Pi or π is a mathematical constant whose value is the ratio of any circle'scircumference to its diameter in Euclidean space; this is the same value as theratio of a circle's area to the square of its radius. It is approximately equal to3.14159 in the usual decimal notation (see the table for its representation insome other bases). π is one of the most important mathematical and physicalconstants: many formulae from mathematics, science, and engineering involveπ.[1]π is an irrational number, which means that its value cannot be expressed exactlyas a fraction m/n, where m and n are integers. Consequently, its decimalrepresentation never ends or repeats. It is also a transcendental number, whichmeans that no finite sequence of algebraic operations on integers (powers, roots,sums, etc.) can be equal to its value; proving this was a late achievement inmathematical history and a significant result of 19th century Germanmathematics. Throughout the history of mathematics, there has been much effortto determine π more accurately and to understand its nature; fascination with thenumber has even carried over into non-mathematical culture.The Greek letter π, often spelled out pi in text, was adopted for the number fromthe Greek word for perimeter "περίμετρος", first by William Jones in 1707, and popularized by Leonhard Euler in 1737.[2] The constant is occasionally alsoreferred to as the circular constant, Archimedes' constant (not to be confusedwith an Archimedes number), or Ludolph's number (from a Germanmathematician whose efforts to calculate more of its digits became famous).
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