Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6: Prerequisite Reading Assignment: CH2

Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6
Prerequisite Reading assignment: CH2

Acknowledgements: Intel Bus Boot Camp:
Michael Leddige
2
Transmission Lines Class 6
Real Computer Issues
Dev a
Dev b
Clk
Switch
Threshold
Signal
Measured
here
An engineer tells you the measured clock is non-monotonic
and because of this the flip flop internally may double clock
the data. The goal for this class is to by inspection
determine the cause and suggest whether this is a problem
or not.
data
3
Agenda
The Transmission Line Concept
Transmission line equivalent circuits
and relevant equations
Reflection diagram & equation
Loading
Termination methods and comparison
Propagation delay
Simple return path ( circuit theory,
network theory come later)

4
Two Transmission Line Viewpoints
Steady state ( most historical view)
Frequency domain
Transient
Time domain
Not circuit element Why?
We mix metaphors all the time
Why convenience and history

5
Transmission Line Concept
Power
Plant
Consumer
Home
Power Frequency (f) is @ 60 Hz
Wavelength () is 5 10
6
m
( Over 3,100 Miles)
6
PC Transmission Lines
Integrated Circuit
Microstrip
Stripline
Via
Cross section view taken here
PCB substrate

T
W
Cross Section of Above PCB

T
Signal (microstrip)
Ground/Power
Signal (stripline)
Signal (stripline)
Ground/Power
Signal (microstrip)
Copper Trace
Copper Plane
FR4 Dielectric
W
Signal Frequency (f) is
approaching 10 GHz
Wavelength () is 1.5 cm
( 0.6 inches)
Micro-
Strip
Stripline
7
Key point about transmission line operation
The major deviation from circuit theory with
transmission line, distributed networks is this
positional dependence of voltage and current!
Must think in terms of position and time to
understand transmission line behavior
This positional dependence is added when the
assumption of the size of the circuit being
small compared to the signaling wavelength
( )
( ) t z f I
t z f V
,
,
=
=
V
1
V
2
dz
I
2
I
1
Voltage and current on a transmission line is
a function of both time and position.
8
Examples of Transmission Line
Structures- I
Cables and wires
(a) Coax cable
(b) Wire over ground
(c) Tri-lead wire
(d) Twisted pair (two-wire line)
Long distance interconnects

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
+
-
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
9
Segment 2: Transmission line equivalent
circuits and relevant equations
Physics of transmission line structures
Basic transmission line equivalent circuit
?Equations for transmission line propagation
10
Remember fields are setup given
an applied forcing function.
(Source)
How does the signal move
from source to load?
E & H Fields Microstrip Case
The signal is really the wave
propagating between the
conductors
Electric field
Magnetic field
Ground return path
X
Y
Z (into the page)
Signal path
Electric field
Magnetic field
Ground return path
X
Y
Z (into the page)
Signal path
11
Transmission Line Definition
General transmission line: a closed system in which
power is transmitted from a source to a destination
Our class: only TEM mode transmission lines
A two conductor wire system with the wires in close
proximity, providing relative impedance, velocity and
closed current return path to the source.
Characteristic impedance is the ratio of the voltage and
current waves at any one position on the transmission
line

