Arabic Ask PC Book

Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 1
Copyright © 2006 www.askpc.com All rights reserved
ACTSP Study Guide
Author
Mohamed N. ElGuindy
BSc. CS. Trinity University, USA
MCSE, MCT
IEEE Computer Society Member
British Computer Society Member
IWA & HWG Member
Member of Experts Exchange
Member of ELearning Guild
Member of WAOE
Chief Information Officer
ASK PC, USA
ASKPC
The Largest Arabic Technical Support Community in association with
Microsoft
Symantec
Winternals
Sysinternals
Contact the Author
admin@askpc.com
naguib@computer.org
Many Thanks to:
Muataz Khataan
(Bachelor of Art Education, Professional Graphic Artist, Diploma in Art Education)
For his contribution to the layout and graphic for this study guide.
Tamer Solieman
(BSc. CS, Ain Shams University)
For his notes.
This work is dedicated to my great wife for her continuous support.
This book is protected by international copyright law
Copyright © 2006 www.askpc.com
‫‪Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification ‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺒﺴﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻘــــــﺩﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ" ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪ACTSP ‬‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ "ﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻴﻀﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺨﺫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺭﺍ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻘـﺩﻡ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤـﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻤﻥ ‪ASK PC ‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﺭﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺜﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﻌﺘﺭﻑ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻴﻐﻁﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻑ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﺎ ﻻ ﻏﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻥ ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻭ ﻴﻨﻤﻰ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻗﺭﺭﻨـﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻨﻘـﺩﻡ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺎﻫﺠﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﻋﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺒﻌﻠـﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﻜـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ ﻨﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺒﻙ ﻜﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻥ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺴﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺸـﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـﺼﻠﺒﺔ ‪Hardware ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻻﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺤﻠﻭل ﻻﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌـﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﻗﺒـل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪Software ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻬﺫﺍ ﺘﺘﺸﺭﻑ ﺍﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﻁﺭﺡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻴـﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺴـﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻻﺠﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻥ ﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ﻭﻟﻠﻌﻠﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺸـﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﺩﻋﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻔﻨـﻲ‬ ‫ﺸﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﺩﺓ ‪A+ ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬
‫‪Microsoft, Winternals & ‬‬ ‫‪ ACTSP ‬ﻤﻥ ‪ ASK PC ‬ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﻜﻡ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺘﺭﻑ ﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Symantec. ‬‬
‫‪Copyright © 2006 www.askpc.com All rights reserved ‬‬
‫‪A‬؟‬
‫‪A C‬‬
‫‪C T‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ‪S P ‬‬
‫‪T S‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤـﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ASK PC ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ ‪ ‬ﺍﻭ ‪ASKPC Certified ‬‬ ‫ﻜﺩﻟﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﺘﻴﺎﺯﻙ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨـﻲ ﻻﺠﻬـﺯﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻱ ﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Technical Support Professional ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻤﺭﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﺩﺭ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﺘﺭﻑ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻜﺒـﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﺸﺭﺍﻜﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ‪.Microsoft ‬‬
‫ﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻤﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻨﺠﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻻﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺒﺭﻥ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺯﺃ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠل ﺘﺤﺕ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺩﺍﺨـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﻨﺴﺨﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺨـﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻭ ﻨﻘـل‬
‫ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻱ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻘﺭﻭﺀﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻴﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺴﺘﻁﺭﺍ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻ ﺒﺎﺫﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻴﺨﺎﻟﻑ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﺭﺽ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻴﺨـﺹ‬
‫ﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻻﺼﺤﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫‪Computer Hardware Organization Fundamentals ‬‬
‫ﻫـﻭ ﻓـﺭﻉ ﻓـﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪Hardware Organization ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﺭﻉ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺴـﻭﻑ‬ ‫‪Computer Science ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hardware ‬‬ ‫ﻨﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺒﺩﺍ ﺒﺎﻫﻡ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪M oo tt h‬‬
‫‪h ee rr b‬‬
‫‪b oo aa rr d oo r M‬‬
‫‪M aa ii n B‬‬
‫‪B oo aa rr d ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﺠـﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻭل ﺒﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻙ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻠﻌﻤل ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻤـﺎ ﺘﻌـﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ‪ Expansion Slots ‬ﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪System Buses ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻴﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻘـل‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Processor ‬‬ ‫ﺒﻘﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻜل ﺠـﺯﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔـﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺫﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺭﺓ ‪Memory Modules ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻁﺔ ﻟﻠـ ‪Motherboard‬‬ ‫ﻻﺤﻘﺎ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﺸﻜﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫‪Motherboard ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺭ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﺭﻀـﻨﺎ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﺼـﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻭﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺴﺘﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﻜﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤـﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻭ ﻜﻤﺤﺘـﺭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﺤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Power Supply ‬‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟـﻥ ﻨﻜﺘﻔـﻲ ﺒﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔـﻙ‬ ‫‪Power supplies ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺘﺎﺡ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﺍﺠﻬﻙ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨـﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴـﺴﻴﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪Power Supply ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻻﺤﻘ‪ ‬ﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Motherboard ‬‬
‫‪ :AT Power Supply ‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻜﺜـﺭ ﺸـﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻭﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٥‬ﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﺎﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻤﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺭﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ ﺍﻱ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜـﻥ‬ ‫‪Processor ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Memory Modules ‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﻬل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Expansion Slots ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻤﺎﻜﻥ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺸﻲﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻜل‬ ‫‪Motherboard ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Power Supply ‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﻭﺼل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪ :Baby AT ‬ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻀﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :ATX Power Supply ‬ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺤﺎﻟﻴـﺎ ﻭﻟﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﻜﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻤﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Power Supply ‬‬ ‫ﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﻨﺎ‬
‫‪،Motherboards ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺒﺘﻁـﻭﺭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ‬ﻤـﻥ ﻗﺒـل ﺸـﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ Motherboard ‬ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ATX ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻫﺭﻱ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪AT ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﺴﺔ ‪Pentium Pro ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺩﺍ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪INTEL ‬‬
‫‪.Motherboard ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ATX ‬‬
‫ﻨﻅـﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﻴﻠﺘﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪AT ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺒﺎﻻﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫‪ATX ‬‬
‫ﻋـﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪Processor ‬‬ ‫ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻤـﺎ ﻴﺘـﻴﺢ ﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ ﺍﻟﻜـﺭﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻘﺭﺏ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Power Supply ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪AT ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻁﺎ‪ ‬ﻗﺔ ﻭﻫـﻭ ‪20 PIN Power Connector ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫‪ATX ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻓﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭﺼﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺍﻨﻬﺎ!‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪AT ‬‬
‫ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺎﺏ ‪ ٣,٣‬ﻓﻭﻟﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴ‪ ‬ﺔ ‪ATX ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﻻ‪ ‬ﺒـﺩ ﻤـﻥ ﻭﺠـﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪AT ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪Power Supply ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻥ ‪ ٥‬ﻓﻭﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ٣,٣‬ﻓﻭﻟﺕ ﻟﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪Regulator ‬‬
‫ﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ‬ ‫‪Soft Switch ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪ATX ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻲﺀﺍ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﺍﻻﻴﻘﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻭﺍﻏﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﻜـﺎﻥ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪AT ‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﻼ‬ ‫‪Software ‬‬
‫‪Soft switch ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Power ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫‪Standby ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺒﺎﻤﻜﺎﻨﻙ ﻭﺒﻜل ﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺠﻌل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻋﻰ ‪Wake On LAN ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺨﺎ‪ ‬ﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠـ ‪Power Supply ‬؟‬ ‫‪Motherboard ‬‬ ‫ﻫل ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺸﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻁﺒﻌﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ! ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﻜﻡ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﺎ ﻗﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻁﺒﻘـﺎ ﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺴﺘﺠﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻁﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺎل ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺸـﺭﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Servers ‬‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﺍﻱ‬ ‫‪Hot Swappable ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺨﻼ‪ ‬ﻓﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻻﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘـﻭﻡ ﺸـﺭﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﺒﺘﻌﻁﻴل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻟﻌﻤل ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ! ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻨﺘـﺸﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﻟﻠـ‪Power Supply ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻗﺒل ﺍﻥ ﻨﻐﻠﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻜﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻻﻤﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Case‬‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪Power Supply‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﺘﻘﺒﻊ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪Power Supply‬‬ ‫‪Computer Case‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴـﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫‪Case ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Power Supply ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻜﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻨﺒﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﻓﻬـﻡ ﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Power Supply ‬‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ‬ ‫‪Motherboard ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪C ee n‬‬
‫‪n tt rr aa l P‬‬
‫‪P rr oo cc ee ss ss ii n‬‬
‫‪n g U‬‬
‫‪U n‬‬
‫‪n ii t ( C‬‬
‫‪C P‬‬
‫‪P U ) ‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜـﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Processor ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪Central Processing Unit ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻔﺎﻀﺔ ﻨﻅـﺭﺍ ﻻﻫﻤﻴﺘـﺎ ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﺠﺩل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻨﺕ ﻜﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪AMD‬‬ ‫‪Intel‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻋﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻟﻙ ﻫﺫﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺼﻔﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﺸﺭﻜﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻓﻠﻨﺠﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺅﺍل ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻫـل ﻴﻭﺠـﺩ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪ Intel ‬ﻭ‪AMD ‬‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺎل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﺒﺩﺍ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺎل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺠـﻭﻫﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠـﺎﺕ ﻫﻤـ‪ ‬ﺎ‪ Pentium ‬ﻭ ‪Celeron ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻨـﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨ‪ ‬ﺎﻙ ﻓﺭﻕ ‪Intel ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺭﻕ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫‪Athlon ‬‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻌﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻤ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪AMD ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻻﺤﻘﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Motherboard ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Memory ‬‬
‫ﺘـﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ‪AMD ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻱ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺘﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ‪Intel ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻭﺭﻏﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻟﻨﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﻌﻠﻡ‬ ‫‪GHz ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬

‫‪1 Gigahertz (GHz) = 1000 Megahertz = 1000000Hertz‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﺒـﺭ‬ ‫‪Hertz ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺍﺒﺩﺍ ﺍﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﻘﻴﻘـﻰ ﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘـﻪ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻜﻜل ﻻﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﺸـﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﺨـﺭﻯ‬ ‫‪System ‬‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻴﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻴﻌﻤـل‬ ‫‪Cache ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻜل ﻴﺴﻤﻊ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻜﻜل ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬
‫‪ L1 Cache ‬ﻭ ‪ L2 Cache ‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺤﺭﻑ ‪ L ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻰ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪Level ‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ‪L2 cache ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺼﻐﺭ‬ ‫‪Level 1 cache ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺒﻁﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪L1 cache ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪Level 2 cache ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻌﻅـﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Processor ‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Cache ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪L1 ‬‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﺴﺭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫ﺍﺼﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Processor ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺩ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ٢‬ﻤﻴﺠﺎ ﺒﺎﻴـﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻤ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪L2 Cache ‬‬ ‫ﻗﺩ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ٢٥٦‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﻴﺕ‬ ‫‪cache ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫـﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ‪ FSB ‬ﻭ ﻤﻌﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﻩ ‪Front Side Bus ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎ‪ ‬ﻡ ﻜﻜل‬
‫‪RAM‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺫﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺭﺓ ‪Memory ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬
‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺩﻯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺴـﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻋﻠـﻰ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫‪FSB ‬‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻨﺘل ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻻﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪M in transistors= Million‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻼﺤﻅ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻻﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺘل ﻗﺩ ﻭﺼـﻠﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ٢‬ﻤﻴﺠﺎ ﺒﺎﻴﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘـﺫﻜﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Cache ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤـﻨﻬﺞ!‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ Pentium ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﺠﻬـ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Intel ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪Celeron ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪Celeron ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ‬
‫‪،L2 ‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠـﺩ ﺒﻬـ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪cache ‬‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻠﻬﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺨﺒﺭﻜﻡ ﺒﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﻠـﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻱ ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Celeron ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻻﻥ‬ ‫‪L2 cache ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﺞ ‪ Pentium ‬ﻴﺤﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ‪ ٢٥٦‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭ ﺒﺎﻴـﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ Celeron ‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ‪L2 cache ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ٢‬ﻤﻴﺠﺎ ﺒﺎﻴﺕ‬
‫ﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ ‪Pentium ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪ Intel ‬ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ‪Celeron ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ‬
‫‪Pentium ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒـﺎ ﻭﻤﻌـﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﺞ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﺞ ‪ Celeron ‬ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ‪L2 cache ‬‬
‫ﻴﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻭﺍﻕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﺞ ‪Celeron ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻨﺼﻑ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ! ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺠﻌل‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ‪Cache ‬‬
‫‪Land Grid‬‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﻨـﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐـﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠ‪ ‬ﻴﺯﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﻨـﻭﻉ ‪LGA ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﻤﻌﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﺞ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻ‪ ‬ﻥ ‪Intel ‬‬
‫‪Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification ‬‬ ‫‪11 ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺼﻤﻤﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪Pins ‬‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Array ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﻜﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Socket ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻨـﻭﺍﻉ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪Sockets ‬‬ ‫‪ ،LGA ‬ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻻﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ‪ ‬ﺒـ ‪775K ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﺨﺭﻫـﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺒﻘ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪LGA 775 ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻜﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Processor ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺸﻬﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ‪: ‬‬
‫‪ :Socket 370 ‬ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪Intel Pentium III ‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﺘل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪ 2GHz ‬ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﺴﺘﺒﺩل ﺏ ‪Socket 478 ‬‬ ‫‪ :Socket 423 ‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺴﺭﻋﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪100, 133, 200 MHz ‬‬ ‫‪ :Socket 478 ‬ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻨﺘل ﻭﻴﺩﻋﻡ‬
‫‪for (FSB) ‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪ PGA ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Pin grid array ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪ Xeon ‬ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫‪:Socket 603 ‬‬
‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪ 400MHz ‬ﻟﻠـ ‪FSB ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻴﺩﻋﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪ PGA ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Pin grid array ‬‬ ‫‪ :Socket 604 ‬ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪ Intel Xeon ‬ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪ 533MHz ‬ﻟﻠـ ‪FSB ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪AMD ‬‬ ‫‪ :Socket A ‬ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻤﻊ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺴـﻭﻑ ﻨﻜﻤـل ﺒﻘﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ‪ ‬ﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪C M‬‬
‫‪M O‬‬
‫‪O S ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺍﺨﺘـﺼﺎ‪ ‬ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻨﻁـﻕ ‪SeeMOS ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﺘﺨـﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Complementary MetalOxide Semiconductor ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hardware ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻭﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺘﻐﺯﻴﺘﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪System Password ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺒﻁﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻭ ﻓﺭﻏﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻔﻘﺩ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬ ‫‪CMOS ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬ ‫‪CMOS ‬‬ ‫ﻻﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺨﻁﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪F1 ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻨﻘﺭ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻔﺭﻴـﻎ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﻙ ‪Jumper ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺠﺩ‬ ‫‪CMOS ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺒﺎﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺩ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪.CMOS ‬‬
‫ﺒﻁﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺘﻔﺭﻴﻎ‬ ‫‪Jumper‬‬
‫ﺍﻟـ‪CMOS‬‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪CMOS‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪Motherboard‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ‪ ‬ﻴﻨﻘﺭ ‪ Del ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪F2 ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜل ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪CMOS ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻻﺤﻘﺎ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺒﻪ ﺠﺯﺀ ﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫‪BIOS ‬‬
‫ﺘﺨﺯﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﻤﺜـل‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪CMOS ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﻠﻡ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭ ﻭﺨﻼ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻓﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪B II O‬‬
‫‪O S ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺅل ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻋﻰ‪Basic Input/Output System ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺨـﺯﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪CMOS ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼﻓـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻡ ﻤﺜـل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪COMM Ports ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤـﺔ‬ ‫‪Hardware ‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺎ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻜـل ﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ BIOS ‬ﺒـ‪Firmware ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬
‫ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺒﺎﻻﻤﻜﺎﺕ ﺘﺭﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪Flash Bios ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻻ‪ ‬ﻥ ﺒﻔﻀل‬
‫ﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪BIOS ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤ‪ ‬ﻠﻴﺔ ﺒــ‪ Firmware Upgrade ‬ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻨـﻙ ‪ ‬ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘـﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤـل ‪Upgrade ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﺘﺤﻤﻴـل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪BIOS ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Motherboard ‬‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﻨﻘﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﺘﺤﺕ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Power ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪POST ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬
‫ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪BIOS ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪ On Self Test ‬ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ‪Check ‬‬
‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺎﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﻴﺭﺍﻡ ﻜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪CMOS ‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﺯﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻙ ﺭﺴـﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﺔ ‪ Please Press F1 to continue ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪ Memory Error ‬ﺍﻭ ‪ ‬ﺘـﺴﻤﻊ ‪Beep ‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﻼ ﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻗﺩ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺨﻠل ﻓﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠـﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺘﻨﺒﻴﻬﻙ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ‪ ‬ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪POST ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪B U‬‬
‫‪U S‬‬
‫‪S E‬‬
‫‪E S ‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻨـﺎﻗﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ Motherboard ‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪Buses ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻌﻨـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺘﻔﻬـﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ﻜﻠﻤـﺔ ‪Buses ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻨﺤﻥ ﻟﺴﻨﺎ ﺒﺼﺩﺩ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﻜﻔـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻱ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﻪ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪.Data Bus ‬‬
‫‪Processor ‬‬
‫‪System Bus‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻱ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺁﺨﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻔﺫ ‪PCI‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪PCI Slots‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ‪PCI ‬‬
‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪.Data Buses ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻨ‪ ‬ﻰ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪System Buses ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Buses ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻨﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺅل ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻘﻴﻥ ‪Front Side bus ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫‪FSB/BSB ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺭﺓ ‪.RAM ‬‬ ‫‪CPU ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺒـﺎﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻟﻭﺼل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪CPU ‬‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻤﺴﻠﻙ ﺍﻭ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻤ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪BSB ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻜﻜل‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﺴﺭﻉ ‪BUS ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺭﺓ ‪ RAM ‬ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ‪FSB ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺠـﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤـﺔ‬ ‫‪ BUSES ‬ﻫﻭ ‪I/O BUSES ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺒﻁﻲﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺦ ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫‪Mouse ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Keyboard ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪Expansion Slots ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﺴﻤﻌﺕ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﻗﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ISA ‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ‪.Industry Standard Architecture ‬‬
‫ﺸﻜل ‪ISA Slots ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٣‬ﻭﻫـﻭ ﺍﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ‪Intel ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎ‪ ‬ﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Slots ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫‪PCI Slots ‬‬
‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻴﻌﻨـﻲ ‪Peripheral Component ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪Buses ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪.Interconnect ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻻﻥ‬ ‫‪PCI Slots ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺸﻜل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘـﺩﻋﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ‪ 32 bit ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪ 64 bit ‬ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪33MHz ‬‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ‪PCI ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ‬
‫‪PCI ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻴﻭﺠـﺩ‬ ‫‪ PCI ‬ﺫﺍ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪ 64 Bit ‬ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻨﻘل ‪66MHz ‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻗﻼ‪ ‬ﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴـﺔ ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻴـﺩﻋﻡ ﻨﻘـل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪PCI ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﺠﺩﺍ‬ ‫‪X ‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ‬ﻟﻴـﺴﺕ ‪MHz ‬‬ ‫ﻻﺤﻅ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪66, 133, 266, 533 Mega Transfer/sec (MTS). ‬‬
‫‪PCI X ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺨﺭ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪PCI ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺍﺴﺭﻉ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٣٢‬ﻤﺭﺓ‬
‫‪10 ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ‪PCI X ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺴﺭﻉ‬ ‫‪2.0 ‬‬
‫ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﻭﺕ ‪PCI X ‬‬ ‫"ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ" ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻻﻤﺜ‪ ‬ﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪ GB ‬ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Fiber Optics ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺠـﺩﺍ ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪PCI X Cards ‬‬ ‫ﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫‪.AGP ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﻴﻼﺘﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻫـﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎ‪ ‬ﺭ ‪Accelerated Graphic Port ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫‪Slots ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﺸﺘﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪AGP ‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﺨﺼﻴﺼﺎ ﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ ﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫‪Video ‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻗل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻤﻴﺯ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎ‪ ‬ﺭﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫‪AGP ‬‬
‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫‪PCI ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪66MHz ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫‪Memory ‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻭﻟﻪ ﻗﻨﻭﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺎﻟﺞ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪PCI ‬‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪AGP Slot‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﻓﻴﺩﻴﻭ‬
‫‪Hardware ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻏﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻻﻱ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪II R‬‬
‫‪R Q ‬‬
‫ﻤﺜـل ﻟﻭﺤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺎﺘﻴﺢ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ ‪Hardware ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻻﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺨﺎ‪ ‬ﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ‬ ‫‪Hardware ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺕ ﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Network card ‬‬
‫ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﺸﻐﻭﻟﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺭﺍﻗـﺏ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ‬ ‫‪Processor ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠـﺯﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫‪Hardware ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﻻﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hardware ‬‬
‫‪Interrupt ‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺨﺘـﺼﺎ‪ ‬ﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪IRQ ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭﻜل ‪Hardware ‬‬
‫‪.Request ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪D M‬‬
‫‪M A ‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎ‪ ‬ﺭ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ‪Direct Memory Access ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺫﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺭﺓ ‪RAM ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻜﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hardware ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤـل ﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hardware ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﻌل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﺨﻔﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺏﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻟﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭﻙ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺴﻭﺍ ﻤﺘﺸﺒﻬﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ IRQ ‬ﻭ ‪ DMA ‬ﻭ ‪I/O Address ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻭﻀـﺢ ﺍﻫـﻡ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺀ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Hardware ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﻜل‬ ‫‪ IRQ ‬ﻭ ‪DMA ‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﺎ ﺘﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫‪IRQ ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻴﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪IRQ ‬‬ ‫‪Used By ‬‬ ‫‪I/O Address ‬‬
‫‪0 ‬‬ ‫‪System Clock ‬‬ ‫‪40h ‬‬

