CHEMICAL REACTIONS CHAPTER 4

Reactants: Zn + I2

Product: ZnI2

Chapter 4 Outline
Chemical Equations Stoichiometry Limiting Reactants Chemical Analysis

Chemical Equations
Depict the kind of reactants and

products and their relative amounts in a

reaction

4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g)

2Al2O3(s)

The numbers in the front are called

stoichiometric coefficients
The letters (s), (g), and (l) are the
physical states of compounds.

Chemical Equations
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Al2O3(s) This equation means

4 Al atoms + 3 O2 molecules 2 molecules of Al2O3

4 moles of Al + 3 moles of O2 2 moles of Al2O3

Chemical Equations
Because the same atoms are present in a reaction at the beginning and at the end, the amount of matter in a system does not change. The Law of the Conservation of Matter

Chemical Equations
Because of the principle of the

conservation of matter, an equation must be balanced.

It must have the same number of atoms of the same kind on both sides.

Lavoisier, 1788

Balancing Equations

Balancing Equations

Balancing Equations
___C3H8 (g) + ___ O2 (g) ----> ___CO2 (g) + ___ H2O (g)
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) ----> 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)

10

Balancing Equations
___B4H10 (g) + ___ O2 (g) ---> ___ B2O3 (g) + ___ H2O (g) 2 B4H10 (g) + 11 O2 (g) ---> 4 B2O3 (g) + 10 H2O (g)

11

STOICHIOMETRY
- the study of the quantitative aspects of chemical reactions.

12

PROBLEM: If 454 g of NH4NO3 decomposes, how much H2O and N2O are formed? What is the theoretical yield of products?

STEP 1
Write the balanced chemical equation

NH4NO3

N2O + 2 H2O

13

454 g of NH4NO3 --> N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 2
Convert reactant mass to moles (454 g) --> moles

1 mol 454 g = 5.68 mol NH4 NO3 80.04 g

14

454 g of NH4NO3 --> N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 3
Convert moles reactant --> moles product. Relate moles NH4NO3 to moles product.

1 mol NH4NO3 --> 2 mol H2O

Express this relation as the

STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR

2 mol H 2 O produced 1 mol NH 4 NO 3 used

15

454 g of NH4NO3 --> N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 3
Convert moles reactant (5.68 mol) moles product
2 mol H 2O produced 5.68 mol NH 4NO 3 1 mol NH 4NO 3 used
= 11.4 mol H2O produced

16

454 g of NH4NO3 --> N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 4
Convert moles product (11.4 mol) to mass product. This is called the

THEORETICAL YIELD This is the Expected # of moles.

17

454 g of NH4NO3 --> N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 4
Convert moles prod. (11.4 mol) to mass prod.
18 . 02 g 11.4 mol H 2 O = 204 g H2O 1 mol This is the Expected Mass! ALWAYS FOLLOW THESE STEPS IN SOLVING STOICHIOMETRY PROBLEMS! Repeat to find the grams of N2O formed.

18

454 g of NH4NO3 --> N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 5
How much N2O is formed?
Total mass of reactants=total mass of products

454 g NH4NO3 = ___ g N2O + 204 g H2O

mass of N2O = 250. g

This is an alternate method.

19

454 g of NH4NO3 --> N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 6
Calculate the percent yield.
If you isolated only 131 g of N2O, what is the percent yield? This compares the theoretical (250. g) and actual (131 g) yields.

20

454 g of NH4NO3 --> N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 6
Calculate the percent yield.
actual yield % yield = 100% theoretical yield 131 g % yield = 100% = 52.4% 250. g

21

General Plan For Stoichiometry Calculations

Mass reactant
Mass product

Moles reactant

Moles product

22

PROBLEM: Using 5.00 g of H2O2, what mass of O2 and of H2O can be obtained?
2 H2O2(liq) ---> 2 H2O(g) + O2(g) Reaction is catalyzed by MnO2 Step 1: moles of H2O2

Step 2: use STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR to calculate moles of O2

Step 3: mass of O2 Repeat for H2O.

Reactions Involving a
LIMITING REACTANT
In a given reaction, there is not enough of one reagent to use up the other reagent completely. The reagent in short supply LIMITS the quantity of product that can be formed.