Propagation velocity is the speed with which signals are
transmitted through the transmission line in its
surrounding medium.
I
V
Z = 0
r
c
v
c
=
12
Presence of Electric and Magnetic Fields
Both Electric and Magnetic fields are present in the
transmission lines
These fields are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave
propagation for TEM mode waves, which is the simplest mode, and
assumed for most simulators(except for microstrip lines which assume
quasi-TEM, which is an approximated equivalent for transient response
calculations).
Electric field is established by a potential difference
between two conductors.
Implies equivalent circuit model must contain capacitor.
Magnetic field induced by current flowing on the line
Implies equivalent circuit model must contain inductor.
V
I
I
E
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
V + AV
I + AI
I + AI
V
I
H
I
H
V + AV
I + AI
I + AI
13
General Characteristics of Transmission
Line
Propagation delay per unit length (T
0
) { time/distance} [ps/in]
Or Velocity (v
0
) {distance/ time} [in/ps]
Characteristic Impedance (Z
0
)
Per-unit-length Capacitance (C
0
) [pf/in]
Per-unit-length Inductance (L
0
) [nf/in]
Per-unit-length (Series) Resistance (R
0
) [O/in]
Per-unit-length (Parallel) Conductance (G
0
) [S/in]
T-Line Equivalent Circuit
lL
0
lR
0
lC
0
lG
0
14
Ideal T Line
Ideal (lossless) Characteristics of
Transmission Line
Ideal TL assumes:
Uniform line
Perfect (lossless) conductor (R
0
0)
Perfect (lossless) dielectric (G
0
0)
We only consider T
0
, Z
0
, C
0
, and L
0
.
A transmission line can be represented by a
cascaded network (subsections) of these
equivalent models.
The smaller the subsection the more accurate the model
The delay for each subsection should be
no larger than 1/10
th
the signal rise time.

lL
0
lC
0
15
Signal Frequency and Edge Rate
vs.
Lumped or Tline Models
In theory, all circuits that deliver transient power from
one point to another are transmission lines, but if the
signal frequency(s) is low compared to the size of the
circuit (small), a reasonable approximation can be
used to simplify the circuit for calculation of the circuit
transient (time vs. voltage or time vs. current)
response.

16
T Line Rules of Thumb
Td < .1 Tx
Td < .4 Tx
May treat as lumped Capacitance
Use this 10:1 ratio for accurate modeling
of transmission lines
May treat as RC on-chip, and treat as LC
for PC board interconnect
So, what are the rules of thumb to use?
17
Other Rules of Thumb

Frequency knee (Fknee) = 0.35/Tr (so if Tr is
1nS, Fknee is 350MHz)
This is the frequency at which most energy is
below
Tr is the 10-90% edge rate of the signal
Assignment: At what frequency can your thumb be
used to determine which elements are lumped?
Assume 150 ps/in
18
When does a T-line become a T-Line?
Whether it is a
bump or a
mountain depends
on the ratio of its
size (tline) to the
size of the vehicle
(signal
wavelength)
When do we need to
use transmission line
analysis techniques vs.
lumped circuit
analysis?
Tline
Wavelength/edge rate
Similarly, whether
or not a line is to
be considered as a
transmission line
depends on the
ratio of length of
the line (delay) to
the wavelength of
the applied
frequency or the
rise/fall edge of the
signal
Equations & Formulas
How to model & explain
transmission line behavior
20
Relevant Transmission Line Equations
Propagation equation
| o e e j C j G L j R + = + + = ) )( (
) (
) (
0
C j G
L j R
Z
e
e
+
+
=
Characteristic Impedance equation
In class problem: Derive the high frequency, lossless
approximation for Z0
o is the attenuation (loss) factor
| is the phase (velocity) factor
21
Ideal Transmission Line Parameters
Knowing any two out of Z
0
,
T
d
, C
0
, and L
0
, the other two
can be calculated.
C
0
and L
0
are reciprocal
functions of the line cross-
sectional dimensions and
are related by constant me.
c is electric permittivity
c
0
= 8.85 X 10
-12
F/m (free space)
c
r
i s relative dielectric constant
is magnetic permeability

0
= 4p X 10
-7
H/m (free space)

r
is relative permeability

. ;
; ;
1
; ;
; ;
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
0
0
0 0 d
0
0
0
c c c
c
c
r r
L C v
T Z L
Z
T
C
C L T
C
L
Z
= =
= =
= =
= =
Dont forget these relationships and what they mean!
22
Parallel Plate Approximation
Assumptions
TEM conditions
Uniform dielectric (c )
between conductors
T
C
<< T
D
; W
C
>> T
D

