Tribology International 41 (2008) 694703

Inuence of padpivot friction on tilting pad journal bearing

Sung-Gi Kim, Kyung-Woong Kim

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST),
373-1 Guseong-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
Received 27 February 2007; received in revised form 11 December 2007; accepted 12 December 2007
Available online 4 March 2008
Abstract
Some experimental studies reported that the performance of tilting pad journal bearing is related with the padpivot friction. Only a
few researches, however, consider the friction as a factor even though many ones have theoretically analyzed the performance of bearing.
Also, there is no mathematical model for the friction to explain the effect of friction on the performance of bearing. Therefore, this study
proposes a mathematical model for the padpivot friction and analyzes the effect of friction on the tilting pad journal bearing.
The results of this analysis show that the friction has a large inuence on the attitude angle of the journal. It is found that the
eccentricity direction of the journal does not coincide with the load direction when the friction is not zero. According to working
conditions, the attitude angle can be up to 251 when friction coefcient is equal to 0.5. It is also found that the tilt angle of the pad is not
determined as a xed value in case of the bearing with non-zero friction, even though working conditions is given for the static analysis.
This study represents four different tilt angles under same working conditions.
r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Padpivot friction; Tilting pad journal bearing; Hydrodynamic lubrication
1. Introduction
Tilting pad journal bearing is widely utilized in severe
working conditions, such as high load and large Reynolds
number due to the high load capacity and superior stability
of the bearing. Because of the merit, a large number of
theoretical and experimental studies have been executed to
reveal characteristics of the bearing since the tilting pad
bearing was proposed. The previous studies reported that
the bearing performance is affected by turbulent ow,
thermo-elastic interactions, pad and pivot deformation,
and inlet pressure [14]. The studies contribute to revealing
characteristics of the tilting pad journal bearing.
It, however, was reported that the bearing performance
can be greatly affected by supporting mechanism of the pad
which had hardly been considered as a factor when
predicting the performance. In 1999, Wygant et al. [5,6]
performed experiment on the performance of tilting pad
journal bearing, such as journal locus and dynamic
coefcient of the bearing. Fig. 1 depicts two pads with
different supporting mechanism used by Wygant et al.
Fig. 1(a) shows the rocker backed tilting pad and Fig. 1(b)
represents the ball and socket tilting pad. It was found
from their experiment that the results for the ball and
socket tilting pad were not explained by the previous
theories, whereas the results for the rocker backed tilting
pad coincided with the previous theories. In the results for
the ball and socket tilting pad, the eccentricity direction
of journal did not coincide with the load direction and
the cross-coupled dynamic coefcients had non-zero
values. These phenomena are not explained by the existing
theories. It was also found from another research that the
bearing performance can be affected by supporting
mechanism of the pad. In 1999, Pettinato and Choudhury
[7,8] measured pad temperature proles for the two pads
depicted in Fig. 1 and reported the differences. In 2005,
Sabnavis [9] studied for shaft tracking behavior of pads in a
ball and socket type tilting pad journal bearing and tried to
explain the relation between the shaft tracking behavior
and the padpivot friction.
The largest difference between the rocker backed tilting
pad and the ball and socket tilting pad is the friction
mechanism. The tilting pad of ball and socket type slides
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doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2007.12.003

Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 42 869 3215; fax: +82 42 869 3210.
E-mail address: taeho@kaist.ac.kr (K.W. Kim).
on the ball whereas the tilting pad of rocker back type rolls
on the bearing housing. Therefore, the resistance against
pad motion of the ball and socket tilting pad is larger than
the rocker backed tilting pads. The resistance against pad
motion is generated from the padpivot friction and causes
the difference between bearing characteristics of the two
types depicted in Fig. 1. Thus, the padpivot friction might
be considered as an external force when calculating the tilt
angle of pad if the padpivot friction is large.
In 1995, Nicholas and Wygant [10] pointed out the need
for considering the padpivot friction as a factor when
predicting the bearing performance. There, however, are a
few theoretical researches taking into account the pad
pivot friction and no mathematical models for the pad
pivot friction based on the physical meaning of the friction.
In 1999, Kozanecki [11] reported that the padpivot
friction changes the dynamic behaviors of the tilting pad
gas journal bearing in his numerical study. However, the
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Nomenclature
A
d
pulse amplitude (m)
e
p
eccentricity of the journal center (m)
d preload (m)
F
f
friction force on the pad (N)
f
px
, f
py
force caused by uid lm pressure (N)
h local lm thickness (m)
I
p
moment of inertia for the pad (kg m
2
)
L bearing length (m)
L
g
distance between pads (m)
M
f
pad moment caused by padpivot friction
(Nm)
M
p
pad moment caused by uid lm pressure and
shear stress (Nm)
M
t
M
f
+M
p
, total pad moment (Nm)
p lm pressure (Pa)
R bearing radius (m)
Re VC
p
r/Z, Reynolds number ()
Re
i
Vh(y
s
)r/Z, local Reynolds number at the pad
inlet ()
r
f
radius of ball pivot (m)
t time (s)
t
d
pulse interval (s)
u
im
mean uid velocity at the pad inlet (m/s)
V velocity of journal surface (m/s)
w, w
x
, w
y
external load on the journal (N)
w
p
normal force on the pad (N)
X, Y coordinates for relative position of journal
center to bearing center (m)
x
b
, y
b
displacement of bearing center (m)
x
j
, y
j
displacement of journal center (m)
x, z coordinates for bearing surface (m)
G L
g
/h(y
s
), non-dimensional distance between
pads ()
g tilt angle of pad (rad)
Z lubricant absolute viscosity (Pa s)
y x/R, angular coordinate (rad)
y
o
attitude angle (rad)
y
s
, y
p
start, pivot angle of each pad (rad)
m friction coefcient between ball and pad ()
o angular velocity (rad/s)
z axial coordinate at pad inlet ()
f
d
pulse direction (deg.)
Fig. 1. Two types of tilting pad: (a) rocker backed tilting pad and (b) ball and socket tilting pad.
S.G. Kim, K.W. Kim / Tribology International 41 (2008) 694703 695
friction coefcient is assumed as a constant, and then the
direction of the friction and the static friction are neglected.
Therefore, this study proposes a mathematical model for
the padpivot friction based on the physical meaning of the
friction. Then, a numerical analysis is executed to solve
isothermal Reynolds equation for the laminar ow, taking
into account the inlet pressure and the padpivot friction.
The padpivot friction is used to calculate the tilt angle
of the pad and the inlet pressure of the pad is used
as a boundary pressure at the pad entrance. This study
explains the inuences of padpivot friction on the bearing
characteristics by utilizing the proposed model and the
numerical analysis.
2. Analysis
2.1. Specications of analyzed bearings and lubricant
In this study, two types of bearings are analyzed, such as
the xed pad journal bearing and the tilting pad journal
bearing. Analyzed bearings are depicted in Fig. 2, where
Fig. 2(a) shows a schematic gure of the xed pad journal
bearing and Fig. 2(b) shows a schematic gure of the tilting
pad journal bearing. The xed pad journal bearing is made
into four partial bearings and the tilting pad journal
bearing consists of four tilting pads.
Additionally, the coordinates, load direction and pad
number for the numerical analysis are indicated in Fig. 2.
The specications of the bearings and lubricant which are
used in this study are listed in Table 1. For the xed pad
journal bearing, the equivalent tilt angle is zero and the
preload is 0.3.
2.2. Padpivot friction model
In this study, it is assumed that the dynamic friction
coefcient has the constant and same value as the static
friction coefcient m. The model of the padpivot friction is
depicted in Fig. 3. The friction force is the product of the
normal force by the friction coefcient between pad and
pivot. The normal force indicates the force that is exerted
on the pad by the lubricant lm. The friction force
generates a friction moment, M
f
, which exerts inuences
on a tilt angle of the pad. The friction moment can be
modeled with two cases. If the tilt angle of pad is changing,
the magnitude of M
f
keeps a constant value, mr
f
w
p
, and the
direction is opposite to the tilting direction. If the tilt angle
of pad is not changing, M
f
is equal to the pad moment by
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Fig. 2. Schematic diagrams of analyzed bearings: (a) xed pad journal bearing and (b) tilting pad journal bearing.
Table 1
The specications of the bearing and lubricant
Bearing diameter D 100 mm
Bearing length L 50 mm
Bearing clearance C
p
0.1 mm
Pad arc b 751 (4 pads)
Pivot position (y
p
y
s
)/b 0.5
Pivot radius r
f
15, 50 mm
Padpivot friction coeff. m 0.1, 0.3, 0.5
Pad thickness t
p
15 mm
Density of pad r
p
7900 kg/m
3
Preload d 0.03
Lubricant density r 845 kg/m
3
Lubricant viscosity Z 0.027 Pa s
Fig. 3. Padpivot friction model: (a) padpivot friction and (b) friction
moment.
S.G. Kim, K.W. Kim / Tribology International 41 (2008) 694703 696
the lubricant lm, M
p
, as shown in Fig. 3(b). In this model,
the center of action of M
f
coincides with the center of ball
pivot. Numerical formulas for M
f
are
M
f

