1.3.

1 Separately Excited DC Generator

These are the generators whose field magnets are energized by some external DC
source, such as a battery.
A circuit diagram of separately excited DC generator is shown in the figure 1.4.
The symbols below are:

 Ia = Armature current
 IL = Load current
 V = Terminal voltage
 Eg = Generated EMF (Electromagnetic Force)

Fig. 1.4

Voltage drop in the armature = Ia × Ra (Ra is the armature resistance)

Let,

Then,

Power generated is equal to

And power delivered to the external load is equal to

11
1.3.2 Self-Excited DC Generators
Self-excited DC generators are generators whose field magnets are energized by
the current supplied by themselves. In these type of machines, field coils are
internally connected with the armature.
Due to residual magnetism, some flux is always present in the poles. When the
armature is rotated, some EMF is induced. Hence some induced current is
produced. This small current flows through the field coil as well as the load and
thereby strengthening the pole flux.
As the pole flux strengthened, it will produce more armature EMF, which cause
the further increase of current through the field. This increased field current
further raises armature EMF, and this cumulative phenomenon continues until the
excitation reaches the rated value.

According to the position of the field coils, self may be classified as:
1. Series Wound Generators
2. Shunt Wound Generators
3. Compound Wound Generators

Series Wound Generator

In these type of generators, the field windings are connected in series with
armature conductors, as shown in the figure 1.5.

Whole current flows through the field coils as well as the load. As series field
winding carries full load current it is designed with relatively few turns of thick
wire. The electrical resistance of series field winding is therefore very low (nearly
0.5Ω).
Here:

 Rsc = Series winding resistance

 Isc = Current flowing through the series field
 Ra = Armature resistance
 Ia = Armature current
 IL = Load current
 V = Terminal voltage
 Eg = Generated EMF

12
 Fig. 1.5

Then,

Voltage across the load (terminal voltage) is equal to,

V = Eg – I (Ra + Rsc)

Power generated is equal to,

Power delivered to the load is equal to,

Shunt Wound DC Generators

In these type of DC generators, the field windings are connected in parallel with
armature conductors, as shown in the figure 1.6. In shunt wound generators the
voltage in the field winding is same as the voltage across the terminal.

Here:

 Rsh = Shunt winding resistance

 Ish = Current flowing through the shunt field
 Ra = Armature resistance
 Ia = Armature current

13
  IL = Load current
 V = Terminal voltage
 Eg = Generated EMF

Fig. 1.6

Here armature current Ia is dividing in two parts – one is shunt field current Ish,
and another is load current IL.
So,

The effective power across the load will be maximum when IL will be maximum.
So, it is required to keep shunt field current as small as possible. For this purpose
the resistance of the shunt field winding generally kept high (100 Ω) and large no
of turns are used for the desired EMF.
Shunt field current is equal to,

Voltage across the load is equal to,

Power generated is equal to,

14
Power delivered to the load is equal to,

Compound Wound DC Generator

In series wound generators, the output voltage is directly proportional with load
current. In shunt wound generators, the output voltage is inversely proportional
with load current.
A combination of these two types of generators can overcome the disadvantages
of both. This combination of windings is called compound wound DC generator.

Compound wound generators have both series field winding and shunt field
winding. One winding is placed in series with the armature, and the other is placed
in parallel with the armature. This type of DC generators may be of two types-
short shunt compound-wound generator and long shunt compound-wound
generator.

a) Short Shunt Compound Wound DC Generator

Short Shunt Compound Wound DC Generators are generators where only the
shunt field winding is in parallel with the armature winding, as shown in the
figure 1.7.

Fig. 1.7

Series field current is equal to,

15
Shunt field current is equal to,

Armature current is equal to,

Voltage across the load is equal to,

Power generated is equal to,

Power delivered to the load is equal to,

b) Long Shunt Compound Wound DC Generator

Long Shunt Compound Wound DC Generator are generators where the shunt
field winding is in parallel with both series field and armature winding, as shown
in the figure 1.8.

Fig. 1.8

Shunt field current is equal to,

16
Armature current, Ia = series field current,

Voltage across the load is equal to,

Power generated is equal to,

Power delivered to the load is equal to,

In a compound wound generator, the shunt field is stronger than the series field.
When the series field assists the shunt field, generator is said to be
commutatively compound wound.

Fig. 1.9 Types of compound wound generator

On the other hand, if the series field opposes the shunt field, the generator is said
to be differentially compound wound.

