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Service Integration

Table of Contents
Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................. i Table of Figures .................................................................................................................................................iii 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Water Supply System .................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 Direct supply system .............................................................................................................................. 2 2.1.2 Overhead tank supply system ................................................................................................................ 3 2.1.3 Underground Overhead Tank System .................................................................................................... 3 2.1.4 Direct Pumping System ......................................................................................................................... 4 Water main .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Water service pipe ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Water distributing pipe................................................................................................................................ 5 Water outlet ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Stop valve - Controls the flow of water at high pressure. ........................................................................... 5 Gate or sluice valve - .................................................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Hot water supply system ........................................................................................................................... 5 3.0 Electrical System........................................................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Single and Three phase electricity ............................................................................................................ 8 3.2 Consumer control unit ............................................................................................................................... 8 3.3 Bus bar systems (Low Voltage) ................................................................................................................ 9 3.4 Mini-bus bar systems ................................................................................................................................ 9 3.5 Fuses........................................................................................................................................................ 10 3.6 Circuit breakers ....................................................................................................................................... 10 3.7 Miniature circuit breakers ....................................................................................................................... 11 4.0 Factors influencing the installation of services ........................................................................................... 12 4.1 Function of the building .......................................................................................................................... 12
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4.2 Size of the building ................................................................................................................................. 12 4.3 Number of occupants .............................................................................................................................. 12 4.4 Rules and regulations .............................................................................................................................. 13 4.5 Installation cost ....................................................................................................................................... 13 4.6 Location .................................................................................................................................................. 13 5.0 Water supply layout of the building ............................................................................................................ 14 6.0 Electricity supply layout of the building ..................................................................................................... 15 7.0 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 16 8.0 References ................................................................................................................................................... 17

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Table of Figures
Figure 2.1.1 Direct Water Supply System .......................................................................................................... 2 Figure 2.1.2 Overhead tank water supply system ............................................................................................... 3 Figure 2.1.3 Underground Overhead tank system .............................................................................................. 3 Figure 2.1.4 Booster Pumping System................................................................................................................ 4 Figure 2.2 Hot water supply system.................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 2.3 Cold water supply system .................................................................................................................. 6 Figure 3.1 Electricity distribution systems ......................................................................................................... 7 Figure 3.2 Electricity Distribution in a building ................................................................................................. 8 Figure 3.3 Bus bar systems ................................................................................................................................. 9 Figure 3.5 Types of fuses .................................................................................................................................. 10 Figure 3.6 Circuit Breaker ................................................................................................................................ 10 Figure 3.7 Miniature circuit breakers ................................................................................................................ 11 Figure 4.4 Package air conditioner systems ...................................................................................................... 13

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1.0 Introduction
Building services are the systems which are placed on, threaded through and fixed to the structure and fabric of the building. According to Howan (1988) any building services system is consisted of the three major elements plant, distribution and terminals. Even the most basic structure, a simple house, requires number of separately identifiable systems to make the building function smoothly. The buildings form, structure, location and function affect the complexity of building services. Water is a basic need of human body to survive in this world. The people have to work to earn money for their living. As most of the people work working places, these commercial buildings have to have necessary building services like water supply system in good condition to accomplish their day to day water requirements. Water supply system in a multi storey building functions in three ways. They are Drinking water supply Water supply for Air Conditioning System Water supply for sanitary appliances Water supply for Fire Protection system

In most of the commercial buildings the water from the city water line is used with or without storage tanks to fulfil the need of water for the above aspects. In this report the water supply systems in the building, main components of the water supply system, hot water and cold water systems are described. Today electricity power is the most commonly used source of power to operate and function the equipments of a building. Each building requires an electrical system to provide power for the lights and to run various appliances, equipments and other services. According to

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2.0 Water Supply System

Water supply system is one of the main building services required to assure safe and comfortable environment for the occupants of the building. Not only for drinking purposes, but water supply is essential for fire protection system, HVAC system and for sanitary appliances. There are various resources like lakes, rivers, wells and springs which generate water in Sri Lanka. But for safe and healthy conditioned water most of the commercial buildings acquire water from the public water line supplied from the National Water Board which is purified by chlorine. According to Haq (2006) there are four categories of water supply system. Direct supply system Overhead tank supply system Underground overhead tank system Direct pumping system

2.1.1 Direct supply system

In this system, the water is directly supplied to the desired places in the building straight from the city main through the pipe system. So this does not require a storage tank but can be used only when the water supply and pressure of water is constant and accomplish the needs of the building.

Figure 2.1.1 Direct Water Supply System

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2.1.2 Overhead tank supply system

The overhead tank system is used when the water pressure in the city main is not constant. The tank in the roof top provides water for the desired places in the building using gravitational force. As the pressure of the water wont be sufficient for the top floors, booster pumps are used to maintain pressure.

