Wind Load Analysis

CHAPTER 1
WIND LOAD ANALYSIS

Wind as a moving air has an effect on building structures. Wind actions fluctuate with
time, hence its effect on different situations and structures should be carefully analyzed.
Wind act directly on the external surfaces of enclosed structures, through porosity of the
External surface, internal surface through opening. Wind pressure act on areas of the
surfaces producing forces perpendicular to the surface of the structure or on individual
cladding or covering components.
The effect of wind on structures is significant on light and dynamic structures. It does
have considerable effect on vertically standing walls, columns and beams etc.
Therefore; its effect can be easily studied on roof structures such as truss structures and
flat slabs. Therefore, our analysis on wind load actions and its design will focus on
roofs analysis and design and calculation of wind forces on flat roofs.
1.1 METHOD OF ANALYSIS
There are two methods for wind load analysis, namely,
the quasi-static method and Detailed dynamic analysis.
The former is applied to structures whose structural properties do not make them
susceptible to dynamic exaltation. The latter is applied to structures which are likely to
be susceptible to dynamic excitation.
The choice of the above two methods depends on the value of the structure of their
dynamic coefficient hence dynamic coefficient depends on the type of structure, the
height of the structure and its breadth.
The quasi-static method is used for structures whose Cd value is less or equal to 1.2.
For our case the building variables are:
Height of building =21.37m
Width of building =26.27m
From figure 3.7 of EBCS-1, 1995, the value of the dynamic coefficient of this building is;
Cd=0.96.that is Cd<1.2 and height of the building is less than 200m, this implies that the
simple procedure of EBCS (quasi-static) method of analysis the appropriate method.
This is used for wind load analysis and roof design.
1.2 WIND LOAD DETERMINATION

The building is located in ADDIS ABABA Nifaselek sub city where there are some
buildings around and it’s categorized to Urban. Therefore
According to EBCS-1, 1995, it belongs to terrain category IV.
The variables for terrain category IV are:
• Terrain factor, KT = 0.24
• Minimum height, Zmin = 16m • Roughness length, Zo = 1m
Structural design of a G+5 building at ADDIS ABABA the area where the building is
going to be placed has an altitude of 2200m, for which its air Density is, ρ =0.94 Kg/m3
……………. from (table 3.1, EBCS-1, 1995).
Out of the different types of roofs, we selected to design a flat roof with parapets
Hp/hb =0.07
Where: - Hp=height of parapets=150cm
h=height of building=2137cm There is two direction of winds to the roof
Fig. SITE PLAN
EXTERNAL WIND PRESSURE

Wind pressure is computed as:
We = qref Ce (Ze ) Cpe (Ze )
Where: qref = reference mean wind velocity pressure Ce

Ce (Ze) = exposure coefficient
Z= reference height defined in appendix A of EBCS-1, 1995
Cpe= external pressure coefficient, and
ρ
q ref = v 2ref
2
Where:
Vref is the reference wind velocity defined in section 3.7.2,
ρ is the air density = 0.94
The reference wind velocity is computed as
Vref = C * C * C * Vref,o
DIR TEMP ALT
Where:
Vref,0 =is the basic volume of the wind velocity to be taken as 22m/s for Ethiopia
V =is the direction factor to be taken as 1.0
DIR
C = is the temporary (seasonal) factor to be taken as 1.0

TEMP
C =is the altitude factor as 1.0

ALT
Vref = 1*1*1*22=22m/s
qref = ½*0.94*22 = 227.48N/m2 =0.2275KN/m
2 2
1.2.1 FOR ROOF 1

A) FOR WIND DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO THE LONGER
DIRECTION
Where
b=26m
h=21.37m
d=18m
Figure A.4 Key for Flat Roofs