24

LIMITING REACTANTS

Reactants

Products

2 NO(g) + O2 (g)

2 NO2(g)

NO Limiting reactant = ___________ O2 Excess reactant = ____________

25

LIMITING REACTANTS

LIMITING REACTANTS
React solid Zn with 0.100 mol HCl (aq)

26

Zn + 2 HCl ---> ZnCl2 + H2

Rxn 1 7.00 0.107 0.100 0.93 Rxn 2 3.27 0.050 0.100 2.00 Rxn 3 1.31 0.020 0.100 5.00

mass Zn (g) mol Zn mol HCl mol HCl/mol Zn

27

PROBLEM: Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of Cl2. How many grams of Al2Cl6 can form?

28

Step 1 of LR problem: compare actual mole ratio of reactants to theoretical mole ratio.

29

Step 1 of LR problem: compare actual mole ratio of reactants to theoretical mole ratio.

2 Al + 3 Cl2 ---> Al2Cl6

Reactants must be in the mole ratio

mol Cl2 3 = mol Al 2

30

Deciding on the Limiting Reactant

2 Al + 3 Cl2
If

Al2Cl6

mol Cl2 3 > mol Al 2

then there is not enough Al to use up all the Cl2, and the limiting reagent is

Al.

31

Deciding on the Limiting Reactant

2 Al + 3 Cl2 ---> Al2Cl6

If

mol Cl2 3 < mol Al 2

then there is not enough Cl2 to use up all the Al, and the limiting reagent is

Cl2

32

Step 2 of LR problem: Calculate moles of each reactant

We have 5.40 g of Al and 8.10 g of Cl2

1 mol 5.40 g Al = 0.200 mol Al 27.0 g 1 mol 8.10 g Cl 2 = 0.114 mol Cl 2 70.9 g

33

Find mole ratio of reactants

mol Cl2 0.114 mol = mol Al 0.200 mol

= 0.57

This should be 3/2 or 1.5/1 if reactants are present in the exact stoichiometric ratio.
Limiting reagent is

Cl2

34

Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of Cl2. What mass of Al2Cl6 can form?

Limiting reactant = Cl2 Base all calculations on Cl2

grams Cl2

grams Al2Cl6

moles Cl2

1 mol Al2Cl6 3 mol Cl2

moles Al2Cl6

35

CALCULATIONS: calculate mass of Al2Cl6 expected.

Step 1: Calculate moles of Al2Cl6 expected based on LR.
0.114 mol Cl2 1 mol Al 2Cl 6 = 0.0380 mol Al2Cl 6 3 mol Cl2

Step 2: Calculate mass of Al2Cl6 expected based on LR.

266.4 g Al 2Cl6 0.0380 mol Al 2Cl6 = 10.1 g Al 2Cl6 mol

36

How much of which reactant will remain when reaction is complete?

Cl2 was the limiting reactant. Therefore, Al was present in excess.

But how much?

First find how much Al was required. Then find how much Al is in excess.

37

Calculating Excess Al
2 Al + 3 Cl2
products

0.200 mol 0.114 mol = LR

38

Calculating Excess Al
2 Al + 3 Cl2
0.200 mol products

0.114 mol = LR
2 mol Al = 0.0760 mol Al req' d 3 mol Cl2

0.114 mol Cl2

Excess Al = Al available - Al required

= 0.200 mol - 0.0760 mol

= 0.124 mol Al in excess

39 Nitrogen and iodine react to form nitrogen tri iodide. If 50.0 g of nitrogen is mixed with 350.0 g iodine, calculate the number of grams of product formed and the grams of reactant remaining.

N2

3 I2
253.8 g/mol 1.38 mole
L.R. (0.460 S.U.)

2 NI3
394.7 g/mol

28.0 g/mol 1.79 mole 50.0g -12.9g

37.1g left

0g left

363 g

350.0g + 50.0g = 400.0g = 363g + 37.1g

Using Stoichiometry to Determine a Formula

Burn 0.115 g of a hydrocarbon, CxHy, and produce 0.379 g of CO2 and 0.1035 g of H2O.
What is the empirical formula of CxHy? CxHy + oxygen 0.379 g CO2 + 0.1035 g H2O

40

41

Chemical Molecular Analysis in the lab

42

Using Stoichiometry to Determine a Formula

CxHy + some oxygen 0.379 g CO2 + 0.1035 g H2O

First, recognize that all C in CO2 and all H in H2O is from CxHy.

1.
2.

