrlr6 peo4ppprv6

rov FcrYvrlrrr6
Io5 (qro6pevo npoo6ropioere rou oXo-
peorlppptv6
pel6vo
le(ouoog.Ato0irerepio payvrlrrr4 rrouFrropsi orpd<pe-
vo
NA KANOYMENEIPAMATA
ror ydpco 0116KoroK6pugo d{ovo rot ivq vqpo rr15 ord0p45. Na
oXe6rdoererrcog0c ro rdvere Kororrl ouvdlt:to vo ro €rltx€lprloere
Kqrvo orrroloyqoere rr5 evipyerd5oo5.
7. Errcyoy{ ;rt:oXenx{ xfu4o4

Aro0drereCvorrrlvio,ivo toXupdpo-
p66popgopcyvrlrq Kqrrov nolpro-
ypdgo rrou urrripl€r oro o1ofur6 ep-
yoorr;pro.IDvuppoloyrlore dvo xo-
rdtrlqtro xdrtr<opro-osv aur6 rrou rrs-
prordverororc, oplpo- F€ ro orroio
0o pnopio€T€v0 6tornor<6o€rtro
gorv6prevo rr;g rllexrpopcryvqrrxr15e-
rrCIycoy4s.AoXotrr;Oeir€ F€ rq olerrxq
rivqo4 pcyv{rq ror n4viou ror xcrcrypdqrrs1-ooupnepdopora.
8. Aursrrqytoyri
ro xrirl<oparrou rloprordvetsr oro

vo ouvoppotroyrloere
Errr6rc6{re
oX4Fqpe utrrrdrrou undpl€r oro oXolrr6 epyoorrlpro.AoXolrl0eire
pe ro dvorypoKorro xtreforpo rou 6tar6rr1'rlKdrrcrcypdrjre tc
xd ouprrepdoporc.
crXerr
9. H lipa, ro Kopgi KtIr or onrv0ripeg

Iuvoppoloyodpero xdrlco;.rorrou'rqprordverot oro oX4-
po. Xpero(6poor€pro nqyq ouvelo69pe6prarog, nqvio pre
pooordrq, rolto6rcr,ivo
or64porrupr;vo, ropgf xor pio trf
ro ropgf rrdvo rrr4 l(;.roxor Blinoupe
po. Merorrvoripre
vo 6q;.roupyo6vroronrv0rlpe5.[lp,ronq04ore vo 6ciroere
pro eppqveicoro rporv6prevoioro r<ordXtorr6lurq rKovo-
rror4rrrrl.
=
10. O F€rqq(qporror{S Kqr rcr poltdperpo
o. Xpqorporrorrlore 66o polr6psrpcxKorro
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p€rooxrlpqrrorqrq5 qoroYpoqios;To polr6perporou npcore6o-
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11. O H€rCIoxqFurror{SKqr o rqlpoypti<po5

o. Xpqor;rorrorrlore rov p€rcxoxrl-
porror( K0r rov nolproypdcPo
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v0 ou\'oppotroyqoeredvo r<6r<trco-
po 6ncogcxurdrrou orretrovi(e-
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or€ Korrqv rccrdllqtrq rdoq. Ba-
or(6pt;vororqv ovrfororXrl er16-
v0 rrl,; o06vq5 rou nol;roypd-
(pou v0 urroloyfotte rov tr6yo
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p. tldoog efvor o trdyogrou
psrCI(rxrlp0rropotiorqv rrePi-
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ll
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95
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ropE qlexrprxri85, 180,188
6fitolro
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Euvcprxri ygcppri 33 xc0o6rzdg o,rrrihrl,-t4
xpcwr,opdvo 43
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Kirchhoff (Krg1og) 78
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F
tJ Coulomb (Kouldp) v<ipoE18
er6Lrricwiorao4 91 - povdba gogt(ou 21, 75
exgdqnrolrruxvuroi51 - re6(o 32
I
zrizio)p(r rliexrpLztS82 - rdorlg evaiicrooripevrlq 176
oroLrlvoetbfg133
A
.1 \
icrpncipcrg nugcxtc'i<reog 96
TI
Laplace (Atrricic) brivupl 69. 122, t74 r(io4 crQpovrudernrl,i<r<rtrcjpevrl
I 75
Lenz (AerrE) xcrvdvn<166 - tnolct^1tu"t1.64
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74
Tesla (Tdol,u provrtbu)42. l2b
t\/f
lYI
Gi l bert (fx(i pneQr) 10,22
Joule (Tldou),) v<51LoE 96
pcyvqtrxrj cm6xl'tor1144 - cporv6pevo96
gcri,vr'lttxril3ei<ivct35, 144 Thomson (T<ipoor')45
lrclv4rrxrj €yxlt'wr, | 44
pc.1v4rtzr5lebir-r pnyvrjrq 40
- f1 g 1 4 4
vI
- oproyrvd<6-3.135 t!fiol]d0|tLorlevdel€rcS94
- get'pcrorptipor!ayoyoU 129
- oo.rtrqvoetborjg 133
prnyvqrrxtigpt:o4[pqrvdq144
o
Farad ((Dcgdvr) p,rvci6c50
$ui,vlrrotr6E2l Faraday(OcrpcrvriL)27, 157
Ptcri,v{rLoq24 - v<ipro< I65
pdorl tolti; ltlO
gcioq evctr'.icoodpev4<rtitnlq I 77
per<rotrr1p<rrronig I ti-5
qoe(i niezrerzor! 0etllrcrrog7l
percrqoprievdqrTercg 156
rpdprrtrl nuzvt'rri :i0
- 4iezrPrtxt]<evdP',,etag 18.{
Franklin (@pcrvzirvog)27, 154
ltovt'rtd<',,evLz"cl1,5
\Z
I\T
I! -1\.
verpov[o 46 lctgcrz,r4prmrz{ z<tpni}"r1bur<j}.ou83
Helmholtz (Xdip1otrr<) 166, 168
- Ncwton (Netlrt'rr,)l9
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npun<ivr.o46
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E Y P E T H PIO
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Φυσική Β' Λυκείου

Φυσική Β' Λυκείου