Ce(Z)=Cr2(Z) Ct2(Z) [1 +7kT/ (Cr(Z) Ct(Z))]
Where Cr(Z) is the roughness coefficient as defined in section 3.8.3 of EBCS- 1
Ct(Z) is the topographic coefficient as defined in section 3.8.4 of EBCS-1
-for the building no escarpments or hills are located around and therefore Ct(Z) =1.00
- the roughness coefficient at a height Z is defined by
Cr(Z)=KTln (Z/Z0) for Zmin ~Z~200m
Cr(Z)= Cr (Zmin) forZ~Z min
From above KT=0.24 Zo=1 Zmin=16m and Z=21.37> Zmin
Therefore, Cr(Z)=KTln (Z/Z0) =0.24*ln(21.37/1)=0.735
Ce(Z)=(0.735)2* 1 [ 1+7*0.24/ 0.735* 1]=1.97

2
We = qref Ce (Ze) Cpe (Ze)
We = 0.2275*1.97*Cpe(ze) = 0.448 Cpe KN/m2
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
To calculate the external and internal wind pressure coefficients, Cpe and Cpi, we
divide the roof into the following zones. The magnitude of the coefficients depends on
the loaded area of the roof. Different zones of the loaded area are subjected to different
magnitude. The Cpe values are denoted below
Cpe = Cpe, 1 A≤1m 2
Cpe = Cpe, 1+ (Cpe, 10-Cpe, 1) logA 1m2<A<10m2
Cpe = Cpe, 10 A≥10m 2

Dividing the roof into zones according to EBCS 1 / 1995 A.2.3
e < b or 2h (whichever is smaller)
b = 26m
2h = 2*21.37 = 42.74m
Therefore, e = 26m
e/4=6.5
e/2=13
e/10=2.6
Width H=13-2.6=10.4m
Width of G=26 – e/2=13m
Width of I= 18-e/2=5m
Area of each zone
F = 6.5*2.6 =16.9m 2 >10 m 2
G = 13 * 2.6 = 33.8m2 > 10 m2

H = (13-2.6) * 26 = 270.4m2 > 10 m2
I = (18-13) * 26 = 130m2>10m2
EXTERNAL PRESSUR COEFFICIENTS FOR FLAT ROOF
From EBCS-1, 1995 table A-2
The Cpe, 1 and Cpe, 10 values for a flat roof of Hp/hb = 150/2137=0.07
inclinations is tabulated below
Note: for zone F calculated as follows.
Cpe = Cpe, 10 when A≥10m2
Table -1
F G H I
Zone
Cpe10 Cpe10 Cpe10 Cpe10
Hp/ha=0.07 -1.32 -0.86 -0.7 0.2
Cpe -1.32 -0.86 -0.7 0.2
INTERNAL WIND PRESSURES

The pressure coefficients except the internal pressure coefficients are similar to
the above computations.
Therefore Wi = 0.2275*1.97*Cpi(zi) = 0.448 Cpi KN/m2
For closed buildings with internal partitions and openings windows, the extreme
values of internal pressure coefficients are
Cpi = 0.8 for internal pressure
Cpi = -0.5 for internal suction

NET PRESSURE
The net pressure for the roof is therefore is given by
Wnet = We-Wi
CA S E I) The worst condition for the roof will be when the internal wind
action is pressure.
That is when Cpi = 0.8
Wnet = 0.448Cpe - 0.448Cpi = 0.448(Cpe - Cpi)
Table 2
Zone F G H I
Cpe -1.32 -0.86 -0.7 0.2
Cpi +0.8 +0.8 +0.8 +0.8
Cpe - Cpi -2.12 -1.66 -1.5 -0.6
Wnet(KN/m2) -0.949 -0.744 -0.672 -0.269
Case II) when zones F,G,H &I are subjected to suction
In this case, the worst effect will be when the internal wind action suction.
That is when Cpi= -0.5
Table 3
Zone F G H I
Cpe -1.32 -0.86 -0.7 0.2
Cpi -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5
Cpe- Cpi -0.82 -0.36 -0.2 0.7
Wnet -0.367 -0.161 -0.089 0.314
As it can be seen from table 2 and 3, the greatest wind actions are:
The largest suction = -0.949KN/m2
The largest pressure = 0.314KN/m2

B) FOR WIND DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO THE SHORTER
DIRECTION
EXTERNAL WIND
Where
b=18m
h=21.37m
d=26m
Cr(Z)=KTln (Z/Z0) for Zmin ≤Z≤200m
Ce(Z)=(0.735)2* 1 [ 1+7*0.24/ 0.735* 1]=1.97