1.4 Types of Losses

In a practical machine, whole of the input power cannot be converted into output
power as some power is lost in the conversion process. This causes the efficiency
of the machine to be reduced. Efficiency is the ratio of output power to the input
power. Thus, in order to design rotating dc machines (or any electrical machine)
with higher efficiency, it is important to study the losses occurring in
17
them. Various losses in a rotating DC machine (DC generator or DC motor) can
be characterized as follows:

 Copper losses
 Armature Cu loss
 Field Cu loss
 Loss due to brush contact resistance
 Iron Losses
 Hysteresis loss
 Eddy current loss
 Mechanical losses
 Friction loss
 Windage loss
The above tree categorizes various types of losses that occur in a dc generator or
a dc motor. Each of these is explained in details below.

1.4.1 Copper Losses

These losses occur in armature and field copper windings. Copper losses consist
of Armature copper loss, Field copper loss and loss due to brush contact
resistance.

Armature copper loss = Ia2Ra

(where, Ia = Armature current and Ra= Armature resistance)
This loss contributes about 30 to 40% to full load losses. The armature copper
loss is variable and depends upon the amount of loading of the machine.

Field copper loss = If2Rf

(where, If = field current and Rf = field resistance)
In the case of a shunt wounded field, field copper loss is practically constant. It
contributes about 20 to 30% to full load losses.

Brush contact resistance also contributes to the copper losses. Generally, this
loss is included into armature copper loss.

1.4.2 Iron Losses (Core Losses)

As the armature core is made of iron and it rotates in a magnetic field, a small
current gets induced in the core itself too. Due to this current, eddy current

18
loss and hysteresis loss occur in the armature iron core. Iron losses are also
called as Core losses or magnetic losses.

a) Hysteresis loss
This type of losses is due to the reversal of magnetization of the armature core.
When the core passes under one pair of poles, it undergoes one complete cycle
of magnetic reversal. The loss depends upon the volume and grade of the iron,
frequency of magnetic reversals and value of flux density.

b) Eddy current loss

When the armature core rotates in the magnetic field, an emf is also induced in
the core (just like it induces in armature conductors), according to the Faraday's
law of electromagnetic induction. Though this induced emf is small, it causes a
large current to flow in the body due to the low resistance of the core. This
current is known as eddy current. The power loss due to this current is known as
eddy current loss.

1.4.3 Mechanical Losses

Mechanical losses consist of the losses due to friction in bearings and
commutator. Air friction loss of rotating armature also contributes to these.
These losses are about 10 to 20% of full load losses.

1.4.4 Stray Losses

In addition to the losses stated above, there may be small losses present which
are called as stray losses or miscellaneous losses. These losses are difficult to
account. They are usually due to inaccuracies in the designing and modeling of
the machine. Most of the times, stray losses are assumed to be 1% of the full
load.

1.4.5 Power Flow Diagram

The most convenient method to understand these losses in a dc generator or a dc
motor is using the power flow diagram. The diagram visualizes the amount of
power that has been lost in various types of losses and the amount of power
which has been actually converted into the output. Following are the typical
power flow diagrams for a dc generator and a dc motor.

19
 Fig.1.10 Power flow diagram of a DC generator

Fig.1.10 Power flow diagram of a DC motor

1.5 Problems and Solutions for D.C. Generators

1.5.1 Generated EMF

Problem 01: An 8 pole, wave wounded armature has 600 conductors and is
driven at 625 rpm. If the flux per pole is 20 mWb, determine the generated emf.
Given Data: P = 8, Z = 600, N = 625 rpm, Φ =20 mWb.
Wave winding, A = 2
Solution:
Generated emf, E=PΦZN/60A

20
 = 8 × 20 × 10-3 × 600 × 625/60 ×2 = 500V.

Problem 02: A 4 pole generator with wave wound armature has 51 slots each
having 24 conductors. The flux per pole is 10 mWb. At what speed must the
armature rotate to give an induced emf of 0.24 kV. What will be the voltage
developed, if the winding is lap connected and the armature rotates at the same
speed?

Given data
P=4
No.of slots = 51
No.of conductors/slot = 20
Eg= 0.24 Kv = 240 V
Φ = 10 mWb= 10/1000 Web
Find N and Eg at same N?

