This is the authors version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the following source: Hasan, Muhammad

N., Saha, Suvash C., & Gu, YuanTong (2012) Unsteady natural convection within a differentially heated enclosure of sinusoidal corrugated side walls. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 55 (21-22), pp. 5696-5708. This le was downloaded from: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/52016/

c Copyright 2012 Elsevier This is the authors version of a work that was accepted for publication in International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A denitive version was subsequently published in International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, [VOL 55, ISSUE 21-22, (2012)] DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.05.065

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Cite this article as: Hasan, M.N., Saha, S.C., Gu, Y.T., Unsteady Natural Convection within a Differentially Heated Enclosure of Sinusoidal Corrugated Side Walls, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 55 (2012) pp. 5696-5708

Unsteady Natural Convection within a Differentially Heated Enclosure of Sinusoidal Corrugated Side Walls
Muhammad Noman Hasan1* Suvash C. Saha2 and Y. T. Gu2
1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Email: muhammad.noman.hasan@gmail.com

School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology 2 George St., GPO Box 2434, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia Email: suvash.saha@qut.edu.au and yuantong.gu@qut.edu.au

ABSTRACT Numerically investigation of natural convection within a differentially heated modified square enclosure with sinusoidally corrugated side walls has been performed for different values of Rayleigh number. The fluid inside the enclosure considered is air and is quiescent, initially. The top and bottom surfaces are flat and considered as adiabatic. Results reveal three main stages: an initial stage, a transitory or oscillatory stage and a steady stage for the development of natural convection flow inside the corrugated cavity. The numerical scheme is based on the finite element method adapted to triangular non-uniform mesh element by a non-linear parametric solution algorithm. Investigation has been performed for the Rayleigh number, Ra ranging from 105 to 108 with variation of corrugation amplitude and frequency. Constant physical properties for the fluid medium have been assumed. Results have been presented in terms of the isotherms, streamlines, temperature plots, average Nusselt numbers, traveling waves and thermal boundary layer thickness plots, temperature and velocity profiles. The effects of sudden differential heating and its consequent transient behavior on fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics have been observed for the range of governing parameters. The present results show that the transient phenomena are greatly influenced by the variation of the Rayleigh Number with corrugation amplitude and frequency. Keywords: Natural Convection, Transient Behavior, Sinusoidal Corrugation, Differentially Heating, High Rayleigh Number.

*Corresponding author: Muhammad Noman Hasan Phone# +8801715863325 Email: muhammad.noman.hasan@gmail.com

____________________________________________________________________________ NOMENCLATURE Cp CA CF g h H J L Lref Nu P p Pr Ra Ri T Tc Th To Tw T u U v V specific heat capacity x, y Cartesian co-ordinates [m] corrugation amplitude X, Y dimensionless Cartesian coordinates, corrugation frequency (x,y)/ Lref gravitational acceleration [m/s2] convective heat transfer coefficient [W/m2K] Greek symbols height of the enclosure [m] Jacobian matrix dummy variable width of the enclosure [m] dimensionless time, t/ Lref 2 reference length penalty parameter Nusselt number, Eq.(12) k thermal conductivity of fluid [W/mk] 2 pressure [N/m ] thermal diffusivity [m2/s] dimensionless pressure, pLref2/2 coefficient of volumetric expansion [1/K] Prandtl number, / boundary layer thickness Rayleigh Number, g L3ref T/ dimensionless temperature, T-To/T residual equations s local dimensionless surface temperature temperature [K] dynamic viscosity [N-s/ m2] temperature of the cold surface [K] kinematic viscosity [m2/s] temperature of the hot surface [K] fluid density [kg/m3] initial temperature [K] temperature of the hot surface [K] amplitude of periodic temperature Subscripts [K] velocity component in x, y-direction c cold temperature [m/s] h hot temperature dimensionless velocity component o initial in X- direction, uLref / p constant pressure velocity component in y-direction ref reference [m/s] s surface dimensionless velocity component Th thermal in Y- direction, vLref / w wall