2
We = 0.2275*1.97*Cpe(ze) = 0.448 Cpe KN/m2
magnitude. The Cpe values are denoted below:
Cpe = Cpe, 1+ (Cpe, 10-Cpe, 1) logA

1m2<A<10m2
Cpe = Cpe, 10 A≥10m 2

e < b or 2h (whichever is smaller)
b = 18m
2h = 2*21.37 = 42.74m
Therefore, e = 18m
e/4=4.5
e/2=9
e/10=1.8
Width H=9-1.8=7.2m
Width of G=18 – e/2=9m
Width of I= 26-e/2=17m
Area of each zone
F = 4.5*1.8 =8.1m 2 < 10 m 2
G = 9 * 1.8 = 16.2m2 > 10 m2

H = 7.2 * 18 = 129.6m2 > 10 m2
I = 17 * 18 = 306m2>10m2

Cpe = Cpe, 1+ (Cpe, 10-Cpe, 1) logA for 1m2<A<10m2
= -1.92+ (-1.32 +1.92) (log 8.1)
= -1.375
Table -1
F G H I
Zone
Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe10 Cpe10
Hp/ha=0.070 -1.32 -1.92 -0.86 -0.7 0.2
Cpe -1.375 -0.86 -0.7 0.2

The pressure coefficients except the internal pressure coefficients are similar to
the above computations.
For closed buildings with internal partitions and openings windows, the extreme
values of internal pressure coefficients are

NET PRESSURE
Wnet = We-Wi
CA S E I) The worst condition for the roof will be when the internal wind
action is pressure.
Table 2
Zone F G H I
Cpe -1.375 -0.86 -0.7 0.2
Cpi +0.8 +0.8 +0.8 +0.8
Cpe - Cpi -2.175 -1.66 -1.5 -0.6
Wnet(KN/m2) -0.974 -0.744 -0.672 -0.269
Case II) when zones F, G, H &I are subjected to suction
Table 3
Zone F G H I
Cpe -1.375 -0.86 -0.7 0.2
Cpi -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5
Cpe - Cpi -0.875 -0.36 -0.2 0.7
Wnet -0.392 -0.161 -0.089 0.314
The largest pressure = 0.314KN/m2

From the above procedures both suction and pressure wind load in the shorter
direction are govern, therefor R.C SLAB roof are designed by using the governing
load.
I.e. suction = -0.932KN/m2
Pressure = 0.314KN/m2
1.2.2 FOR ROOF-2 (WATER TANKER SLAB)
A) FOR WIND DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO THE LONGER

DIRECTION

Where
b=18m
h=24.52m
d=5.6m

Ce(Z)=(0.735)2* 1 [ 1+7*0.24/ 0.735* 1]=1.97

2
We = 0.2275*1.97*Cpe(ze) = 0.448 Cpe KN/m2
Cpe = Cpe, 10 A≥10m 2

e= b or 2h (whichever is smaller)
b = 18m
2h = 2*24.52 = 49.04m
Therefore, e = 18m
e/4=4.5
e/10=1.8
Width of F=4.5m
Width of G =9m
Width of H = 18m
Area of each zone
F = 4.5*1.8 =8.1m 2 <10 m 2
G = 1.8 * 9 = 16.2m2 > 10 m2

H = 18 * 3.8 = 68.4m2 > 10 m2

= -1.956+ (-1.356+1.956) (log 8.1)
= -1.411
Table -1
Zone F G H
Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe10

Hp/ha=0.061 -1.356 -1.956 -0.878 -0.7
Cpe -1.411 -0.878 -0.7
INTERNAL WIND PRESSURES ROOF-2 (WATER TANKER SLAB)

The pressure coefficients except the internal pressure coefficients are similar to the
above computations.
For closed buildings with internal partitions and openings windows, the extreme values
of internal pressure coefficients are