‫‪1 ‬‬ ‫‪Keyboard ‬‬ ‫‪60h ‬‬
‫‪2 ‬‬ ‫‪Cascade ‬‬
‫‪3 ‬‬ ‫‪Com 2/4 ‬‬ ‫‪2F8h / 2E8h ‬‬
‫‪4 ‬‬ ‫‪Com 1/3 ‬‬ ‫‪3F8h / 3E8h ‬‬
‫‪5 ‬‬ ‫‪LPT2 / Sound ‬‬ ‫‪278h / 220h ‬‬
‫‪6 ‬‬ ‫‪Floppy ‬‬ ‫‪3F0h ‬‬
‫‪7 ‬‬ ‫‪LPT1 ‬‬ ‫‪378h ‬‬
‫‪8 ‬‬ ‫‪Real Time Clock ‬‬ ‫‪70h ‬‬
‫‪9 ‬‬ ‫‪Open ‬‬
‫‪10 ‬‬ ‫‪Open / NIC ‬‬
‫‪11 ‬‬ ‫‪Open / VGA ‬‬ ‫‪A000‬‬
‫‪12 ‬‬ ‫‪PS/2 Mouse ‬‬
‫‪13 Math Coprocessor ‬‬
‫‪14 ‬‬ ‫‪Primary IDE ‬‬ ‫‪170h ‬‬
‫‪15 ‬‬ ‫‪Secondary IDE ‬‬ ‫‪1F0h‬‬
‫ﻭﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪32 Bit ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻥ ﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫‪Motherboards ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻬـﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻟﻭﺤـﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ﺘﻌﻤـل ﺒﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ‪64 Bit ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻅﻬﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻔﻬﻡ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﺍﻨﻙ ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺨـﺭ ﻤـﺴﺘﺠﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺜـل‬ ‫ﺍﺸﻴﺎ‪ ‬ﺀ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﻌﻠـﻕ ﺒﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ‪64 Bit ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﺎﺭ ﻻﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻨﺤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻥ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﻩ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻼ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺒﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻫﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل‪.‬‬
‫‪System Memory ‬‬
‫ﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﻻﺸﻙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﺼﻼ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻨﻔﺼل ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤـﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪L2 cache ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺒﺩﺍ ﺨﻁـﻭﺓ ﺨﻁـﻭﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺭﺓ ‪Memory ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ‪ RAM ‬ﻭ ‪ROM ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻘﺎ‪ ‬ﺒﻠﻭ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺌل ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫‪ Random Access Memory ‬ﻭ ‪Read Only Memory ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﺭﻓـﺕ ﻗـﺩﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺘﻌـﺩﻴل ﻟﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪ BIOS ‬ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ‪ROM ‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻗـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Firmware ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل‬ ‫‪Bios ‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻀﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺭﻓـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪RAM ‬‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻜﻜل ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻟﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻤﺜـل ﻤﺜـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘ‪ ‬ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪FSB ‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﻼ ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Buses ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪R A‬‬
‫‪A M‬‬
‫‪M ‬‬
‫ﺘﻨﻘـﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪RAM ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻔل ﻭﺭﻜﺯ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜل ﻨﻭﻉ‪:‬‬
‫‪RAM ‬‬
‫‪DRAM‬‬ ‫‪SRAM ‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻤﻴﺕ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴـﻡ ﻻﻨﻬـﺎ ﻻﺒـﺩ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ﺘﺘﻌـﺭﺽ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫‪ DRAM ‬ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ‪Dynamic RAM ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠـﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﻬـﺎ ﻭﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Data ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻨﻌﺎﺵ ﻜل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺍﻻ ﻓﻘﺩﺕ‬ ‫‪Refresh ‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﻔﻘﺩ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺒﻁﺀ ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Capacitors ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺨﻁﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴـﺩﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻰ ‪0 ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻥ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪1 ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺸﺤﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﺴﻤﻌﺕ ﺸﺨﺼﺎ ‪ ‬ﻟﺩﻴﻪ ﻤﺜﻼ ‪1 GIGA byte ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺒـ ‪ .data corruption ‬ﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻨﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪DRAM ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪RAM ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪DRAM ‬‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻌﺽ‬
‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ RAM ‬ﻭﻫﻭ ‪ SRAM ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻱ ‪Static RAM ‬‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺜل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻰ ‪Refresh ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﺭﻉ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠـﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪DRAM ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪DRAM ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪ L2 cache ‬ﻭﻟﻠــ ‪SRAM ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل‬
‫ﺍﻨﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﻉ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ‪ASRAM (Asynchronous SRAM) ‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻭ‪SBSRAM (Synchronous Burst SRAM) ‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻭ‪PBSR (Pipeline Burst SRAM) ‬‬
‫ﺘﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻜﻼ ‪ ‬ﻤﻥ ‪ DRAM ‬ﻭ ‪SRAM ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻱ ‪ ‬ﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ‪ ‬ﻭﻫـﻭ ‪NVRAM ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻫﻨﺎ‬
‫‪ ،NonVolatile Random Access Memory ‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﻨـﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﺒﺎﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪Flash Memory ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﻔﻅ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ‪ ‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ‪DRAM ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻴﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤـﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬ ‫‪Memory Stick ‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Battery ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻲ ﻤﺘﺼل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﺜل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪SDRAM ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻻﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻻﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﺯﻋﺎﺠﺎ ﻭﺍﻜﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﺘﺸﻭﻴﺸﺎ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻨـﻭﺍﻉ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺸﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻡ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪DRAM ‬‬
‫‪DRAM ‬‬
‫‪SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) ‬‬ ‫‪RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic RAM) ‬‬
‫‪SDR SDRAM (Single Data Rate SDRAM) ‬‬
‫‪DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) ‬‬
‫‪DDR2 SDRAM (Double Data Rate2 SDRAM) ‬‬
‫)‪DDR3 SDRAM (Double Data Rate3 SDRAM‬‬
‫‪SIMM (Single inline memory module) ‬‬ ‫‪DIMM (Dual inline memory module) ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪RAM ‬‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺠﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻨﺒﺩﺍ ﻤﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫‪RAM ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ‪ DIMM ‬ﻭ ‪SIMM ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻻ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺤﺠـﻡ ‪ 32 PIN ‬ﺍﻭ ‪72 ‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤـﺔ‬ ‫‪SIMM ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪ PIN ‬ﻭﺘﺩﻋﻡ ‪ ،32 Bit data bus ‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪DIMM ‬‬
‫ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻨـﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻉ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ‪ ،64 Bit data bus ‬ﺒﺎﺤﺠ‪ ‬ﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ‪ 72 PIN ‬ﺤﺘـﻰ ‪240 PIN ‬‬ ‫‪ RAM ‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫‪Small outline ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻱ‬ ‫‪ DIMM ‬ﻴـﺩﻋﻰ ‪SODIM ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤـﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪DDR ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪DIMM ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻗﺭﺏ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪RAM ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻟﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫‪SDRAM ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﻟﺞ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ ،CPU ‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻨـﻪ‬ ‫‪Clock Speed ‬‬

‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩ ﻜﻤـﺎ ﺘﻌﻨـﻲ ‪ ‬ﻜﻠﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻭ‬ ‫‪ Synchronous ‬ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪SDRAM ‬‬

‫ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‪SDR SDRAM ،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺒـﺎﻻ ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫‪SDRAM ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺼل ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ـﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ــ‬ ‫ـﻡ ﻤـ‬
‫ـﺙ ﺘـ‬
‫ﺤﻴـ‬ ‫ــ‪DDR SDRAM ‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺒـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺎﻗل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻋﻠـﻰ ﻭﻓﻘـﺎ ﻟـﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪Bandwidth ‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﺘﻌﻤـل ﺒـﺴﺭﻋﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪PC66 ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪SDR SDRAM ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﻔﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭ‪ PC100 ‬ﻭ‪ PC133 ‬ﺨﻼﻓﺎ ‪ ‬ﻟﻠـ ‪DDR ‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺍﻤﺎﻤـﻙ‬ ‫‪DDR SDRAM ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻨﻲ ﻤـﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻁﺒﻌﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﻴـﺯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪SDRAM ‬‬

‫ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻨﻘـل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪SDR ‬‬
‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪ DDR2 ‬ﻭ ‪DDR3 ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﺍﺌل ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻜل ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺒـﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻨﺎﻗـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﻤﻴـﺯ ‪DDR ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪400533 ‬‬
‫‪ DDR2 ‬ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪667800 ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪1066 ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ‬ ‫‪DDR3 ‬‬
‫ﺤﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ!‬
‫ﺍﻨﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ‪ DDR ‬ﻭ ‪DDR2 ‬‬

‫ﺍﻭ ﻤـﺎﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫‪RDRAM ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻓــﻲ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺒـــ ‪Rambus DRAM ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺒـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓـﺔ ﻭﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻴﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪DDR ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ‪Rambus ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺼـﺎﺤﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﻴـﺎ‪ ‬ﺯ ﻭﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Motherboards ‬‬ ‫‪ ،Rambus ‬ﺒﻼﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﻻ‬ ‫‪RAM ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺨﺘﻤﻨﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪Video ‬‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻨﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﺴﺎ‪ ‬ﺴـﻴﺔ ﻤﺜـل‬
‫ﻭﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺜل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪AGP Cards ‬‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪RAM ‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪AGP ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻬل ﻋﻤل ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺫﺍﺩﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟـﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻜﻠﻤـﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺴﻁﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻤﺎﻤﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺭﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻜـﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﻭﺕ ‪PCI ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪ AGP Card ‬ﻭﺒﻌﺽ‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫‪H aa rr d D‬‬
‫‪D ii ss k‬‬
‫‪k s ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫـﻭ ﺍﻜﺜـﺭ ﺍﺠـﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻥ ﻭﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺸﻬﺭﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺒﻁﺀ ﺠـﺯﺀ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻜﻜل!‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺒﺩﺍ ﺒﺴﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﻤﻙ ﻜﻤﺤﺘﺭﻑ ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫‪Hard Disk‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻌـل ﺭﺅﺱ‬ ‫ﺸـﺭﻜﺔ ‪IBM ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺀ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٥٠‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺒﺘﻜﺭﺕ‬ ‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻠﻤﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺒﻌﺘﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺠل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Heads ‬‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ﻤﺜل ‪ Seagate ‬ﻭ ‪.Western digital ‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻭﺨـﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨـﺯﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪Hard disk ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻙ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻓﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﺒـﺸﻜل‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﻪ ‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﻡ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻴﺎ‪ ‬ﻡ ﻟﻴﺱ‬
‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hard Disk ‬؟‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟـﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ ﻭﻓـﻲ‬ ‫‪Platters ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻥ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺭﺹ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ ،Platter ‬ﻭﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬
‫‪Magnetic ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻜﺘﺭﻭﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻋـﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Platters ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺒـﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Tracks ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪ Heads ‬ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Platter ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻔل ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ‪Sectors ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠـ‪Hard ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﺼﻐﺭ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ Platter ‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Sector ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺠل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺠل ﻓﻘﻁ ‪ ٥١٢‬ﻜﻴﻠﻭﺒﺎﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺼـﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫‪Sectors‬‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ Tracks ‬ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﺍ ﺍﻻﻥ!‬
‫ﻻﺨﺭ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫‪Hard‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪Track‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪Sector‬‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﺍ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ‬ ‫‪Platters‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟـ‬ ‫‪Heads‬‬ ‫ﻻﺨﺭ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻨﻭﻀﻊ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ‬ ‫‪Platter‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪Tracks‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪Cylinder‬‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪.Platter‬‬ ‫‪Hard Disk‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Hard Disks ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪FM (Frequency Modulation) ‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Floppy ‬‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟـ ‪Hard Disk ‬‬
‫)‪MFM (Modified Frequency Modulation‬‬
‫ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻭ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻟﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪RLL (Run Length Limited) ‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﻤـﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺹ‪.‬‬
‫‪ESDI (Enhanced Small Device Interface) ‬‬
‫‪.Hard Disk ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺕ ﻜﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﺒل ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪ 34 PIN ‬ﻭﻴﺩﻋﻡ ‪٢ ‬‬
‫‪IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) ‬‬
‫ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺭﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺍ‪ ‬ﺕ ﺒﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪.40 PIN ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﺫﺍ‪ ‬ﺕ‬ ‫‪ATA ‬‬
‫‪EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics) ‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻱ ﺴـﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺭﺕ ﺒﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ‪ Western Digital ‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ‪Transfer Rate ‬‬
‫‪AT ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺎل ﻭﺍﺩﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـﻰ ﻅﻬـﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ‬ﻤﻥ ‪ IDE ‬ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﺼﺒﺤﺕ ‪Standard ‬‬ ‫ﻨﻘل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻭﺼـﻴل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪ Attachment Packet Interface ‬ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺒـ ‪ATAPI ‬‬