1. INTRODUCTION Natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow in enclosed spaces or closed cavities has received considerable attention due to having significant importance in several thermal engineering problems. Such applications include design of electronic devices, solar thermal receivers, uncovered flat plate solar collectors having rows of vertical strips, designing solar collectors, electric machinery, cooling systems of micro-electronic devices, geothermal reservoirs, crystal growth etc. Investigation of fluid flow and heat transfer inside enclosures is rather complicated. This is because; the boundary conditions do not affect the boundary zone and the middle core to the same degree. The thermal and fluid behavior at the boundary region is much more sensitive

than the core region at the middle. A unified and comprehensive review of this subject can be found by the work of Ostrach [1] and Hoogendoorn [2]. If an enclosure has the vertical walls maintained in different heated state with adiabatic bottom and top wall, it is the horizontal temperature difference that makes the fluid to flow. For such cases, the density gradient is horizontal as well as the temperature gradient whereas the gravitational force acts perpendicularly downward. As the gravity vector and the temperature gradient vector act normal to each other; their mutual interaction decides the nature of fluid circulation in the cavity. Natural convection in a differentially heated cavity is one of the classic heat and mass transfer problems. It is one of the most significant problems in fundamental fluid mechanics as fluid motions induced by a vertical heated or cooled boundary are common in nature [3], and are relevant to industrial systems. Results published by Bachelor [4] are one of the earliest records of natural convection in a cavity. The author reported that conduction dominates the heat transfer through the cavity for a small Rayleigh number in a tall cavity. He also suggested that the fluid in the core was isothermal. Later, the existence of a stratification of the fluid in the core was demonstrated by Eckert and Carlson [5] while they were investigating the differential heating in an air layer enclosed between two vertical plates. Elder [6] also supported the stratification of the fluid at the core region. Gill [7] and Davis [8] also investigated differentially heated cavity focusing on steady natural convection. In numerous technical applications, it is necessary to compute the natural convection heat transfer those are time dependent i.e. unsteady problem. These are very difficult problems. But, they become appreciably simplified with the assumption that at each and every moment, there exists an instantaneous steady state. Under such an assumption, the steady state relationships for the heat transfer coefficient are used in conjunction with the instantaneous temperature difference to compute the heat transfer rate (see Sparrow and Gregg [9]). Patterson and Imberger [10] was the first to discuss the features of unsteady natural convection in a cavity following sudden heating and cooling based on scaling analysis. They discussed the transient phenomena with the following terms; a thermal boundary layer flow adjacent to the sidewall, a horizontal intrusion flow under the ceiling or above the bottom and the flow in the core. These stages are also one of the concerns of the present investigation. Goldstein and Briggs [11] investigated the transient natural convection for vertical plates and also for cylinders. Ivey [12] performed some experimental study for transient natural convection in enclosures. Patterson and Armfield [13] has also studied the transient features of natural convection in a cavity. Ravi et al. [14] investigated the steady laminar natural convection for square enclosure at high Rayleigh numbers. The case of high Rayleigh number is another point of interest for this present investigation. Schladow et al. [15] also performed a similar investigation except for the transient conditions. Schpf and Patterson [16] concentrated their focus on the final steady state after initial transient behavior. Analytical solutions of the transient flow resulting from sudden heating of a vertical wall were obtained by Siegel [17]. Apparently, since most buoyancy-induced flows are found in nature and industrial applications are mostly unsteady; there has been an increasing attention to unsteady natural convection resulting from sudden heating. It is expected that when the boundary condition is suddenly changed for an enclosure such as different temperatures at side walls, fluid motions will occur on both sides of the vertical wall. When a differentially heating condition is applied to an enclosure where fluid inside the enclosure is at quiescent, two separate fluid flows are developed near the side walls. These two flows gradually propagate into the core region. At the time when the flow approaches a steady or quasi-steady state, the interior fluid of the core

