! ! ! 3.

Dislocations
Hartmut S. Leipner: Structure of imperfect materials
3.1. !"#"$"%&'"(')*+$",-."/+
(dlslocauon concepL, 8urgers vecLor,
Lypes, denslLy)
3.2. LlasuclLy Lheory of dlslocauons
3.3. Core sLrucLure of dlslocauons ln
parucular crysLals
3.4. ulslocauon mouon and generauon
(ulslocauon core sLrucLure)
All rlghLs reserved 2010 lZM-MLu Palle
1
hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Navaho
Symmetrie wird durch kleine Abweichungen
von exakter Regelmigkeit erst faszinierend:
Kein Kristall ohne Baufehler, kein Mosaik ohne
kleine Strungen, und selbst die Navaho-
Indianer bauten in ihre Teppiche einen weien
Faden ein, damit die bsen Geister entweichen
knnen.
[Hahn 2000]
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hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
! Existence of dislocations as line defects deduced as early as in the 1930ies
(Orowan, Polanyi, Taylor independently in 1934)
! Strong evidence for dislocations: comparison of theoretical and experimental
shear stress (Frenkel)
Plastic deformation of crystals
b
a
Stress
Periodic shearing force to move the
top atomic row:
For small shear x/b ! Hookes law,
Max. ! is the theoretical critical shear stress:
i. e. !
max
~ G
Experimentally:
10
-4
to 10
-8
G
Stress
3
hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
[E. Weber]
Dislocation concept
[Russ 1996]
4
hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Gedankenexperiment for the generation of an edge-type dislocation
by inserting an extra half-plane of atoms in a simple cubic structure
[Hull, Bacon 1992]
Geometry of dislocations
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hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Edge dislocation in the sc structure
S03-90
6
hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Shiites
!
7
hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Echinicactus grusonii
Chair for the mother in law
!
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hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Screw dislocation
S04-90
9
hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Surface spiral
Spiral growth on a silicon carbide facette. The material is grown
from the vapor phase on a seed crystal.
[Phys. uns. Zeit 2002]
10
hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Burgers circuit
Burgers vector b: 1 ! 19
" !
11
hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Transmission electron microscopy: [110] lattice image of a dissociated 60 dislocation in GaAs
[Gerthsen, Carter 1993]
High-resolution TEM
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hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
! Sign of the Burgers vector depends on the
sense of a dislocation line; not unambiguous
! FS/RH rule by Hirth, Lothe
!
b ! ! for edge dislocation, b || ! for screw.
!
b = 0 for point defects.
!
Dislocations with b and -b are different
(alternatively with equal b and opposite !).
Properties of the Burgers vector
FS/RH circuits in a real and a perfect
reference crystal. ! points into the
drawing plane.
[Hirth, Lothe 1982]
Burgers circuit
" !
b
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hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Annihilation of dislocations
b
2
b
1
b
1
+ b
2
= 0
S06-90
Opposite sign of the
Burgers vectors give:
14
b =
1
2
111
hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
!
b are shortest lattice translation vectors (perfect dislocations),
e. g. bcc , fcc
!
b and ! define the slip plane of the dislocation.
!
b || ! for screws, all planes containing ! are slip planes
!
b conserves along a dislocation (important if the dislocation line ! changes).
!
Existence of mixed dislocations with arbitrary angle between b and !
! Dislocations cannot end within a crystal
(only at surfaces, grain boundaries, or other dislocations).
! Dislocation loops
Geometric properties of dislocations
b =
1
2
110
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hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Mixed dislocation
! b
! b
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hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Perfect dislocation loop
b
b " ! "
b " ! #
Perfect dislocation loop consisting of screw and 60 segments
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hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Dislocation node
b
3
b
2
b
3
b
2
b
1
b
1
b
1
= b
2
+ b
3
b
1
+ b
2
+ b
3
= 0
!
2
!
3
!
3
!
2
!
1
!
1
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hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Arrangement of dislocations
in a well annealed crystal
[Hull, Bacon 1992]
!
Definition of the dislocation density: " = l/V
(total dislocation length per unit volume)
! Given in units of cm
2
! Typical numbers in well annealed metals 10
6
to 10
8
cm
2
,
in semiconductors 10 to 10
5
cm
2
! After plastic deformation 10
12
cm
2
and above
Dislocation
density in cm
2

10
2
10
4
10
6
10
8
10
10
10
12
10
14
Total length in
km/ cm
3

10
3
0.1 10 10
3
10
5
10
7
10
9

Average distance
1/2
in m
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9

Relative distance
in 5 10
10
m
2 10
6
2 10
5
2 10
4
2 10
3
200 20 2


Dislocation density
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hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
LLch pauern on a (111) galllum phosphlde surface (opucal mlcroscopy lmage)
Etch pit density
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hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Dislocation etch pits
Formation of etch pits at the
intersection of dislocations with
the surface.
(a) The cylinder around an edge
dislocation represents the region
with different chemical and
physical properties.
(b) A conical pit forms due to
preferential removal of atoms
from the imperfect region.
Emergent site of a screw
dislocation. The pit forms due to
the chemical resolution as a
reverse process to crystal growth.
[Hull:93]
Dislocation etch pits
(a)
(b)
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hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Visualization of dislocations by TEM
1ransmlsslon elecLron mlcroscopy of plasucally deformed
CaAs (dlracuon conLrasL lmage)
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hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Dislocation imaging in TEM
! Dislocations are visible in diffraction contrast through their strain field,
giving rise to a local bending of the lattice plane.
!
Parameters to be determined: magnitude and direction of b and !, slip plane
! Imaging of dislocation configurations: interactions, helix structures, tangles
etc.
! Determination of the dislocation density
! Imaging of defects on the dislocation line, such as jogs and kinks,
determination of dislocation dissociation
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hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Dislocation imaging in TEM
For a samples slightly tilted out
of the Bragg position, only the
lattice planes bended near the
dislocations fulfil the Bragg
condition.
(hkl) planes reflect (hkl) planes reflect
---
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hsl 2010 Structure of imperfect crystals 3.1 Dislocation topology
Extinction rule in TEM
g
1
g
2
g
3
b
Demonstration of the extinction rule for
an edge dislocation. Only the net planes
used for the imaging with the diffraction
vector g
1
are strongly bent.
g
1
"b ! 0, g
2
"b = 0, g
3
"b = 0
g"b = 0
25