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Wind is a moving air which in turn possesses energy and this kinetic energy should be
resisted by using appropriate deign for different kinds of structural elements like
roofs ,walls
The action of wind can be a type of suction or pressure to our structures both externally
or internally.
However these effects are more magnified for structure with more openings and
large surface areas .And we focus on sensitive part of the building that is roofs
(both hipped and flat roofs) for analysis and design of its parts.
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
There are two methods for wind load analysis; namely,
Quasistat
i
c method
2.Detaile
d
dynamic
analysis.
The former analysis is applied to structures whose structural properties do not make
them susceptible to dynamic exaltation.
The latter analysis is applied to structures which are likely to be susceptible to dynamic
exaltation.
The choice of the above two methods depends on the value of the structure and of
their dynamic coefficient. The dynamic coefficient depends on the type of structure
(concrete, steel, composite), the height of the structure and its breadth.
The quasi-static method is more preferred for use in structures whose Cd value is less or
equal to 1.2 (Section 3.9.3 of EBCS-1).
For our case the building variables are:
Height of building =19m and Width of building is =16.0m. From figure 3.7 of
EBCS-1, 1995, (Cd value for concrete and masonry building) the value of the
dynamic coefficient of this building is: Cd 0.9375 that is Cd<1.2 and height of the
building is less than 200m. This implies that the simple procedure of EBCS method
of analysis is the appropriate method to use.
Therefore, as per the justification of the above sentence the design of the roof is done by
quasi-static method.
The building is located in Adama city where there are buildings around the site.
Therefore, according to EBCS-1, 1995 table 3.2 the structure is to be designed for a
terrain category of IV (Urban area in which at least 15% of the surface is covered
with building and their average height exceeds 15m).
External Wind Load
According to EBCS1, Art 3.5.2, the wind pressure acting on the external surface of a
structure shall be:
We=q ref *Ce (Ze)* Cpe
A) Reference wind pressure (q ref)
Where: ρ= air density in Kg/m3 and is dependent on altitude; from table 3.1 EBCS-1 we
have the following:
Vref=reference wind velocity For Ethiopia Vrefo= 22m/s C dir=C temp=C alt=1
Vref=Cdir*Ctemp*Calt*Vrefo=22m/s For altitude of 1640 m by interpolation, ρ=0.975
Kg/m3
(Adama)
qref = =0.236KN/m2
B) Exposure coefficients Ce(Z)
Z=19m.
Since Z > Z min
For buildings with internal partitions and window openings use extreme values.
b=40.4m,
d=12.5m
h=19m
e =minimum b=40.4m,
2h=2*19=38,
e=38m
Area calculation
Zone F, Cpe10=-0.9
We(G) = 0.236*1.67*-0.8=-0.315kN/m2
We(H) = 0.236*1.67*-0.3=-0.12kN/m 2
e =minimum b=12.5m,
2h=2*19=38m,
e=12.5m
Area calculation
Zone F, Cpe(F) = Cpe1 (F) +( Cpe10 (F)- Cpe1 (F)) log10 AF , Cpe10 =-1.3, Cpe1 =-2,
Cpe( F)=-1.586
Zone G, Cpe(G) = Cpe1 (G) +( Cpe10 (G)- Cpe1 (G)) log10 AG , Cpe10 =-1.6, Cpe1 =-2.2,
We(F) = 0.236*1.67*-1.586=-0.625kN/m2
We(G) = 0.236*1.67*-2.33=-0.92kN/m2
We(H) = 0.236*1.67*-0.8=-0.315kN/m 2
We(I) = 0.236*1.67*0.7=-0.275kN/m2
The final design is using the maximum wind pressure and maximum suction of all the above values.
W(pressure) = 0kN/m2
W(suction) = 0.723kN/m2
Analysis & Design of Purlin
Loads on purlin
Wnet negative
wind=0.723 KN/m2
Taking the wind pressure value and referring ―Manual of cold formed welded
structural and furniture steel tubing‖ from kaliti steel industry. We have selected
EGA-300 with thickness of 0.4mm.
b) Wind Load
Negative pressure.
WL=0.723KN/m2,
perpendicular to the roof
To make it a vertical load.
WL= -0.723KN/m2* sin15°
= -0.187 KN/m2
c)Live Load
live load=1.25KN/m2
Checking the load carrying capacity of EGA-300 based on strength and deflection
criteria
Pd=1.35DL+1.5LL+WL
=(1.35*0.0382)+(1.25*1.5) +(-0.187)
=1.739KN/m2
=2.45KN/m 2……
based on deflection criteria
2.45KN/m2>1.739KN/m2………… Safe!
Pd=1.35DL+1.5LL+WL
=1.739KN/m2
Load combinations
# Dead load-self weight of the purlin + 2(1/2 self-weight of the EGA sheet)
The areal load needs to be converted to line load by multiplying it with the width
of EGA sheet 0.0382KN/m2 *1.2m = 0.04584KN/m
# Live load-
#Wind load
WL=-0.187KN/m2*1.2m………………WL=-0.2244KN/m
Combinations
According to ESCP-1, 1983 section 3.3.22 for ultimate limit state, we have the
following possible combination.
N.B: we used the ultimate limit state for the purpose of safety. I.e., serviceability
limit state have only two combination (Pd=1.25 D.L + L.L & Pd=D.L + 0.8 W.L)
DL=0.0897KN/m
LL=1.5KN/m
DL=0.0897KN/m
WL=-0.2244KN/m
Combination 3:
Dead Load + Live Load + Wind
Load
Pd=0.8*(1.3*D.L + 1.6*L.L +
1.6*W.L)
DL=0.0897KN/m
LL=1.5KN/m
WL=-0.2244KN/m
- Determination of reaction for all of the combinations for selecting the critical
combination
Applying the combined loads on the purlin with the length, L=1.2m b/n two
purlins.
All combinations are analyzed in ETABS to find the maximum bending moment,
Shear and deflections and all the Values of each combinations are summerised in
the following table
No Combinations Max BM Max Shear Max
Deflection(mm)
(KNm) (KN)
Max BM=10.902KNM
Max Shear=7.3KN
Max deflection=45.147mm
Check Resistance to shear-The design value of the shear force Vsd at each cross-
section should satisfy, Vsd ≤ Vpl, Rd,
Where Vsd =7.3KN & Vpl, Rd is the design shear resistance and is given by
Av is the shear area and given by,
Av = (Ah)/(b+h)
for rolled rectangular hollow section of uniform thickness and load parallel to the
depth EBCS 3 - 1995, 4.6.1.2.
Av = (5.41*5)/(5+5)
=2.705cm2,
fy= 275Mp & ɤ Mo= 1.1
,safety factor for class 1, class 2, class 3
VplRd=(Av*Fy) (3)2*¥mo
-3
Vpl,Rd /1.1=39KN>7.3 KN......................ok!
7.3 KN /39KN = 0.187< 0.5................................... Ok!
The load on each node is twice the reaction from the purlin as the truss carries the
reaction from adjacent purlins.
R on the node = 2*2.37= 4.74KN
Ceiling weight:
Take a ceiling of chip wood with thickness t =8mm and ɤ = 8KN/m3 (from table
2.1 of EBCS 1)
Weight/meter=ɤ*tceiling*truss spacing* length of truss = 8*0.008*6*12.5
= 4.8KN
LL=2.8KN
Determination of reaction
=1.35(0.48)+1.55(2.8)
Pd=4.848KN/m+4.74KN
=9.6kn
∑F=0,
2R-9.6*10=0
2R=96…………….R=48KN