T-line characteristics are
function of:
Material electric and
magnetic properties
Dielectric Thickness (T
D
)
Width of conductor (W
C
)
Trade-off
T
D
; C
0
, L
0
, Z
0

W
C
; C
0
, L
0
, Z
0

T
D
T
C
W
C
c
To a first order, t-line capacitance and inductance can
be approximated using the parallel plate approximation.
d
PlateArea
C
* c
=
Base
equation
C
0
c
W
C
T
D
F
m
|
\
|
|
.
8.85 c
r
W
C
T
D
pF
m
|
\
|
|
.
L
0

T
D
W
C
F
m
|
\
|
|
.
0.4 t
r
T
D
W
C
H
m
|
\
|
|
.
Z
0
377
T
D
W
C

r
c
r
O
23
Improved Microstrip Formula
Parallel Plate Assumptions +
Large ground plane with
zero thickness
To accurately predict
microstrip impedance, you
must calculate the effective
dielectric constant.
T
D
T
C
c
W
C
From Hall, Hall & McCall:
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
~
C C
D
r
T W
T
Z
8 . 0
98 . 5
ln
41 . 1
87
0
c
( )
D C
C
r
C
D
r r
e
T W
T
F
W
T
1 217 . 0
12
1 2
1
2
1
+
+
+
+
= c
c c
c
( )
2
1 1 02 . 0 |
.
|
\
|

D
C
r
T
W
c
= F
1 <
D
C
T
W
for
0
1 >
D
C
T
W
for
Valid when:
0.1 < W
C
/T
D
< 2.0 and 1 < e
r
< 15
You cant beat
a field solver
24
Improved Stripline Formulas
Same assumptions as
used for microstrip
apply here
T
D2
T
C
c
W
C
T
D1
From Hall, Hall & McCall:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
~
) 8 . 0 ( 67 . 0
) ( 4
ln
60 1 1
0
C C
D D
r
sym
T W
T T
Z
t
c
Symmetric (balanced) Stripline Case T
D1
= T
D2

) , , , 2 ( ) , , , 2 (
) , , , 2 ( ) , , , 2 (
2
0 0
0 0
0
r C C sym r C C sym
r C C sym r C C sym
offset
T W B Z T W A Z
T W B Z T W A Z
Z
c c
c c
+
~
Offset (unbalanced) Stripline Case T
D1
> T
D2

Valid when W
C
/(T
D1
+T
D2
) < 0.35 and T
C
/(T
D1
+T
D2
) < 0.25
You cant beat a
field solver
25
Refection coefficient
Signal on a transmission line can be analyzed by
keeping track of and adding reflections and
transmissions from the bumps (discontinuities)
Refection coefficient
Amount of signal reflected from the bump
Frequency domain =sign(S11)*|S11|
If at load or source the reflection may be called gamma (I
L

or I
s
)
Time domain is only defined a location
The bump
Time domain analysis is causal.
Frequency domain is for all time.
We use similar terms be careful
Reflection diagrams more later
26
Reflection and Transmission

1+
Incident
Reflected
Transmitted
Reflection Coeficient Transmission Coeffiecent
t 1 +
( )
"" "" t 1
Zt Z0
Zt Z0 +
+
Zt Z0
Zt Z0 +
t
2 Zt
Zt Z0 +
27
Special Cases to Remember
1
=
+

=
Zo
Zo

0
=
+

=
Zo Zo
Zo Zo

1
0
0
=
+

=
Zo
Zo

Vs
Zs
Zo
Zo
A: Terminated in Zo
Vs
Zs
Zo
B: Short Circuit
Vs
Zs
Zo
C: Open Circuit
28
Assignment Building the SI Tool Box
Compare the parallel plate
approximation to the improved
microstrip and stripline formulas
for the following cases:
Microstrip:
W
C
= 6 mils, T
D
= 4 mils, T
C
= 1 mil, c
r
= 4
Symmetric Stripline:
W
C
= 6 mils, T
D1
= T
D2
= 4 mils, T
C
= 1 mil, c
r
= 4
Write Math Cad Program to calculate Z0, Td, L
& C for each case.
What factors cause the errors with the parallel
plate approximation?
29
Transmission line equivalent circuits and
relevant equations
Basic pulse launching onto transmission lines
Calculation of near and far end waveforms for
classic load conditions
30
Review: Voltage Divider Circuit
Consider the
simple circuit that
contains source
voltage V
S
, source
resistance R
S
, and
resistive load R
L
.
The output
voltage, VL is
easily calculated
from the source
amplitude and the
values of the two
series resistors.