region becomes stratified, as mentioned by Eckert and Carlson [5], and a double-layer structure of the vertical thermal boundary layer is developed, Xu et al. [18]. Gill [7] and others also predicted this double-layer structure for the isolated boundary layer. The traveling waves found at the intermediate stage in the thermal boundary layer may be observed if the Rayleigh number of the flow is sufficiently high which is included in the scope of the current investigation. Results found in the studies of Schpf and Patterson [16] and Xu et al. [18] are evident for manifestation of a convective instability in the boundary layer flow. The experimental results of Xu et al. [18] partly supports the transient development of the boundary layer flow based on numerical results. From the experimental results, from start-up to a steady state, the transition of the boundary layer adjacent to the sidewall was classified into three stages: an initial growth stage, an entrainment development stage and a steady stage. It has been done based on kinematic flow properties. The initial stage is characterized by distinct kinematic properties include the growth of the boundary layer and the LEE propagation. The entrainment development stage i.e. the intermediate stage is marked by the dominance of horizontal intrusion and entrainment by the vertical boundary layer. This stage may persist for a relatively long period. Finally, at the steady stage, a double layer structure of the vertical boundary layer is formed with stratified interior fluid at the core. The stratification observed at core region after the entrainment development stage is the result of mixing of propagated flows from differentially heated side walls. This is the consequent transient behavior of sudden heating. Another extensive study of differentially heated cavity focusing on the double-layer structure of the boundary layer adjacent to a sidewall cavity has been reported by Xu et al. [19]. Xu et al. [20] investigated the intrusion flow induced by a vertical heated wall for cases of Prandtl number less than unity. In this study, a detail scale analysis and the transient features of intrusion flow under different dynamical regimes are characterized and the scaling relations are validated. The scaling analysis suggests that the transient intrusion flow induced by the vertical heated wall may be classified into four possible flow regimes depending on the Rayleigh and the Prandtl numbers. Each flow regime is governed by different dynamical and thermal balances. Mostly, the available literature on both steady and unsteady natural convection within enclosures is based on simpler geometry such as the square cavity, rectangular cavity, triangular cavity, trapezoidal cavity etc. Some extensive studies have been reported in [21 28]. Natural convection in modified enclosures with corrugation or enclosures with complex geometries have also been studied for past decades, though not as extensively as simpler enclosures. Investigation performed by Morsi and Das [29] on natural convection in complex enclosures is one of the most distinctive works. The effect of having complex shaped top wall with different aspect ratios for an enclosure have been thoroughly investigated, for steady laminar buoyancy driven flow. Saha et al. [30] investigated a modified square enclosure for constant heat flux at left wall and isothermally maintained right wall. Saha et al. [31] studied a differentially heated enclosure with triangular roof top. Natural convection in enclosures with corrugation has been reported by Noorshahi et al. [32], Yao [33], Mahmud et al. [34]. The study of natural convection for relatively simple corrugated surfaces, such as vee corrugation [35-38], has always received greater focus compared to relatively complex corrugations such as sinusoidal corrugation. Hasan et al. [39, 40] performed some investigations for enclosures with sinusoidal corrugated top surface. Some investigations on natural convection for sinusoidal corrugation have been reported [41-45]. In accordance with the authors ken, no or a very few investigations have been performed for transient natural convection for differentially heated enclosure with sinusoidally corrugated side walls. The purpose of the present study is to have a through analysis of transient natural

convection within a modified square enclosure for ranges of Rayleigh number, Corrugation Amplitude (CA) and Corrugation Frequency (CF) of sinusoidal side walls. This thorough analysis on thermal ad flow behavior and heat transfer characteristics have been done in terms of streamlines, isotherms, temperature plots, average Nusselt numbers, traveling waves and boundary layer thickness plots, temperature and velocity profiles. 2. PROBLEM FORMULATION In the present investigation, transient natural convection within a modified square enclosure, with sinusoidally corrugated side walls, has been considered. The side walls are assumed to be differentially heated and the flat top and bottom walls are considered as adiabatic. The thermal and flow behavior and heat transfer characteristics have been studied for various Rayleigh number, corrugation amplitude and, corrugation frequency. The fluid media within the enclosure is air with Prandtl number, Pr of 0.72. The schematic diagram of the investigate enclosure has been shown in the Fig 1. Ranges of investigating parameters are 105 Ra 108, 0.1 CA 0.5 and 1 CF 5.

3. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION 3.1. Governing Equation A two-dimensional transient natural convective flow of an incompressible fluid within a modified square enclosure, with sinusoidally corrugated side walls, has been considered. The details of the geometry for the configurations considered are shown in Fig. 1. Natural convection is governed by the differential equations expressing conservation of mass, momentum and energy. All the considered models are modified square enclosure, with sinusoidally corrugated side walls. These side walls are assumed to be differentially heated. The viscous dissipation term in the energy equation has been neglected. The Boussinesq approximation is invoked for the fluid properties to relate density changes to temperature change and to couple in this way the temperature field to the flow field. That is, the fluid properties are assumed to be constant except for the density which is considered to vary linearly with temperature according to the Boussinesq approximation. Then the governing equations for transient natural convection can be expressed as follows:

u v 0 x y
u t v

(1)
u y v

u x v

1 P

y
1 P

2u
x 2

2u y 2

(2) (3) (4)

2v u v g T - T t x y y x 2 y 2 T T T k 2T 2T t x y C p x 2 y 2
The equation of vertical surfaces

2v

 2 x y CA sin CF L

(5)

3.2. Normalization To normalize the equations (1) - (4) into non-dimensional form, the following parameters are defined g L3 ref T (6) and Pr Ra

