BFC34803 : SEM 2 SESSION 2020/2021

CHAPTER 2:
FRAME ANALYSIS DUE TO
WIND ACTIONS
By:
Dr. Zalipah Jamellodin
Department of Civil Engineering
FKAAB, UTHM
 Wind Loading
 Wind forces are variable loads which act directly on the internal
and external surfaces of structures.
 The intensity of wind load on a structure is related to the square
of the wind velocity and the dimension of the members that are
resisting the wind.
 Wind velocity is dependent on:
a) Geographical location
b) The height of the structure
c) The topography of the area
d) The roughness of the terrain
 Wind Loading
Local topography
effect wind pattern,
More Very wind speed increase
sheltered exposed with altitude,
decrease with terrain
roughness

Shelter from any

permanents will
reduce loads

Sheltered by building
 Wind Loading
 The response of a structure to the variable action of wind can be
separated into 2 components:
Background component
- Involves static deflection of
the structure under the wind
pressure
- Example: Natural wind
Resonant component
- Involve dynamic vibration of
the structure in response to
changes in wind pressure
- Relatively small and structural
response to wind forces is
usually treated using static
method of analysis.
- Example: High-fluctuate wind,
hurricane, micro-burst,
windblast
 Wind Loading
 Wind creates pressure of the windward side of a buildings and
suction on three sides.
 Wind Loading
 Variation of wind pressure on multistory building.
- Windward : Non-uniform wind pressure
- Leeward : Uniform wind pressure
- Sideward : Uniform wind pressure
 Effect of Wind Loading

Hurricane Sandy batters New York with Building failure due to high pressure
howling winds wind from Hurricane Katrina
Effect of Wind Loading

Building damage due to high wind

-Cardiff, Wales-
 Effect of Wind Loading

High-rise building Insulation peels away and collapses when

the wind picks up.
- China -
 Effect of Wind Loading

Windstorm (13/06/2013 – Menara UMNO)

-Pulau Pinang, Malaysia-

Windstorm (13/10/2014 - Flat Jln Loke Yew)

-Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia-
 Effect of Wind Loading
Major failure in uplift damage roof
Effect of Wind Loading
Strong wind events in Malaysia
Wind Analysis
 Wind Analysis

Calculation of Wind Pressure

(MS 1553: 2002)
Simplified Analytical Wind Tunnel
Method Procedure Procedure
Building of Rectangular Complex buildings
rectangular in plan buildings
Height < 15 m Height < 200 m
Roof span < 100 m
Wind Analysis – Simplified Method
Appendix A (MS1553 : 2002)

𝟐 𝟐
𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑 𝑽𝒔 𝑴𝒛,𝒄𝒂𝒕 𝑪𝒑𝒆 − 𝑪𝒑𝒊

Where;
𝑝 = the design wind pressure in Pa
𝑉𝑠 = the basic wind speed (Figure 3.1)
𝑀𝑧,𝑐𝑎𝑡 = the terrain/height multiplier (Table A1)
𝐶𝑝𝑒 = the external pressure coefficient for surface of enclose
building (A2.3 and A2.4)
𝐶𝑝𝑖 = the internal pressure coefficient for surface of enclose
building which shall be taken as +0.6 or -0.3. The two
cases shall be considered to determine the critical load
requirements for the appropriate condition.
Wind Analysis – Simplified Method
Vs - Figure 3.1 & Table 3.1
Wind Analysis – Simplified Method
Mz,cat – Table A1
 Wind Analysis – Simplified Method
Cp,e – A2.3
 Wind Analysis – Simplified Method
Cp,e – A2.4
Wind Analysis – Analytical Procedure
Section 2 : (MS1553 : 2002)

𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑 𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝟐 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝑪𝒅𝒚𝒏

Where;
𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑡 𝑙 = the design wind speed
𝑙 = Importance factor (Table 3.2)
𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑡 𝑙 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑀𝑑 𝑀𝑧,𝑐𝑎𝑡 𝑀𝑠 𝑀ℎ = site wind speed
𝑉𝑠 = the basic wind speed (Figure 3.1);
zone 1 – 33.5 m/s, zone 2 – 32.5 m/s
𝑀𝑑 = wind directional multiplier = 1.0
𝑀𝑧,𝑐𝑎𝑡 = the terrain/height multiplier (Table 4.1)
𝑀𝑠 = shielding multiplier (Table 4.3) equal to 1.0 if the
effects of shielding are ignored or not applicable.
Wind Analysis – Analytical Procedure
𝑀ℎ = Hill shape multiplier. Shall be taken as 1.0 except
that for particular cardinal direction in the local
topographic zones.

𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔 = 𝐶𝑝𝑒 𝐾𝑎 𝐾𝑐 𝐾1 𝐾𝑝 = Aerodynamic shape factor for

external pressure.
𝐶𝑝𝑒 = External pressure coefficient (Table 5.2.a and
5.2.b)
𝐾𝑎 𝐾𝑐 𝐾1 𝐾𝑝 = Area reduction factor, combination factor, local
pressure factor and porous cladding reduction
factor respectively. All shall be taken as 1.0 in
most cases
𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛 = Dynamic response factor. Shall be taken as 1.0
unless the structure is wind sensitive. (Section 6)
Wind Analysis – Wind Tunnel Procedure
Wind Analysis – Wind Tunnel Procedure
Wind Analysis – Wind Tunnel Procedure
 Wind tunnel test >> cladding pressure
Wind Analysis – Wind Tunnel Procedure
 Simulation procedure: Autodesk Robot
Wind Analysis – Wind Tunnel Procedure
 Simulation procedure: Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
 EXAMPLE 2.2: WIND ANALYSIS