‫‪.Hard Disk ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺒﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﻤﻊ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪CDROM ‬‬
‫)‪IDE PIO (Programmed Input Output‬‬
‫ﻻﺒـﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻤـﺭ‬ ‫‪Hard ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺩﻋﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒـﻁﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﺸـﻐل‬ ‫‪Processor ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﺞ‪.‬‬
‫‪Ultra DMA ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ﻻ ﺘـﺸﻐل‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ DMA ‬ﻫﻭ ‪Direct Memory Access ‬‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻜﻤﻌﺩل ﻨﻘل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ﺜـﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ‪16 MB/s ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍ‪ ‬ﺕ ﺒﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪DMA ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ‪ ‬ﺘـﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﻌﺘﻬﺎ ‪Ultra ATA/66 ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺒﻌﺘﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪ Ultra DMA ‬ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﻨﻘل ‪ 33MB /s ‬ﺜﻡ‬
‫ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﻨﻘل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪.66.7 MB/s ‬‬ ‫‪UDMA 4 ‬‬
‫‪Small ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪SCSI ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﺒﺸﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪Standard ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‪ ‬ﻥ ‪ATA ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻭﺤـﺔ‬ ‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺨـﺭﻯ ﺒـﺭﺒﻁ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪Computer system Interface ‬‬
‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪IDE ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ‪ ATA ‬ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ‬
‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺼـﻴل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ؟‬
‫ﻋـﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬ ‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻜـل ﻨـﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻔﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﻉ ﺍﻟـﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻨـﺫ‬ ‫‪Parallel ATA ‬‬

‫ﻜﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪80 PIN Connector ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ‪Hard ٢ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻟﻠـ‪ ،IDE ‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺒل ﻴﺩﻋﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺤـﺩﻫﻤ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Master ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻨـﺎ ﺒـﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪ Disk ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪ Hard Disk ‬ﻭ ‪CDROM Drive ‬‬

‫)ﺘﺎﺒﻊ( ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﺎﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ؟‬ ‫)ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ( ﻭﺍﻻ‪ ‬ﺨﺭ ‪Slave ‬‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪ Hard ‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪ Master ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Slave ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻌﺔ ﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻨﺤﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻻﻏﻼﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Jumpers ‬‬
‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ Hard Disk ‬ﺍﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪CDROM Drive ‬‬
‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻜﺎﺒل‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟـ‪DATA ‬‬
‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪ Hard Disk ‬ﻤـﻥ ﻨـﻭﻉ ‪Maxtor ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺠـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻤ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪ Master ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Slave ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ‬ ‫‪Jumper ‬‬
‫ﺍﺨـ‪ ‬ﺭﻯ ﻟــ‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻔل ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺒل ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺼﻴﻥ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ‪Cable Select ‬‬
‫ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻴﻬﻤ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪ Master ‬ﻭﺍﻴﻬﻤ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪ Slave ‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺼﻴﻥ ﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ Jumper ‬ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻬﻤ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Cable Select ‬‬
‫‪ :SATA ‬ﻫــ‬
‫ـﻲ‬ ‫‪(Serial ATA) ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴـﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫـﻲ‬ ‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬

‫ﻁﺒﻌﺎ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻓــﻲ ﻤﻌﻅــﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤــﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺭﺌﻴــﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫‪Motherboards ‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺘﻪ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻁﻭل ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺒل ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٢‬ﻤﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ External Hard Disk ‬ﺒﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪.eSATA ‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻻ ﺘﻐﻔـل‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻫﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻁﻭل ﺒﻜﺜﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺒل ﻗﺩ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ١٢‬ﻤﺘﺭﺍ ﻭﻴـﺩﻋﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ‪ ‬ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪SCSI ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﺎﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪.Hard Disk ١٦ ‬‬ ‫‪SCSI Controller ‬‬
‫‪Hard ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻓﻠﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫‪:Disk ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫)‪LBA (Logical Block Addressing‬‬

‫‪Sector, Head, ‬‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪ Hard Disk ‬ﺒـﺩﻻ ‪ ‬ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻭ‪ ‬ل‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ‪LBA ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪ Motherboard ‬ﻭﻓـﻲ‬ ‫‪Cylinder ‬‬
‫‪.ZERO ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﻫﻭ‬ ‫‪Sector ‬‬
‫‪MBR (Master Boot Record) ‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﻤـل‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‪ ‬ل ‪ Sector ‬ﻓـﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻤﺨﺯﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ ‪ Hard Disk ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪CDROM ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒـﺩﺀ ﺘـﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺯ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪ ،Boot ‬ﻭﻴﻭﺠـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻓـﻲ ﺠـﺩﻭل‬ ‫‪Partition Table ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪MBR ‬‬ ‫‪ ،Floppy ‬ﻭﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺜـﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪Boot ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Active Partition ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ‬
‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻨﺴﺨﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﺌل‪:‬‬ ‫‪MBR ‬‬ ‫ﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪Invalid Partition Table ‬‬
‫‪Missing Operating System ‬‬
‫‪Error loading operating System‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻤـﺴﺢ ﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﺴﻡ ‪MBR Virus ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺭﻭﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺭﺹ‪.‬‬‫ﻤﻥ ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪MBR ‬‬
‫‪RAID (redundant array of inexpensive / independent disks) ‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺜﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟـ ‪ Servers ‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬
‫ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺨﻁﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺭﺹ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Mirroring ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻭﻗﻴﻭﺩ ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﺒﺴﺎ‪ ‬ﻁﺔ ‪Copy ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺍﻻﺨﺭ ﻻﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻏﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﻭﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪Motherboard ‬‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻻﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Servers ‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺼﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯل ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫‪RAID ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﻜﻤل ﻤﻌﺎ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻻﺠـﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤـﻨﻬﺞ ﻻ ﻴﺤـﻭﻱ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼـﻴل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﻤﺩﻙ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﻴﺩﻙ ﻜﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﺤﺘﺭﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠـﺔ‬ ‫‪Hardware ‬‬
‫ﺍﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‪ ‬ﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘل ‪Removable Media ‬‬
‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻟﻼﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫‪Floppy ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ ﻤﺜـل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ ‪ ‬ﺍﻭ ‪Removable ‬‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Drive ‬ﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪CDROM Drive ‬‬
‫‪.F‬‬
‫‪F ll oo p‬‬
‫‪p p‬‬
‫‪p y D‬‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﺭﻨﺔ ‪D rr ii vv e ‬‬
‫‪D ii ss k D‬‬
‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠـﻭﺩﻩ ﻓﺭﺒﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Floppy Disk Drive ‬‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﺭﻥ ‪ Floppy Disk ‬ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Floppy Disk Drive ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﺠل ﻤﻐﻨﺎﻁﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺼﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻤﺜل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ 5.25" ‬ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ‪3.5" ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫‪5.25" Floppy Disk‬‬ ‫‪Floppy Disk 3.5" ‬‬ ‫‪Floppy Disk Drive ‬‬
‫‪Power‬‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻜﺎﺒل ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪DATA‬‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻜﺎﺒل ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪Floppy Disk drive‬‬ ‫ﺸﻜل ﻟﻜﺎﺒل ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪C D R aa n‬‬
‫‪n d C‬‬ ‫‪R W ، C‬‬
‫‪C D R‬‬ ‫‪C D R‬‬
‫‪R O‬‬
‫‪O M D‬‬
‫‪D R‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁﺔ ‪V E ‬‬
‫‪R II V‬‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺍﺹ‬
‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻴﻌــﺘـﺒـﺭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪CDROM ‬‬
‫‪Compact Disk Read Only ‬‬
‫‪ Memory ‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻴـﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﻗﺒـل‬
‫ـﺘﻥ ﻫﻤــ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Sony ‬‬

‫ـﺭﻜﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻤﻼﻗﻴـ‬
‫ﺸـ‬
‫ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺴـﻠﻭﺏ ﻗـﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ CDROM Drive ‬ﻋﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭ‪Philips ‬‬
‫ﻟﻘـﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪head ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺍﺱ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤـﻀﻐﻭﻁ ‪CD ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺹ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ‪Motor ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ‪ ‬ﻓﻬﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸـﻌﺎﻉ ﻟﻴـﺯﺭ ‪ ‬ﺍﻭ ‪Leaser ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫‪CDDrive ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻓﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Sectors ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺠل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪beam ‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hard Disk ‬‬
‫‪CDR ‬‬
‫‪Compact Disk Write Once Read Many ‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ‬ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ‪CDR ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل‬
‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺎﺘﻲ ﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪CDROM ‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺴﺠل ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻨﺔ ‪CDR ‬؟‬
‫ﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻼﺴـﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻤـﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪CDR ‬‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺘﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‬
‫‪Zero & ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻻﻟﻭﻤﻴﻨﻭﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺼﻨﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻤﻡ ﻭﻗﻴﻌﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﻤﺜـل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺫﺍﻥ ﻴﻤﺜﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ONE ‬‬
‫‪CDR‬‬
‫ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺩﻟﻴل ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺤﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻗﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻭ ﺤﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺘﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪CDROM DRIVE ‬‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪X ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎ ‪ ‬ﻴﺴﻤﻭﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪X ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﺸﻐل ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺨﻁﺎ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Factor ‬‬

‫ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺤﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻲ ‪ 150 KB/s ‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺒﻠﻐـﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪300KB/s ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻌﻠﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻱ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺭ ﻻ ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﺸﻐل ﺍﻗـﺭﺍﺹ ﻤـﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ‪2X ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﺨﺘﻠﻕ‬
‫ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺨﻁﺎ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬ ‫‪7500 KB/s = ١٥٠‬‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻱ ‪× ٥٠‬‬ ‫‪50X ‬‬
‫ﺍﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺸﺭﻨﺎ ﻭﻤﻨﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪CLV (Constant Linear Velocity) ‬‬
‫‪CAV (Constant Angular Velocity) ‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﺎﻟﻔﺭﻕ؟‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻴـﺅﺜﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ‪transfer rate ‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺸـﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Tracks ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻓﺎﻨﻙ ﺘﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺤﻠﺯﻭﻥ ﻴﺒﺩﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﻭﻴﺎﺨﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺴﺎﻉ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒـﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪head ‬‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻟﻼﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻓﺒﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﻔﻜﺭﻭﻥ ﻫل ﻨﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻴﺒﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻭ ﻨﻴﺜﺒﺘﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﻴﺭﻜـﺯﻭﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ؟‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ transfer rate ‬ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪head ‬‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘل‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ ،CAV ‬ﻓﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎ‪ ‬ﻥ ‪CLV ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﺸﺎ ﻫﺫﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺜل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺘﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻗل ﺍﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻜﻠﻤـﺎ ﺘﺤـﺭﻙ ﺭﺍﺱ‬ ‫‪CLV ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻭ ﺘﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻻﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻴـﺼﺩﺭ ﻋﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﺯﻋﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪.CLV ‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻅل ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺘﻭﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺴـﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺘﺤـﺭﻙ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫ﺍﻤ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪CAV ‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨـﻪ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎ‪ ‬ﻤل ‪X ‬‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺠﻌﻠﺕ‬ ‫‪head ‬‬
‫ﻫـﻲ ﺴـﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁـﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪X ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺎ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻜﻜل ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻨﻙ ﺘﻘﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﺨـﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎ‪ ‬ﺭﺠﻲ ‪Outside track ‬‬
‫ﻅﻬـﻭﺭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺠﻬـﺯﺓ ‪CDROM DRIVES ‬‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ!!! ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
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‫ﻤﺯﻋﺠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺼﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫‪CDRW ‬‬
‫‪CDRewriteable Disk‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤـﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻤﺤﻭﻫـﺎ ﻭﺍﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﻌـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪CDR ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍ‪ ‬ﻡ ‪CDR ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﻨﺼﺢ‬
‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪CDRW ‬‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﻴﺔ ﺤﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﻭﺍل ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻟﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨـﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ‪ Flat ‬ﻤﺭﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪100% ‬‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ‬ﻓﻠﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﺒﻌﺩ!‬
‫‪CDROM / CDRW Drives Interfaces ‬‬
‫‪Motherboard ‬‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﻤﺸﻐﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪IDE (ATAPI) ‬‬
‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪SCSI ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hard Disk ‬‬
‫‪ USB ‬ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎ‪ ‬ﺭ ‪IEEE1394 ‬‬
‫‪External ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻜﺎ‪ ‬ﺒل ‪ USB ‬ﻟﺘﻭﺼـﻴل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎﻴ‪ ‬ﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ‬ ‫‪CDRW ‬‬

‫‪.FireWire ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪CDR ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻨﺎﺘﻲ ﻻﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٦٥٠‬ﻤﻴﺠﺎ ﺒﺎﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫‪CDR 650 MB ‬‬
‫‪.Audio Tracks ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٧٤‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٧٠٠‬ﻤﻴﺠﺎ ﺒﺎﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﻭﺘـﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬ ‫‪CDR 700 MB ‬‬
‫ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٨٠‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺍ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺼل‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ‪Digital Audio Tracks ‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪ ٩٠٠‬ﻤﻴﺠﺎﺒﺎﻴﺕ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪CDR 900 MB ‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﻗﺒﺎﻻ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻏﻠﻰ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﺎ‪ ‬ﺼﻴﺔ ‪Over Burn ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪DRIVE ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
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‫ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪DVD ‬‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭ‪‬ﺍ ﻟﺭﺨﺹ ﺴﻌﺭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻘـﺎ‪ ‬ﺱ ‪3.5" ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪CDR Mini 150 MB ‬‬
‫ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ١٥٠‬ﻤﻴﺠﺎﺒﺎﻴ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪DVDDrive ‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﺸﻐل ﺍﻗﺭ‪ ‬ﺍﺹ ‪ DVD ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Digital Versatile (Video) Disk ‬‬
‫‪Single ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪ DVD ‬ﻴـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗـﺭﺍﺹ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪CD Drive ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﺸﻐل‬
‫ﻴـﺩﻋﻡ‬ ‫‪ Frequency Red Laser ‬ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ DVDR ‬ﻭﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪DVD ‬‬
‫ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺘـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪DVD ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ‪2.6 GB ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺜﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ ،DVD ‬ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﺘﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜـﻥ ‪CD ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪CDR ‬‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻘﺭﺍ‬ ‫‪DVD Drive ‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪DVD ‬‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪DVD ‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ‬ ‫‪Drive ‬‬
‫ﻗﺩ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻕ ﺘﺩﻋﻰ ‪ Combo Drive ‬ﺤﻴـﺙ ﻴﺤـﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Drives ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ‬
‫‪ ،CDRW + DVD ‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺤﺎﻟﻴـﺎ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺎﻴـ‪ ‬ﺩﻋﻰ‬ ‫‪Reader ‬‬
‫ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ‪15GB ‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻤل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪DVD ‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺠﻌل‬ ‫‪Blue Laser ‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ!‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫‪،Removable ‬‬ ‫‪Media ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﺸﻐل ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫‪Tape Drive ‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻗـﺩ‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻩ ﻟﻠﻌﻤل ﻜﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺤﻔﻅ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻨﻅـﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺒﺭ ﺴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪.Tape Backup ‬‬
‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺸـﻬﺭﻫ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪DAT ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﺸﺭﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻭﻤـﻥ‬
‫‪ ،Digital ‬ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻻﺨـﺭﻯ‬ ‫‪Audio Tapes ‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﺯ ‪ ZIP Drive ‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻠﻪ ﺒـ‪USB ‬‬
‫ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺴﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻗـﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Floppy Disk ‬‬
‫ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ٢٥٠‬ﻤﻴﺠﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺠﻬـﺯﺓ‬
.‫ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ Peripheral Devices ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺔ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺔ‬
‫‪Peripheral Devices ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ‬
‫‪Peripheral Devices‬‬
‫‪Serial ‬‬ ‫‪Parallel ‬‬ ‫‪USB ‬‬ ‫‪IEEE 1394 ‬‬ ‫‪Wireless ‬‬