_ g
_ g

mr
f
w
p

at _ ga0, (1)
M
f

M
p
at M
p

o mr
f
w
p

M
p
M
p j j
mr
f
w
p

at M
p

X mr
f
w
p

at _ g 0:
_
_
_
(2)
2.3. Static analysis
The Reynolds equation is derived into Eq. (3) by
employing the thin lm assumption of classic lubrication
theory. The equation is solved to obtain the distribution
of lm pressure. In the static analysis, the second term of
right-hand side is zero.
q
qx
h
3
qp
qx
_ _

q
qz
h
3
qp
qz
_ _
6ZV
qh
qx
12Z
qh
qt
. (3)
The boundary condition of the Reynolds equation is
given as follows:
p
p
i
at pad inlet;
p
a
at the other boundary:
_
(4)
The pressure on the boundary of the pad except pad inlet
is ambient pressure p
a
, and the pressure on the pad inlet is
the inlet pressure p
i
, which is calculated by the model of
Kim and Kim [12].
The inlet pressure is assumed to be parabolically
distributed at the leading edge of the pad, which has a
maximum value of p
ic
at center of the leading edge. p
ic
is
calculated as shown in Eq. (6), where c
l
is the loss
coefcient. Eq. (6) implies that the inlet pressure depends
on only the loss coefcient under the given operating
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Fig. 4. Procedure of static analysis.
Fig. 5. Procedure of transient analysis.
S.G. Kim, K.W. Kim / Tribology International 41 (2008) 694703 697
condition. Kim and Kim proposed a formula for calculat-
ing the loss coefcient, as shown in Eq. (7), by the
numerical calculation of the full NavierStokes equations
for the computational domain of the cavity region between
pads as well as lubricant lm.
p
i
z 4p
ic
z1 z, (5)
p
ic
ZoR=C
p

2

Re
2
C
p
R
1 c
l

u
im
V
_ _
2
_ _
, (6)
c
l

C
1
Re
n
i
0:751 e
C
2

Re
i
=G
p
, (7)
where
C
1
5:18G
0:036
; C
2
0:73G
0:057
; n 1:38G
0:082
.
Additionally, the Reynolds boundary condition is used
for solving the equation. And, eccentricity, preload and tilt
angle are taken into account in the calculation of lm
thickness, as shown in
h C
p
e
p
cos y y
o
d cosy y
p