Figure 2.1.2 Overhead tank water supply system

2.1.3 Underground Overhead Tank System

When the pressure of water in the city water is low, the underground tank is used to store water. Then the water is pumped to the overhead tank using booster pumps and then it is distributed to the building.

Figure 2.1.3 Underground Overhead tank system Department of Building Economics 3

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2.1.4 Direct Pumping System

In this system, the water is pumped to the desired locations using booster pumps, hydro-pneumatic system.

Figure 2.1.4 Booster Pumping System

Water supply system includes the water service pipe, water distributing pipes, sand pipe system, the necessary connecting pipes, fittings, control valves, and all accessories in the building. Water main - Water main is a public water distribution system located in a street which carries public water for community use.

Water service pipe - This pipe begins at the outlet side of the water meter at the property line and ends where the line reaches the first water distributing pipe.
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Water distributing pipe - This is the pipe within the building that conveys water from the water service pipe to the plumbing fixtures, appliances and other water outlets. Water outlet It is the discharge opening for water to a plumbing fixing, to atmospheric pressure, to a boiler or heating system, to any water- operated device or equipment not a part of plumbing system but which requires water for operation.

Stop valve - Controls the flow of water at high pressure.

Gate or sluice valve - It is used to control the flow of water on low pressure installations. Water supply system can be divided in to two categories. They are; Hot water supply system Cold water supply system

2.2 Hot water supply system

In hot water supply system (Figure 2.1.1) a temperature between 120 oF 130oF is generally satisfactory for normal needs. Water heaters can be classified as direct or indirect or as fuel fired, electrically heated or seam heated. In tall buildings the water pressure may be divided into zones with separate heaters for each zone or one heater may serve two or more zones with a pressure tank for each zones.

Figure 2.2 Hot water supply system

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2.3 Cool water supply systems

Drinking water can be cooled by flowing through pipe coils placed in a compartment chilled by a refrigerant or by ice or the coils can be submerged in chilled brine. The following figure 2.2.1 shows the basic components of a cool water supply system.

Figure 2.3 Cold water supply system

In the selected building overhead tank water supply system is used because the pressure of water is not constant.

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3.0 Electrical System

As the modern world equipments and day to day activities need power function, electricity supply is one of the main building services nowadays. Generation, transmission and distribution are the main stages of electricity supply. Electricity is generated using hydro power, wind power, fuel power, coal power and solar power. After electricity is produced at power plants it has to get to the customers that use the electricity. As large generators spin, they produce electricity with a voltage of about 25,000 volts. The electricity first goes to a transformer at the power plant that boosts the voltage up to 400,000 volts. When electricity travels long distances it is better to have it at higher voltages. That is because electricity can be transferred more efficiently at high voltages. The long thick cables of transmission lines are made of copper or aluminium because they have a low resistance. The power lines go into substations near businesses, factories and homes at where transformers change the very high voltage electricity back into lower voltage electricity. Then power is distributed in three phase or single phase method according to requirements and function of the building. The following Figure 3.1 shows the distribution of electricity in a city.

Figure 3.1 Electricity distribution systems

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There are various equipments, methods and components to distribute electricity in building. The following describes the main parts of the electrical supply system.

Figure 3.2 Electricity Distribution in a building

3.1 Single and Three phase electricity

Single-phase electric power refers to the distribution of current electric using a system in which all the voltages of the supply vary in unison. Single-phase distribution is used when loads are mostly lighting and heating, with few large electric motors. Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternating-current electric power transmission. A threephase system is generally more economical than others because it uses less conductor material to transmit electric power than equivalent single-phase or two-phase systems at the same voltage.

3.2 Consumer control unit

From the electricity meter, the electricity supply goes to the consumer control unit consisting of Electricity Circuit Breaker (ELCB) main isolation and distribution points. This unit provides compact and effective means of controlling and distributing electricity to different parts of the building.

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3.3 Bus bar systems (Low Voltage)

The heavy electrical loads associated with large commercial building and factories often require the use of a bus bar system for power distribution from the consumer control unit. Bus bars provide a robust and flexible solution, which can be readily tapped into as required. A rising main (vertical) bus bar system is often used in high rise buildings to provide power to each floor. They can also be run horizontally beneath raised floors.

Figure 3.3 Bus bar systems

3.4 Mini-bus bar systems

Mini-bus bar systems are a convenient way of distributing power on the floors of office, commercial and light industrial buildings where flexibility of socket outlet positioning is important. The bus bar is run under raised floors. Provision can also be made for data and voice cabling which is located in a segregated compartment, away from the bus bars.

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3.5 Fuses
Fuses can provide circuit protection against over-current and short-circuit faults. The most common type is the cartridge fuse, which consists of a short length of tinned copper or silver wire (the element), typically mounted within a ceramic tube with brass end- caps.