NET PRESSURE
Wnet = We±Wi
CA S E I) The worst condition for the roof will be when the internal wind action is
pressure.
Table 2
Zone F G H
Cpe -1.411 -0.878 -0.7
Cpi +0.8 +0.8 +0.8
Cpe - Cpi -2.211 -1.678 -1.5
Wnet(KN/m2) -0.99 -0.752 -0.672
Case II) when zones F,G&H are subjected to suction
Table 3
Zone F G H
Cpe -1.411 -0.878 -0.7
Cpi -0.5 -0.5 -0.5
Cpe- Cpi -0.911 -0.378 -0.2
Wnet -0.408 -0.169 -0.089
The largest pressure = -0.089 KN/m2

B) FOR WIND DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO THE SHORTER
DIRECTION
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
Where
b=5.6m
h=24.52m
d=18m
Ce(Z)=(0.735)2* 1 [ 1+7*0.24/ 0.735* 1]=1.97

2
We = 0.2275*1.97*Cpe(ze) = 0.448 Cpe KN/m2
Cpe = Cpe, 10 A≥10m 2

e= b or 2h (whichever is smaller)
b = 5.6m
2h = 2*24.52 = 49.04m
Therefore, e = 5.6m
e/2 = 2.8m
e/4 = 1.4m
e/10 = 0.56m
Width of F=1.4m
Width of G =2.8m
Width of H = 5.6m
Width of I = 5.6m
Area of each zone
F = 1.4*0.56 = 0.784m2 <10 m 2

G = 2.8 * 0.56 = 1.568m2 < 10 m2
H = 5.6 *(2.8-0.56) = 12.544m2 > 10 m2
I = 5.6*(18-2.8) = 85.12m2 > 10m2
The Cpe, 1 and Cpe, 10 values for a flat roof of Hp/hb = 150/2452=0.061 inclinations is
tabulated below

= -1.956+ (-1.356+1.956) (log 0.784)
= -2.019
for zone G calculated as follows.
= -1.556+ (-0.878+1.556) (log 1.568)
= -1.421
Table -1
F G H I
Zone
Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe10
Hp/ha=0.061 -1.356 -1.956 -0.878 -1.556 -0.7 0.2
Cpe -2.019 -1.421 -0.7 0.2
The pressure coefficients except the internal pressure coefficients are similar to the above
computations.
For closed buildings with internal partitions and openings windows, the extreme values of
internal pressure coefficients are
NET PRESSURE
Wnet = We±Wi
CA S E I) The worst condition for the roof will be when the internal wind action is
pressure.
Table 2
Zone F G H I
Cpe -2.019 -1.421 -0.7 0.2
Cpi +0.8 +0.8 +0.8 +0.8
Cpe - Cpi -2.819 -2.22 -1.5 -0.6
Wnet(KN/m2) -1.263 -0.995 -0.672 -0.269
Case II) when zones F, G, H &I are subjected to suction
Table 3
Zone F G H I
Cpe -2.019 -1.421 -0.7 0.2
Cpi -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5
Cpe - Cpi -1.519 -0.921 -0.2 0.7
Wnet(KN/m2) -0.681 -0.413 -0.089 0.314
The largest pressure = 0.314 KN/m2
From the above procedures both suction and pressure wind load in the shorter direction are govern,
therefor R.C SLAB roof are designed by using the governing load.
I.e. suction = -1.225KN/m2
Pressure = 0.314KN/m2

Wind Load Analysis

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Wind Load Analysis

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CHAPTER 1

WIND LOAD ANALYSIS

Height of building =21.37m

Width of building =26.27m

1.2 WIND LOAD DETERMINATION

According to EBCS-1, 1995, it belongs to terrain category IV.

The variables for terrain category IV are:

• Terrain factor, KT = 0.24

• Minimum height, Zmin = 16m • Roughness length, Zo = 1m

Where: - Hp=height of parapets=150cm

h=height of building=2137cm There is two direction of winds to the roof

Fig. SITE PLAN

EXTERNAL WIND PRESSURE

We = qref Ce (Ze ) Cpe (Ze )