g
R
siny
p
y.
(8)
A static equilibrium tilt angle of pad is determined when
the total moment exerted on the pad is zero. However,
there are innumerous equilibrium tilt angles when the
padpivot friction is not zero. The tilt angle is deter-
mined as one of the static equilibrium states satisfying
Eq. (9) which means the total moment exerted on the
pad is zero.
M
t
M
p
M
f
0. (9)
Fig. 4 shows the procedure of numerical calculation for
the static analysis. The tilt angle of pad is updated by by-
section method until M
p
+M
f
becomes zero for all pads
under the given journal position. For by-section method,
the initial variation of the tilt angle is 0.0061. And, the
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Fig. 6. Journal locus, pressure and lm thickness distribution (o 5000 rpm, m 0.5): (a) journal locus, (b) pressure distribution (w 5 kN) and (c) lm
thickness distribution (w 5 kN).
S.G. Kim, K.W. Kim / Tribology International 41 (2008) 694703 698
journal position is obtained by NewtonRapson method
and the convergence criterion is given in Eq. (10). For
NewtonRapson method, the relaxation factor is 0.1 and
the variation of eccentricity ratio is 0.01 to calculate the
slop of tangent line. For the numerical analysis, 31 21
nodes are used for one pad and initial eccentricity ratio and
initial attitude angle are 0.31 and 01, respectively. Besides,
initial tilt angles of pads 1, 2 are zero and those of pads 3, 4
are 0.0921.

f
px
w
x

2
f
py
w
y

2
_

w
2
x
w
2
y
_ p10
3
. (10)
2.4. Transient analysis
In order to obtain trajectories of journal and pads,
equations of motion for journal and pads are solved. The
equations of motion for journal and pads are given as
m x
j
f
px
w
x
,
m y
j
f
py
w
y
, (11)
g
1
I
p
M
p
M
f
, (12)
where g is angular acceleration of pad and M
f
is expressed
in Eqs. (1) and (2).
For a tilting pad journal bearing working in the transient
state, pressure distribution in the lubricant lm is determined
by the transient Reynolds Eq. (3). The boundary conditions
for the transient analysis are the same as those of static
analysis. And, a steady state under the given working
conditions is used as the initial condition for the transient
analysis.
In order to simulate a transient motion, it is assumed
that the bearing undergoes a pulse shock. The pulse shock
is dened with A
d
, f
d
and t
d
, as shown
x
b