R
S
R
L
V
S
V
L
R
S

R
L

R
L

V
S

V
L

+
=
Why do we care for?
Next page.
31
Solving Transmission Line Problems
The next slides will establish a procedure that
will allow you to solve transmission line
problems without the aid of a simulator. Here
are the steps that will be presented:
1. Determination of launch voltage &
final DC or t =0 voltage
2. Calculation of load reflection coefficient and
voltage delivered to the load
3. Calculation of source reflection coefficient
and resultant source voltage
These are the steps for solving
all t-line problems.
32
Determining Launch Voltage
Step 1 in calculating transmission line waveforms
is to determine the launch voltage in the circuit.
The behavior of transmission lines makes it
easy to calculate the launch & final voltages
it is simply a voltage divider!
Vs
Zo
Rs
Vs
0
TD
Rt
A B
t=0, V=Vi
(initial voltage)
R
S

Z
0

Z
0

V
S

V
i

+
=
R
S

R
t

R
t

V
S

V
f

+
=
33
Voltage Delivered to the Load
Vs
Zo
Rs
Vs
0
TD
Rt
A B
t=0, V=Vi
t=TD, V=Vi +

B
(Vi )
t=2TD,
V=Vi +

B
(Vi) +

A
(
B
)(Vi )
(signal is reflected)
(initial voltage)
Step 2: Determine V
B
in the circuit at time t = TD

The transient behavior of transmission line delays the
arrival of launched voltage until time t = TD.
V
B
at time 0 < t < TD is at quiescent voltage (0 in this case)
Voltage wavefront will be reflected at the end of the t-line
V
B
= V
incident
+ V
reflected
at time t = TD
Zo Rt
Zo Rt
+

=
B
V
reflected
=
B
(V
incident
)
V
B
= V
incident
+ V
reflected
34
Voltage Reflected Back to the Source
Vs
Zo
Rs
Vs
0
TD
Rt
A B
t=0, V=Vi
t=TD, V=Vi +

B
(Vi )
t=2TD,
V=Vi +

B
(Vi) +

A
(
B
)(Vi )
(signal is reflected)
(initial voltage)
B
35
Voltage Reflected Back to the Source
Step 3: Determine V
A
in the circuit at time t = 2TD

The transient behavior of transmission line delays the
arrival of voltage reflected from the load until time t =
2TD.
V
A
at time 0 < t < 2TD is at launch voltage
Voltage wavefront will be reflected at the source
V
A
= V
launch
+ V
incident
+ V
reflected
at time t = 2TD

In the steady state, the solution converges to
V
B
= V
S
[R
t
/ (R
t
+ R
s
)]
Zo Rs
Zo Rs
+

=
A
V
reflected
=
A
(V
incident
)
V
A
= V
launch
+ V
incident
+ V
reflected
36
Problems
Consider the circuit
shown to the right
with a resistive load,
assume propagation
delay = T, R
S
= Z
0
.
Calculate and show
the wave forms of
V
1
(t),I
1
(t),V
2
(t),
and I
2
(t) for (a) R
L
=

and (b) R
L
= 3Z
0
Z
0
,T
0
V
1 V
2
l
I
2
I
1
V
S
R
L
R
S
Solved Homework
37
Step-Function into T-Line: Relationships
Source matched case: R
S
= Z
0

V
1
(0)

= 0.5V
A
, I
1
(0)