Calculate moles of C in CO2 8.61 x 10-3 mol C Calculate moles of H in H2O 1.149 x 10 -2 mol H

Using Stoichiometry to Determine a Formula

CxHy + some oxygen 0.379 g CO2 + 0.1035 g H2O

43

Now find ratio of mol H/mol C to find values of x and y in CxHy. 1.149 x 10 -2 mol H/ 8.61 x 10-3 mol C = 1.33 mol H / 1.00 mol C = 4 mol H / 3 mol C

Empirical formula = C3H4

44

Chemical Analysis
Combustion Determine a Formula CxHy + some oxygen 0.379 g CO2 + 0.1035 g H2O

Recognize that all C in CO2 and all H in H2O is from CxHy.

1. Calculate moles of C in CO2

0.379 g CO2

mole CO2 44.0 g CO2

mole C mole CO2

= 0.00861 mole C

45

Chemical Analysis
Combustion Determine a Formula

CxHy+some oxygen

0.379gCO2+0.1035 g H2O

2. Calculate moles of H in H2O 0.1035 g H2O mole H2O 2 mole H 18.0 g H2O mole H2O

= 0.0115 mole H

Chemical Analysis
Combustion Determine a Formula

46

CxHy + some oxygen

0.379 g CO2 + 0.1035 g H2O

Now find ratio of mol H/mol C to find values of x and y in CxHy. 0.0115 mol H/ 0.00861 mol C = 1.34 mol H / 1.00 mol C = 4.02 mol H / 3.00 mol C

Empirical formula = C3H4

Sample Problems

47

1) A 0.537 g sample of an unknown compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen was burned to produced 1.030 g of CO2 and 0.632 g of H2O. Determine the empirical formula. Given that the molecular weight is approximately 90 g/mole, determine the molecular formula.

1.030 g CO2 mole CO2 44.0g CO2

mole C mole CO2

12.0 g C mole C = 0.281 g C

0.632 g H2O mole H2O 2 mole H 18.0 g H2O mole H2O

1.0 g H mole H = 0.070 g H

Sample Problems

48

1) A 0.537 g sample of an unknown compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen was burned to produced 1.030 g of CO2 and 0.632 g of H2O. Determine the empirical formula. Given that the molecular weight is approximately 90 g/mole, determine the molecular formula.

0.537 g C, H, O - 0.281 g C
- 0.070 g H 0.186 g O

Sample Problems
C H O

49

.281 g 1 mole .070 g 1 mole 12.0 g 0.0234 0.0116 2.02 1.0 g 0.070 0.0116 6.0

.186 g 1 mole 16.0 g 0.0116 0.0116 1.00

Empirical formula

C2H6O

Sample Problems
Empirical formula C2H6O 90 46 =2

50

Molecular formula C4H12O2

Alternate method. Use grams of cmpd. and

its molar mass to determine moles of cmpd. Divide moles of C and H by these moles to find the subscripts for C and H. The subscript for O can be determinded by difference.

Sample Problems
2) A 0.1247 g sample of ascorbic acid, vitamin C, was burned to produce 0.1869 g of CO2 and 0.0510 g H2O. Ascorbic acid contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Determine the empirical formula. Given that the molecular weight is approximately 180 g/mole, determine the molecular formula.

51

.1869 g CO2 mole CO2 44.0 g CO2

mole C mole CO2

12.0 g C mole C = 0.0510 g C

.0510 g H2O mole H2O 18.0 g H2O

2 mole H mole H2O

1.0 g H mole H
= 0.0057 g H

Sample Problems

52

2) A 0.1247 g sample of ascorbic acid, vitamin C, was burned to produce 0.1869 g of CO2 and 0.0510 g H2O. Ascorbic acid contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Determine the empirical formula. Given that the molecular weight is approximately 180 g/mole, determine the molecular formula.

0.1247 g C, H, O - 0.0510 g C
- 0.0057 g H 0.0680 g O

Sample Problems
C .0510g 1 mole 12.0 g .00425 H O

53

.0057g 1 mole .0680g 1 mole 1.0 g .0057 16.0 g .00425

.00425
1.00 3.00

.00425
1.3 3.9

.00425
1.00 3.00

Empirical formula

C3H4O3

Sample Problems

54

Empirical formula C3H4O3 180 88 =2

Molecular formula C6H8O6

Chemical Analysis Mixtures-Determine a Percent

55

1. The amount of calcium present in milk can be determined by adding oxalate ion, C2O42-(in the form of its water-soluble sodium salt, Na2C2O4); the insoluble compound calcium oxalate is precipitated. Suppose you take a 75.0 g sample of milk and isolate 0.288 g of calcium oxalate from it. What is the weight percentage of calcium in the milk?

