LESSON 2: BASIC OPERATION, PARTS AND CLASSIFICATION OF D.

C MACHINE
D.C Generator is a kind of machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical Energy
Motors is a kind of machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
Parts of Basic Principle Operation
 Magnetic Poles
 Magnetic Flux
Unit: Webber , Wb
 Condutor/Coil
Conversion: 1 coil = 2 conductors
 Slip Ring
 Brush
Kinds of Brush: Carbon, Graphite, or
Copper
 External Load

(Note: Angle=Angular Speed x Time)

D.C. Machine is based on Faraday’s law that the rate of change of Flux linkage to the coil produced
an induced voltage.
Continues motion of the coil between the magnetic poles produces an induced voltage.

Because of Commutator the A.C

Generator becomes D.C
Generators

1. Magnetic Frame or Yoke

2. Pole-Cores and Pole-Shoes
3. Pole Coils or Field Coils
4. Armature Core
5. Armature Windings or
Conductors
6. Commutator
7. Brubes and Bearings

Yoke Detailed Image

Field Winding Detailed Image

Armature Core Detailed Image

Commutator Detailed Image

Types of Generator
Generators are usually classified according to the way in which their fields are excited.
Generators may be divided into (a) Separately-excited generators and (b) self-excited generators.

(a) Separately-Excited Generators are those whose field magnets are energized from an
independent external source of D.C current
(b) Self-Excited Generators are those whose field magnets are energized by the current produced
by the generators themselves. Due to residual magnetism, there is always present some flux in
the poles. When the armature is rotated, some e.m.f and hence some induced current is
produced which is partly or fully passed through the field coils thereby strengthening the
residual pole flux.

(Note: Ang lakas ng D.C generator naka depende sa Exciter)

(Note: Pinaka mahina sa mga exciter ang Series Self Exciter D.C generator)
Separately-Excited DC Generators
Legends:
 = Generated Voltage

Eg

 Ra = Armature Resistance
 V b = Brass Voltage Drop
 I a= Armature Current
 I L= Current Load
 V L= Load Voltage
 V t = total Voltage of External Source
 I f = Current flowing in field winding
 R f = Shunt field Resistance
 Rh = Thermostat

Formula
 E g = I a R a + v L + V b [default Carbon (V bc = 2 volts)1 volt per brush , Graphite (V bg = 1 volt) .5
volt per brush]
 I a= I L
v P
 I L= L = L
RL v L

NOTE: The logic of solution in this case is to relate the generated voltage to the generated voltage to
the generator speed and thereby creating two cases for E g( E g !& E g 2). The typical presentation of the
problem is to make the I f constant with the help of Rh.
Separately-Excited DC Generators Formula:
E g = I a R a + vL + V b
 Shunt Self-Excited DC Generators
Legends:
 = Generated Voltage

Eg

 Ra = Armature Resistance
 V b = Brass Voltage Drop
 I a= Armature Current
 I f = Shunt field Current
 R f = Shunt field Resistance
 I L= Current Load
 V L= Load Voltage
 V f = Voltage Drop

Formula
 E g = I a R a + v L + V b [default Carbon (V bc = 2 volts) 1 volt per brush , Graphite (V bg = 1 volt) .5
volt per brush]
 I a=I f + I L
V f VL
 If = =
Rf Rf
 Vf = V L

Shunt Self-Excited DC Generators Formula:

E g = I a R a + vL + V b
Series Self-Excited DC Generator
Legends:
 = Generated Voltage

Eg

 Ra = Armature Resistance
 I a = Armature Current
 I s = Series Field Current
 R s = Series Field Resistance
 I L= Current Load
 V L= Load Voltage

Formula:
 E g = I a R a + I s R s + V L + V b [default Carbon (V bc = 2 volts) 1 volt per brush , Graphite (V bg = 1
volt) .5 volt per brush]
 Ia = Is = IL
V P
 IL = L = L
RL V L

Series Self-Excited DC Generator Formula

E g = I a ( Ra + R s) + V L + V b

Long Shunt Compound Self-Excited DC Generator

 Legends:
 = Generated Voltage

Eg

 Ra = Armature Resistance
 R s = Series Field Resistance
 R f = Shunt field Resistance
 V L = Load Voltage
 I a = Armature Current
 I f = Shunt field Current
 I L= Current Load
 I s = Series Field Current

Formula
 E g = I a R a + I s R s+ V L + V b [default Carbon (V bc = 2 volts) 1 volt per brush , Graphite (V bg = 1
volt) .5 volt per brush]

 Ia = Is
 E g = I a ( Ra + R s ¿ + V L + V b
 Ia = If +IL
V
 If = L
Rf

Long Shunt Compound Self-Excited DC Generator Formula

E g = I a R a + I s R s+ V L + V b

Short Shunt Compound Self-Excited DC Generator

 Legends:
 = Generated Voltage

Eg

 Ra = Armature Resistance
 R s = Series Field Resistance
 I s = Series Field Current
 I L= Current Load
 V L = Load Voltage
 I f = Shunt field Current
 R f = Shunt field Resistance

Formula
 E g = I a R a + I s R s+ V L + V b [default Carbon (V bc = 2 volts) 1 volt per brush , Graphite (V bg = 1
volt) .5 volt per brush]
 Ia = If +IL
 IL = Is
V +V
 If = L S
Rf
 V S = Is Rs ; I s=I L
Short Shunt Compound Self-Excited DC Generator Formula
E g = I a R a + I s R s+ V L + V b

Extra Notes:
e.m.f = Volts = E g