= 0.5I
A
I
S
= 0, V(x,) = 0.5V
A
(1+ I
L
)
Uncharged line
V
2
(0)

= 0, I
2
(0)

= 0
Open circuit means R
L
=
I
L
= / = 1
V
1
()

= V
2
()

= 0.5V
A
(1+1)

= V
A
I
1
()

= I
2
()

= 0.5I
A
(1-1)

= 0

Solution
38
Step-Function into T-Line with Open Ckt
At t = T, the voltage wave reaches load end
and doubled wave travels back to source end
V
1
(T)

= 0.5V
A
, I
1
(T)

= 0.5V
A
/Z
0
V
2
(T) = V
A
, I
2
(T)

= 0

At t = 2T, the doubled wave reaches the
source end and is not reflected
V
1
(2T)

= V
A
, I
1
(2T)

= 0

V
2
(2T) = V
A
, I
2
(2T)

= 0

Solution
39
Waveshape:
Step-Function into T-Line with Open Ckt
Z
0
,T
0
V
1 V
2
l
I
2
I
1
V
S
Open
R
S
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)
2T Time (ns) 3T T 4T 0
0.5I
A
0.25I
A
I
A
0.75I
A
I
1
I
2
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
0.5V
A
0.25V
A
V
A
0.75V
A
V
1
V
2
This is called
reflected wave
switching
Solution
40
Problem 1b: Relationships
Source matched case: R
S
= Z
0

V
1
(0)

= 0.5V
A
, I
1
(0)

= 0.5I
A
I
S
= 0, V(x,) = 0.5V
A
(1+ I
L
)
Uncharged line
V
2
(0)

= 0, I
2
(0)

= 0
R
L
= 3Z
0

I
L
= (3Z
0
-Z
0
) / (3Z
0
+Z
0
)

= 0.5
V
1
()

= V
2
()

= 0.5V
A
(1+0.5)

= 0.75V
A
I
1
()

= I
2
()

= 0.5I
A
(1-0.5)

= 0.25I
A

Solution
41
Problem 1b: Solution
At t = T, the voltage wave reaches load end
and positive wave travels back to the source
V
1
(T)

= 0.5V
A
, I
1
(T)

= 0.5I
A
V
2
(T) = 0.75V
A
, I
2
(T)

= 0.25I
A
At t = 2T, the reflected wave reaches the
source end and absorbed
V
1
(2T)

= 0.75V
A
, I
1
(2T)

= 0.25I
A
V
2
(2T) = 0.75V
A
, I
2
(2T)

= 0.25I
A

Solution
42
Waveshapes for Problem 1b
Z
0
,T
0
V
1 V
2
l
I
2
I
1
V
S
R
L
R
S
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)
0.5I
A
0.25I
A
I
A
0.75I
A
I
1
I
2
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
0.5V
A
0.25V
A
V
A
0.75V
A
I
1
I
2
Note that a
properly terminated
wave settle out at
0.5 V
Solution
Solution
43
Transmission line step response
Introduction to lattice diagram analysis
Calculation of near and far end waveforms for
classic load impedances
Solving multiple reflection problems
Complex signal reflections at different types of
transmission line discontinuities will be analyzed
in this chapter. Lattice diagrams will be introduced
as a solution tool.
44
Lattice Diagram Analysis Key Concepts
Diagram shows the boundaries
(x =0 and x=l) and the reflection
coefficients (G
L
and

G
L
)
Time (in T) axis shown
vertically
Slope of the line should
indicate flight time of signal
Particularly important for multiple
reflection problems using both
microstrip and stripline mediums.
Calculate voltage amplitude
for each successive reflected
wave
Total voltage at any point is the
sum of all the waves that have
reached that point
Vs
Rs
Zo
V(source) V(load)
TD = N ps 0
Vs
Rt
The lattice diagram is a
tool/technique to simplify
the accounting of
reflections and waveforms
Time V(source)
V(load)
a
source

load

b
A
c
A
B
C
d
B
e
0
N ps
2N ps
3N ps
4N ps
5N ps
45
Lattice Diagram Analysis Detail
V(source)
V(load)
V
launch

source

load

V
launch
load

V
launch

0
V
launch
(1+
load
)

V
launch
(1+
load
+
load
source
)