The non-dimensional numbers seen in the above, Ra and Pr are the Rayleigh number and Prandtl number, respectively. uLref vLref pLref 2 x y X , Y , U , , V P , Lref Lref 2 (7) T - T t o , T Th - Tc , 2 T Lref Here, Lref is the characteristic length, , , , , , g, k, P, p, T are thermal diffusivity, thermal expansion coefficient, dimensionless temperature, fluid density, kinematic viscosity, gravitational acceleration, thermal conductivity of fluid, non-dimensional and dimensional pressure and dimensional temperature, respectively. U and V are the velocity components in the X- and Y-directions, respectively. Normalizing the dimensional equations, the following non-dimensional governing equations can be found. U V 0 (8) X Y

2U 2U U U U P U V Pr 2 2 X Y X Y X 2V 2V V V V P U V Pr 2 2 Ra Pr X Y Y Y X

(9) (10) (11)

2 2 U V X Y X 2 Y 2
The average Nusselt number is defined as follows:
Nu
0 Lref

h. y y s (Y ) dy k L X 0 ref
1

dY Y
X 0,1 0

s (Y ) X

dY
X 0,1

(12)

where, s(Y) is the dimensionless local temperature at the heated surface. 3.3. Boundary Conditions For the Navier-stokes equation, the boundary conditions are no slip for all walls and for the energy equation; the side walls have been maintained at differentially heated condition and the top and the bottom walls are considered as adiabatic. The left wall and the right wall have been maintained as hot and cold wall, respectively. The boundary conditions and the flow domains are illustrated in Fig. 1. Mathematically those can be written as non-dimensional form.

Bottom surface Top surface Left surface Right surface

U = 0; U = 0; U = 0; U = 0;

V = 0; V = 0; V = 0; V = 0;

0 X 0 X =1 =0

(13)(a) (13)(b) (13)(c) (13)(d)

4. NUMERICAL MODELING 4.1. Finite Element Formulation The continuity equation (8) will be used as a constraint due to mass conservation and this constraint may be used to obtain the pressure distribution. In order to solve Eqs. (9) - (11), the Penalty finite element method (Basak et al. [47]) is used where the pressure, P is eliminated by a penalty parameter, and the incompressibility criteria given by Eq. (8) which results in: U V P (14) X Y The continuity Eq. (7) is automatically satisfied for large values of . Using Eq. (13), the momentum Eqs. (8) and (10) reduces to 2U 2U U U U U V U V Pr (15) 2 2 X Y Y X Y X

V V V U V U V X Y X Y

2V 2V Pr 2 2 RaPr Y X
N
N

(16)

Expanding the velocity components (U, V) and temperature () using basis set N k k 1 as
U U k Nk ,V Vk N k , and k N k
k 1 k 1 k 1 N N

(17)

Then the Galerkin finite element method yields the following nonlinear residual equations for Eqs. (15), (16), and (17) respectively at nodes of internal domain A: N N N 1 N N N Ri U k k U k N k k Vk N k k Ni dXdY k 1 k 1 X k 1 Y A

Uk
k 1

Ni N k A X X

N Ni N k dXdY Vk Y Y k 1 A

dXdY

(18)

N N N k Ni N k dXdY Uk i Y Y k 1 A X X N N N 2 N N N Ri Vk k U k N k k Vk N k k Ni dXdY k 1 k 1 X k 1 Y A k k Uk i dXdY Vk i dXdY k 1 A Y X k 1 A Y X N N N k Ni N k Vk i Y Y k 1 A X X

N N

N N

(19)

N dXdY Ra Pr k N k Ni dXdY A k 1

N N N 3 N N N Ri k k U k N k k Vk N k k dXdY k 1 k 1 X k 1 Y A (20) N Ni N k Ni N k dXdY k Y Y k 1 A X X Three points Gaussian quadrature formula is used to evaluate the integrals in the residual equations. The non-linear residual Eqs. (18)-(20) are solved using Newtons method to determine the coefficients of the expansions in Eq. (17). Then the following relationships are introduced:

X X k N k , and Y Yk N k ,
k 1 k 1

(21)

where, Ni (, ) are the local six noded triangular basis functions on the domain. The integrals in Eqs. (18)-(20) can be evaluated in - domain using following relationships: Y N Y Ni i X 1 and dX dY = J d d (22) N X X N J i i Y where X X X ,Y J (23) Y Y , 4.2. Numerical Procedure The set of partial differential equations (8)-(11) with boundary conditions (13) are non-linear and coupled, hence, difficult to solve them analytically. So, the momentum and energy balance equations have been solved by using the Galerkin weighted residual finite element technique. The continuity equation has been used as a constraint due to mass conservation. The basic unknowns for the above differential equations are the velocity components (U, V), the temperature and the pressure P. The computational domain has been discretized with Nonuniform grids of triangular elements with denser grids clustering in regions near the heat source and the enclosed walls. The six nodded triangular elements are used in this paper for the development of the finite element equations. The finite element (FE) model is implemented with two types of triangular Lagrange element: an element with linear velocity and pressure interpolations for the continuity and momentum equations and an element with a quadratic basis velocity and temperature interpolations for the energy equation. A stationary non-linear solver is used together with Direct (UMFPACK) linear system solver. These nonlinear equations are solved iteratively using Broydens method with a LU-decomposition preconditioner, always starting from a solution for a nearby Rayleigh number. The convergence of solutions is assumed when the relative error for each variable between consecutive iterations is recorded below the convergence criterion such that n 1 n (24) n 1