MILK (Ca2+)

Na2C2O4

CaC2O4

Chemical Analysis Mixtures-Determine a Percent

MILK (Ca2+) 75.0 g ? % Ca % Ca = g Ca 75.0 g milk X 100
Na2C2O4

56

CaC2O4 0.288 g

Chemical Analysis Mixtures-Determine a Percent

MILK (Ca2+) 75.0 g ? % Ca
.288 g CaC2O4 mole CaC2O4 mole Ca mole Ca 40.1 g Ca 128.1 g CaC2O4 mole CaC2O4 Na2C2O4

57

CaC2O4 0.288 g

= 0.0902 g Ca
% Ca =

0.0902 g Ca
75.0 g milk

X 100 = 0.120%

Chemical Analysis Mixtures-Determine a Percent

58

2. A 4.22 g sample of calcium chloride and sodium chloride was dissolved in water, and the solution was treated with sodium carbonate to precipitate the calcium as calcium carbonate. After isolating the solid calcium carbonate, it was heated to drive off the carbon dioxide and form 0.959 g of calcium oxide. What is the weight percent of calcium chloride in the original 4.22 g sample?

Chemical Analysis Mixtures-Determine a Percent

CaCl2/NaCl
4.22 g

59

Na2CO3

CaCO3
H e a t

% CaCl2 =

g CaCl2
4.22 g sample

X 100 CaO

0.959 g

Chemical Analysis Mixtures-Determine a Percent

0.959 g CaO
56.1 g CaO

60

mole CaO
mole CaO 4

mole CaCl2
mole CaCl2

111.1 g CaCl2

= 1.90 g CaCl2

% CaCl2 =

1.90 g CaCl2 4.22 g sample

X 100 = 45.0%

61

Practice Problems
1. Balance the following equations: CS2 + Cl2 --> CCl4 + S2Cl2 N2 + O2 --> NO C8H18 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O 2. Write the formula equation for each of the following: sodium + water --> sodium hydroxide + hydrogen magnesium + oxygen --> magnesium oxide aluminum + hydrochloric acid --> aluminum chloride + hydrogen

62

Practice Problems
2. (continue) aluminum + hydrochloric acid --> aluminum chloride + hydrogen sodium chlorate --> sodium chloride + oxygen mercury(II) sulfate + ammonium sulfide --> mercury(II) sulfide + ammonium sulfate iron + cupric sulfate --> iron(III) sulfate + copper

63

Practice Problems
For problems 3-6 3 H2 + N2 g 2 NH3 3. How many moles of H2 are required to react 4.2 moles of N2? 4. How many moles of H2 are required to react 74 grams of N2? 5. How many grams of NH3 would be produced from 45 g of H2? 6. How many moles of NH3 would be produced from the reaction of 18.5 g H2 and 95 g of N2?

64

Practice Problems
7. Phosphine, PH3, is formed when calcium phosphide is added to water. How many grams of phosphine can be obtained from 205 g of calcium phosphide? 8. How many grams of iron will be required to release all of the antimony from 10.0 g antimony trisulfide? (Ferrous sulfide is formed) 9. If calcium oxide were prepared by heating calcium carbonate, how many grams of the carbonate would be required to produce the 15.0 g of the oxide?

65

Practice Problems
10. How many grams of cupric sulfate are needed to completely react with 145 g of sodium chloride? How many grams of sodium sulfate could be produced by this reaction? 11. How many grams of sulfuric acid will react with 40.0 g of aluminum metal? 12. 75 grams of zinc are added to 120 grams of nitrous acid. How many grams of hydrogen gas are evolved?

66

Practice Problems
13. 10.0 grams of hydrogen and 75 grams of oxygen are exploded together in a reaction tube. How many grams of water are produced? What other gas is found in the tube(besides water vapor) after the reaction, and how many grams of this gas are there?

67

Practice Problems
14. A white powder was a mixture of NaBr and NaNO3. A sample of the powder weighing 1.341 g was dissolved in water and a solution of AgNO3 was added until the precipitation of AgBr was complete. The reaction mixture was filtered and dried and the precipitate of AgBr weighed 1.896 g. What was the percentage by weight of NaBr in the original sample?