Where: qref = reference mean wind velocity pressure Ce

C = is the temporary (seasonal) factor to be taken as 1.0

C =is the altitude factor as 1.0

1.2.1 FOR ROOF 1

EXTERNAL WIND PRESSURE

Figure A.4 Key for Flat Roofs

Where Cr(Z) is the roughness coefficient as defined in section 3.8.3 of EBCS- 1

Ct(Z) is the topographic coefficient as defined in section 3.8.4 of EBCS-1

- the roughness coefficient at a height Z is defined by

Cr(Z)=KTln (Z/Z0) for Zmin ~Z~200m

Cr(Z)= Cr (Zmin) forZ~Z min

From above KT=0.24 Zo=1 Zmin=16m and Z=21.37> Zmin

Therefore, Cr(Z)=KTln (Z/Z0) =0.24*ln(21.37/1)=0.735

Ce(Z)=Cr2(Z) Ct2(Z) [1 +7kT/ (Cr(Z) Ct(Z))]

Ce(Z)=(0.735)2* 1 [ 1+7*0.24/ 0.735* 1]=1.97

We = qref Ce (Ze) Cpe (Ze)

We = 0.2275*1.97*Cpe(ze) = 0.448 Cpe KN/m2

Cpe = Cpe, 1 A≤1m 2

Cpe = Cpe, 1+ (Cpe, 10-Cpe, 1) logA 1m2<A<10m2

Cpe = Cpe, 10 A≥10m 2

e < b or 2h (whichever is smaller)

Width of G=26 – e/2=13m

F = 6.5*2.6 =16.9m 2 >10 m 2

G = 13 * 2.6 = 33.8m2 > 10 m2

EXTERNAL PRESSUR COEFFICIENTS FOR FLAT ROOF

From EBCS-1, 1995 table A-2

Note: for zone F calculated as follows.

Cpe = Cpe, 10 when A≥10m2

INTERNAL WIND PRESSURES

Therefore Wi = 0.2275*1.97*Cpi(zi) = 0.448 Cpi KN/m2

Cpi = 0.8 for internal pressure

Cpi = -0.5 for internal suction

That is when Cpi = 0.8

Wnet = 0.448Cpe - 0.448Cpi = 0.448(Cpe - Cpi)

Case II) when zones F,G,H &I are subjected to suction

That is when Cpi= -0.5

The largest suction = -0.949KN/m2

The largest pressure = 0.314KN/m2

Figure A.4 Key for Flat Roofs

Ce(Z)=Cr2(Z) Ct2(Z) [1 +7kT/ (Cr(Z) Ct(Z))]

Where Cr(Z) is the roughness coefficient as defined in section 3.8.3 of EBCS- 1

Ct(Z) is the topographic coefficient as defined in section 3.8.4 of EBCS-1

- the roughness coefficient at a height Z is defined by

Cr(Z)=KTln (Z/Z0) for Zmin ≤Z≤200m

Cr(Z)= Cr (Zmin) forZ~Z min

From above KT=0.24 Zo=1 Zmin=16m and Z=21.37> Zmin

Therefore, Cr(Z)=KTln (Z/Z0) =0.24*ln(21.37/1)=0.735

Ce(Z)=Cr2(Z) Ct2(Z) [1 +7kT/ (Cr(Z) Ct(Z))]

Ce(Z)=(0.735)2* 1 [ 1+7*0.24/ 0.735* 1]=1.97

We = 0.2275*1.97*Cpe(ze) = 0.448 Cpe KN/m2

Ce(Z)=(0.735)2* 1 [ 1+70.24/ 0.735 1]=1.97

We = 0.22751.97Cpe(ze) = 0.448 Cpe KN/m2

Therefore Wi = 0.22751.97Cpi(zi) = 0.448 Cpi KN/m2

Ce(Z)=(0.735)2* 1 [ 1+70.24/ 0.735 1]=1.97

We = 0.22751.97Cpe(ze) = 0.448 Cpe KN/m2

Therefore Wi = 0.22751.97Cpi(zi) = 0.448 Cpi KN/m2

Ce(Z)=(0.735)2* 1 [ 1+70.24/ 0.735 1]=1.97

We = 0.22751.97Cpe(ze) = 0.448 Cpe KN/m2

Therefore Wi = 0.22751.97Cpi(zi) = 0.448 Cpi KN/m2

Ce(Z)=(0.735)2* 1 [ 1+70.24/ 0.735 1]=1.97

We = 0.22751.97Cpe(ze) = 0.448 Cpe KN/m2