where n is the Newton's iteration index and = U, V, P and . The convergence criterion is set to be 10-6.

4.3. Grid Refinement Check To test and assess grid independence of the present solution scheme, many numerical runs are performed for higher Rayleigh number as shown in Fig 2. These experiments reveal that a nonuniform spaced grid of 7873 elements is adequate to describe correctly the flow and heat transfer process inside the enclosure. 4.4. Code Validation In order to validate the numerical model, the results are compared with those reported by Morsi and Das [29], considering isothermal heating condition as shown in Table 1. The agreement is found to be excellent which validates the present computations and lend us confidence for the use of the present code.

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The working fluid of this study is considered as air with Pr being 0.72. The considered values of Ra are 105, 106, 107, 108, values of CA are 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and values of CF are 1, 3, 5. To observe the effect of Ra; CA and CF have been kept constant, for understanding the effect of CF; Ra and CF have been kept constant and to observe the effect of CF; Ra and CA have been kept constant. The numerical results show that the aforementioned parameters have significant effects on the fluid flow and heat transfer for the case considered. 5.1. Temperature Time Series This section illustrates and discusses the change in dimensionless temperature for a certain point inside the enclosure with dimensionless time. In Fig. 3, dimensionless temperature, has been plotted against dimensionless time, . Fig. 3(a) is the - plot at a very close point near the heated left wall (0.01,0.5) for Ra = 107 keeping CA = 0.1 and CF = 1 while Fig. 3(b) is the - plot for different Ra at the same point. Pr From Fig. 3(a), it can easily be concluded that the consequent phenomena after sudden differential heating can be divided into three stages; an initial rise state, firstly followed by an intermediate oscillatory or transitional state which gradually assuages into a steady state. In the initial stage the development of the boundary layer is dominated by pure conduction, the transitional stage is dominated by formation of several overshoots and undershoots. Finally, the steady stage is dominated by convection. There is a drop of temperature at the end of the initial rise stage. For differentially heated cavity with adiabatic top and bottom walls, there are two separate formations of boundary layers originated from each walls. The heated layers intrude along the upper walls while the cold layers along the bottom walls. These two layers with different thermal state make impact on the developing thermal layers adjacent to the opposite walls. This impact causes the sudden drop of temperature at the end of the initial rise. The degree of this sudden fall increases as Ra increases. This is because as the Ra gets higher, the impact of the traveling waves, originated from the cold wall gets stronger. Fig. 3(b) shows, the temperature at the considered point decreases as Ra increases. This is because for higher Ra value, the thermal layer thickness becomes less thick i.e. the temperature gradient gets sharper as Ra increases. The oscillatory or transitional stage is more vigorous for higher Ra. Moreover, it takes more time for the boundary layer to become steady state for lower values compare to the higher value of Ra.