68

Practice Problems
15. A 4.81 g sample of an unknown compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen was burned to produce 13.74 g of CO2 and 1.68 g of H2O. Determine the empirical formula.

69

Practice Problems Answers

1. 1,3,1,1 1,1,2 2,25,16,18 2. 2 Na + 2 HOH --> 2 NaOH + H2 2 Mg + O2 --> 2 MgO 2 Al + 6 HCl --> 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2 2 NaClO3 --> 2 NaCl + 3 O2 HgSO4 + (NH4)2S --> Hg + (NH4)2SO4 2 Fe + 3 CuSO4 --> Fe2(SO4)3 + 3 Cu 3. 13 mole H2 4. 7.9 mole H2 5. 260 g NH3 6. 6.2 mole NH3

70

Practice Problems Answers

7. 76.5 g PH3 8. 7.68 g Fe 9. 26.8 g CaCO3 10. 198 g CuSO4, 176 g Na2SO4 11. 218 g H2SO4 12. 2.3 g H2 13. 84 g H2O, 0.6 g H2 14. 77.48% 15. C5H3N

71

Writing Equations
zinc + chlorine ---> zinc chloride

Zn (s) + Cl2 (g) --> ZnCl2 (s)

Combination, Synthesis

Writing Equations
KNO3 (s) --> KNO2 (s) + O2 (g) 2 KNO3 (s) --> 2 KNO2 (s) + O2 (g)

72

potassium nitrate --> potassium nitrite + oxygen

Decomposition

Writing Equations

73

magnesium bromide + chlorine --> magnesium chloride + bromine

MgBr2 (s) + Cl2 (g) --> MgCl2 (s) + Br2 (g)

Single Displacement

Writing Equations
calcium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid --> calcium chloride + water Ca(OH)2 (aq) + HCl (aq) --> CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l)

74

Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) --> CaCl2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

Double Displacement

Writing Equations
zinc chloride + ammonium sulfide --> zinc sulfide + ammonium chloride (aq) + (NH4)2S (aq) --> ZnS (s) + NH4Cl (aq)

75

ZnCl2 ZnCl2

(aq) + (NH4)2S (aq) --> ZnS (s) + 2 NH4Cl (aq)

Writing Equations
aluminum + cupric chloride --> copper + aluminum chloride Al (s) + CuCl2 (aq) --> Cu (s) + AlCl3 (aq)

76

2 Al (s) + 3 CuCl2 (aq) --> 3 Cu (s) + 2 AlCl3 (aq)

77

How many moles of H2 are required to produce 9 moles of NH3?

PROBLEM:

STEP 1
Write the balanced chemical equation 3 H2 + N2 --> 2 NH3

78

STEP 2
Write the given and requested information below the equation.
3 H2 + N2 --> 2 NH3

? mole

9 mole

79

STEP 3
Calculate using the information.
3 H2 + ? mole N2 --> 2 NH3 9 mole

9 mole NH3

3 mole H2 2 mole NH3 = 10 mole H2

80

How many moles of NH3 can be produced from 10.4 moles of N2?
PROBLEM:
3 H2 + N2 10.4 mole ? mole --> 2 NH3

10.4 mole N2

2 mole NH3 = 20.8 mole NH3 mole N2

81

How many grams H2 are required to produce moles of NH3?

PROBLEM:
3 H2 + N2 --> 2 NH3 8 mole

of 8

?g

8 mole NH3 3 mole H2 2 mole NH3

2.0 g H2 mole H2

= 20 g H2

82

How many moles of NH3 can be produced from 55 grams of N2?

PROBLEM:
3 H2 + N2 ? mole --> 2 NH3

55 g

55 g N2

1 mole N2
28.0 g N2

2 mole NH3
mole N2

= 3.9 mole NH3

83

How many grams H2 are required to react grams of N2?

PROBLEM:
3 H2 + N2 24 g --> 2 NH3

of 24

?g

24 g N2 mole N2

3 mole H2 2.0 g H2 mole H2

28.0 g N2 mole N2

= 5.1 g H2

84

How many grams of N2 are required to produce 155 grams of NH3?