Figure 3.5 Types of fuses

3.6 Circuit breakers

A circuit breaker is a mechanical switch that can be used to manually interrupt a circuit under normal operating loads and is also capable of detecting an abnormally high current and automatically breaking the circuit.

Figure 3.6 Circuit Breaker

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3.7 Miniature circuit breakers

MCBs are widely used in law voltage domestic and commercial installations of up to 100A. They have largely superseded the use of fuses in the supply to final circuits.

Figure 3.7 Miniature circuit breakers

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4.0 Factors influencing the installation of services

The building we selected for this course work is Hatton National Bank building at Maharagama. This is a two storey building situated in the city of Maharagama. The first floor is consisted of lobby, ________________and______. The ____________________ in the second storey. As this is a commercial building which is a bank it needs water supply system for drinking, air conditioning system, fire protection system and toilets and washrooms. The staffs of the bank are about 175 members and according to the bank manager more than 500 customers visit the bank to fulfil their requirements daily. When designing and installing the water and electricity supply system, the following factors had been considered.

4.1 Function of the building

The main function or the purpose of this building is to provide banking facilities to the customers of Hatton National Bank. So healthy ventilation system, adequate lighting, water supply and fire protection plays a paramount role in the smooth functioning of the building.

4.2 Size of the building

As the area of the land does not provide adequate spacing for the functioning of the building, the design team had decided to design two storey building with internal space of _____m2. As this is a commercial building with a larger area than a normal house, this requires more developed and advanced water and electrical supply system. The amount, kind and quality of pipes, valves, fittings, sanitary appliances and other components of water supply system, sand pipes, sprinkler systems, fire hoses in fire protection system, bulbs, sockets outlets, switches, distribution system of electricity supply system differs due to the size of the building.

4.3 Number of occupants

Though the number of staff members is about 175, water supply facilities should be provided for the customers of the bank too. So the toilets are provided in both floors for both staff and other customers with water supply in the whole day. Each room and corridor is consisted of water filters too provide water for everyone occupying the building. All the room including lobby is provided with three pin sockets for computers and electrical equipment, and with florescent light to provide adequate lighting throughout the day.

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4.4 Rules and regulations

When installing the building services like water supply and electricity supply, building regulations, rules and regulations of Water Board, Electricity Board, Local Authorities and Environmental Authority should be considered and followed. According to those rules adequate number of toilets should be provided considering the number of occupants, water line should not be in adjacent with the waste water lines, appropriate ventilation systems should be provided and means of easily accessible fire escapes should be constructed etc. So this building has been provided with _________ toilets, packaged air handling unit for air conditioning purpose, and staircases are provided as means of escape and vertical movement.

Figure 4.4 Package air conditioner systems

4.5 Installation cost

In constructing a building, the clients budget limit is a crucial factor which affects the whole design of the building. It also affects the installation of services directly because the installation cost of services is high compared to the maintenance cost. The water supply system and electricity supply systems have been selected to provide the requirements of the building in the most economical way. As adequate lighting is essential for the building as the design of the building obstructs the natural lighting. The florescent lights are used to provide lighting throughout the day and three pin sockets are provided in each room to functioning of computers and other electrical equipments.

4.6 Location
Commercial bank Maharagama is located in the city centre surrounded with multi storey building in the both sides. So access to the city water line and the electricity supply had been convenient and no additional cost had occurred in obtaining these services from the local authorities.
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5.0 Water supply layout of the building

The water supply layout of the selected building is attached in the end of this report as the Annexe 1.0.

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6.0 Electricity supply layout of the building

The electricity supply layout of the selected building is attached in the end of this report as the Annexe 2.0.

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7.0 Conclusion
When we consider the building services, it is quite clear that it affects the cost in two major ways. They are installation cost and maintenance cost of each building services.

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8.0 References
2001. Building services component life manual. London: Blackwell Publishing Limited. Barry, R., 1999. Barrys- Construction of Buildings. 3rd Ed. New Delhi: Affliated East- West Press Pvt Limited. Chadderton, D.V., 2004. Building services engineering. 4th ed. London: Spon press Limited. Emmitt, S., and Gorse, C., 2006. Barrys Advanced Construction of Buildings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Limited. Hall, F., and Greeno, R., 2009. Building Services Hand Book. 5th ed. Oxford: Elsever Limited. Haq, S., A. 2006. Plumbing Practices. Dhaka: Sueda Masuda Khatoon. Howan, C.A., 1988. An introduction to building services. London: Macmillan Education Limited Vargese, P. V., 2007. Building Construction. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Pvt Limited. Rigby, B., 2005. Design of electrical services for buildings. 4th Ed. New York: Spon Press Limited.

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