5.2. Thermal Boundary Layer Thickness Convective heat transfer occurs between a surface and the adjacent fluid when temperature gradient exists between them. Near the surface, the temperature gradually decreases (for a heated surface) from that at the surface to that in the free stream. Hence, the fluid temperature adjacent to the wall is assumed to be equal to the surface temperature at the solid-fluid interface and is equal to the bulk fluid temperature at some distance from the surface to some point in the fluid. The distance over which the gradual change of temperature occurs is called the thermal boundary layer. The thermal boundary-layer thickness Th is defined as the horizontal distance between the sidewall and the location where the fluid temperature reaches 0.01(Tw T0). In this section, the formation and development of thermal boundary layer has been discussed for the variation of Ra. Figure 4 shows the dimensionless boundary layer thickness, Th against the dimensionless time for different values of Ra. As discussed in the previous section, there are three stages after the sudden heating (i) initial rise, (ii) oscillatory or transitional and (iii) steady state. Fig. 4 shows that for lower Ra such as 105 Ra 106, the oscillatory or transitory state is less intensive. For 107 Ra 108, the transitory state is more vigorous and during the transitory state the thermal boundary layer thickness sometimes surpasses the initial rise in initial thermal boundary layer thickness. Fig. 4 also shows, the thickness of thermal boundary layer as well as time required to achieve the steady decreases as Ra increases. This is because the increased buoyancy due to increased Ra increases the vertical velocity component of flow resulting greater thrust on the heated air to move upward than horizontally. This ends up with lesser thickness of thermal boundary layer and more intensive intrusion along the adiabatic top and bottom walls. Consequently, it creates a stronger impact of thermal layers on the opposite wall as Ra increases, hence, sharper fall of thermal boundary layer thickness at the end of the initial rise. Figure 5 depicts the development and transition of thermal layer inside the enclosure. It shows the (i) origination and (ii) oscillation of traveling waves inside a differentially heated enclosure of sinusoidally corrugated side walls with adiabatic top and bottom walls. At the beginning, hot (left wall) and cold layer (right wall) of air is formed at the adjacent fluid. These layers travel horizontally inward, which are called the traveling waves, with intrusive waves at the trailing end; intrusion at top for hotter wall and bottom for colder wall. The traveling waves moves toward the core and a certain stage this motion is stopped by the impact of the opposite intrusive waves. After the collision, those traveling waves begin to oscillate and the hotter and the colder fluids are mixed together. After a while this oscillatory phase ceases and a steady state is attained. At the steady state the flow becomes horizontally stratified. 5.3. Thermal and Flow Behavior Thermal and flow behavior of the fluid media inside the differentially heated enclosure with sinusoidally corrugated side walls has been presented in this section. This analysis of thermal and flow behavior is based on the steady state condition i.e. the isotherms and streamlines presented in this section are obtained once the system reached the stable and steady state. 5.3.1. Effect of Rayleigh Number Figure 6 represents the isotherm and streamlines plots for the variation of Ra. To observe the effects of Ra variation, values of CA and CF are kept as 0.1 and 1 respectively at the steady

state. It is seen that for Ra = 105, isotherms are loosely packed near the side walls and the intrusions at the top and bottom wall seems to be gentler. At the core region, the isotherms are curvy compared to the high Rayleigh numbers. As Ra increases, due to the increased buoyancy, the isotherms tend to be more packed and the intrusive waves seem to have greater extend. The isotherms at the core region gradually become more and more flat with sharp bends at both ends with increase of Ra. For the streamlines, it is observed that increase in Ra results stronger flow and it is just as it supposed to be as Ra increases the buoyancy effect. For All values of Ra, it is seen that the streamlines are comparatively dense at the adjacent area of the walls especially the sidewalls and the streamlines are les dense at the core region. The streamlines at the core region seem to have a lobe shape and this shape expands as it moves to boundary region for Ra = 105. These lobes are inclined toward the region where the intrusive waves are formed i.e. the upper left and lower right corner of the enclosure. As Ra increases, the streamlines adjacent to the side walls get even denser. On the other hand, the streamlines at the core seem to have more horizontal orientation and the end of the core vortices move even closer to origination of intrusive waves. This makes those streamlines look more like a rotated s at Ra = 106. For Ra 106, this trend continues and the end lobes are almost being separated and to create circular shaped local vortices at the region where the intrusion originates. At Ra = 108, the local vortices are clearly observed. These local vortices rotate at the same direction of the main circulation. 5.3.2. Effect of corrugation amplitude Figure 7 illustrates the effect of corrugation amplitude on the transient natural convection for differentially heated sinusoidally corrugated enclosure. Values of Ra and CF are kept as 105 and 1 respectively to observe the effect of corrugation amplitude. From this figure it can be concluded that an increase in CA reduces the region that remains unchanged throughout the consequent transient process. There is a narrow section at the core region that remains somewhat unaffected by the consequent transient phenomena i.e. through the initial rise stage, transitional stage and at steady state that narrow segment is more or less unaffected by the traveling waves and goes through no temperature change. Increase in CA results in reduction of that narrow section. It can easily be understood from the isotherm plots that how the narrow segment at core region reduces from CA = 0.1 to CA = 0.3 and CA = 0.3 to CA = 0.5. For CA = 0.5, the horizontal isotherms of core region almost take a vertical orientation. The isotherms get more densely packed at the lower left and upper right section while the isotherms at lower right and upper right become more loosely packed as CA increases. The increase in CA also affects the pattern of intrusion waves as increased protrusion of corrugation decreases the traveling distance and changes impact on the opposite boundary layers. For streamlines, as CA increases, the circulation or vortices inside the enclosure seem to get separated at the core region tend to get separated in two vortices. This is obvious as with increase of CA the inward protrusion of the sinusoidal profile increases. This narrows down the straight vertical passage for the fluid to move being under the influence of buoyancy force. This narrow mid section and wider upper and bottom areas adjacent to it introduces the separation of the core streamlines. Directions for these separate vortices are the same. The flow strength of these vortices seems to decrease as CA increases. 5.3.3. Effect of corrugation frequency