PROBLEM:
3 H2 + N2 155 g --> 2 NH3

?g

155 g NH3 mole NH3 mole N2

28.0 g N2

17.0 g NH3 2 mole NH3 mole N2

= 128 g N2

85

Sample Problems
1) Sulfur dioxide may be oxidized to sulfur trioxide. How many grams of sulfur dioxide could be converted by this process if 100.0 g of oxygen are available for the oxidation?
2 SO2 ?g + O2 --> 100.0 g 2 SO3

100.0 g O2 mole O2

2 mole SO2

64.1 g SO2

32.0 g O2

mole O2

mole SO2

= 401 g SO2

86

Sample Problems
2) Lightning discharges in the atmosphere catalyze the conversion of nitrogen to nitrogen dioxide. How many grams of nitrogen would be required to make 25.0 g of nitrogen dioxide in this way?
N2 ?g + 2 O2 --> 2 NO2 25.0 g

25.0 g NO2 mole NO2

1 mole N2

28.0 g N2

46.0 g NO2

2 mole NO2 mole N2

= 7.61 g N2

87

Sample Problems
3) Ferric oxide may be reduced to pure iron with coke (pure carbon). Suppose that 150.0 g of ferric oxide is available. How many grams of carbon would be needed?
2 Fe2O3 + 3C 4 Fe + 3 CO2 150.0 g

?g

150.0 g Fe2O3 mole Fe2O3 3

mole C

159.6 g Fe2O3 2 mole Fe2O3

12.0 g C = 16.9 g C mole C

88

Sample Problems
4) Zinc metal will react with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas. If 50.0 g of zinc is to be used in the reaction, how many grams of acid would be needed to completely react with all of the zinc? How many grams of hydrogen gas would be produced?

Zn + 2 HCl 50.0 g ?g
50.0 g Zn mole Zn

-->

ZnCl2

H2 ?g

2 mole HCl 36.5 g HCl

65.4 g Zn mole Zn

mole HCl

= 55.8gHCl

89

Sample Problems
4) Zinc metal will react with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas. If 50.0 g of zinc is to be used in the reaction, how many grams of acid would be needed to completely react with all of the zinc? How many grams of hydrogen gas would be produced?

Zn + 2 HCl 50.0 g ?g

-->

ZnCl2

H2 ?g

50.0 g Zn mole Zn

mole H2

2.0 g H2

65.4 g Zn mole Zn

mole H2

= 1.5 g H2

90

Sample Problems
5) Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, is produced in the reaction between calcium phosphate and sulfuric acid. How many grams of phosphoric acid would be produced from 55 grams of calcium phosphate? What other product is formed and in what quantity?
Ca3(PO4)2 + 3 H2SO4 --> 3 CaSO4 + 2 H3PO4 ?g ?g 55 g Ca3(PO4)2 mole Ca3(PO4)2 3 mole CaSO4 55 g

136.2 g CaSO4

310.3 gCa3(PO4)2 mole Ca3(PO4)2 mole CaSO4 = 72 g CaSO4

91

Sample Problems
5) Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, is produced in the reaction between calcium phosphate and sulfuric acid. How many grams of phosphoric acid would be produced from 55 grams of calcium phosphate? What other product is formed and in what quantity?
Ca3(PO4)2 + 3 H2SO4 --> 3 CaSO4 + 2 H3PO4 ?g ?g 55 g Ca3(PO4)2 mole Ca3(PO4)2 2 mole H3PO4 55 g

98.0 g H3PO4 mole H3PO4

310.3 gCa3(PO4)2 mole Ca3(PO4)2

= 35 g H3PO4

92

Percent Yield
actual yield % yield = 100% theoretical yield

93

If 19.3 g H2 produces 78.5 g NH3, what is the percent yield?

PROBLEM:
3 H2 + 19.3 g N2 --> 2 NH3 ?g

19.3 g H2 mole H2 2 mole NH3 17.0 g NH3 2.0 g H2 3 mole H2 % yield = 78.5g 110 g mole NH3

= 110 g NH3

x 100 = 71 %

94

If the yield obtained is 75%, how many grams of NH3 would be obtained from 10.4 g of N2?
PROBLEM:
3 H2 + 10.4 g N2 --> 2 NH3 ?g

10.4 g N2

mole N2 28.0 g N2

2 mole NH3 17.0 g NH3 mole N2 mole NH3

= 12.6 g NH3

12.6 g NH3 x .75 = 9.4 g NH3

95

PROBLEM: 75.0 grams of potassium hydroxide

are permitted to react with 50.0 grams of hydrochloric acid. How many grams of potassium chloride are formed?