‫‪FireWwire ‬‬
‫‪Radio ‬‬ ‫‪Bluetooth ‬‬ ‫‪Infrared ‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺒـﻁ ﺍﻻﺠﻬـﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺒﺩﺍ ﺒﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪Serial ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺒﺴﻁ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﻟﻼﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـل ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻠﻑ ﻤﺜﻼ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺭﺍﺴـل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺴﺎ‪ ‬ل ‪Bit ‬‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺭﺴﺎل ﻭﺍﺴـﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩ‬ ‫‪Full Duplex ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺴﺎل ﺍﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ‪HalfDuplex ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺎ ‪ ‬ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻨﻘـل‬ ‫‪ ،Modem ‬ﻭﻫﻨـﺎ‪ ‬ﻙ ‪Protocols ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Serial ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪ Synchronous ‬ﻭ ‪Asynchronous ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ‪ ‬ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Serial Peripherals ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫‪. ‬‬
‫ﺒﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻏﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺴﺎل ﻭﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻓـﻲ ﻨﻔـﺱ‬ ‫‪Synchronous ‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻘل ﺒﺼﻔﺭ ﻤﺜﻼ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻭﺍ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺤﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺒﺩﺍ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘل ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫‪Asynchronous ‬‬
‫ﺼﻔﺭ ﻤﺜﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـل ﻭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘـﺔ‬
‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻱ ‪Serial ‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻨﻘل‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫‪.keyboard ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Mouse ‬‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪Parallel‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ‬ﺘﻨﻘل ‪ 8 Bit ‬ﻜل ﻤـﺭﺓ ﺒـﺴﻌﺔ ‪ ‬ﺍﻭ ‪Bandwidth ‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪Serial ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ‬ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﻋﺭﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟــ ﻁﺎﺒﻌـﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ‪12Mb/s ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻁﻠـﻕ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Scanners ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫‪Printers ‬‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼﻓـﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫‪External Hard Drives ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻻﺠﻬـﺯﺓ ﻤﺜـل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Dongle ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺎ ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺨﺎﺹ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺒﺫﻟﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪USB ‬‬
‫ﻭﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻟﻠـ‪ Serial ‬ﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Parallel ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎ‪ ‬ﺭ ‪Universal Serial Bus ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼ‪ ‬ﻗﺔ ﻤﺜـل ‪ Compaq ‬ﻭ ‪ Microsoft ‬ﻭ ‪IBM ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺜل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪Low Bandwidth ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺨﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺼﻤﻡ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺴﺭﻋﺎﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻕ ﺍﺠﻬـﺯﺓ‬ ‫‪Printers ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Mouse ‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪keyboard ‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸـﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜل ‪ CD ROM Drives ‬ﻭ ‪External Hard Drives ‬‬
‫ﺍﻱ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻏﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﺨﺎ‪ ‬ﺼﻴﺔ ‪Hot Swapping ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪USB ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺘﻭﺼـﻴل ﺤﺘـﻰ ‪١٢٧‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ USB ‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﻙ ‪USB 1.1 ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﻁﻭل ﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒـﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪12Mb/s ‬‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻭﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﻨﻘل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘـﺩﻋﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ ‪480 Mb/s ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﻨﻘل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻫﻭ‪ 10m ‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﻙ ‪USB 2.0 ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺘﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎ‪ ‬ﺭ‬
‫‪IEEE 1394 or FireWire ‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻟﻼﺠﻬـﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ‪Apple ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎﺕ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎ‪ ‬ﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل‬
‫ﻭﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺘﻭﺼـﻴل ﺤﺘـﻰ‬ ‫ﺠﺩ‪ ‬ﺍ ‪High Bandwidth Devices ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻨﻘل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﻜﺜـﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﺠﻬـﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻋﻡ ‪400Mb/s ‬‬ ‫‪ ٦٣‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺴﻠﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻘﻭﻱ ‪ USB 2.0 ‬ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪FireWire ‬‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫‪IBM ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪. External hard Disks ‬‬
‫‪Wireless Peripherals ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨـﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻀﻤﺤﻼل ﺒﻅﻬـﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴـﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺸﻬﺭﻫ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Infrared ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻌل ﻤﻥ‬
‫‪Wireless ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻭﺼـﻴل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ‪ ‬ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪Radio ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺒـ‪Bluetooth ‬‬
‫‪ keyboard ‬ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ ،Wireless Mouse ‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ IrDA ‬ﺍﻭ ‪Infra Red Data ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﺤﻤﻭﻟـﺔ ‪ PDA ‬ﺍﻭ ‪Personal ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪Association ‬‬
‫ﻻﺤـﻅ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ‪ Mb ‬ﺘﻌﻨـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ﺒـﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪12Mb/s ‬‬ ‫‪ ،Device Assistance ‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﻨﻘل‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫‪ Mega Bit ‬ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ‪ Mega Byte ‬ﻭﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪IrDA ‬‬
‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪Radio‬‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻤل ﻻﺴﻠﻜﻴﺎ ‪ ‬ﺒﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ‪ Keyboard ‬ﻭ‪Mouse ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
Bluetooth ‫ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ‬ Bluetooth ‫ﻟـ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺸﻜل ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒ‪ ‬ﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫‪Ports & Connectors ‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﺱ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﻟﻙ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺸﻬﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﺜل ﻤﻘﺎﺒﺱ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﻜل ﻤﻘﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺒل ﺍﻟﺨﺎ‪ ‬ﺹ ﺒﻪ‬ ‫‪Monitor ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪Cables & Interfaces‬‬
Cables & Interfaces
‫ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎ‪ ‬ﻜﺱ ﻤﻭﺩﻴﻡ‬
‫‪Modem Device ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪Serial ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫‪Modem ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻨﺸﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻼﻗـﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﻙ‪ Internal Modem ‬ﻭ‪ External Modem ‬ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪Modem ‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﻴﻥ ‪Modulate – Demodulate ‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﺴﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔﻭﻥ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺨﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴـل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪Digital Data ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭﻋﻜﻠﻴﺔ ‪Modulation ‬‬
‫ﺍﻤـﺎ ‪ ‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔـﻭﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Analogue Data ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﻨﻘل ﻋﺒـﺭ ﺍﺴـﻼﻙ‬
‫‪ Analogue ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـﻰ ‪Digital ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻱ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫‪Demodulation ‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﻔﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪External USB Modem‬‬ ‫‪Internal PCI Modem ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻌﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪Printers ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻟـﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺭﺍ‪ ‬ﺝ ‪Output Devices ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Monitor ‬‬
‫‪Impact Printers ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻗﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻻﻴﺯﺍل ﻴـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺍﻻﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻋﻤل ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Print ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺭﻴﻁ ﺤﺒﺭ ﺒﺭﺍﺱ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺩﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪head ‬‬

‫ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻁﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻤﺯﻋﺠﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻥ ﻫ‪ ‬ﻲ ‪Dot Matrix ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫‪Inkjet Printers ‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﻨﺎﻓﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺒـﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘـﻀﻡ ﻨـﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ـﺎ ‪Bubble Jet ‬‬

‫‪ Printers ‬ﻫﻤـ‪ ‬‬
‫‪Piezoelectric ‬‬ ‫‪ Printers ‬ﻭ‬
‫‪Bubble ‬‬ ‫‪ ،Printers ‬ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺨﺭﻁﻭﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺒـﺭ‬ ‫‪jet ‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩ‬ ‫‪Head ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ Head ‬ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻤﻥ ‪٣٠٠‬‬ ‫‪Nozzles ‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﻗﺒـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ ‪Nozzle ٦٠٠ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ‪.Canon ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ‪Epson ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ‬ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل‬ ‫‪Piezoelectric ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻ‪ ‬ﺨﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺤﺒـﺭ ﻴـﺘﻡ ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺘﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫‪Head ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪Piezo crystal ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺨﺭﻁﻭﺸﺎﺕ ﺤﺒﺭ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ﺨﺭﻁﻭﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫‪Canon‬‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻁﺎﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ ‪Laser Printers ‬‬

‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫‪Photosensitive ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺨﺭﻁﻭﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ‪ ‬ﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫‪Head ‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻁﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺒـﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﺍﻜﺜـﺭ ﺘﻌﻘﻴـﺩﺍ‬ ‫‪Drum ‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺩﻋﻨﺎ ﻨﺸﺭﺡ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻴﻔﻜﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺭﺍﺤـل‬
‫ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Cleaning‬‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫‪Conditioning‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫‪Writing‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫‪Developing‬‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫‪Transferring‬‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫‪Fusing‬‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫ﻗﺩ ﺘﺨﻠـﻑ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺢ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ Drum ‬ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻱ ‪Toner ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Cleaning .١‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻓﻭﻟﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Conditioning .٢‬ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‪Drum ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻨﻘل ﺼـﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Writing .٣‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﻌـﺭﺽ‬ ‫‪Drum ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Drum ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺯﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪Toner ‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪Drum ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Toner ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Developing .٤‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻠﺘﺼﻕ ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪.Drum ‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻭﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻴـﺩﻋﻰ‬ ‫‪Transferring .٥‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Toner ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﺤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺒﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻠﺘﺼﻕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪Transfer Corona ‬‬
‫ﻻﻥ ﺸﺤﻨﺘﻪ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Drum ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻭﻴﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻭﺴﺨﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫‪Toner ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺼل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Fusing .٦‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻔل ﺘﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Toner ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻔل ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺒﺴﻁ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫‪Multimedia Devices or A/V ‬‬
‫ﻟﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻨﻐﻔﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﺒﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻭﻴﺘﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺠﻬـﺯﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـﺼﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌـﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Multimedia ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪ Audio ‬ﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ‪Video ‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻐﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻴﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻅل ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻫل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺸﻬﺩﻩ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﻭﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪Video Cards ‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪PCI ‬‬ ‫ﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ ﺍﻭ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﺕ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ‪ ‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺭ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪PCI X ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ‪ ‬ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪AGP ‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ‪ ‬ﺘﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎ‪ ‬ﺸﺔ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ‪Pixel ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﻌل‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ ‪ ‬ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ‪DPI ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺴﻁﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ـﺴل‬
‫ﺒﻜـ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻫــﻙ ﻫــﻲ ‪640 X 480 ‬‬ ‫ـﺕ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺘﻠﻔـ‬
‫ـﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﺍﻟﺘـ‬
‫ـﺎﻡ ﺸـ‬
‫ـﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﻗـ‬
‫ـﻥ ﺍﻜﺜـ‬
‫ﻤـ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎﺘﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪1024 X 768 ‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬
‫‪GPU‬‬ ‫ﺒـ‬
‫‪Video Memory‬‬
‫ﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Color Depth ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﺭﺽ‬
‫‪32 Bit ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎ‪ ‬ﻙ‬ ‫ﻜﺎ‪ ‬ﻨﺕ ﺘـﺩﻋﻡ ‪256 Color ‬‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻓﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘـﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ ﺤﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻲ ‪4,294,967,296 ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ colors ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻱ ‪True Colors ‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﺨﺭ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺒـﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Video card ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻥ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ‪Video ‬‬
‫ﻴﺩﻋﻰ‪ GPU ‬ﻭﺍﻴـ ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ‪ ‬ﻴـﺩﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻴﻀ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Video Memory ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫‪Bios ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺘﺨـﺯﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪ RMDAC ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪RAM Digital To Analog Converter ‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫‪Computer Monitor ‬‬
‫ﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻜـﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻥ ﻨﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻙ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴﺠـﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻬـﺎ ﻻﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺎﺕ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Pixel ‬ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﻤـﻥ ‪ RGB ‬ﺍﻭ ‪Red Green ‬‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻨﺎ ﺍﻭﻻ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﺸـﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪CRT ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫‪Blue ‬‬
‫ﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺒﻪ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ‬ ‫‪cathode ray tube ‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ؟‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭﻫﻲ ‪DOT PITCH ‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺒـﺎﻟﻤﻠﻠﻤﻴﺘﺭ ﻭﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺨﺎﺼـﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Refresh Rate ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻤﻌﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻘـﺎﺱ ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Hz ‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ‪60Hz ‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎ‪ ‬ﺸﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻜﻠﻤـﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻤ‪ ‬ﺎﻡ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪60Hz ‬‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺭﺴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴـل ﺍﻟـﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ‪80 to 85Hz ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻀﺒﻁ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻟﻴﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﻘﻴﺎ‪ ‬ﺱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻻﻀﺎﺀﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﺭﺍ ﺘﺎﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺨﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﻻﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ!‬
:‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻔل ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺼﻭﺕ‬
‫‪Sound Cards ‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺍﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﻤﻊ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﻌﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻟﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫـﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ ‪ ‬ﻴـﺩﻋﻰ ‪ ADC ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Analogue to Digital converter ‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﺞ ‪DAC ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻴﻔﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬ ‫‪Digital to Analogue Converter ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺘﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻌﻪ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻨﺕ ﺒﺎﺫﻨﻴﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﻓﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪ADC ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺸﻐل ﻤﻠﻑ ﺼﻭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪DAC ‬‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺼﻭﺕ‬
‫‪Audio ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪Sample Rate ‬‬
‫‪.Sample rate 44.1 KHz ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬـﺎ‬ ‫‪MIDI ‬‬
‫ﻭﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﻭﺼـﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘـﺼﺎ‪ ‬ﺭ ‪Musical Instrument Digital Interface ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫‪.Joystick ‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺼﻭﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪Creative‬‬
‫ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ‪ ‬ﻫﻭ ‪BuiltIn ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﺭﻜـﺏ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪PCI slot ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎ‪ ‬ﺭﺝ ‪USB External Sound Card ‬‬
‫ﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬـﺯﺓ‬ ‫‪Multimedia ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺒل ﺍﻥ ﻨﻐﻠﻕ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺩﺭﺝ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻟـﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻜﺜـﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ‪ ‬ﻤﺜل ‪ Satellite Cards ‬ﻭ ‪Digital Video Box ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻜل ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺩﻭﻴﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Workshop‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻨﻨﺼﺤﻙ ﺒﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟـ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺴﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﺜل ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ‬
‫‪Networking ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻁﺒﻌﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺴﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻨﺘﻁـﺭﻕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺭﻉ ﺒﺎﻜﻤﻠﻪ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤـﻨﻬﺞ ﺨـﺎﺹ ﺒﻬـﺎ ﻨﻅـﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﺒﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺒﻌﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻱ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﻠﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺸـﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺼل ﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺎﺨﺫﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻨﻙ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺩﺨﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻻﺍﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫‪Modem ‬‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻙ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫‪ LAN ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Local Area Network ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﺜل ﺸـﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺒﻨـﻲ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻨـﺯل ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁـﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻴﻬـﺎ ﺒـﺸﻲﺀ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺸﺭﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺘـﺭﺒﻁ ﺠﻬـﺎﺯﻙ ﺒـﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻜﻭﺍﺒل‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻙ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ‪NIC Card ‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻴﻜﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺨﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ NIC Card ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Network Interface Card ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺔﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴـﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪LAN ‬‬ ‫ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻴﺎﺘﻲ ﻤﺠﻬﺯﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜـﺔ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪PCI Slot ‬‬
‫ﻭﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ‪LAN ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻴﺎ‪ ‬ﻡ ‪BuiltIn ‬‬
‫ﺍﺸﻬﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪Network card‬‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل‬
‫ﻤﻨﻔﺫ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻜﺎﺒل ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫‪RJ45‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻴـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ‪LAN ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻻﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌـﺭﻑ ﺍﻴـﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ‪Cable Network ‬‬
‫‪.Wireless Network ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﻭﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻻﺤﻘ‪ ‬ﺎ‬
‫‪Ethernet‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻭﻤﺘـﺸﻌﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻘـل ﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪10Mb/s ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪Ethernet ‬‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺸﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ fast Ethernet ‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪100Mb/ ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺨﺭ‬
‫‪Network Cables ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Network Cables ‬‬ ‫ﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻴـﺎ‪ ‬ﻡ ﻭﻫـﻲ ‪ UTP ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Unshielded Twisted ‬‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻﺸﻬﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Category X ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ‬ ‫‪Pair ‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻨـﻭﻉ ‪Category 5 ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﻜﺎ‪ ‬ﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎ‪ ‬ﺒل ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ‪CAT 5 ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪X ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ‪ ‬ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪.UTP ‬‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻜﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪ Fast Ethernet ‬ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪100Mb/s ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ‬
‫ﻜﺎﺒل ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪UTP‬‬
‫‪RJ45‬‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺒﺱ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺘﻌﻁﻴﻙ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺒل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺯﻭل ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻜل ﺯﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴـﻼﻙ ﻤﻠﺘـﻭﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪UTP ‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﺤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺸﺭﺤﻨﺎ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻟﻨﺴﻬل ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﻓﻠﻭ ﻨﻅﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺒل ﻗﺒـل ﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻨﻘﺼﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Jack ‬ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪RJ45 ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Terminal ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺒل ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﻟﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻠﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺘﺘﻌـﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ 100Mb/s ‫ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻱ‬Fast Ethernet ‫ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺒل‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻔل ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻟـﻙ ﺍﻫـﻡ‬ 100m ‫ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﻴﻥ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺒل ﺍ‬
:‫ﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬
Cable
Speed Length Nodes # of Pairs Category
Type
10BaseT 10Mbit 100 meters 1024 2 3
‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻨﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻌﺩﻡ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻟﺸﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻨﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻜﻡ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻔل ﺠﺩﻭل ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻀﻑ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬ Fiber optics ‫ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ‬،Satellite ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﺍﻟـ‬ Coaxial Cables ‫ﺘﺠﺩ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ‬
Network Type Cable Type Maximum Length Data Rate
500 m per
10Base5 Coax 10 Mb/s
segment
185 m per
10Base2 Coax 10 Mb/s
segment
100 m per
10BaseT UTP 10 Mb/s
segment
10BaseF Fiber 4 Km 10 Mb/s
100 m per
100BaseT UTP 100 Mb/s
segment
100Base
Varies with cable 100 Mb/s Fast
VGAnyLan UTP/STP
type Ethernet
4 pair Cat 3, 4, or 100 m per
100BaseT4 100 Mb/s
5 UTP segment
100 m between the
2 pair Cat 5 UTP or 100 Mb/s Fast
100BaseTX hub and network
Cat 1 STP Ethernet
node
100 Mb/s Fast
100BaseFX Fiber 2 Km
Ethernet
100 m, including 10 Mb/s Ethernet,
Category 3 UTP
patch panel and 4 & 16 Mb/s Token
patch cables Ring and
VGAnyLan at 16
MHz
90 m (100 m
100 Mb/s Fast
including patch
Category 5 UTP Ethernet at 100
panels and patch
MHz
cables)
Table 19: Additional Details for Coaxial Ethernet
Cable Type Popular Name Length Taps/Nodes 543 Rule
10Base5 Thicknet 500 meters 100 Yes