The effect of corrugation amplitude on the transient natural convection for differentially heated sinusoidally corrugated enclosure has been presented in Fig. 8. Ra and CA values are kept constant at 105 and 0.1 respectively to analyze the effects of corrugation frequency. Fig. 8 shows that increase in CF has less significant effects at the core region unlike the affects of corrugation amplitude. The thermal and flow patterns adjacent to the boundary are mainly affected by the variation of CF. As CF increases, the isotherms near the boundary seem to have a gradual inward shift. This is because, due to the increase in corrugation frequency the fluid adjacent to the crested segment of the curved hotter or cooler side walls have lesser temperature gradient. This inward shift of isotherms also reduces the traveling distance and changes impact on the opposite boundary layers. For streamlines, as CF increases, the circulation or vortices adjacent to the enclosure boundary seem to get disturbed. The increase in CF also reduces the space for the circulation. The increased rise and fall of the surface profile keeps the circulation to covering the ridged spaces between the picks of the corrugation profile. For this reason, the circulation space decreases with the increase of corrugation frequency. For 1 CF 3, the values plotted in the figures shows that the flow strength marginally increases while for 3 CF 5, flow strength decreases marginally. 5.3.4. Temperature and velocity profile In Fig. 9, the temperature and velocity profiles at the mid section are presented. The figure shows the temperature and velocity profiles at Y = 0.5 for 0 X 0.5. The reason for choosing the half of the horizontal distance is the profile for the other half is exactly the same except, that is horizontally flipped. Figure 9(a) shows, due to the development of the boundary layer, for lower dimensionless time, = 0.001, the temperature gradually decreases from the surface to the core region and after a certain distance the temperature reaches the core temperature. For = 0.010, the temperature along the section reduces and for 0.001 0.02, this pattern remains the same. For = 0.035, the pattern changes as the temperature gradient increases and the temperature along the considered section falls below the core temperature, then recovered to the temperature of the core region. It happens due to the impact of the colder intrusive waves on the hotter one. For 0.04 0.05, the pattern remains the same but the degree of temperature rise and fall varies as it passes through the transitional stage. Figure 9(b) shows the velocity profiles along the same as for the temperature profiles. It is seen that the velocity near the boundary is lower which gradually increases and reaches the peak velocity which is not very far from the wall. This is obvious as no slip condition has been considered for all boundaries. After the peak velocity point, the velocity gradually goes down to zero at the core region. As increases, such as for 0.005 0.02, the pattern remains the same but the magnitude of the maximum velocity increases with increase of . For 0.03 0.05, after the initial range, velocity falls below zero and then gradually recovered. This also happens as it passes through the transitional stage.

5.4. Heat Transfer Characteristics

In this section, the heat transfer characteristics for transient natural convection within a differentially heated enclosure with sinusoidally corrugated side walls have been discussed. Fig. 10 shows the average Nusselt number, Nu plot for various cases for the analysis of heat transfer characteristics. Fig. 10(a) shows the change of Nu for Ra = 107, CA = 0.1 and CF = 1. It shows that the Nu value has a sharp initial decrease and after reaching a certain value the value of Nu ends to recover and goes through an oscillatory or transitional state. After that oscillatory stage, the value of Nu becomes stabilized. This pattern is found for all cases shown in Fig. 10. The only thing that varies is the degree of oscillation and the magnitude of Nu recovery. Figure 10(b) shows the effect of Ra variation on Nu. As Ra increases, the degree of oscillation increases as well as the magnitude of Nu after being stabilized. It also shows that the dimensionless time required for the stabilization decreases as Ra increases. Fig. 10(c) shows the effect of CA variation on Nu. As CA increases, the degree of oscillation, the Nu recovery and the magnitude of Nu after being stabilized decrease. For CA = 0.5, the oscillatory stage is barely visible. Fig. 10(d) is the Nu plot against for the variation of CF. Fig. 10(d) depicts more or less the same picture as Fig. 10(c). Therefore, the variation of the Nusselt number for different values of CA and CF are not significant for a fixed value of Ra.