STEP 1
Write the balanced chemical equation KOH + HCl --> KCl + HOH

96

STEP 2
Write the given and requested information below the equation.
KOH + HCl --> KCl + HOH

75.0 g

50.0 g

?g

STEP 3
Calculate the product assuming that each reactant is the limiting reagent.
KOH + HCl 75.0 g 50.0 g --> KCl + HOH ?g

97

75.0 g KOH mole KOH mole KCl 74.6 g KCl 56.1 g KOH mole KOH mole KCl
50.0 g HCl mole HCl 36.5 g HCl mole KCl mole HCl

= 99.7g KCl 74.6 g KCl mole KCl

= 102 g KCl

STEP 4
Determine the limiting reactant and the actual amount of product.
KOH + HCl 75.0 g 50.0 g --> KCl + HOH ?g

98

75.0 g KOH can produce 99.7 g KCl

KOH is the limiting reactant, HCl is the excess reactant.

50.0 g HCl can produce 102 g KCl

99.7 g KCl

STEP 5
Determine the amount of excess reactant by calculating the amount used and subtracting from the starting amount.
KOH + HCl 75.0 g 50.0 g --> KCl + HOH ?g

99

75.0 g KOH mole KOH mole HCl 36.5 g HCl 56.1 g KOH mole KOH mole HCl = 48.8g HCl used 50.0 g - 48.8 = 1.2 g HCl left

Sample Problems

100

1) How many grams of carbon dioxide can be obtained from the action of 100.0 grams of hydrobromic acid on 100.0 grams of calcium carbonate?
2 HBr + CaCO3 --> HOH + CO2 + CaBr2 100.0 g 100.0 g ?g

100.0 g HBr mole HBr

mole CO2

44.0 g CO2

80.9 g HBr 2 mole HBr mole CO2 = 27.2 g COg 100.0 g CaCO3 mole CaCO3 mole CO2 44.0 2 CO2
100.1 g CaCO3 mole CaCO3 mole CO2

= 44.0 g CO2

Sample Problems
2) How many grams of ammonia are evolved when 34 grams of ammonium chloride are added to 140 grams of barium hydroxide?
2 NH4Cl + Ba(OH)2 --> BaCl2 + 2 NH3 +2 HOH 34 g 140 g ?g

101

34 g NH4Cl mole NH4Cl 2

mole NH3

17.0 g NH3

53.5 g NH4Cl 2 mole NH4Cl mole NH3

= 11 g NH3
140 g Ba(OH)2 mole Ba(OH)2 2 mole NH3 17.0 g NH3 171.3 g Ba(OH)2 mole Ba(OH)2 mole NH3

= 28.0 gNH3

Sample Problems

102

3) 100.0 grams of lithium metal is dropped into 1.000 liter of water. How many grams of hydrogen are produced?
2 Li + 2 HOH --> 2 LiOH + H2 100.0 g 1000. g ?g

100.0 g Li 6.9 g Li

mole Li 2 mole Li

mole H2 mole H2

2.0 g H2

= 14 g H2 1000. g HOH 18.0 g HOH mole HOH mole H2 2 mole HOH mole H2 2.0 g H2

= 56 g H2

Sample Problems

103

4) .50.0 grams of oxygen are available for the combustion of 25.0 grams of carbon. How many grams in excess is the oxygen or carbon ?
O2 + C --> CO2 ? g excess 50.0 g 25.0 g

50.0 g O2

mole O2 32.0 g O2

mole C mole O2

12.0 g C mole C

= 18.8g C used
25.0 g - 18.8 = 6.2 g C left

Sample Problems

104

5) 140.0 grams of sulfuric acid is added to 230.0 grams of barium peroxide. Which reactant is in excess and by how many grams?
g excess H2SO4 + BaO2 --> 140. g 230. g BaSO4 + H2O2

140.gH2SO4 mole H2SO4 mole BaO2 169.3 g BaO2 98.1 g H2SO4 mole H2SO4 mole BaO2

= 242 g BaO2 Since only 230. g available, BaO2 is the limiting reactant

Sample Problems

105

5) 140.0 grams of sulfuric acid is added to 230.0 grams of barium peroxide. Which reactant is in excess and by how many grams?
g excess H2SO4 + BaO2 --> 140. g 230. g BaSO4 + H2O2

230. g BaO2

mole BaO2 mole H2SO4 98.1 g H2SO4 169.3 g BaO2 mole BaO2 mole H2SO4

= 133 g H2SO4 used 140. g - 133 = 7 g H2SO4 left