Course Book - Mechanics of Materials (2010 - 2011)

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS COURSE BOOK { 2010 2011 } Second Year @
Course Book MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

By Prof. Dr. Jalal Ahmed Saeed Department of Civil Engineering College of Engineering University of Sulaimani 2010 2011
Course Book MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

By Prof. Dr. Jalal Ahmed Saeed Department of Civil Engineering College of Engineering University of Sulaimani 2010 2011
BC 22 : MECHANICS OF MATERIALS: [ October ; 2010 ] General Information: Class Room : Studying Halls [ B1 to B5 ] in the department Class Hours : ( 2 Theory + 2 Applied + 1 Practical ) / Week Units : 7 Instructor : Prof. Dr. Jalal Ahmed Saeed Assistants : Mr. Jaza Hassan Muhammed Mr. Farhad Rahem Karem Office : Dean's Office, 1st floor , College Building Mobile : 0770 - - - - - - - ; e-mail: jalal.saeed@univsul.net Course Coordinator: Mr. Hardy Kamal Karim Goals: This course has two specific goals: ( I ) To introduce students to concepts of stress and strain; shearing force and bending; as well as torsion and deflection of some structural elements. ( II ) To develop theoretical and analytical skills relevant to the areas mentioned in ( I ) above. Course Framework: 1. BC 22 will consist of 30 studying weeks 2. Students will be assigned home works, exams, oral discussions, class and Lab activities. 3. The final grades will be based on the home works, exams, class and Lab activities as follows: . Exam 1 = 12 % . Exam 2 = 12 % . Home works and Quizzes = 6 % . Lab experiments and activities = 10 % . Final Exam = ( 45 + 15 ) % = 60 % Course Policies: 1. Students must attend all the lectures. They must adequately perform all the work assigned by the instructor. { There is an allowance of 10 % disattending } 2. All the assigned work must be submitted by the due date and time. ( Exceptions can be made for students with emergencies or special circumstances ). 3. Students must take the exams on the assigned dates and times. Make-up exams may be arranged for students with emergencies or special circumstances. 2