6. CONCLUSION A numerical study has been carried out on unsteady natural convection within a modified square enclosure with differentially heated sinusoidal side walls. The objective of this study was to observe the effect of sudden heating and consequent transient behavior over in terms of isotherms, streamlines, temperature plots, average Nusselt numbers, traveling waves and thermal boundary layer thickness, temperature and velocity profiles. The important outcomes of the present investigation are as follows:

The numerical results reveal that the development of natural convection flows in the corrugated cavity undergoes three stages: an initial stage, an oscillatory or transitional stage and a steady stage. For having all other parameters kept constant and the range of Rayleigh number from 105 to 108, the degree of oscillation at the transitional stage increases with increase in Rayleigh number while the time required for attaining steady state reduces as the value of Rayleigh number increases. For having all other parameters kept constant and the range of corrugation amplitude from 0.1 to 0.5, the degree of oscillation at the transitional stage decreases with increase in Rayleigh number as well as the time required for attaining steady state reduces as the value of Rayleigh number increases. Variation in corrugation frequency from 1 to 5 has the same effects as the variation of corrugation amplitude. Development thermal boundary layer is greatly influenced by the variation of Rayleigh number and the thickness of thermal boundary layers reduces as Rayleigh number increases. The increase in corrugation amplitude affects the flow pattern of the core region whereas the increase in corrugation frequency affects the flow pattern at the boundary.

Increase in Rayleigh number enhances the heat transfer rate, indicated by the enhancement of average Nusselt number. Increase in both corrugation amplitude and corrugation frequency reduces the heat transfer rate, indicated by the reduction of average Nusselt number.

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Table 1: Comparison of the Results for the Validation of the Code at Pr = 0.71 and E/Lref = 0.5 Rayleigh Number 6103 8104 1104 2104 4104 Average Nusselt number Present 2.258 2.456 2.617 3.171 3.840 Morsi and Das[7] 2.247 2.447 2.601 3.151 3.81 Error (%) 0.49 0.37 0.62 0.63 0.79

Fig. 1: Schematic Diagram of the Physical Domain

Fig. 2: A sample grid showing the major features of the non-uniform triangular meshes adopted in this study

(a)

(b)

Fig. 3: Dimensionless temperature, versus dimensionless time , plot at point (0.01, 0.5) for (a) Ra = 107, (b) different Ra at CA = 0.1 and CF = 1

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 4: Dimensionless boundary layer thickness, Th versus dimensionless time , plot at the plane, y = 0.5 for CA = 0.1 and CF = 1 (a) Ra = 105 (b) Ra = 106 (c) Ra = 107 (d) Ra = 108

 = 0.0005

= 0.0050

= 0.0100

= 0.0150

= 0.0200

= 0.0250

= 0.0300

= 0.0350

= 0.0400

= 0.0450

= 0.0500

= 0.0550

= 0.0600

= 0.0650

= 0.0700

= 0.0750

= 0.0800

= 0.0850

= 0.0900

= 0.0950

= 0.1000

= 0.1300

= 0.1650

= 0.2000

Fig. 5: Development and transition of thermal layer along hotter left wall and colder right wall for isotherm magnitude of 0.02, 0.06, 0.10, 0.14, 0.18, 0.22, 0.26, 0.30, 0.34, 0.38, 0.42, 0.46, 0.54, 0.58, 0.62, 0.66, 0.70, 0.74, 0.78, 0.82, 0.86, 0.90, 0.94, and 0.98 from right at different dimensionless time, for Ra = 105, CA = 0.1 and CF = 1

Isotherms

Streamlines

Ra = 108 Fig. 6: Isotherm and streamline plots for different Rayleigh number at steady state for CA = 0.1 and CF = 1

Ra = 107

Ra = 106

Ra = 105

Isotherms

Streamlines

CA = 0.5 Fig. 7: Isotherm and streamline plots for different corrugation frequency at steady state for Ra = 105 and CF = 1

CA = 0.3

CA = 0.1

Isotherms

Streamlines

CF = 5 Fig. 8: Isotherm and streamline plots for different corrugation amplitude at steady state for Ra = 105 and CA = 0.1

CF = 3

CF = 1

(a)

(b)

Fig. 9: (a) Temperature and (b) velocity along 0 x 0.5 at y = 0.5 for different dimensionless time, for Rayleigh number, Ra = 105, corrugation amplitude, CA = 0.1, corrugation frequency, CF = 1

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 10: Average Nusselt number, Nu along the hot left wall versus dimensionless time, for (a) Ra = 107, at CA = 0.1 and CF = 1 (b) different Ra, at CA = 0.1 and CF = 1 (c) different CA, at Ra = 105 and CF = 1 (d) different CF, at Ra = 105 and CA = 0.1