A
d
2

A
d
2
sin
2p
t
d
t
t
d
4
_ _
_ _ _ _
cos f
d
y
b

A
d
2

A
d
2
sin
2p
t
d
t
t
d
4
_ _
_ _ _ _
sin f
d
_

_
at 0ptot
d
,
(13)
x
b
y
b
0; at to0 or tXt
d
, (14)
where x
b
and y
b
are the relative coordinates of the bearing
center to the bearing center in the steady state without
external disturbance.
Fig. 5 shows the procedure of numerical calculation
for the transient analysis. For the numerical analysis,
31 21 nodes are used for one pad and time interval is
10
6
s. And, Euler method is used to obtain the positions of
journal and pad from the bearing reaction forces and pad
moments.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Static analysis
Fig. 6(a) shows journal locus for several loads. The
journal locus of Fig. 6(a) is obtained from the numerical
calculation of Fig. 4. For several loads, the numerical
calculation is executed repeatedly and the initial eccen-
tricity ratio and initial attitude angle are 0.31 and 01,
respectively, when the calculation is executed for each load.
The load is changed as following order: 0.1, 0.6, 1.1, 1.6,
2.1, 2.6, 3.1, 3.6, 4.1, 4.6, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
18, 28, 38, 48 kN. The tilt angle of pad and the journal
position are obtained by by-section method and Newton
Rapson method, respectively. While the tilt angle of pad
and the journal position are updated discretely, the tilt
angle of pad and the journal position are regarded as a nal
equilibrium state if the force balance is achieved for the
journal and all pads. If a nal equilibrium state is obtained
for a given load, all conditions for the numerical
calculation including the eccentricity ratio and attitude
angle are initialized and then the numerical calculation is
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Fig. 7. Maximum pressure and friction torque (o 5000 rpm, m 0.5):
(a) maximum pressure and (b) friction torque of journal.
S.G. Kim, K.W. Kim / Tribology International 41 (2008) 694703 699
executed for another load. In Fig. 6(a), for a tilting pad
journal bearing with padpivot friction does not start from
the center of clearance circle because of the padpivot
friction. Occasionally, the curve could start from the center
of clearance circle if the initial eccentricity ratio and initial
attitude angle are changed.
In case of the tilting pad journal bearings without
padpivot friction, the journal locus of a bearing forms
into a straight line path. This is the well-known behavior of
a tilting pad journal bearing. In case of the tilting pad
journal bearings with padpivot friction, however, the
journal locus of a bearing forms into a curved path as in
the case of the xed pad bearing. This result is similar to
the experimental result of Wygant et al. [5,6]. The current
result also implies that cross-couple coefcients of stiffness
and damping are non-zero in case of the tilting pad journal
bearings with padpivot friction.
Figs. 6(b) and (c) indicates the distributions of lm
pressure and lm thickness for a pad, respectively, when
bearings are worked under the load of 5 kN. It is found
from these gures that the padpivot friction exerts large
inuences on the distributions of lm pressure and lm
thickness. The differences among the curves in Figs. 6(b)
and (c) are inferred from the differences among the curves
in Fig. 6(a).
Fig. 7 compares the maximum lm pressures and the
friction torques for various loads. It is found from Fig. 7
that the maximum lm pressure and the friction torque for
the three cases are similar when the bearings are working
under low load conditions. The other side, it is also found
that the maximum lm pressure and the friction torque for
the case of xed pad are larger than those for other two
cases when the bearings are working under high load
conditions. It means that the effect of padpivot friction on
the maximum lm pressure and the friction torque is small
when the friction coefcient is a normal value such as 0.5,
but the effect is signicant when the friction coefcient is as
large as the pad is xed.
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Fig. 8. Journal trajectories (o 10,000 rpm, w 5 kN, A
d
110 C
p
, f
d
2251, t
d
0.1 s): (a) w/o padpivot friction (m 0.0), (b) w/padpivot friction
(m 0.5) and (c) xed pad.
S.G. Kim, K.W. Kim / Tribology International 41 (2008) 694703 700
3.2. Trajectories of journal
Fig. 8 compares journal trajectories for three kinds of
bearings each of which undergoes a pulse shock. In this
gure, the moving direction of the journal for tilting pad
journal bearing without padpivot friction almost coin-
cides with the pulse direction. On the other hand, the
journal trajectories for tilting pad journal bearing with the
padpivot friction and xed pad journal bearing display
circular motions. It is deduced that a journal has a circular
motion when the tilt angle of pad does not change. And, it
is also deduced that the padpivot friction disturbs tilting
of pads and makes the circular motion in Fig. 8(b). This
means that an instability phenomenon could occur in case
of the tilting pad journal bearing with padpivot friction.
The instability, however, does not cause a bearing failure,
because the padpivot friction generally cannot keep the
tilt angle of the pad constant when the journal motion is
enough large to cause a bearing failure.
3.3. Non-unicity of equilibrium position
Fig. 9 shows various journal trajectories after pulse
shocks. In this gure, the difference among trajectories
is caused by pulse direction. The black rectangles in the