10Base2 Thinnet 185 meters 30 Yes
1000Mb/s ‫ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ Gigabit Ethernet ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ‬ Ethernet ‫ﺤﻅ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼ‪ ‬ﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Wireless Network ‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﻬـﺎ ﻤﺎﺯﺍﻟـﺕ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻟﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺎﺯﺍﻟﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤـﺸﺎﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻫـﻡ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠـﻰ ‪PCI Slot ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫‪.PC card ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪!Error ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪!Error ‬‬
‫ﻴﺩﻋﻡ‬ ‫‪3Com‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﺤﻤﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ‬

‫ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪PCI Slot‬‬
‫‪54Mbps‬‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻨﻘل‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﺴﻼﻙ ﻭﻟﻜـﻥ ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ Access Point ‫ﺘـﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬
‫ ﻜﻤﺎ‬،Routers ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ Wireless Switches

Access ‫ﺒﻠﺔ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺸـﻜل‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎ‬
.DLink
‫ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ‬ Point
Network Topology
‫ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﻌﺭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎ‬
Bus Topology
Bus Topology ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺒـ‬
Ring Topology
Ring Topology ‫ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ‬
Mesh Topology
Start Topology
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟىﻥ ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﻟﻙ ‪Star Topology‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻭ‪Star ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ‪Nodes‬‬ ‫ﺜﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻔﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـ ‪Hub‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫‪Switch‬‬
‫‪Protocols ‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﺸـﻬﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎ ‪ ‬ﺭ‪IPX/SPX :‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻜﻭﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪MultiPlayer ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻜﻭﻻﺕ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻻﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻜـﻭل ﻴـﺩﻋﻰ‬ ‫‪Internetwork Packet Exchange ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺩﻋﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻘـﻁ ﻭﻫـﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤـﺼﻁﻠﺢ ‪IPX ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪Sequence Packet Exchange ‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺨﺎﻁﻲﺀ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻨﻔﺼﻼ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪TCP/IP ‬‬
‫‪Internet ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠـﺯﺀ ﺍﻻ‪ ‬ﺨـﺭ ﻫـﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤـﺎ ‪Transmission Control Protocol ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻌﺭﻴـﻑ‬
‫‪Protocol ‬‬
‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Tools ‬‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ‪ ‬ﺍﻥ ‪ TCP/IP ‬ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻜﻭﻻ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻀﻡ ﺒـﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪ Protocols ‬ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﺒـﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ‬ﺠـﺯﺀ ﻴـﺩﻋﻰ ‪ UDP ‬ﺍﻭ ‪User Datagram ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪IP ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫‪ Protocol ‬ﻭﻴﻌﻤل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪TCP/IP ‬‬
‫ﻻﻨﻬـﺎ ﺘﺨـﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ‪ 0 ‬ﻭﻻ ‪ ‬ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋـﻥ ‪255 ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻻ ‪ ‬ﺘﻘل‬ ‫‪Octet ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﻠـ‪Binary System ‬‬
‫‪DHCP ‬‬
‫‪Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺼﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻜﻴﻜﺔ ﻭﺒﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﺨﻴل ﺍﻻﻥ ﻜﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻴـﺼل ﺍﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪IP ‬‬
‫ﺒﻼﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻴﻥ ﺴﻴﺎﺘﻲ ﻟﻜل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﺍ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺯﺍﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻓﻜـﺭﺓ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻜﻭل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻨﺸﺭﺤﻪ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﺘﺎﺨﺫ ﺭﻗﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪IP ‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻴﺭ ﺭﻗﻤﺎ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻐﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺘﻨﻔﺼل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﺨﺭ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺠﺎ‪ ‬ﺀﺕ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪.Dynamic ‬‬
‫ﻓﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪IPS ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺨﻴﺭ‪‬ﺍ ﻭﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻨﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻗـﺎﻡ ﻫـﺫﺍ ‪ ‬ﻴـﺘﻡ ﺒﻔﻌـل ‪ DNS ‬ﺍﻭ ‪D omain ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻴﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻜـ ‪www . ask pc . com ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Name Server ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪.Network Interface Card ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﺕ ﺴﺎﺒﻘ‪ ‬ﺎ‬ ‫‪NIC ‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻟﻜل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺤـﺼل ﺍﻱ‬ ‫‪MAC Address ‬‬
‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺎ ﻤﻌﻨـ‪ ‬ﺎﻩ ‪Media Access ‬‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻤﻀﻠﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﺭﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫‪Control ‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻁﻠﻘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎ!‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻴـﻀ‪ ‬ﺎ‬ ‫‪ MAC Address ‬ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ROM ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺨﺯﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪.Physical‬‬ ‫‪Address ‬‬
‫ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Hardware ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺨﺘﻤﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪Hardware Troubleshooting ‬‬
‫‪Problems & Solutions ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻨﺎ ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺠﺩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺤﻠﻭﻻ ﺍﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺒﺎﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hardware ‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪B oo oo t P‬‬
‫‪P rr oo b‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﺯ ‪m s ‬‬
‫‪b ll ee m‬‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺒﺩﺀ ﺘﺸﻐل‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﺩﺍ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪ POST ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Power on self test ‬‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺌﻪ ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺨﻠل ﻤﺎ ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻙ ﺭﺴـﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻤل ‪Check ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻌﻤل ﻟﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺴﻤﻊ ﺼﻭﺘﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻻﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺴـﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺤـﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻻﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻟﻴﺱ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ‪ ‬ﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪Long Beep ‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟـ ‪.RAM‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟـ ‪System Memory‬‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐل ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺒﺎﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﺸﻜل‬ ‫‪RAM‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤل‪ :‬ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩل ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪Parity‬‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪RAMS‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪RAM‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟـ‬ ‫‪Bank‬‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻭ ‪. SIMM‬‬ ‫‪DIMM‬‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻱ‬
‫‪Long Beep then Two Short beeps ‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ‪Video card‬‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺘﺒﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺎﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤل‪ :‬ﺍﻋﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﻤل‪. ‬‬
‫‪Long Beep then 3 Short beeps ‬‬
‫ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺒﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Continues Beep ‬‬
‫ﺼﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﻓﻘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﺴﻡ ‪Beep Codes ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺴـﺎﺌل ﻭﺴـﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Motherboard ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺠﺎﻫﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺒﺎﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻙ ﻭﺍﺴﺒﺎﺒﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﺤـﻅ ﺍﻨﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺯﻟﻨﺎ ﻨﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﻭﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل‪.‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ‪M ee ss ss aa gg ee s ‬‬

‫‪E rr rr oo r M‬‬ ‫ﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺒﺩﺀ‬
‫)‪(Sector not found, general failure, etc.‬‬
‫ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺍﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻐﻴل‬
‫‪Hard ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﺘﺎﻟﻑ ﻓـﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ MBR ‬ﺍﻭ ‪ ‬ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ‪Bad Sector ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
‫‪.Disk ‬‬
‫‪Physical Error‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﻋﻼﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫‪Hard Disk‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤل ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻟﻼﺴﻑ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪Hard‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺠﺭﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪Partition Table‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Boot Record‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪Bad Sector‬‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪Bootable CD ROM‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫‪Bootable Disk‬‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻨﻘل ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺘﻙ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Hard Disk‬‬ ‫ﺜﻡ ﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪Cannot load COMMAND.COM, system halted‬‬
‫ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﻻ ﻴـﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻴﻀ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪DOS ‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻤﻊ ‪Windows 95 ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﻠﻑ‪Command.com ‬‬

‫ﻟﺤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﺘﺎﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺍﻭ ﻗﻡ ﺒﻨﺴﺨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪Error loading drive c‬‬
‫ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‪File system ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺨﻁﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ‪.Sector not found‬‬
‫‪Invalid drive specification‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻴـﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Partition table ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺘﻘـﺴﻴﻡ ﻟﻠﻘـﺭﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ‪ ‬ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤـل ‪FDisk ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ‪Drive Letter ‬‬
‫ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻭﻟﻡ ﺘﻘﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ‪Format ‬‬
‫‪Western Digital ‬‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻪ ﻤﺜل‬ ‫‪Hard‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤل ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Windows‬‬ ‫ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻗﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻭﻓﻭﺭﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪data life guard‬‬
‫‪Not ready reading drive x‬‬
‫‪ CD Rom ‬ﻭ ‪Floppy ‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜـل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻤﻊ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Removable Media ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ‪ ‬ﺍﻡ ‪Floppy ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺴـﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺨﻁﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺏ‬ ‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Disk ‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺠﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻠـﻭل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬ ‫‪Hard ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻀﻁﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻻ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻻ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻤﻁﻠﻘﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻻ ﻴﻌﻁـﻲ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺴـﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻭﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺠﺭﺏ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﻴﺏ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻗﻡ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺒﺩﺍﻟﻪ – ﺍﻓـﺢ‬ ‫– ﺍﻓﺤﺹ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪power supply ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺘﺒﺭﻫﺎ )ﺘﺎﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ (‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Power ‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﻤـﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Motherboard ‬‬ ‫ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﺠـﺭﺏ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟـﻡ ﻴﻌﻤـل‬ ‫‪Processor ‬‬ ‫ﻗﻡ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Processor ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﻋﻤل ﻴﻤﻜﻨـﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺠـﺭﺏ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪ Motherboard ‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫‪Processor ‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Power Supply ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒـﻪ ﻤـﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺠﺭﺏ ﺍﻭﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﺨﺭ ﺍﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻥ ﻴﻔﻠﺢ ﺍﻱ ﺤل ﺴﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل ﻭﺭﺒﻤـﺎ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪Motherboard ‬‬
‫ﺠﺭﺏ ﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒـ‪Monitor ‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﺘﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل‪:‬‬ ‫‪Restart‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺘﻔﺤﺹ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻬـﺎ ﺍﻭ ﻗـﻡ ﺒﺘﻨـﻀﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪RAM ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩل‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪RAM ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜـﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪MBR ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻤل ‪Restart ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ‪ ‬ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒـ‪ Virus ‬ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺠﺭﺏ ﺍﺨﺭ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ‪Power Supply ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻭ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻐﻴﺭ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪Processor Fan ‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬ‪ ‬ﺎﺯ ﺒﻌﻤل ‪Restart ‬‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺴﺨﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻭﻗﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﺨﺭﻯ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪HD‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﻤﻊ ﺍﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪POST‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺒﻪ ﻋﻁل ﻓﻨﻲ ﻭﻨﻨﺼﺤﻙ ﺒﺘﺠﺭﺒﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺨـﺭ ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪HD ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺴﺒﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻭﻟﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻻﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻪ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪HD ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ ‪ ‬ﻏﻴﺭ ‪Power cable ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﺯﻴــﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨــ‪ ‬ﺎ‪www . ask pc . com ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻴــﺩ ﻤــﻥ ﺤﻠــﻭل ﺍﻟﻤــﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻗــﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺸﺭﺤﻨﺎ ﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪.Hardware ‬‬
‫ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ – ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﻌﻤﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل‬
‫‪Software Troubleshooting ‬‬
‫‪In depth knowledge of Operating System ‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻜﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻌﻤﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻐﻴل‬
‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤل ﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﻅﻠﺘﻪ ﻭﻨﺤـﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﺴـﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﺸﻴﻭﻉ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻭﻟﻥ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎ‪ ‬ﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ‪Windows XP ‬‬ ‫ﻨﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻨﻙ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻨﺎ ﻨﺤﻥ ﻨﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻬـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﻻﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺭﺸﺢ ﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪:W‬‬
‫‪W ii n‬‬
‫‪n d‬‬
‫‪d oo w‬‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺎ‪ ‬ﻡ ‪X P ‬‬
‫‪w s X‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻨﻪ ﺴﻬل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻡ ﻭﻜﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪Windows XP Professional ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﺼﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻜل ﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺘﻬـﺎ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭ ‪ Windows XP Home Edition ‬ﻭ ‪Windows XP CE ‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻴـﻀ‪ ‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪Security ‬‬ ‫ﺒﻬـﺎ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴـﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤـﺔ ﻤﺜـل‬ ‫ﻓﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ‪Professional ‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ‪ CE ‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺨﺼـﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ‪Home ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ‬ ‫‪Administrative Tools ‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪.Pocket PC ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻜﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ‪PDA ‬‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺒـﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻨﻅﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻅـﺎ‪ ‬ﻡ ‪XP ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻥ ﻨﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﺴﻭﻓﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻠﻘﺩ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺼﻭﻻ ﻟﻼﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻤﺎ ﻁﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌـﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻜـﺯ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ FAT ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪File Allocation Table ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬
‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺼﺩﻭﺭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪ME ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﺼـﺒﺢ ﻤـﻥ ﺩﺍﺨـل‬ ‫‪ Millennium ‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺩﺝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻟﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪DOS ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴـﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁـﺭﻕ ﻟﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻴﻀ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪ FAT16 ‬ﻭﺼﻭﻻ ‪ ‬ﺒـ ‪NTFS 5 ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻤﺎﻤﻙ‬
‫ﻻﺤﻘﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻤـﺎ ﺩﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﻨـﻭﻉ ‪ GUI ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Graphical User Interface ‬‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻻﻥ ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎ‪ ‬ﻡ ‪ CDI ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Command Driven Interface ‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﻼ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺭﺴﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ ﺍﻨﻨﺎ ﻟﻥ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺱ ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﻟـﻙ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻙ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻴﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺱ ﺒﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ‬ Command Prompt ‫ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺍ‬
‫ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل‬
‫‪Operating System Features ‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻫﻲ‬
‫‪Windows XP ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻴﺯ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻨﻨﺎ ‪ ‬ﺴـﻭﻑ ﻨـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫‪Pro ‬‬
‫ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺼﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﺎﻴﻤﻴﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﻬـﺯﺓ ﺍﺨـﺭﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ‬ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ‪Remote Desktop ‬‬
‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﺘﻪ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎ‪ ‬ﻡ‬ ‫‪Administrative Tools ‬‬

‫ﺒﺩﻋﻡ ‪NTFS ‬‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻔﻴﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ‬ ‫‪ EFS ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ‪Encrypted File System ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺘﺼﺎ‪ ‬ل‬ ‫‪Offline Files & Folders ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ‪XP Pro ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺩﻋﻡ ‪ Multiprocessor ‬ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ‪800 X 600 Pixel‬‬ ‫ﻻﺘﺴﺘﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺴﻁﻭﻉ ﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻗل‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪O S C‬‬
‫‪C oo m‬‬
‫‪m p‬‬
‫‪p oo n‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅ‪ ‬ﺎﻡ ‪n tt s ‬‬
‫‪n ee n‬‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ‪ ٣‬ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻠﻤﺎ ﺒﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﺘﺎﻤﺎ ﻭﻫﻡ‪:‬‬
‫‪Registry ‬‬ ‫‪Virtual Memory ‬‬ ‫‪File System‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪R ee gg ii ss tt rr y ‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Registry ‬؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﻠـﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻱ ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻀـﻔﺎﺕ ﺘـﺘﻡ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻤﻥ ‪ Software ‬ﻭ ‪Hardware ‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﻔﻅﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ ﻭﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﻔﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Control Panel ‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘـﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‪ ‬ﻤﺭ ‪ regedit.exe ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻨﻘﺭ ‪Start<Run ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫‪Registry ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪ ،Registry ‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﺤﺫﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Editor ‬‬ ‫‪ ،regedit.exe ‬ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻔﺘﺢ ﻟﻙ ﻤﺤﺭﺭ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺙ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻜﻜل!‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺠﺩ‪ ‬ﺍ‪:‬‬
‫‪HKEY_CLASSE ‬‬
‫‪S_ROOT ‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Classes ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻓﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻤﺜل ‪OLE ‬‬
‫‪HKEY_CURREN ‬‬
‫‪T_USER ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ‬
‫ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪User ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻭﺨﻼﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫‪HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE ‬‬
‫ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺒـﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪ hardware ‬ﻤـﻥ ‪ Drivers ‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‪.‬‬‫ﻭﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ‬ ‫‪Devices ‬‬
‫‪HKEY_USERS ‬‬
‫‪User Profiles‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG ‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hardware ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟـ ‪Hardware Profile ‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ‬
‫‪REG_BINARY‬‬
‫‪.Hexadecimal ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫‪REG_DWORD ‬‬
‫‪.Hardware ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ‪ 4byte ‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠـ‬
‫‪REG_EXPAND_SZ ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺤﺎﻟﻴ‪ ‬ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨ‪ ‬ﺎﺕ ‪ Variable ‬ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬
‫‪REG_MULTI_SZ ‬‬
‫ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺭﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪REG_SZ ‬‬
‫‪.Fixed String ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺭﻓﻲ ﺜﺎ‪ ‬ﺒﺕ‬
‫‪REG_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR ‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒ‪ ‬ﺎﻟـ ‪ Drivers ‬ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒ‪ ‬ﺎﻟـ ‪Hardware‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ‪Entries ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ‬
‫‪Name of the value‬‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫‪data type of the value‬‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫‪Value itself‬‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ ﻗﺒل ﻋﻤل ﺍﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺘـﻭﻓﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ‪ ‬ﺒﻌﻤل ‪Backup ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻨﺼﺢ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨ‪ ‬ﺎ‪www . ask pc . com / vbx ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻜل ﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍ‪ ‬ﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Virtual Memory ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤـل ﻤﻌـﻪ‬ ‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻨﻬﺎ ‪Physical ‬‬
‫ﺍ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﺜـل‬ ‫‪memory ‬‬