Location : Kuala Lumpur (Zone 1)

Terrain : Suburban Terrain for all directions
Topography : Ground slope less than 1 in 20 for greater than
5 km in all directions.
Construction : Reinforced Concrete
Sway Frequencies, na = nc : 0.2 Hertz
Mode shape: Linear, k : 1.0
Average Building Density : 160 kg/m3
 EXAMPLE 2.2: WIND ANALYSIS
Using Analytical Procedure in Section 2, MS 1553: 2002
Design wind pressure, 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑 𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝟐 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝑪𝒅𝒚𝒏

(1) Design wind speed, 𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔 = 𝑽𝒔𝒊𝒕 𝒍 = 32.5 x 1.15 = 37.4 m/s
Where;
𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑡 𝑙 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑀𝑑 𝑀𝑧,𝑐𝑎𝑡 𝑀𝑠 𝑀ℎ = 33.5 x 1.00 x 0.97 x 1.00 x 1.00
= 32.5 m/s

𝑉𝑠 = the basic wind speed (Figure 3.1) zone 1 = 33.5 m/s

𝑀𝑑 = wind directional multiplier = 1.00
𝑀𝑧,𝑐𝑎𝑡 = the terrain/height multiplier (Table 4.1) = 0.97 by interpolation
𝑀𝑠 = shielding multiplier (Table 4.3) = 1.00
𝑀ℎ = hill shape multiplier (Cl 4.3) = 1.00

l = Importance factor (Table 3.2) = 1.15

EXAMPLE 2.2: WIND ANALYSIS

25 m
EXAMPLE 2.2: WIND ANALYSIS
 EXAMPLE 2.2: WIND ANALYSIS
Using Analytical Procedure in Section 2, MS 1553: 2002
Design wind pressure, 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑 𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝟐 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝑪𝒅𝒚𝒏

(2) Aerodynamic shape factor, 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔 = 𝐶𝑝𝑒𝐾𝑎𝐾𝑐𝐾1𝐾𝑝

Where;
𝐶𝑝𝑒 = External pressure coefficient
Windward wall (Table 5.2a) = 0.80 (for varying z)
Leeward wall (Table 5.2b) = -0.25 by interpolation
(for d/b = 51m/18m = 2.8)

𝐾𝑎 = Area reduction factor = 1.00

𝐾c = Combination factor = 1.00
𝐾1 = Local pressure factor = 1.00
Kp = Porous cladding reduction factor = 1.00
EXAMPLE 2.2: WIND ANALYSIS
 EXAMPLE 2.2: WIND ANALYSIS
Using Analytical Procedure in Section 2, MS 1553: 2002
Design wind pressure, 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑 𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝟐 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝑪𝒅𝒚𝒏

𝟐𝑩 𝒈𝑹 𝟐 𝑺𝑬𝒕
𝟏+𝟐𝒍𝒉 𝒈𝒗 +
𝒔

(3) Dynamic response factor, 𝐶dyn = = 1.327
𝟏+𝟐𝒈𝒗 𝒍𝒉

where;
lh = Turbulence intensity at z = h (Table 6.1) = 0.205 by interpolation

gv = Peak factor = 3.7

1
Bs = Background factor = = 0.7431 h = 25 m
36 ℎ−𝑠 2 +64𝑏𝑠ℎ 2 s=0m
1+
𝐿ℎ 𝑳𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝒉/𝟏𝟎)𝟎.𝟐𝟓
𝑩𝒔𝒉 = 𝟓𝟏 𝒎
 EXAMPLE 2.2: WIND ANALYSIS
1
S = Size reduction factor = 3.5𝑛𝑎 ℎ 1+𝑔𝑣 𝑙ℎ 4𝑛𝑎 𝑏0ℎ 1+𝑔𝑣 𝑙ℎ
= 0.188
1+ 𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠
1+ 𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠

na = 0.2 Hz given
b0h = bsh = 51 m
0.47𝑁
Et = Spectrum of turbulence = = 0.623
2+𝑁 5/6
𝒏𝒂 𝒍𝒉 𝟏 + 𝒈𝒗 𝒍𝒉
𝑵= = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖
𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔

 = Ratio of structural damping to critical damping (Table 6.2) = 0.05

gR = Peak factor for resonance response = 2log e 600𝑛𝑒 = 3.09

EXAMPLE 2.2: WIND ANALYSIS

25 m
EXAMPLE 2.2: WIND ANALYSIS
 EXAMPLE 2.2: WIND ANALYSIS

𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑 𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝟐 𝑪𝒇𝒊𝒈 𝑪𝒅𝒚𝒏 (N/m2)

Height Mz,cat Total,
Level
(m) (Table 4.1) Windward Leeward ptotal
Vdes,z (m/s) pW Vdes,h (m/s) pL pW - p L
7 (Roof) 25.0 0.970 37.4 910 37.4 -284 1194
6 21.5 0.950 36.6 872 37.4 -284 1156
5 18.0 0.920 35.4 815 37.4 -284 1099
4 14.5 0.890 34.3 766 37.4 -284 1050
3 11.0 0.840 32.4 683 37.4 -284 967
2 7.5 0.790 30.4 601 37.4 -284 885
1 4.0 0.750 28.9 543 37.4 -284 827
EXAMPLE 2.2: WIND ANALYSIS

0.910 0.248 1.194 Level 7 (Roof)

Level 6
0.872 0.248 1.156
Level 5
0.815 0.248 1.099
Level 4
0.766 0.248 1.050
Level 3
0.683 0.248 0.967
Level 2
0.601 0.248 0.805
Level 1
0.543 0.248 0.827
Ground

pW (kN/m2) pL (kN/m2) Total (kN/m2)