Design Standards – Wind

Action
1. AS 4055 – Wind Loads for Housing
2. AS/NZS 1170.2, 2011 Structural
Design Action – Wind Action
 Section 2.2 – Site Wind Speed

𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑡 , 𝛽 =𝑉 𝑅 ( 𝑀 𝑑 )( 𝑀 𝑧 ,𝑐𝑎𝑡 )( 𝑀 𝑠)( 𝑀 𝑡 )

Where:
= Regional Wind Speed
(m/s)
= Wind Direction Multiplier
= Terrain/Height Multiplier
= Shielding Multiplier
= Topographic Multiplier
 Parameters
= Regional Wind Speed (Read Clause 3.2)
• Based on provisions of section 3 for various return periods in the Australian and New
Zealand regions
Example – Industrial buildings are generally designed for return period of 100
years
• Table 3.1 – Values of Regional wind speed

= Wind Direction Multiplier (Read Clause 3.3)

For all directions in region B, C, and D
• 0.95 for determining the resultant forces and overturning moments on
complete buildings and wind actions on major structural elements
• 1.0 for all other cases

= Terrain/Height Multipliers (Read Clause 4.2)

• Very important in wind action analysis
 Analyse the effect of existing structures in the terrain where the proposed
structure will be constructed
• Table 4.1 is used for analysis of terrain/height multiplier
 = Shielding Multiplier (Read Clause 4.3)
• The shielding multiplier shall be 1.0 where the effect of shielding is ignored
• The shielding parameter (s) in Table 4.3 shall be determined as follows:

= Topographic Multiplier (Read Clause 4.4)

• Rules to determine the applicable value of the topographic multiplier:
a) For sites in New Zealand and Tasmania over 500 m above sea level;

Where:
= hill shape multiplier
= lee effect multiplier

b) Elsewhere, the larger value of the following:

= where = Hill shape multiplier
= where = Lee multiplier
 Section 2.3 – Design Wind Speed
• The building orthogonal design wind speeds (Vdes,θ) shall be taken as the maximum cardinal
direction site wind speed (Vsit,β) linearly interpolated between cardinal points within a sector
±45° to the orthogonal direction being considered

• Range - [β = θ ±45°]
 where β is the cardinal direction clockwise from true North and θ is the angle to the
building orthogonal axes.

• Walls and hoardings and lattice towers;

 Vdes,θ shall be the maximum value of Vsit,β in a sector ±22.5° from the 45°
direction being considered.

• Ultimate state design;

 Vdes,θ shall be not less than 30 m/s for permanent structures, or less than 25 m/s for
temporary structures.
Section 2.4 Design Wind Pressure and Distributed
Forces
2.4.1 Design wind pressures
Design wind pressures are denoted by the symbol p
Design wind pressures are measured in pascals
Design wind pressures of structures and parts of structure
is determined by
 2
𝑝=( 0.5 𝜌 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ) [𝑉 𝑑𝑒𝑠 , 𝜃 ]   𝐶 𝑓𝑖𝑔 𝐶 𝑑𝑦𝑛
• P = design wind pressure in pascals
• = density of air, which is taken as 1.2 kg/
• = building orthogonal design wind speeds, which is usually 0°,
90°, 180°, and 270° as given in Clause 2.3.
• = aerodynamic shape factor (Section 5)
• = dynamic response factor (Section 6)
 Design frictional drag force per unit area

• Design wind frictional drag force per unit area is denoted by the
symbol f
• Design wind frictional drag force per unit area is measured in
pascals
• Design wind frictional drag force per unit area of structures and
parts of structure is determined by
 Section 2.5 Wind Action
• Wind action is used to determine the forces on the surface of structural
elements, force and moments on complete structure, deflection and
accelerations of dynamically wind-sensitive structures.

2.5.2 Directions to be considered

• Wind actions shall be derived by considering wind from no fewer than four
orthogonal directions aligned to the structure
2.5.3 Forces on the surface or structural elements
To determine wind actions, the forces (F) in newtons, on surfaces or structural
elements, such as a wall or a roof, shall be the vector sum of the forces
calculated from the pressures applied to the assumed areas (A), as follows:
• = design wind pressure in pascals at height z. (Clause 2.4.1)
• = a reference area, in square meters, at height z, upon which the
pressure at that height () acts
Force derived from Frictional Drag
To determine wind actions, the forces (F), in newtons, on a building
element, such as a wall or a roof, shall be the vector sum of the
forces calculated from distributed frictional drag stresses applied to
the assumed areas, as follows:
• = design frictional drag per unit area parallel to the surface at
height z, in pascals.
• = a reference area, in square meters, on which the distributed
frictional drag stresses (fz) act.
Forces derived from force coefficient.
F
= l x b for members and simple sections.
• 2.5.4 Forces and Moments on Complete structures
• To determine wind actions, the total resultant forces and overturning
moments on complete structures shall be taken to be the summation
of the effects of the external pressures on all surfaces of the building
• 2.5.5 Performance of fatigue-sensitive elements
• Cladding and its connections and immediate supporting members
and their fixing shall demonstrate performance under the pressure
sequences based on the ultimate limit state wind pressure on external
and internal surfaces, as determined in accordance with this
Standard.
• 2.5.6 Deflections of dynamically wind-sensitive structures
• Wind actions for dynamically wind-sensitive structures which may include
chimneys, and poles of circular cross-section, shall be calculated in accordance
with Section 6.