‫‪Virtual ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪RAM ‬‬
‫ﺍﺒﻁﺎ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Memory ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺠﺩ‪‬ﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬـﺎ ‪ ‬ﺒــ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪Virtual Memory ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ﺠﺩ‪‬ﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫‪Swapping ‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫‪PhotoShop ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﺜل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻰ ‪4 Giga ‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﻅـﻡ ﺍﺠﻬـﺯﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ـﺎﻟﺞ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـ‬
‫ﻓـ‬ ‫‪Registers ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ــ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪CPU ‬‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﺕ ﻤﺴﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫‪Cache ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ‪RAM ‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺒﻁﺎ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Virtual Memory ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ‬
‫‪File System ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻫﻭ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺯﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺸﻴﻁ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﺼـﻭﺭ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻭ ﻓﻴﺩﻴﻭ ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫـﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪File System ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﻜﻡ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻤـﺴﻤﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﻴﻁ ﻭﻟـﻴﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺩﻋﺎﺌﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟـﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫‪HD ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠـﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘـﺭﻯ‬ ‫‪Hierarchy ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎ ‪ ‬ﻴﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‪..‬‬
‫‪File System ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻤـل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻁـﺎﻉ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Sector ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌـﺭﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ‪ ‬ﺩﺓ ‪512 bytes ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻜﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻜل‬ ‫‪Sectors ‬‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ‪ ‬ﻱ ‪Sector ‬‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻠﻑ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻨﺸﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Files System ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪D ii ss k F‬‬
‫‪F ii ll e ss yy ss tt ee m ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟـﺦ ﻭﻫـﻭ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜـﺎ‪ ‬ﻥ ‪ Hard Disk ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪CDROM ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪FAT, NTFS, ext2, ISO 9660 ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫـﻡ‬ ‫‪MBR ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪ FAT ‬ﻫﻭ ‪File Allocation Table ‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻨـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺹ‬ ‫‪HD ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻤﺎﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻱ ﺨﻠل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪.HD ‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪N ee tt w oo rr k F‬‬
‫‪F ii ll e S‬‬
‫‪S yy ss tt ee m ‬‬
‫ﺒﻨﻅـﺎ‪ ‬ﻡ ‪DFS ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ‪Distributed File System ‬‬
‫‪.Shared File System ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ‪ ‬ﺒـ‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪D aa tt aa b‬‬
‫‪b aa ss e F‬‬
‫‪F ii ll e S‬‬
‫‪S yy ss tt ee m ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪hierarchy ‬‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺒﺩﻴل ﻋﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ؟‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨـﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ‪FAT ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪ FAT ‬ﻭ ‪NTFS ‬‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻻﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ‪ ‬ﺤﺠـﻡ ﻤﻌـﻴﻥ ﻟﻠــ‬ ‫ﻗﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ‪FAT 16 ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻨﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺒـﺩﺍ‬ ‫‪NTFS ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪ HD ‬ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻴﻭﺠ‪ ‬ﺩ ‪FAT 32 ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Sector ‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴـ‪ ‬ﺔ ‪Security ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒـﺩﺍ ﻴـﺩﻋﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﻅ‪ ‬ﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ‪NT ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻅﻬﺭﻭ ﻤﻊ‬ ‫‪NTFS ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Disk quota ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎ‪ ‬ﻡ ‪n tt ee rr ff aa cc e ‬‬

‫‪O S II n‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬
‫‪Interface ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪Windows Explorer ‬‬
‫ﻤﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠـﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﻬـﺯﺓ‬
‫‪Internet ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﺌﻠـﺔ ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻤﺒﻨـﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻻﺤﺘﻭﺍﺌﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺼﻔﺤﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪HTML ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫‪Explorer ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ﻤﻥ ‪.IE ‬‬
‫ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ‪explorer.exe ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ‬
‫‪My Computer‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻴﻘﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻘـﺔ ﺒـﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ CDDrives ‬ﻭﺍﻴﻀ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Network drives ‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪HD ‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
C
C oo n
n tt rr oo l P
P aa n
n ee ll
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺔ‬
.Windows XP ‫ﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ Classic View ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ‬ Control Panel ‫ﻟـ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻨﺎﺨﺫ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺍ‬
‫‪Accessibility‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﻀﺒﻁ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻟﺘﻼﺌﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻤـﺸﺎﻜل‬
‫ﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺭﻯ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﺘﺠـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺌﻡ ﺍ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﺦ‪..‬‬
‫‪Add Hardware ‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎ‬ ‫ﺠﻬ‪ ‬ﺎﺯ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ‪Hardware ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻱ ﻤﻠﺤﻕ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺎﻕ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻴـﺴﺎﻟﻙ ﻋـﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ‪Wizard ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Driver ‬‬
‫‪Add/Remove Programs ‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﻴﻅﻬـﺭ ﻟـﻙ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪.Windows Components ‬‬
‫‪Administrative Tools ‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﺴﺅل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺠـﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﻡ ‪System Administrator ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻙ ﻜﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻟﻠﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻨـﻙ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻻﺸـﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ System Security ‬ﻭﺍﻴﻀ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪System Performance ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬
‫‪OS ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻻﺤﻘﺎ ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻨﻨـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺠـﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺹ ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻻﻨﻙ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪Interface ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺒﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪Date & Time ‬‬
‫‪.Bios ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻘﺭﺍ ﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪Display ‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺴﻁﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻭﺨﻼ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻓﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻔﻴﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪Wallpapers ‬‬ ‫ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ‬
‫‪Folder options ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺨـﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻔـﺘﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺼل‬
‫ﺜـﻡ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ‪Tools ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ‬ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ‪ Explorer ‬ﻋﻥ‬
‫‪.Folder Option ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺘﺎ‪ ‬ﺭ‬
‫‪Fonts ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﻴـﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫‪Fonts ‬‬

‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻓﻭﻨﻁﺎﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠـﺩ ﻭﻴﻘـﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻀﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻁﻭﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪Game Controllers ‬‬
‫‪Joystick ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻌـﺏ ﻤﺜـل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬ ‫‪Games ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪Internet Options ‬‬
‫ﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨـﺕ ﻭﻁـﺭﻕ ﻋـﺭﺽ‬
‫‪Internet Explorer ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪Keyboard ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺘـﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺎﺘﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ‬
‫‪Mouse ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻭﺱ ﻭﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪Network Connections ‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻴـﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴـﺔ ‪LAN ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺴـﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻱ ﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Firewall ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪Phone & Modem Options ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺘﻀﺒﻴﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻜﺱ ﻤﻭﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﺨﻭﺍﺼﻪ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﺘـﺼﺎﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨـﺕ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﻨـﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺍﺘﺼﺎل ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‪Modem ‬‬
‫‪Power Options ‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺒﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻏﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ‬
‫ﻓـﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺠﻬـﺯﺓ ‪ UPS ‬ﺍﻭ ‪Uninterruptible power ‬‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﻨﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺠﻬﺎ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺯﻙ‪.‬‬ ‫‪supply ‬‬
‫‪Printers & faxes ‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭﻓﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻀـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻁﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺒل ﻤﺒﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎ‪ ‬ﺭ‬
‫‪Regional & Language Settings ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺸـﻜل ﻋـﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺩﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪Scanners & Cameras ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻗﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ‪Scanners ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺴﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬
‫‪Security Center ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴـﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪Windows XP SP2 ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ‬
‫‪Automatic ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻻ‪ ‬ﻨﺘﺭﻨـﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺭﻭﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻴﻀ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Firewall ‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻏﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺘـﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ‬ ‫‪update ‬‬
‫‪.Enable or Disable ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Sound & Audio Devices ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺕ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﺯﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﺭﻀـﻪ ﻭﺤﺠـﻡ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺠﻬـﺎﺯﻙ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺨﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل‪.‬‬‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍ‬
‫‪Speech Setting ‬‬
‫ﺴﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻱﺀ ﺍﻻﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤل‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﺍﺼـﺎﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺍﻤﺭ‬
‫‪System ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﻻﺤﻘـﺎ ﻻﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﻴـﺭ ﻻﺴـﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Hardware ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﺍ ﺒﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪Taskbar & Start menu ‬‬
‫ﻗﺎ‪ ‬ﺌﻤﺔ ‪start ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺸﺭﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪User Accounts ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺩل ﻜﻠﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍ ‪ ‬ﻜﻨﺕ ‪Administrator ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺨﻼ‪ ‬ﻓﻪ‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪C oo m‬‬
‫‪m p‬‬
‫‪p u‬‬
‫‪u tt ee r M‬‬
‫‪M aa n‬‬
‫‪n aa gg ee m‬‬
‫‪m ee n‬‬
‫‪n t C‬‬
‫‪C oo n‬‬
‫‪n ss oo ll ee ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ ﻜﻜـل ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎﻴـ‪ ‬ﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ‪ ‬ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻤـﺎ ‪ ‬ﻓـﻲ ‪Local Computer ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫‪Administrative tools ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ٣‬ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﻋـﺩﺓ ﺍﻓـﺭﻉ‬ ‫‪Remote Computer ‬‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪My ‬‬ ‫ﻜل ﻤﺎﻋﻠﻴـﻙ ﻫـﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻨﻘـﺭ ‪ Right Click ‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫‪management console ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‪ ‬ﺌﻤﺔ ‪Manage ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺨﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪Computer ‬‬
‫‪Management consol ‬‬
‫‪System Tools ‬‬ ‫‪Storage‬‬ ‫‪Services & Application ‬‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺩﺭﺝ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪S yy ss tt ee m T‬‬
‫‪T oo oo ll s ‬‬
‫‪Event Viewer ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫‪Security logs ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Events ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻌﺭﺽ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ‬
‫‪Shared folders ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﻼﻓـﻪ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ ‪Sharing ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻴﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ‬
‫‪Performance logs & Alerts ‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺘـﻪ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟـ ‪System ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺨﺒﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﻴﺩﻻﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻨﺕ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬
‫‪Device Manager ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎ‪ ‬ﺌﻤﺔ ‪System ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﺍﻨﺕ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺘﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Drivers ‬‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺼل‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪S tt oo rr aa gg e ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ‬
‫‪Removable storage ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻨﻘﻠﻬـﺎ ‪ ‬ﻤﺜـل‬
‫‪.CD ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Disk Defragmenter ‬‬
‫ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤل ‪ Defrag ‬ﻟﻠـ ‪ HD ‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫‪HD ‬‬
‫‪Disk management ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺍﺹ‬ ‫‪HD ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﺨﻼ‪ ‬ﻓﻪ‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪S ee rr vv ii cc ee s & A‬‬
‫‪A p‬‬
‫‪p p‬‬
‫‪p ll ii cc aa tt ii oo n‬‬
‫‪n s ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻓﺭﻉ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Services ‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫‪WMI Control ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Windows management instrument ‬ﻴﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬
‫‪Indexing Services ‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻼﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪OS Interface‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺯﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒـ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻤﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻙ ﻜﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻟﻠﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺴﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﻙ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪Workshop‬‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺸﺭﺡ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻘﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Workshop‬‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪A cc cc ee ss ss oo rr ii ee s & S‬‬
‫‪T oo oo ll s ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋـﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﺎ‪ ‬ﺌﻤﺔ ‪Programs ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺠﺯﺍ‪ ‬ﺀ‬
‫‪Accessibility ‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻨﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻭﻟﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺸﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Communications ‬‬
‫‪Remote ‬‬ ‫ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻻﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻ‪ ‬ﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻋـﻥ ﺒﻌـﺩ‬
‫‪.Access ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Entertainment ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﺼﻭﺕ‪.‬‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻓﻴﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ ﻭﻤﺴﺠل ﺍ‬
‫‪System Tools ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺭﺓ ﻻﺴـﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅ‪ ‬ﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ‪System restore ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻴﻀ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Back up ‬‬
‫‪Address Book ‬‬
‫‪Outlook ‬‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺒﺭﺍﻤﺠﻬـﺎ ‪ ‬ﻤﺜـل‬
‫‪.Express ‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎ‪ ‬ﺌﻤﺔ ‪Accessories ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Command Line Interface ‬‬
‫ﻤـﻥ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨـﺩﻭﺯ‬ ‫‪DOS ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒ‪ ‬ﺎﺴﻡ ‪ CLI ‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﺴﺅل‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﻻﺤﻘﺎ ﻻﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ‬
‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻜﻤﺤﺘﺭﻑ ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻟﻤﺎﻤﻙ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻌﻁﻴﻙ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻜﺨﺒﻴﺭ ‪. ‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪N ee tt w‬‬
‫‪w oo rr k P‬‬
‫‪P ll aa cc ee s ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﺭﻗـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ‪LAN ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ‪ ‬ﺒﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪.IP ‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪T aa ss k‬‬
‫‪k b‬‬
‫‪b aa r & S‬‬
‫‪T rr aa y ‬‬
‫ﻤـﺎ ‪System ‬‬
‫ﺍ ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻏﻨﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﺘﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻨﻭﺍﻓﺫ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤـﺔ‬ ‫‪Taskbar ‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﺠﺩ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻻﻴﻘﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻭﻗـﺕ ﻭﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Tray ‬‬
‫ﺍﻻ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺨﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪Start Menu ‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻭل ﺠﺯﺀ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺍﻏﻼﻕ‬
‫ﻗﺎ‪ ‬ﺌﻤـﺔ ‪Start ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻻﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎ‪ ‬ﻥ‬
‫‪C:\Documents and settings\username\start menu\ ‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪ ‬ﺍﻥ ‪ username ‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟـ ‪ Account ‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻭل ﺍﻟﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎ‪ ‬ﺌﻤﺔ ‪Start ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪.Mouse ‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪D ee vv ii cc e M‬‬
‫‪M aa n‬‬
‫‪n aa gg ee r ‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺘﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Drivers ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻌﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﻁﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﺼﻼﺤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﺴﻡ ‪.System ‬‬ ‫‪Control Panel ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻭﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪OS Interface‬‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒـ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻭﻗﻭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫‪Workshop‬‬ ‫ﻤﻁﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟـ‬
‫ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻨﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﻤﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻜﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪S yy ss tt ee m F‬‬
‫‪F ii ll ee s & D‬‬
‫‪D ii ss k P‬‬
‫‪P aa rr tt ii tt ii oo n‬‬
‫‪n s ‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Disk Partitions ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅ‪ ‬ﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪Windows NT ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪ Windows 2000 ‬ﻭ ‪Windows XP ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻨﺎ ‪ ‬ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻴﺌـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ Windows 95 ‬ﻭ ‪Windows 3.11 ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺨﺭﻯ‬
‫‪.NT ‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅ‪ ‬ﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪NT ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫‪Boot.ini ‬‬
‫‪ ،OS ‬ﻤﺜل ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Defaults ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻭﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺌﻡ ﺍ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻟﺦ‪..‬‬
‫‪BOOTSECT.DOS ‬‬
‫ﻴﻭﻓﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﺨﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
NTDETECT.COM
Hardware ‫ﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎﻴـ‬ Hardware ‫ﻟــ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺘﻌﻘﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺒﺤـﺙ ﻋـﻥ ﺍ‬
.Detect

NTLDR
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺎ‬
.‫ﻜﻤﻠﻪ‬
NTOSKRNL.EXE
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺎ‬
.‫ﻡ‬
HAL.DLL
.Hardware Abstraction Layer
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻪ ﺍ‬ Hardware ‫ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺍ‬
OSLOADER.EXE
Reduce Instruction Set Computer ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ ﺍ‬RISC ‫ﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻑ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬
.IBM
‫ﻓﻘﺔ ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍ‬
NTBOOTDD.EXE
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ Removable Media ‫ﺎﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅـ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ‬
.SCSI
‫ﻭﻟﻨﺎﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻟﻙ ﻜﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻟـﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﺩﻋﻡ‬
‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻔﻨﻲ‬
‫‪BOOT.INI ‬‬
‫ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﻡ ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪Boot loader ‬‬
‫‪Operating systems ‬‬
‫‪Boot loader‬‬
‫ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﻥ ﻫﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﻫﻤ‪ ‬ﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪Timeout ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤـﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺘﺤﻤﻴـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻱ ﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﻭﻗﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪Default‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻱ ﺨﻴـﺎﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺌﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Operating Systems ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻙ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﻜل ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺹ‬
‫ﻴﺤـﺩﺩ‬ ‫‪ HD ‬ﺤﻴﺙ ‪n ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ‪multi(in) ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﻻﺤﻅ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻴﻀ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪ partition(n) ‬ﺤﻴﺙ ‪n ‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﻜـﺎﻥ ﺘﻭﺍﺠـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅ‪ ‬ﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ SCSI ‬ﻭ ‪\path ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ‪rdisk(n) ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻭ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل‪.‬‬‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍ‬
‫‪NTLDR ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅ‪ ‬ﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪Removable Media ‬‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺕ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪NT ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻰ ‪ NTDETECT.COM ‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﺒﻌﻤل ﻋﺩﺓ ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪.32 bit ‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪.Boot Disk ‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻌﺭﺽ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ﻤﻠﻑ ‪Boot.ini ‬‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ‪BOOTSECT.DOS ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﺨﺭ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻴﺤﻤل ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺨﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺎ‪ ‬ﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻠﻑ ‪.NTDETECT.COM ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅ‪ ‬ﺎﻡ ‪NT ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻭ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪NTOSKRNL.EXE ‬‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﺒﺤﻤﻴل ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪NTDETECT.COM ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﻠﻑ ﻨﻅ‪ ‬ﺎﻡ ﻤﺨﻔﻲ ‪ Hidden File ‬ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻠـﻑ‬ ‫‪Hardware ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Root ‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻜـﺎ‪ ‬ﻥ ﻴـﺩﻋﻰ‬ ‫‪Registry ‬‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪ NTLDR ‬ﻟﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hardware ‬‬
‫‪HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE ‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻭﺤـﺔ‬ ‫‪BUS ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻤﻠﻑ ‪ NTDETECT.COM ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺫ ﻭﺨﻼ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻓﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪NTUSER.DAT‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﻑ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
HKEY_CURRENT_USER ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻴﺨﺯﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
Registry Data Files
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﻔﻅﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ‬ 2000 ‫ﻭ‬ NT ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺠﺴﺘﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
Security
System
Default
Sam
Software
System.dat
Ntuser.dat

:‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ Registry ‫ﻟـ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﺕ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‬
Startà Runà regedit
‫ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺼﻠﺏ‬
‫‪Disk Partitions ‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩ‪ ‬ﺍﻡ ‪Fdisk ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﺸﺎﻫﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺤﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺹ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺏ‬
‫ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺘﻪ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ!‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﺍﻭ ‪ ‬ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺜﻡ ﻋﻤـل‬ ‫ﻻﺒﺩ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ‪Partitions ‬‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻱ ‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻗﺒل ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Format ‬‬

‫ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Hard Disk ‬؟‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻤﻠﻔﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﺜل ‪ FAT16 ‬ﻭ‪.FAT32 ‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻟﻭ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺹ ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻜل‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺜـل ﻭﻴﻨـﺩﻭﺯ‬ ‫‪HD ‬‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﻨﻜﺱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻭﻤﻠﻔﺎﺘﻙ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪.HD ‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺸﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫؟‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ‪H D ‬‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﺸﻴﺎﺀ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪DOS ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻤﺭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ‪ ‬ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪FDISK ‬‬
‫ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍ‪ ‬ﻡ ‪FDISK ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻤل ‪Boot ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫‪Bootable ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﺠـﺩﻴﺎ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍ‪ ‬ﻡ‬ ‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﺠﺩﻱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻴﺎﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﻗـﺭﺍﺹ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺤﺠـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎ‪ ‬ﻡ ‪FDISK ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪FDISK ‬‬
‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺩﺕ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺠﻴﺠﺎ ﻤﺜﻼ!‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻ‪ ‬ﻤﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻜل ﻗﺭﺹ ﻟـﻪ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺠـﻪ‬ ‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨـﻙ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ‪Western Digital ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪ ‬ل ‪ Data Life Guard ‬ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺭﻥ ﺍﻴﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﻓﻭﺭﻤـﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻋﻤل ‪Partition ‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Format ‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﻠﻡ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﺍﻴﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻭ ﻋﻨـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻴﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺴـﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻤل ‪Format ‬‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺍﺅﻩ ﻓﻼ‪ ‬ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤل ‪ Partition ‬ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺹ ﺜﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻴﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬

‫‪HD ‬‬
‫‪Primary ‬‬ ‫‪Extended ‬‬
‫‪Partition ‬‬ ‫‪Partition ‬‬
‫‪Physical ‬‬ ‫‪Logical ‬‬
‫‪Drive ‬‬ ‫‪Drives ‬‬
‫‪C: Drive ‬‬ ‫‪Drives from ‬‬
‫‪Or Partition ‬‬ ‫‪D to Z‬‬
‫ﻴﺎ‪ ‬ﺨـﺩ ‪C ‬‬ ‫ﻻﺒـﺩ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪Physical Drive ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺡ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪،Logical ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ‪ D ‬ﺤﺘﻰ ‪ Z ‬ﻭﻴﻁﻠـﻕ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ‪Drives ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺎ‪ ‬ﺨﺫ‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻱ ‪ Drive ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Partitions ‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺨﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍﻴﻀ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Active Partition ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫‪Hard Disk ‬‬ ‫‪ ،Drive ‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪C ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Drive ‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩ‪ ‬ﺍﻡ ‪Management ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺨﺭ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪Windows XP ‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ ﺘﻘـﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺹ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺏ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـﺸﻬﻴﺭ‬ ‫‪HD ‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Consol ‬‬
‫‪ HD ‬ﻤﻥ ﻤـﺼﻨﻌﻴﻪ ﻤﺜـل ‪Western Digital ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Partition Magic ‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻟﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺭ ﺘﺤـﺕ ﺒﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪Large Drives ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ‪FDISK ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻨﺼﺤﻙ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﺎ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻗﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻻﻨـﻪ ﻻ‬ ‫‪HD ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤـﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪137 GB ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﺩﻱ ﺤﺎﺠﺯ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Large Drives ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪Windows XP SP2‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ‬
‫‪File Systems ‬‬
‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻥ ﻨﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻠﻘﺩ ﻋﺭﻀـﻨﺎ ﻟـﻙ ﻨﻅـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻨﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻙ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪.File Systems ‬‬
‫ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٥١٢‬ﺒﺎﻴـﺕ ﻭﻴـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫‪Sector ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Sectors ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪Sector ‬‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﺎﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻫل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻐل ﺍﻡ ﻻ ﻭﻻﻱ ﻤﻠﻑ ﻭﺍﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻐل ﻭﻫﻜﺫ‪ ‬ﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪F A‬‬
‫‪A T 11 6 ‬‬
‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻘـﺭ‪ ‬ﺍ ‪16 bit ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻀﺎ ‪Windows ‬‬
‫ﻗﺒل ‪ DOS ‬ﻭﺍﻴ ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎ‪ ‬ﻡ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺓ‬
‫‪FAT 16 ‬‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎ‪ ‬ﺤﺔ ﻟﻠـ ‪ Partition ‬ﻜﺎ‪ ‬ﻨﺕ ‪ 2.1 GB ‬ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺩﻭﺱ ﻭ ‪4GB ‬‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻗﺼﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻠﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Partition ‬ﻫﻭ ‪65,536 ‬‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻻ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟ‪ ‬ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ‪.Long File Names ‬‬
‫‪Partitions ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫‪Large Clusters ‬‬ ‫‪ .٤‬ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜـﺎ‪ ‬ل‬ ‫‪ Cluster = (n) sector ‬ﺤﻴﺙ ‪n ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻠﻌﻠﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪4 K cluster = 8 sectors ‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﻻﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪.Security ‬‬
‫‪.Partition ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ .٦‬ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺒﻁﺌﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪F A‬‬
‫‪A T 33 2 ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍ‪ ‬ﻡ ‪32 bit ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺩﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫‪Partition ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺤﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻲ ‪2048 MB ‬‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻻﻴ‪ ‬ﺘﻌﺩﻱ ‪.4K ‬‬ ‫‪Cluster ‬‬ ‫ﺼﻐﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫·‬

‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ MBR ‬ﻭ ‪FAT ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﻨﻘل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫·‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻻ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﺨﺭﻯ‪..‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪N T‬‬
‫‪T F‬‬
‫‪F S 4 ‬‬
‫ﻴﺼل‬ ‫ﻟﻠـ ‪Partition ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎ‪ ‬ﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ‪ OS/2 ‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺤﺠﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺘﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻰ ‪16 GB ‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Cluster ‬‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ‪.Security ‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻻ ﻴﺘﺎﺜﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺒﺤﺠﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪.Partition ‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﺘﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Bad Clusters ‬‬ ‫‪ .٦‬ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﺯل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺘﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻨﻪ ﻻﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﺴﻭﻯ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ‪.Windows NT, 2000, XP ‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘل ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ‬ﻋﻥ ‪.400MB ‬‬
‫ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ‪ Format ‬ﻟـ ‪ Floppy ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Zip drive ‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪N T‬‬
‫‪T F‬‬
‫‪F S 5 ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻨﺸﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻜـﻥ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺒﻘﻴﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﺀ ‪.File and Folder Encryptions ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻫﺎ‪ ‬ﻤﺔ ﻟﻠـ ‪.Servers ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪Per User Disk Quota ‬‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﻴﺩﻋﻡ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻴﺩﻋﻡ ‪.Active Directory ‬‬
‫‪103‬‬
‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺎﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍ‪ ‬ﺕ‬
‫‪Directory Structure ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺎﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﻫﻭ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻟﻪ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻻﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﺤﻨﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺍ‪ ‬ﺨﻠﻪ‬
‫‪Directory= many Files ‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺨﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻭﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍ‪ ‬ﺩﻩ ‪File name and extension‬‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺨﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﺱ ﻫل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﻓﺭﻋﻲ ﺍﻡ ﻤﻠﻑ‬ ‫‪File Attribute byte ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﻠﻑ ‪File Size ‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﺍﻨﺕ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻨﺸﺎ ﻓﻬﺭﺴﺎ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪104‬‬
‫ﻨﺎﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻻﻱ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ ﻓﻜـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻤﺘـﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Extensions ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩﺍ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪EXE ‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻭ ‪ Executable File ‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻠﻑ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻱ‬
‫‪DLL ‬‬
‫ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻏل‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻭ ‪ Dynamic Link Library ‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻠﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ‬
‫‪Drv ‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ‪ ‬ﻤﻠﻑ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻲ ﻟـ ‪Hardware ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ‪Driver ‬‬
‫‪Sys ‬‬
‫ﻤﻠﻑ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﻭﺍﺼﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ ﻟﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪File Attributes ‬‬

‫ﻭﺍ ‪ ‬‬
‫‪105 ‬‬
‫‪Read Only ‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﻠﻑ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻻ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺤﺫﻓﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘـﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪Hidden ‬‬
‫‪.Show Hidden Files ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻑ ﻤﺨﻔﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﻔﻌﻼ ﺨﺎ‪ ‬ﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫‪System ‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﺯ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﺴﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻓﻴﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪Archive‬‬
‫‪Date ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺒـﺭﻙ ﻤﺘـﻰ ﺘـﻡ ﺘﻌـﺩﻴل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﻠـﻑ‬ ‫‪Archive bit ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪.modified ‬‬
‫‪ Partitions ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬـﺎﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪Directories & Files ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎ‪ ‬ﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ‪ CLI ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Command line Interface ‬‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺭﺠـﻰ ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌـﺔ ﺍﻟﺠـﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟــ‬
‫‪106 ‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻊ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫‪Workshop ‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻟﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤـﻨﻬﺞ ﺒـﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ‬ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ‪Flash ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺘﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻔﻨﻲ‬
‫‪Command Line Interface & System Utilities ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺩ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺘﻨﻔﺫ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻘﻨﻬـﺎ ﻜـﺩﺍﺭﺱ‬
‫ﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻻﻨﻙ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻙ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫‪DOS ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪StartàRunàcmd ‬‬
‫ﺍﻻ‪ ‬ﻤﺭ ‪exit ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻱ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻨﻬﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻙ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻤﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻨـﻙ‬ ‫‪DOS ‬‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻥ ﻨﺸﺭﺡ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻔﻴﺩﻙ ﻜﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻟﻠﺩﻋﻡ ﺍ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻟﻔﻨﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪Copy ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺭ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻱ ﻨﺴﺨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻻﺨﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻻﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪:‬‬
‫‪107 ‬‬
‫]‪Copy [file path/filename] [destination‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻴﺩ ﻨﺴﺨﻪ ﻭ ‪filename ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ‪file path ‬‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻌﺎ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﺱ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﺘﺒﻪ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪:‬‬

‫‪Copy *.* c‬‬
‫‪.C ‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻨﻘل ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻘﻑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻘﺭﺹ ‪ ‬‬
‫‪Del ‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪:‬‬
‫]‪Del [file path / file name‬‬
‫‪current ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤـﺴﺢ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠـﺩ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﺫﺍ ‪del *.* ‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ‬
‫‪.directory ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Ren ‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪:‬‬
‫]‪Ren [file path/ old file name] [new file name‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪:‬‬
‫‪Ren c:name.txt new.txt ‬‬
‫‪DELTREE ‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺒﺎﻜﻤﻠﻪ ﺒﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻫﻜﺫﺍ‪:‬‬
‫‪DELTREE [Directory name] ‬‬
‫‪DIR‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﺎﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻪ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ‪: ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﻻﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺎ‬ ‫‪DIR /P ‬‬
‫ﻻﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪DIR /W ‬‬
‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻻﻤﺘـﺩﺍ‪ ‬ﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﻫﻜﺫ‪ ‬ﺍ ‪DIR *.txt ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻥ‬
‫‪.txt ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪EDIT ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ‬ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪.ASCII TEXT ‬‬
‫‪108 ‬‬
‫‪MD ‬‬
‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‪ ‬ﻤﺭ ‪Create Directory ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ MD test ‬ﺤﻴﺙ ‪test ‬‬
‫‪CD ‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎ ‪ ‬‬
‫ل‪:‬‬
‫ﺠﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻰ ‪Root ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫‪CD\ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩ‪.‬‬‫ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‪ ‬ﻜﺒﺭ ﻭ ‪CD [Directory Name] ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﺱ‬ ‫‪CD.. ‬‬
‫‪PING ‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪Node ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻟﻌﻤل ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺼل ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻡ ﻻ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﻪ‬ ‫‪IP ‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪PING 192.168.0.1 ‬‬
‫ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎ ‪ ‬‬
‫ل‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪ IP ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻰ ‪Hostname ‬‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﺤﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪PING –a 192.168.0.1 ‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ‪:‬‬
‫‪PING www.yahoo.com‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻴﺎﻫﻭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻱ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﺨﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫‪IP ‬‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻙ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤـﺭ ﺍﻻﺨـﺭﻯ ﻓﻘـﻁ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺘـﺏ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺒـﺎﻻ‪ ‬ﻤﺭ ‪PING ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤـﺭ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫‪command line ‬‬

‫?‪PING /‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻭﺭ‪‬ﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ‪PING ‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻟﻡ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻋﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻫـﻡ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺴﺎل ﺍﺤﺩﻨﺎ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺭﻏﻡ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻨﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻋﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ؟‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺠـﺩﺍ ﺒﺎﻨـﻪ‬ ‫‪HD ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺍﻏﻠﻕ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺸﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻨﻘل ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤـﺎﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ‪Folder ‬‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻔﻌل؟‬
‫ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻤـﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍ‪ ‬ﻡ ‪ Disk ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪CDROM ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻤل ‪Boot ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻥ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻤﺎﻤﻙ ﺍﻻ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻻﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺨـﺭ‬ ‫‪ DOS ‬ﺍﻭ ‪ ‬ﺤﺘﻰ ‪Bootable CD ‬‬
‫‪FAT ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺱ ﻻﻨﻙ ﻟﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬
‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻙ ﻟﻥ ﺘﺠﺩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺤﻼ ﺍﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﺤـﻥ ﻨـﺭﺠﺢ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ‪ NORTON ‬ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ‪NORTON Commander ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﺭﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﻤﺞ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻬـﻭ‬ ‫‪DOS ‬‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺨﺫ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻻﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻨﻔﺫﻫﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﻻﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺱ ﻜﻨﻘل ﻋﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻫﺎﺌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﻤﺜﻼ! ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺠﺩﻩ ﺍﻴـﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪S yy ss tt ee m U‬‬
‫‪U tt ii ll ii tt ii ee s ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل‪.‬‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍ‬
‫‪NTBACKUP ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﻲ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺒﺒﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻋﻤل ﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﺍﻭ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺘﻙ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪StartàRunàNTBACKUP ‬‬
‫ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻴﺩ ‪ ‬ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ‪Backup ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻔﺘﺢ ﻟﻙ ﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻟﺘﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻤﺎﺫﺍ‬
‫‪110‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻤﺕ ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ ﻅـﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻤل ‪Restore ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨ‪ ‬ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Workshop ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎﻤﻙ ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﻙ ﺸﺭﺤﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪CHKDSK ‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴـﺼﻠﺢ ﻋﻴـﻭﺏ‬ ‫‪HD ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨ‪ ‬ﺎﻤﺞ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ‪ Check Disk ‬ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺢ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻭل‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ‪SCANDISK ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻤﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪Startà RunàCHKDSK ‬‬
‫‪.Ctrl+ C ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ‪ ‬ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫‪DEFRAG ‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺏ ﻭﻟﻜـﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﻤـﺎ ‪ ‬ﻴـﺴﻤﻰ ﺒــ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪Command ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Command line ‬‬
‫ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ ‪ Accessories ‬ﻓـﻲ ‪System tools ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻤﻭﺠـﻭﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺭﻉ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻭﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Command line ‬‬
‫‪DEFRAG.EXE [DRIVE] –b‬‬
‫‪111‬‬
‫ﻟﻌﻤل ﺘﺭﺘﻴـﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎ‪ ‬ﺡ ‪b ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻪ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ‪DRIVE ‬‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﻪ ﻭﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Boot ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫?‪DEFRAG.EXE ‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫‪Disk CLEAN UP ‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻟﻌﻤل ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻟـﻴﺱ ﻟﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺜل ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺦ‪..‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪StartàProgramsàAccessoriesàSystem ToolsàDisk Clean Up‬‬
‫‪112 ‬‬
‫‪SCANDISK‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻌﻤـل ﺘﻔﺤـﺹ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺼﻠﻴﺤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨـﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻭل‬
‫ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻨﻘـﺭ ‪Right Click ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﻴـﺩ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ﺘﻘـﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤـل‬
‫‪ Scan ‬ﻟﻪ ﺜـﻡ ﺘﺨﺘـﺎ‪ ‬ﺭ ‪Properties ‬‬