4. Students are encouraged to submit their work on clean white engineering paper, A4. They should explain and show all their calculations. Including final drawings. 5. The course will be taught through lectures. Lectures will also involve the solution of tutorial questions. Tutorial questions are designed to complement and enhance both the lectures and the students appreciation of the subject. 6 .Course work assignments will be reviewed with the students. Course Syllabus and Outline: Introduction, Materials and Properties@ Simple Stress Simple Strain Stress Strain Relationship [ Hooks Law ] Torsion of circular shafts Shear Force and Bending Moment in Beams Stresses in Beams Combined Stresses Beam Deflection Statically Indeterminate Beams Columns & Miscellaneous Topics Course Objectives: Upon successful completion of this course, students should be able to: ( i ) Understand and solve simple problems involving stresses and strains. ( ii ) Understand the difference between statically determinate and indeterminate problems. ( iii ) Understand and carry out simple experiments illustrating properties of materials in tension, compression as well as hardness, impact and other tests. ( iv ) Analyze stresses in two dimensions and understand the concepts of principal stresses and the use of Mohr circles to solve two dimensional stress problems. ( v ) Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams of simple beams and understand the relationships between loading intensity, shearing force and bending moment. ( vi ) Compute the bending stresses in beams with one or two materials. ( vii ) Calculate the deflection of beams using the direct integration, moment area and other methods. Lecture Times: Details to be Announced by the department. Attendance at the Lectures and Labs is Compulsory.
Course References: 1. Singer and Pytel, Strength of Materials . 2. E Popove, Mechanics of Materials . 3. Beer & Johnson , Mechanics of Materials . 4. Any textbook under the title of : Mechanics of Materials [ MOM ] or Strength of Materials [ SOM ] 3
Course Details
Week No,
Week One 02 / 10 07 / 10 / 2010 Week Two 09 / 10 14 / 10 / 2010 Week Three 16 / 10 21 / 10 / 2010 Week Four 23 / 10 28 / 10 / 2010 Week Five 30 / 10 04 / 11 / 2010 Week Six 06 / 11 11 / 11 / 2010 Week Seven 13 / 11 18 / 11 / 2010 Week Eight 20 / 11 25 / 11 / 2010 Week Nine 27 / 11 02 / 12 / 2010 Week Ten 04 / 12 09 / 12 / 2010 Week Eleven 11 / 12 16 / 12 / 2010 Week Twelve 18 /12 23 / 12 / 2010 25 / 12 30 / 12 / 2010 Week Thirteen 03 / 01 06 / 01 / 2011 Week Fourteen 08 / 01 13 / 01 / 2011 Week Fifteen 15 / 01 20 / 01 / 2011 Week Sixteen 22 / 01 27 / 01 / 2011 29 / 01 03 / 02 / 2011 05 / 02 10 / 02 / 2011 Week Seventeen 12 / 02 17 / 02 / 2011 Week Eighteen 19 / 02 24 / 02 / 2011 Week Nineteen 26 / 02 03 / 03 / 2011 Week Twenty 05 / 03 10 / 03 / 2011 12 / 03 17 / 03 / 2011 19 / 03 24 / 03 / 2011 Week Twenty One 26 / 03 31 / 03 / 2011 Week Twenty Two 02/ 04 07 / 04 / 2011 Week Twenty Three 09 / 04 14 / 04 / 2011 16 / 04 21 / 04 / 2011 Week Twenty Four 23 / 04 28 / 04 / 2011 Week Twenty Five 30 / 04 05 / 05 / 2011 Week Twenty Six 07 / 05 12 / 05 / 2011 Week Twenty Seven 14 / 05 19 / 05 / 2011 Week Twenty Eight 21 / 05 26 / 05 / 2011 Week Twenty - Nine 28 / 05 02 / 06 / 2011 04 / 06 23 / 06 / 2011
Details A Review on Engineering Mechanics: Equilibrium, Reactions . Introduction to Mechanics of Materials & Analysis of Internal Forces Simple Stress: Axial Stress, Types, Units, Examples and Problems .. Simple Stress: Shear Stress, Bearing Stress, Examples and Problems ... Thin Walled Cylinders Simple Strain: Axial Strain, Shear Strain, Examples and Problems .. Stress Strain Relationship, Hook's Law, Examples and Problems .. Review Problems Poission's Ratio, Examples and Problems . Thermal Stresses, Examples and Problems .. Review Problems Torsion of Circular Shafts, Examples and Problems Vacation Reactions, Shear Force, Bending Moments, Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams, Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams, Continued Stresses in Beams, Flexural Stresses, Examples and Problems ... First Examination First Examination Shear Stresses in Beams, Examples and Problems .. Combined Flexural Shear Stresses, Examples and Problems .. Economical Sections, Examples and Problems .. Combined Stresses, Solving by Equations Spring & Nawroz Vacations Spring & Nawroz Vacations Combined Stresses, Solving by Mohr's Circle Beam Deflections, Double Integration Method Area Moment Method, Moment Diagram by Parts Second Examination Deflection Applications Three Moment Equations, Examples and Problems .. Review Problems Statically Indeterminate Beams Applications Columns
Final Examinations Note: Examination times may change due to unexpected circumstances. 4
Introduction to MOM
When an external force acts on a body, the body tends to undergo some deformation. Due to cohesion between the molecules , the body resists deformation. This resistance by which material of the body oppose the deformation is known as Mechanics or Strength of Materials Mechanics of Materials ( MOM ) is an extension of Engineering Mechanics ; i.e Statics and Dynamics which you studied last year. In Engineering Mechanics bodies are assumed to be rigid and in equilibrium. In MOM bodies are in equilibrium but no longer rigid Deformations are of great interest.
CHAPTER ONE STRESS

DIRECT OR NORMAL STRESS When a force is transmitted through a body, the body tends to change its shape or deform. The body is said to be under Stress or strained. Applied Force ( F or P ) Direct Stress = Cross Sectional Area ( A ) Units: Usually N/m2 ( Pa ), kN/mm2, MPa, GPa =P/A @ Where: - = axial or normal stress [ T or C ] - P = applied force - A = cross sectional area Direct stress may be tensile, T or compressive, C and result from forces acting perpendicular to the plane of the cross-section
SHEARING STRESS Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which they act. Shearing stress is also known as Tangential stress.
=V/A
If the area resisting the shear force is ONE area its called Single Shear , and if the resisting area is Two its called Double Shear .
= V / 2A
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BEARING STRESS: Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections. TANGENTIAL STRESS Or ( Circumferential Stress ): Consider the tank shown below being subjected to an internal pressure ( p ). The length of the tank is ( L ) and the wall thickness is ( t ). Isolating the right half of the tank, we get:

LONGITUDINAL STRESS,: Consider the free body diagram in the transverse section of the tank
CHAPTER TWO STRAIN

AXIAL STRAIN: Also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by the applied force, to the original length.
Stress-Strain Diagram:
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT (HOOKE'S LAW) From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain curve is a straight line. This linear relation between elongation and the axial force causing was first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is called Hooke's Law that within the proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain. The constant of proportionality is called the Modulus of Elasticity E or Young's Modulus and is equal to the slope of the stress-strain diagram from O to P. Then : =E @ P/A=E(/L) or = PL / AE 7

SHEAR STRAIN: Shearing forces cause shearing deformation. An element subject to shear does not change in length but undergoes a change in shape.
The change in angle at the corner of an original rectangular element is called the shear strain and is expressed as:
The ratio of the shear stress and the shear strain is called the Modulus of Elasticity in Shear or Modulus of Rigidity, and is denoted as G, in GPa.
Poisson's Ratio:
When a bar is subjected to a tensile loading there is an increase in length of the bar in the direction of the applied load, but there is also a decrease in a lateral dimension perpendicular to the load. The ratio of the sidewise deformation (or strain) to the longitudinal deformation (or strain) is called the Poisson's ratio and is denoted by . For most steel, it lies in the range of 0.25 to 0.3, and 0.20 for concrete.
TRIAXIAL DEFORMATION:
If an element is subjected simultaneously by three mutually perpendicular normal stresses x, y, and z, which are accompanied by strains x, y, and z, respectively,
Thermal Stress:
Temperature changes cause the body to expand or contract. The amount T , is given by
deformation due to equivalent axial stress;
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS COURSE BOOK { 2010 2011 } Second Year @ CHAPTER THREE TORSION
Consider a bar to be rigidly attached at one end and twisted at the other end by a torque or twisting moment T equivalent to F d, which is applied perpendicular to the axis of the bar, as shown in the figure. Such a bar is said to be in torsion.
For a solid or hollow circular shaft subject to a twisting moment T, the torsional shearing stress at a distance from the center of the shaft is:
where J is the polar moment of inertia of the section and r is the outer radius. For solid cylindrical shaft:
For hollow cylindrical shaft:
ANGLE OF TWIST:
The angle through which the bar length L will twist is:
POWER TRANSMITTED BY A SHAFT:
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS COURSE BOOK { 2010 2011 } Second Year @ CHAPTER FOUR SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENTS IN BEAMS
A beam is a bar subject to forces or couples that lie in a plane containing the longitudinal of the bar. According to determinacy, a beam may be determinate or indeterminate.
STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS:
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS:
TYPES OF LOADING:
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Shear and Moment Diagrams:
Consider a simple beam shown of length L that carries a uniform load of w (N/m) throughout its length and is held in equilibrium by reactions R1 and R2. Assume that the beam is cut at section [ C ] a distance of ( x ) from the left support and the portion of the beam to the right of C be removed. The portion removed must then be replaced by vertical shearing force V together with a couple M to hold the left portion of the bar in equilibrium under the action of [ R1 ] and ( wx ). The couple M is called the resisting moment or moment and the force V is called the resisting shear or shear.
Shear Force: is the algebraic sum of the vertical forces acting to the left or right of the cut section Bending Moment: is the algebraic sum of the moment of the forces to the left or to the right of the section taken about the section
The following are some important properties of shear and moment diagrams: 1. The area of the shear diagram to the left or to the right of the section is equal to the moment at that section. 2. The slope of the moment diagram at a given point is the shear at that point. 3. The slope of the shear diagram at a given point equals the load at that point. 4. The maximum moment occurs at the point of zero shears. 5. When the shear diagram is increasing, the moment diagram is concave upward. 6. When the shear diagram is decreasing, the moment diagram is concave downward.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS COURSE BOOK { 2010 2011 } Second Year @ CHAPTER FIVE STRESSES IN BEAMS
Forces and couples acting on the beam cause bending or flexural stresses and shearing stresses on any cross section of the beam and deflection perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the beam. If couples are applied to the ends of the beam and no forces act on it, the bending is said to be pure bending. If forces produce the bending, the bending is called ordinary bending.
ASSUMPTIONS:
In using the following formulas for flexural and shearing stresses, it is assumed that: 1- a plane section of the beam normal to its longitudinal axis prior to loading remains plane after the forces and couples have been applied, and 2- that the beam is initially straight and of uniform cross section and 3- that the modulii of elasticity in tension and compression are equal.
FLEXURAL STRESS:
Stresses caused by the bending moment are known as flexural or bending stresses.
SHEAR STRESS:
Beam shear is defined as the internal shear stress of a beam caused by the shear force applied to the beam.
where V = total shear force at the location in question; Q = statical moment of area = A` y' t = thickness in the material perpendicular to the shear; I = Moment of Inertia of the entire cross sectional area. This formula is also known as the Jourawski formula
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS COURSE BOOK { 2010 2011 } Second Year @ CHAPTER SIX BEAMS DEFLECTIONS
The deformation of a beam is usually expressed in terms of its deflection from its original unloaded position. The deflection is measured from the original neutral surface of the beam to the neutral surface of the deformed beam. The configuration assumed by the deformed neutral surface is known as the elastic curve of the beam.
Methods of Determining Beam Deflections:

