CHAPTER 2

DC Machines
 1) To discuss about Force in
current-carrying conductor
Learning 2) To discuss about Linear DC
Objectives Machine
3) To discuss about DC Machine –
Shunt DC Machine
 THE FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING
CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD :
• When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, there is an interaction
between the magnetic field produced by the current and the permanent field, which
leads to a force being experienced by the conductor:
• The magnetic force (F) the conductor experiences is
equal to the product of its length (l) within the field,
the current i in the conductor, the external magnetic
field B and the sine of the angle between the
conductor and the magnetic field.
• In short F= B l i (sin)

• The magnitude of the force on the conductor

depends on the magnitude of the current which it
carries. The force is a maximum when the current
flows perpendicular to the field (as shown in diagram
A on the left below), and it is zero when it flows
parallel to the field (as in diagram B, on the right):
FLEMING’S LEFT-HAND RULE

The directional relationship of I in the conductor,

the external magnetic field and the force the
conductor experiences
THE LINEAR DC MACHINE
• A linear dc machine is about the simplest and
easiest-to-understand version of a dc machine, yet
it operates according to the same principles and
exhibits the same behavior as real generators and
motors.
• It thus serves as a good starting point in the study
of machines.
THE LINEAR DC MACHINE
THE LINEAR DC MACHINE
THE LINEAR DC MACHINE
THE LINEAR DC MACHINE
THE LINEAR DC MACHINE
THE LINEAR DC MACHINE
LINEAR DC MACHINE AS A MOTOR
THE LINEAR DC MACHINE
 THE LINEAR DC MACHINE

What is this machine's maximum starting current? What is its steady-state velocity
at no load?
 THE LINEAR DC MACHINE

Suppose that a 30-N force pointing to the

right were applied to the bar. What
would the steady-state speed be? How much
power would the bar be producing
or consuming? How much power would the
battery be producing or consuming?
Is this machine acting as a
motor or as a generator?
 THE LINEAR DC MACHINE

Now suppose a 30N force pointing to the Jeft

were applied LO the bar. What would
the new steady-state speed be? Is this
machine a motor or a generator now?
THE LINEAR DC MACHINE
• https://youtu.be/VummxFvRLyk
SIMPLE DC
MOTOR
 • DC motors transforms electrical energy
into mechanical energy.
• They drive devices such as hoist, fans,
pumps, calendars, punch-presses and
cars.

SIMPLE • The torque-speed characteristics of the

motor must be adapted to the type of
DC the load it has to drive, and this
requirement has given rise to three basic
MOTOR types of motors:
1) Shunt motors
2) Series motors
3) Compound motors
SIMPLE DC MOTOR

• https://youtu.be/YLpVeWG1CD0

• https://youtu.be/j_F4limaHYI
• https://youtu.be/LAtPHANEfQo
SIMPLE DC MOTOR
Shunt dc motor. Series dc motor Compound dc motor.
SIMPLE DC MOTOR: SHUNT DC MOTOR

• Shunt dc motor is a motor whose field circuit gets

its power directly from armature terminals of
motor
• Separately excited dc motor is a motor whose field
circuit is supplied by another constant-voltage
supply
 SIMPLE DC MOTOR
the armature circuit is
The field coils, which
represented by an ideal voltage
produce the magnetic
source EA and a resistor RA.
flux in the generator,
are represented by
inductor LF and resistor
RF The separate resistor
RADJ represents an
external variable
resistor used to control
the amount of current
in the field circuit.

current IA can be expressed as

The KVL equation for a shunt motor is

EXAMPLE

A 50-hp, 250-V, 1200 r/min DC shunt motor with compensating

windings has an armature resistance (including the brushes,
compensating windings, and interpoles) of 0.06 Ω. Its field circut
it has a total resistance RADJ+ RF of 50 Ω, which produces a no-
load speed of 1200 r/min. There are 1200 turns per pole on the
shunt field winding
(a) Find the speed of this motor when its input current is 100 A.
(b) Find the speed of this motor when its input current is 200 A.
(c) Find the speed of this motor when its input current is 300 A.
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
 SIMPLE DC MOTOR
The armature
The field coils are circuit is
represented by represented by
inductor LF and resistor an internal
RF . A separate resistor generated
RADJ represents an voltage EA and a
external variable resistor RA.
resistor used to control
the amount of current
in the field circuit.

The KVL equation for a shunt motor: For shunt motor,  is practically constant

Power,
The internal generated voltage, EA
Analysing motor at different loads 1→ 2

The induced torque, τind The current, IA

 The KVL equation for a shunt motor:

Problem 1

A 20hp, 250V shunt motor with Ra=0.22

Ω, Rf=170 Ω. At no-load and rated
voltage, the speed is 1200 rpm and the
armature current is 3 A. At full-load and
rated voltage, the line current is 55A.
What is the full-load speed?
Problem 2

A 230V shunt motor delivers 30hp at the

shaft at 1120rpm. If the motor has an
efficiency of 87% at this load, determine:
a) The total input power.
b) The line current.
Problem 3

A separately excited motor runs at

1045rpm, with a constant field current,
while taking an armature current of 50A
at 120V. The armature resistance is 0.1 Ω
if the load on the motor changes such
that it now takes 95A at 120V, determine
the motor speed at this load.
 Torque is constant and Vf is not changed (the field flux will
be constant)
The KVL equation for a shunt motor:

Problem 4

A separately excited DC motor has the

following specifications: Terminal voltage =
250 V, field voltage = 250 V, armature
resistance = 0.03 Ω, field resistance = 250 Ω.
Initially the motor was running at speed = 1103
rpm while supplied by the rated terminal
voltage and the armature current = 120 A.
While supplying constant torque, what is the
speed of the motor if the terminal voltage is
reduced to 200 V?
0.03 ohm 120A

250 ohm
Case 1 = 250 V
Case 2 = 200 V
 The induced torque, τind

Problem 5

A 20 hp, 250 V DC shunt motor drives a

load that requires a constant torque
regardless the speed of operation. The
armature resistance is 0.1 Ω. When this
motor is running at full load, the armature
current is 65 A at a speed of 1100 rpm. If
the flux is reduced to 75% of its original
value, find the armature current and the
speed of the motor at this new condition?
Assignment 1
1. A 500v, 10 HP, shunt motor has full load efficiency of
85%. For the same torque it is desired to reduce its
speed by 30% by insertion of resistance in the
armature circuit assuming that all the losses except
copper losses vary directly with speed. Calculate the
value of the inserted resistance and the efficiency of
the motor when running at the reduced speed.
Given the resistance of the field and armature are
400 Ω and 0.25 Ω respectively
2. Discuss and briefly explain with aid of diagram about
Hysteresis Loss and Core Losses in ferromagnetic
materials

Individual submission
Due date Monday, 6 July 2020
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