Time
0
2N ps

4N ps

V
launch
load
source

V
launch
2
load
source

V
launch
2
load
2
source

V
launch
(1+
load
+
2
load
source
+
2
load
2
source
)

Time
N ps
3N ps
5N ps
Vs
Rs
Zo V(source) V(load)
TD = N ps
0
Vs
Rt
46
Transient Analysis Over Damped
Assume Zs=75 ohms
Zo=50ohms
Vs=0-2 volts
Vs
Zs
Zo
V(source) V(load)
Time V(source)
V(load)
1
50
50
2 . 0
50 75
50 75
8 . 0
50 75
50
) 2 (
=
+

=
+
=
=
+
=
+
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
=
Zo Zl
Zo Zl
Zo Zs
Zo Zs
Zo Zs
Zo
Vs V
load
source
initial
0.8v
2 . 0 =
source
1 =
load
0.8v
0.8v
0.16v
0v
1.6v
1.92v
0.16v
1.76v
0.032v
TD = 250 ps
0
500 ps
1000 ps
1500 ps
2000 ps
2500 ps
0
2 v
Response from lattice diagram
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 250 500 750 1000 1250
Time, ps
V
o
l
t
s
Sour ce
Load
47
Transient Analysis Under Damped
1
50
50
33333 . 0
50 25
50 25
3333 . 1
50 25
50
) 2 (
=
+

=
+

=
=
+

=
+

=
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
=
Zo Zl
Zo Zl
Zo Zs
Zo Zs
Zo Zs
Zo
Vs V
load
source
initial

Assume Zs=25 ohms
Zo =50ohms
Vs=0-2 volts
Vs
Zs
Zo
V(source) V(load)
TD = 250 ps
0
2 v
Time V(source)
V(load)
1.33v
3333 . 0
=
source
1
=
load

1.33v
1.33v
-0.443v
0v
2.66v
1.77v
-0.443v
2.22v
0.148v
0
500 ps
1000 ps
1500 ps
2000 ps
2500 ps 1.92
0.148v
2.07
Response from lattice diagram
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250
Time, ps
V
o
l
t
s

Source
Load
48
Two Segment Transmission Line Structures
Vs
Rs
Zo1
Rt
Zo2
X X
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
3 3
2 2
2
2
4
2 1
2 1
3
1 2
1 2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ =
+ =
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
T
T
Z Rt
Z Rt
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Rs
Z Rs
Z Rs
Z
V v
o
o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o
o
o
o
s i
2 3
3 2
4
1
2 3
3 2
4
1
2
2
hT i k
iT h j
g i
f h
dT e g
eT d f
b e
c d
a c
aT b
v a
i
+ =
+ =
=
=
+ =
+ =
=
=
=
=
=
h f d c A C
d c a B
a A
+ + + + =
+ + =
=
l k i g e b C
i g e b B
e b A
+ + + + + =
+ + + =
+ =
'
'
'
A
B
C
A
B
C
1
3
T
2
T
TD TD
TD
3TD
2TD
4TD
5TD
49
Assignment
Consider the two segment
transmission line shown to
the right. Assume R
S
=
3Z
01
and Z
02
= 3Z
01
. Use
Lattice diagram and
calculate reflection
coefficients at the
interfaces and show the
wave forms of V
1
(t), V
2
(t),
and V
3
(t).
Check results with PSPICE
Z
01
,T
01
V
1 V
2
l
1
I
2
I
1
V
S
R
S
Z
02
,T
02
V
3
l
2
I
3
Short
Previous examples are the
preparation

Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6: Prerequisite Reading Assignment: CH2

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Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6

Prerequisite Reading assignment: CH2

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