Solution
Total no. of conductors, Z = 51×20 = 1224
Wave winding, A=2
From EMF equation,
N= Eg60A / ΦZP = (240×60×2) / (10/1000×1224x4) = 612.75 rpm
Lap winding, A=P=4
Eg = PΦZN/60A = (4×10/1000×1224×612.75) / (60×4) = 0.125 kV

Problem 03: A 250 volt DC shunt motor has armature resistance of 0.25 ohm on
load it takes an armature current of 50A and runs at 750rpm. If the flux of the
motor is reduced by 10% without changing the load torque, find the new speed
of the motor.
Given data
V = 250
Ra = 0.25
Ia = 50
N1 = 750

21
 Φ2 = 90%Φ1
Find N2?
Solution

Eb1 = V-Ia1Ra = 250-(50×0.25) = 237.5V

Eb2 = V-Ia2Ra
Load torque is constant
Ta1 = Ta2
Φ1Ia1 = Φ2Ia2
Ia2 = 55.55A
Eb2 = 250-(55.55×0.25) = 236.12V
N2 = 828 rpm

Problem 04: When a generator is being driven at 1,200 rpm, the generated emf
is 125 volts. Determine the generated emf (a) if the field flux is decreased by 10
percent with the speed remaining unchanged, and (b) if the speed is reduced to
1,100 rpm, the field flux remaining unchanged.

Solution

(a) E(g)2 = 125 × 0.90 = 112.5 volts,

(b) {E(g)1 / E(g)2} = (n1 / n2)
{(125) / E(g)2} = {(1,200) / (1,100)}
∴ E(g)2 = {(1,100 × 125) / (1,200)} = 114.6 volts.

Problem 05: A four-pole generator has 500 conductors on the armature. If the
generator is running at 1200 rpm, find the average voltage generated between
brushes for (a) a lap winding, (b) a wave winding. The flux per pole is 10 mWb.

Solution
(a) For a simplex lap winding, there are as many paths through the armature as
there are poles. Therefore, P = A=4.

22
 Eg = PΦZN/60A volts
= {(4×0.01×500 ×1200) / (60×4)} = 100 volts.
(b) For the simplex wave winding, there are only two paths, regardless of the
number of poles. Therefore, A = 2.
Eg = {(4×0.01×500 ×1200) / (60×2)} = 200 volts.

1.5.2 Armature Windings

Problem 06: (a) A 4-pole machine has lap winding with 36 winding elements.
What are the back and front pitches of this winding, expressed in commutator
bars?
(b) A 4-pole machine has wave winding with 37 winding elements. What are the
three pitches of this winding expressed in commutator bars?

Solution:

(a) Since there are 36 winding elements,

the number of commutator bars is 36.
The number of commutator bars per pole
is then (36 / 4) = 9, making the back pitch
yb = 9; the front pitch is given by the
following equation:
y = yb – yf
Hence, yf = yb -1 =8 commutator pitches
(b) Since there are 37 winding elements, the number of commutator bars is equal
to 37. Winding pitch, y is given by
y = {(K ± 1) / (P / 2)}
where K = no. of commutator bars
P = no. of poles
∴ y = {(37 ± 1) / 2} = 18 or 19.
The number of commutator bars per pole is (37 / 4) = 9.25.
The back pitch is made yb = 9.
Therefore, from the equation: y = yb ± yf,
yf = y – yb,
The front pitch is either yf = 18 – 9 = 9 or 19 – 9 = 10, commutator pitches.

23
1.5.3 No-Load and Load Characteristics
Problem 07: Assuming constant field excitation, calculate the no-load voltage of
a separately excited generator whose armature voltage is 150 V at a speed of 1800
rpm, when
(a) The speed is increased to 2000 rpm.
(b) The speed is reduced to 1600 rpm.
Solution:
Eg = K N at constant field excitation, and therefore (Efinal / Eorig) = (Nfinal / Norig)
(a) Efinal = (Eorig) (Nfinal / Norig) = (150 V) {(2000) / (1800)} = 166.7
V.
(b) Efinal = (150 V) {(1600) / (1800)} = 133.3 V.

Problem 08: The voltage of a 100-kw 250-volt shunt generator rises to 260 volts
when the load is removed. (a) What full-load current does the machine deliver,
and what is its percent regulation? A 25-kw 230-volt shunt generator has a
regulation of 8.7 percent. (b) What will be the terminal voltage of the generator
at no load? (c) If the change in voltage is assumed to be uniform between no-load
and full-load kilowatts, calculate the kilowatt output of the generator when the
terminal voltages are 240 and 235 volts

Solution:
IFL = {(100,000) / (250)} = 400 amp.
(a) Percent regulation = {(VNL – VFL) / (VFL)} × 100
= {(260 – 250) / (250)} × 100
= 4 percent.
(b) 8.7 = {(VNL – 230) / (230)} × 100
VNL = {(8.7 × 230) / (100)} + 230 = 250 volts
(c) Pout = {(VNL – Vt) / (VNL – V)} × Pin
P240 = {(250 – 240) / (250 – 230)} × 25 = 12.5 kw
P235 = {(250 – 235) / (250 – 230)} × 25 = 18.75 kw.