gures indicate initial equilibrium positions before the
shocks and the black circles indicate equilibrium positions
after pulse shocks. As the gure shows, nal equilibrium
positions are different. The reason is that the history of tilt
angle transition is changed owing to different pulse
direction. Therefore, the tilt angle when |M
p
| becomes
lower than |mr
f
w
p
| is changed and the converged tilt angle
and journal position are also changed. That is, the
equilibrium position is dependent on the history of tilt
angle transition and can be different even under the same
working conditions.
Fig. 10 shows transition of tilt angle during a simulation.
In Fig. 10(b), the tilt angles of pads are unchanged even if
the bearing gets a weak pulse shock. In the same working
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Fig. 9. Various equilibrium locations (o 5000 rpm, w 5 kN, m 0.5, t
d
0.1 s).
S.G. Kim, K.W. Kim / Tribology International 41 (2008) 694703 701
conditions, however, the tilt angles of pads without
padpivot friction are changed while the bearing gets the
same weak pulse shock as shown in Fig. 10(a). This
phenomenon is caused by the static friction. Furthermore,
if the pads stand still as Fig. 10(b), the equilibrium position
of the journal is same to that before the pulse shock. But, if
the bearing gets more strong pulse shock, the tilt angles of
pads are changed and the equilibrium position of the
journal moves to another position.
3.4. Effect of friction coefcient
Fig. 11 shows the journal locus of tilting pad journal
bearing when the friction coefcient are 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5.
In this gure, it is found that the attitude angle increases
as the friction coefcient increases except some cases. It
means that the padpivot friction increases and the
equilibrium solution range of the tilt angle widens as the
friction coefcient increases. If the equilibrium solution
range is enlarging, there is a strong probability that the
attitude angle is also enlarging.
In the previous sections, the value of friction coefcient
is 0.5. The value, however, is rather high compared with the
typical friction coefcient for the lubricated interface. And,
it is obvious that the inuence of padpivot friction on the
bearing performance decreases as the friction coefcient
decreases. The range of the typical friction coefcient,
however, is about from 0.05 to 0.5 under the boundary
lubrication conditions. And, the interface between the pad
and pivot is under the boundary lubrication conditions.
This study has been executed to reveal the effect of the
friction coefcient and it has been judged that the effect
enlarges the friction coefcient increases. Therefore, the
friction coefcient 0.5 is chosen in order to obviously reveal
the effect of padpivot friction on the performance of
tilting pad journal bearing.
Wygant et al. [5] reported that the friction coefcient
between ball and socket in their apparatus is 0.4. The
friction coefcient, however, is not uniquely determined,
since the friction coefcient is changeable according to
lubricant condition between ball and socket. Therefore,
some experimental researches have to be executed in order
to investigate proper value of m according to the lubricant
condition.
4. Conclusion
This study proposes an analysis model for the padpivot
friction and analyzes the static and transient bearing
performance by using the proposed model. The main
ndings obtained from the analysis are as follows:
1. The journal locus for various loads forms into a
curved path for the tilting pad journal bearing with the
padpivot friction. It means that the eccentricity direction
of the journal does not coincide with the load direction
when the padpivot friction is not zero.
2. The padpivot friction exerts signicant inuences on
the pressure distribution and lm thickness distribution.
But the padpivot friction does not exert meaningful
inuences on the maximum pressure and friction torque.
3. An instability phenomenon could occur in case of
the tilting pad journal bearing with non-zero padpivot
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Fig. 10. Transition of tilt angle (o 6000 rpm, w 5 kN, A
d
15 C
p
,
t
d
0.1, f
d
2251): (a) w/o padpivot friction (m 0.0) and (b) w/pad
pivot friction (m 0.5).
Fig. 11. Effect of friction coefcient (o 5000 rpm, m 0.1, 0.3, 0.5).
S.G. Kim, K.W. Kim / Tribology International 41 (2008) 694703 702
friction, since the friction makes pads xed. The instability,
however, do not cause a bearing failure, because the
padpivot friction generally cannot keep the tilt angle of
the pad constant when the instability phenomenon is
enough large to cause a bearing failure.
4. The tilt angle of pad is not determined as a unique
value in case of the tilting pad journal bearing with
padpivot friction, even though working conditions is
given. The reason is that the equilibrium position of the tilt
angle is dependent on the history of tilt angle transition.
Therefore, the equilibrium position of the journal is not
also determined as a unique position.
5. The equilibrium solution range of the tilt angle widens
as the friction coefcient increases. And, if the equilibrium
solution range is larger, there is a strong probability that
the attitude angle is to become also larger.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the Brain Korea 21 Project.
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ARTICLE IN PRESS
S.G. Kim, K.W. Kim / Tribology International 41 (2008) 694703 703