Numerous methods are available for the determination of beam deflections. These methods include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Double-integration method Area-moment method Strain-energy method (Castigliano's Theorem) Conjugate-beam method Method of superposition
Of these methods, the first two are the ones that are commonly used.
1 Double Integration Method:

The double integration method is a powerful tool in solving deflection and slope of a beam at any point because we will be able to get the equation of the elastic curve.
If EI is constant, the equation may be written as:
The first integration ( y' ) yields the slope of the elastic curve and the second integration ( y ) gives the deflection of the beam at any distance x. The resulting solution must contain two constants of integration since EI y" = M is of second order. These two constants must be evaluated from known conditions concerning the slope deflection at certain points of the beam.
2 AreaMoment Method:
Another method of determining the slopes and deflections in beams is the area-moment method, which involves the area of the moment diagram.
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Theorems of Area-Moment Method

Theorem I:
The change in slope between the tangents drawn to the elastic curve at any two points A and B is equal to the product of 1/EI multiplied by the area of the moment diagram between these two points.
Theorem II:
The deviation of any point B relative to the tangent drawn to the elastic curve at any other point A, in a direction perpendicular to the original position of the beam, is equal to the product of 1/EI multiplied by the moment of an area about B of that part of the moment diagram between points A and B.
and
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Rules of Sign
1. The deviation at any point is positive if the point lies above the tangent, negative if the point is below the tangent. 2. Measured from left tangent, if is counterclockwise, the change of slope is positive, negative if is clockwise.
Deflections in Simply Supported Beams : Area-Moment Method:

The deflection ( ) at some point B of a simply supported beam can be obtained by the following steps:
1. Compute 2. Compute 3. Solve ( ) by ratio and proportion (see figure above).
The moment-area method of finding the deflection of a beam will demand the accurate computation of the area of a moment diagram, as well as the moment of such area about any axis. To pave its way, this section will deal on how to draw moment diagrams by parts and to calculate the moment of such diagrams about a specified axis. 15
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS COURSE BOOK { 2010 2011 } Second Year @ CHAPTER SEVEN COMBINED STRESSES
Mohr's Circle:
Introduced by Otto Mohr in 1882, Mohr's Circle illustrates principal stresses and stress transformations via a graphical format,
The two principal stresses are shown in red, and the maximum shear stress is shown in orange. Recall that the normal stresses equal the principal stresses when the stress element is aligned with the principal directions, and the shear stress equals the maximum shear stress when the stress element is rotated 45 away from the principal directions. As the stress element is rotated away from the principal (or maximum shear) directions, the normal and shear stress components will always lie on Mohr's Circle. Mohr's Circle was the leading tool used to visualize relationships between normal and shear stresses, and to estimate the maximum stresses, before hand-held calculators became popular. Even today, Mohr's Circle is still widely used by engineers all over the world. To establish Mohr's Circle, we first recall the stress transformation formulas for plane stress at a given location,
Using a basic trigonometric relation (cos22 + sin22 = 1) to combine the two above equations we have,
This is the equation of a circle, plotted on a graph where the abscissa is the normal stress and the ordinate is the shear stress. This is easier to see if we interpret x and y as being the two principal stresses, and xy as being the maximum shear stress. Then we can define the average stress, avg, and a radius" R (which is just equal to the maximum shear stress),
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The circle equation above now takes on a more familiar form,
The circle is centered at the average stress value, and has a radius R equal to the maximum shear stress, as shown in the figure below,
The formulas used in this article are,
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS COURSE BOOK { 2010 2011 } Second Year @