‫ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺨﺘـﺭ‬
‫‪.Tools ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ‬
‫‪MSCONFIG.EXE ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺠﺩﻩ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺠـﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ‪start up ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Workshop ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪113 ‬‬
‫‪REGEDIT ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﻪ‬ ‫‪Registry ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻫﻨ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪startàRunàregedit ‬‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫‪SYSEDIT ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎ‪ ‬ﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ ‪System Editor ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺤﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻲ‪StartàRunàsysedit :‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎ ‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫‪Performance Monitor ‬‬
‫ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺅﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻟﻠﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴـﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﻼﻓـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻴـﻀﺎ ﺍﺴـﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﻜﻤـﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻨـﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻭل ﺍﻟﻴﻬـﺎ ‪ ‬ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻤﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫‪management console ‬‬
‫‪StartàRunàperfmon.msc‬‬
‫‪114 ‬‬
‫‪TASK MANAGER‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻜل ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻜﻴﺩ ﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻻﻋﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﺯﻋﺎﺠـﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺘﻘـﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤـل‬
‫ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻨﻘـﺭ ‪Right Click ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺸﻐل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺨﺘﺎ‪ ‬ﺭ ‪.Task manager ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪Taskbar ‬‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﺎ‪ ‬ﺭﻍ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ‪Task manager ‬‬
‫‪Applications ‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻙ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻴﻘﺎﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
115
Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification
Process
.‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺤﺎﻟﻴ‬
Performance
.‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺤﺎﻟﻴ‬
‫‪116‬‬
‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ‬
‫‪INSTALLING WINDOWS XP PRO ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺠﻬـﺎ ﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ ﻭﻴﻨـﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﻜـﺱ ﺒـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﻭﺽ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻴﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﺴـﻭﻑ ﻨـﻀﻊ ﻟـﻙ‬ ‫‪Workshop ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻟﻜـﻲ ﺘﻜﻤـل‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺒﻨﺠﺎﺡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﻜﺱ ﺒﻲ ﺒﻨﺠﺎ‪ ‬ﺡ‬
‫‪A CPU with 300 MHz, Intel Pentium/Celeron family or AMD ‬‬
‫‪Athlon/Duron/K6 family ‬‬
‫‪128MB RAM ‬‬
‫‪1.5GB of free Hard Disk space ‬‬
‫‪Super VGA or Higher Video Adapter ‬‬
‫‪CDROM or DVD ‬‬
‫‪Keyboard or Mouse‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫‪Workshop‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪XP‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼ ﻗﻡ ﺒﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ‬ ‫‪Workshop‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻤﺎﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻭ‬
‫‪IIS‬‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻤﺜل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎ‪ ‬ﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪XP‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪O p‬‬
‫‪p ee rr aa tt ii n‬‬
‫‪n g S‬‬
‫‪T rr oo u‬‬
‫‪u b‬‬
‫‪b ll ee ss h‬‬
‫‪h oo oo tt ii n‬‬
‫‪n g ‬‬
‫‪Most Common Error Messages ‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻥ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻓﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﻋﻤﻠـﻪ ﺴـﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺴﻭﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫‪Invalid boot failure‬‬
‫ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل‪.‬‬
‫‪ ،HD‬ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﻻﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪CMOS‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ ‪.Hard Disk‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫‪Inaccessible boot device‬‬
‫ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺍﺴﺒﺎﺏ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪.Windows Registry‬‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫‪.Power‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪Data‬‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻭﺍﺒل ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪Hard Disk‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪Bad sector‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫‪.Boot sector Virus .٤‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪N T‬‬
‫‪T L‬‬ ‫ﺒـ ‪D R ‬‬
‫‪L D‬‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﺨﺎ‪ ‬ﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﻀﻬﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪NTLDR is missing ‬‬
‫‪Press ctrl+alt+dlt to restart system‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﻠﻑ ‪ NTLDR ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ‪ NTDETECT.com ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Boot.ini ‬‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫‪Boot can't find NTLDR‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻨﺴﺦ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺱ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﻡ ﺒﺘﺠﻬﻴ‪ ‬ﺯ ‪Disk ‬‬
‫‪NTLDR, Ntdetect.com, Boot.ini, Ntbootdd.sys ‬‬
‫ﻗﻡ ﺒﻨﺴﺦ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻗـﻴﻡ ﺘﺤﻤﻴـل ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﻠﻑ ‪.Boot.ini ‬‬
‫‪Windows failed to star because of missing <DLL name> was not found‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻔﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪DLL ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﺤﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺩﺍ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻭ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻠﻑ ﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩ ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ‪.Device ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪msconfig‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫‪DLL‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﻗﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل‬ ‫‪Startup‬‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺯﻴل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫‪Safe Mode‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Restart‬‬
‫‪Failure to start GUI‬‬
‫ﺍﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻱ ﺍﻴﻘﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴـﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘـﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭ ﺸﺎﺸـﺔ‬
‫ﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﻭﺠﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻗﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ‪.Safe Mode Command Prompt Only‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻗﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ‪.Windows Path‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺜﻡ ﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ‪.<Windows Drive Path>\rstrui.exe :‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪GU‬‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻥ‬
‫‪Windows Protection Error‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ‪.Virtual Driver‬‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪BIOS‬‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Virus‬‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـ ‪.Motherboard‬‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ؟‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﺩﻴﻙ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫‪BIOS‬‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻗﻡ ﺒﺎﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻱ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻗﻤﺕ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻪ ﻗﺒل ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ‪.Screen saver‬‬ ‫‪power management‬‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﻗﻡ ﺒﺎﻏﻼﻕ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫‪.RAM‬‬ ‫‪ .٤‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﻭﻫل ﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻡ‬ ‫‪HARDWARE‬‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﻻ؟‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﻗﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ‪.Safe Mode‬‬
‫‪ .٧‬ﻗﻡ ﺒﻌﻤل ‪.System Restore‬‬
‫‪ .٨‬ﻗﻡ ﺒﺎﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﺯﻡ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪Invalid Page Fault‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻨـﻭﺍﻥ ﺨـﺎﻁﻲﺀ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪RAM ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫‪Illegal Operation‬‬
‫ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺒﻊ ﻋﻁل ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪Driver ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺭﺍ‪ ‬ﺀ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﻟﻠـ ‪.HD ‬‬ ‫‪HD ‬‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻙ ﻭﺍﻨﺕ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻭ ﻜﻤﺤﺘﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺴﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻥ ﻨﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻻﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Workshop‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ‪www . ask pc . com / vbx ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻭﺤﻠﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﺤل ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﻟﺘﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﺤل ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻘﻼﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻡ ﻤﺯﻴﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻻ ﻫل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ‪ Hardware ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Software ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺘﺒﻊ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎ‪ ‬ﻨﺕ ‪Hardware ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻓﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻭﺘﺎﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺭﻭﺴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎ‪ ‬ﻨﺕ ‪Software ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺍﺒﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤـﺸﺎﻜل ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠـﻭل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻭﺼـﻠﺔ‬
‫‪www . ask pc . com / vbx ‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺤل ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺴﺎل ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺒﺒﺴﺎﻁﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪google ‬‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺩﺕ‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫‪W ii n‬‬
‫‪n d‬‬
‫‪d oo w‬‬
‫‪w s N‬‬
‫‪N ee tt w‬‬
‫‪w oo rr k‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ ‪n g ‬‬
‫‪k ii n‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺩﻋﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤل ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ‪Windows XP ‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﻬل ﻋﻠﻴﻙ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻼﺴـﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺒـﻼ ﻋﻨـﺎﺀ ﻭﺴـﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻴﻨﺩﻭﺯ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻅـﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻤﺎﻤـﻙ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫‪Network ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺴﺎ‪ ‬ﺒﻕ ﺘﺠﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻨـﻙ‬ ‫‪Connections ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ‬
‫‪My Network ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻴ‪ ‬ﻘﻭﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻔـﺘﺢ ﻟـﻙ ﻗﺎﺌﻤـﺔ‬ ‫‪Places ‬‬

‫ﺒﺎﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﻀﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـ‬
‫ـﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻴـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬـ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨـﺏ ﺍﻻﻴـﺴﺭ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺠﺩﻴـﺩ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﻠـﺸﺒﻜﺔ ‪New Connection ‬‬

‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻙ ﺒﻬﺎ ‪ ‬ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ‪Set up a home or office network ‬‬

‫ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻔﺘﺢ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪Firewall ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
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‫ﻻﻋـﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺯ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ‪ Properties ‬ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎ‪ ‬ﺭ ‪TCP/IP ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﻲ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫‪Connection ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺍﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﻤﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪IP ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻡ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻜل ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺭﻗﻤﺎ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻁﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ ‪192.168.0.254 ‬‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻥ ﺘﻀﻴﻑ‬ ‫‪192.168.0.2 ‬‬
‫‪Subnet Mask ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﺠﺩﺍ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺩﺕ ﺘﻘـﺴﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Network segments ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻫﻨﺎ ‪ ‬ﻫﻭ ‪. 255.255.255.0 ‬‬
‫‪Default Gateway ‬‬
‫ﺠﻬـﺎﺯ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Gateway ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﻨﺕ ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫‪Gateway ‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﺘﻀﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ‪ ‬ﺘﺭﻯ ‪192.168.0.1 ‬‬ ‫ﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺸﺒﻜﺘﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻴﻀ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪DNS server ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻻﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻜﺜﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻤـﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺸﺒﻜﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ﻫـﻲ ‪Sharing ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻙ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟــ‬ ‫ﻭﻫـﻲ ‪Security ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔـﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎ‪ ‬ﻡ ‪NTFS ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫‪Sharing ‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
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‫ﺍﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻭ ﻋـﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻴﻀ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Limits ‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪Permissions ‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻔل‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺘﻔﻌﻴـل ﺨﺎ‪ ‬ﺼـﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Limits ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫‪Permissions ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻙ ﺘﻔﻌﻴل ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻔل‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Simple sharing ‬ﻤﻥ ‪Folder Options ‬‬
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‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﺩﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﻋﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﻙ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴـﻕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺍﺭﺴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ ﻓـﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ‪Workshop ‬‬
‫ﺘﺠﺩ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻴﺏ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻠﻴـﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘـﺩﺨل‬
‫ﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻙ ﻭﺍﺒﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻭﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﺘﻴـﺎﺯ ﺍﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺸـﻬﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ ﻤﺜـل‬
‫‪.Microsoft ‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫‪W oo rr k‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪h oo p ‬‬
‫‪k ss h‬‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻭﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺅﻨﺎ ‪ ‬ﻭﻫﻡ ‪ Microsoft ‬ﻭ ‪ Symantec ‬ﻭ ‪Winternals ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﻡ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺼﺒﺢ ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺅﻨﺎ ﺭﻋﺎﺓ ﺭﺴﻤﻴﻴﻥ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻓﺎﻟﺘـﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﺩﺀﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻐﻴل ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺍﻻﻤـﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬
‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺘﺼﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻭﻯ ﻟﻤﺤﺘﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴـﺭ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺒﺩﺨﻭﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺴﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ‪ ‬ﻟـ‪ASK PC ‬‬
R n cc ee s ‫ﺠﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍ‬
R ee ff ee rr ee n
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﻪ ﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌـﺸﺭ‬
‫ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻭﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﺎﻻﻀـﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺒﻌـﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﺒﻴﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟـﺩﻋﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎ‬
.‫ﻨﺔ‬
Computer Hardware Architecture & Organizations, Prentice Hall
Microsoft KB, Microsoft Corp.
Microsoft TechNet, Microsoft Corp.
Hacking Windows XP, Wiley Publishing
Winternals, Administration, Troubleshooting, USA
System Tools, Sysinternals, USA
Dictionary of Networking, Sybex
Network Troubleshooting, O'Reilly
128
Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification
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About ASK PC
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Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ­ ACTSP Certification 1

‫ﺒﺴﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻴﻡ‬

‫‪Microsoft, Winternals & ‬‬ ‫‪ ACTSP ‬ﻤﻥ ‪ ASK PC ‬ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﺤﻘﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬

‫ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺒﺩﺍ ﺒﺎﻫﻡ ﺍﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﺍﻭ ﻤـﺎ ﺘﻌـﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ‪ Expansion Slots ‬ﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟــ ‪System Buses ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻁﺔ ﻟﻠـ ‪Motherboard‬‬ ‫ﻻﺤﻘﺎ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻻﺤﻘ‪ ‬ﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Motherboard ‬‬

‫‪ :AT Power Supply ‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻜﺜـﺭ ﺸـﻴﻭﻋﺎ ﻭﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻋﻰ ‪Wake On LAN ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺨﺎ‪ ‬ﺼﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠـ ‪Power Supply ‬؟‬ ‫‪Motherboard ‬‬ ‫ﻫل ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬

‫ﻜﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻻﻤﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Case‬‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫‪Power Supply‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﺘﻘﺒﻊ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ‪Power Supply‬‬ ‫‪Computer Case‬‬

‫ﻭﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ‬ ‫‪Motherboard ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬

‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﺠﺩل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻨﺕ ﻜﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪AMD‬‬ ‫‪Intel‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ‬

‫؟‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪ Intel ‬ﻭ‪AMD ‬‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻟﻨﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻠﻌﻠﻡ‬ ‫‪GHz ‬‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺒﺎ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬

‫ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪ L1 Cache ‬ﻭ ‪ L2 Cache ‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺤﺭﻑ ‪ L ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﻰ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪Level ‬‬

‫‪RAM‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺫﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺭﺓ ‪Memory ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻼﺤﻅ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻻﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺘل ﻗﺩ ﻭﺼـﻠﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ ٢‬ﻤﻴﺠﺎ ﺒﺎﻴﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻡ ﺘـﺫﻜﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪Cache ‬‬

‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪ Pentium ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﺠﻬـ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Intel ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪Celeron ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪Celeron ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ‬

‫‪،L2 ‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺘﻭﺠـﺩ ﺒﻬـ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪cache ‬‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻠﻬﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﻥ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺨﺒﺭﻜﻡ ﺒﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﻠـﻭﻡ‬

‫ﺴﺭﻋﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪100, 133, 200 MHz ‬‬ ‫‪ :Socket 478 ‬ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻨﺘل ﻭﻴﺩﻋﻡ‬

‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪ 400MHz ‬ﻟﻠـ ‪FSB ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻴﺩﻋﻡ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪ PGA ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪Pin grid array ‬‬ ‫‪ :Socket 604 ‬ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪ Intel Xeon ‬ﻭﻫﻭ‬

‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪ 533MHz ‬ﻟﻠـ ‪FSB ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻴﺩﻋﻡ‬

‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎ‪ ‬ﺕ ‪AMD ‬‬ ‫‪ :Socket A ‬ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ‬

‫ﻭﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﺘﺨـﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Complementary Metal­Oxide Semiconductor ‬‬

‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪.CMOS ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟـ ‪CMOS‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭ ﻭﺨﻼ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻟﻙ ﺭﺴـﺎ‪ ‬ﻟﺔ ‪ Please Press F1 to continue ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪ Memory Error ‬ﺍﻭ ‪ ‬ﺘـﺴﻤﻊ ‪Beep ‬‬

‫ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺘﻨﺒﻴﻬﻙ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ‪ ‬ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪POST ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻡ ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬

‫ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻱ ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺁﺨﺭ‬

‫ﻤﻨﻔﺫ ‪PCI‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎ ‪ ‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ISA Slots ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻻﻥ‬ ‫‪PCI Slots ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺸﻜل ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬

‫ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪AGP Slot‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﻓﻴﺩﻴﻭ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻏﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻻﻱ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪IRQ ‬‬ ‫‪Used By ‬‬ ‫‪I/O Address ‬‬

‫‪0 ‬‬ ‫‪System Clock ‬‬ ‫‪40h ‬‬

‫ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍ‪ ‬ﻜﺭﺓ ‪Memory ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ‬

‫ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺌل ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫‪ Random Access Memory ‬ﻭ ‪Read Only Memory ‬‬

‫ﺍﻨﻬ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪DRAM ‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪RAM ‬‬

‫ﺍﻨﻭ‪ ‬ﺍﻉ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ‪ASRAM (Asynchronous SRAM) ‬‬

‫‪ ،Non­Volatile Random Access Memory ‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﻨـﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﺒﺎﻨﻬـﺎ‬

‫ﻭﻟﻨﺒﺩﺍ ﻤﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻜل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫‪SDRAM ‬‬

‫‪ ،CPU ‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻨـﻪ‬ ‫‪Clock Speed ‬‬

‫ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻭ‬ ‫‪ Synchronous ‬ﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪SDRAM ‬‬

Certified Technical Support Professional Study Guide ACTSP Certification 1

‫ﻭﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﺘﺨـﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪Complementary MetalOxide Semiconductor ‬‬

‫‪ ،NonVolatile Random Access Memory ‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﻨـﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﺒﺎﻨﻬـﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺤـﺩﻫﻤ‪ ‬ﺎ ‪Master ‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻨـﺎ ﺒـﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪ Disk ‬ﺍ‪ ‬ﻭ ‪ Hard Disk ‬ﻭ ‪CDROM Drive ‬‬

‫ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Drive ‬ﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪CDROM Drive ‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺎﺘﻲ ﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪CDROM ‬‬

‫‪CDROM DRIVE ‬‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻭ ﻤﺎﻴ‪ ‬ﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ‬ ‫‪CDRW ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﻭﺍ‪ ‬ﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺍ‪ ‬ﻟـ ‪CDR ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﻨﺎﺘﻲ ﻻﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ‬