• 2.5.7 Impact loading from windborne debris

• Where windborne debris loading is specified, the debris impact shall be
equivalent to—
(a) timber member of 4 kg mass with a nominal cross-section of 100 mm × 50
mm impacting end on at 0.4 for horizontal trajectories and 0.1 for vertical
trajectories; and (b) spherical steel ball 8 mm diameter (approximately 2 grams
mass) impacting at 0.4 for horizontal trajectories and 0.3 for vertical trajectories
where is the regional wind speed given in Clause 3.2 is the regional wind speed
which is further explained in Clause 3.2.
 Section 3 – Regional Wind Speed ()
Calculated gust wind speeds in the region in
which a structure is to be constructed
• Coast
• Interior
CYCLONIC REGIONS

Section 3.2
Non-cyclonic
Regions;
• A
• W
NON-CYCLONIC
REGIONS • B

Cyclonic Regions;
• C (Fiji)
• D
Table 3.1 (AS/NZS 1170.2,2011)
Table 3.1 (AS 1170.0 - 2002

Importance level
varies depending on
its function. E.g.
Structures such as
hospitals, fire
stations are vital
services and must
continue to operate
even after a natural
disaster, hence the
higher importance
level.
Table 3.1 (AS 1170.0 – 2002)
Wind Direction Multiplier
 Terrain Category Definitions
Terrain/Height Multiplier

Terrain, over which the approach wind flows towards a structure, and in order to calculate the
terrain/height multiplier, we need to classify the terrain category of our site.
This shall be assessed on the basis of the following category descriptions:

TERRAIN
DEFINITION
CATEGORY
Exposed open terrain with few or no obstructions and water
Category 1
surfaces at serviceability wind speeds
Water surfaces, open terrain, grassland with few, well-scattered
Category 2
obstructions having heights generally from 1.5 m to 10m
Terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions 3 m to 5 m
Category 3
high, such as areas of suburban housing.
Terrain with numerous large, high (10 m to 30 m high) and closely
Category 4 spaced obstructions, such as large city centers and well-developed
industrial complexes.
The variation with height (z) of
the effect of terrain roughness
on wind speed (terrain and
structure height multiplier)
shall be taken from the values
for fully developed profiles
given in Tables 4.1(A) and
4.1(B). For intermediate values
of height and terrain category,
use linear interpolation.
 Changes in terrain category
When considering a direction where the wind The weighted average of structure height multiplier shall be
approaches across the ground with changes in terrain weighted by the length of each terrain upwind of the structure
category that lies within the averaging distances given allowing for the lag distance at each terrain category change.
in Table 4.2(A) for structure height, the terrain and An example is given
structure height multiplier shall be taken as the Below.
weighted average value over the averaging distance
upwind of the structure at height z above ground
Level.
For evaluation at height (z), a change in terrain
incorporates a lag distance (xi) given as follows:

where:
 xi = distance downwind from the start of a new
terrain roughness to the position where the
developed height of the inner layer equals z (lag
distance)
 z0,r = larger of the two roughness lengths at a
boundary between roughness's, as given in Table
4.2(B)
 z = reference height on the structure above the
average local ground level
 SHIELDING MULTIPLIER
 The shielding effect can be considered in
calculating the design wind pressures.
 This is to consider the decrease of wind pressure
when nearby structures are present. Section 4.3 of
AS/NZS 1170.2  details the calculation of the
shielding factor.
 The shielding multiplier shall be 1.0 where the average
upwind ground gradient is greater than 0.2 or where the
effects of shielding are not applicable for a particular wind
direction or are ignored.
 Attention shall be given to possible combinations of tall
buildings placed together, which lead to local and overall
increases in wind actions.
Shielding parameter
The shielding parameter (s) in Table 4.3 shall be determined as
follows:
Where:
ls = average spacing of shielding buildings, given by:
hs = average roof height of shielding buildings
bs = average breadth of shielding buildings, normal to the wind
stream
h = average roof height, above ground, of the structure being
shielded
ns = number of upwind shielding buildings within a 45° sector of
radius 20h and with hs ≥ z
 TOPOGRAPHIC MULTIPLIER (Mt)
• A topographic multiplier is widely used to evaluate the
effect of topography on the design wind speed.
The topographic multiplier (Mt) shall be taken
as follows:
(a) For sites in New Zealand and Tasmania
over 500 m above sea level:
Mt = Mh Mlee (1 + 0.00015 E)
Where
• Mh = hill shape multiplier
• Mlee = lee (effect) multiplier (taken as 1.0,
except in New Zealand lee zones
• E = site elevation above mean sea level, in
metres
Elsewhere, the larger value of the following:
(i) Mt = Mh
(ii) Mt = Mlee
Hill-shape multiplier (Mh)
The hill shape multiplier (Mh) shall
be assessed for each cardinal
direction.
Lee multiplier (Mlee)

Each lee zone shall be 30 km in width, measured

from the leeward crest of the initiating range,
downwind in the direction of the wind
nominated. The lee zone comprises a ‘shadow
lee zone’, which extends 12 km from the upwind
boundary of the lee zone (crest of the initiating
range), and an ‘outer lee zone’ over the
remaining 18 km.
The lee multiplier shall be 1.35 for sites within
the shadow lee zone (i.e., within 12 km of the
crest of the range). Within the outer lee zone,
the lee multiplier shall be determined by linear
interpolation with horizontal distance, from the
shadow/outer zone boundary (where Mlee =
1.35), to the downwind lee zone boundary
(where Mlee = 1.0).
Thank You