Problem 09: A 10-kW 250-V self-excited generator, when delivering rated load,
has an armature-circuit voltage drop that is 5% of the terminal voltage and a
shunt-field current equal to 5% of rated load current. Calculate the resistance of
the armature circuit and that of the field circuit.

24
Solution: V = 250 V, rated value
I = 10,000 ÷ 250 = 40 A, rated load current.
If = 0.05 × 40 = 2 A, field current.
From the equation, Ia = I + If,
Ia = 40 + 2 = 42 A
raIa = 0.05 × 250 = 12.5 V
ra = 12.5 ÷ 42 = 0.298 Ω the resistance of the armature circuit.
rfIf = 250
rf = 250 ÷ 2 = 125 Ω, the resistance of the field circuit.
Problem 10: A 10-kW 250-V self-excited generator, when delivering rated load,
has an armature-circuit voltage drop that is 5% of the terminal voltage and a
shunt-field current equal to 5% of rated load current. Calculate the resistance of
the armature circuit and that of the field circuit.

Solution: V = 250 V, rated value

I = 10,000 ÷ 250 = 40 A, rated load current.
If = 0.05 × 40 = 2 A, field current.
From the equation, Ia = I + If,
Ia = 40 + 2 = 42 A
raIa = 0.05 × 250 = 12.5 V
ra = 12.5 ÷ 42 = 0.298 Ω the resistance of the armature circuit.
rfIf = 250
rf = 250 ÷ 2 = 125 Ω, the resistance of the field circuit.

Problem 11: In a compound generator, connected short-shunt, the terminal

voltage is 230 volts when the generator delivers 150 amp, Fig. 1. The shunt-field
current is 2.5 amp, armature resistance 0.032 ohm, series-field resistance 0.015
ohm, and diverter resistance 0.030 ohm. Determine: (a) induced emf in armature;
(b) total power generated in armature; (c) distribution of this power.
The combined series-field and diverter current is 150 amp.

25
Solution:
(a) Series-field current: Is = 150 {(0.030) / (0.015 + 0.030)} = 100 amp.
Diverter current: Id = 150 {(0.015) / (0.015 + 0.030)} = 50 amp.
Combined equivalent resistance of series field and diverter,
1/R' = {1 / (0.015)} + {1 / (0.030)}; R' = 0.010
ohm.
Voltage drop in series field and diverter
E' = 150 × 0.010 = 1.50 volts.
Armature current
Ia = 152.5 amp.
Induced emf
E = 230 + 1.5 + 152.5 × 0.032 = 236.4 volts.
(b) Total power generated,
Pa = 236.4 × 152.5 = 36,050 watts = 36.05 kw.
(c) Armature loss
Pa' = 152.52 × 0.032 = 744 watts.
Series-field loss
Ps = 1002 × 0.015 = 150 watts.
Diverter loss
Pd = 502 × 0.030 = 75 watts.
Shunt-field loss
Psh = (230 + 1.5)2.5 = 579 watts.
Power delivered
P = 230 × 150 = 34,500 watts.
Total = 36,048 watts.

Problem 12: A 10-kW 250-V self-excited generator, when delivering rated load,
has an armature-circuit voltage drop that is 5% of the terminal voltage and a

26
shunt-field current equal to 5% of rated load current. Calculate the resistance of
the armature circuit and that of the field circuit.
Solution:
V = 250 V, rated value
I = 10,000 ÷ 250 = 40 A, rated load current.
If = 0.05 × 40 = 2 A, field current.
From the equation, Ia = I + If,
Ia = 40 + 2 = 42 A
raIa = 0.05 × 250 = 12.5 V
ra = 12.5 ÷ 42 = 0.298 Ω the resistance of the armature circuit.
rfIf = 250
rf = 250 ÷ 2 = 125 Ω, the resistance of the field circuit.

Problem 13: A 600-V dc source is provided from a 440-V, 3-phase, AC system

by means of a bank of rectifiers. The DC load is supplied via a feeder of resistance
0.41 Ω per conductor. In order to maintain approximately constant potential
difference at the load end of the feeder, a series booster generator is fitted in one
side of the feeder, as shown in Fig. 1.
The booster generator is rated at 1 kW, 25 V. Its no-load saturation curve,
obtained at rated speed by separately exciting the series field winding, is shown
in Fig. 2. The resistance of the booster armature circuit is 0.08 Ω and that of the
series field is 0.05 Ω. Determine the potential difference vL at the load end of the
feeder when the rectifier is supplying (a) 20 A, (b) 40 A direct current; and
determine the terminal potential difference of the booster generator in each case.

27
Solution:
The steady-state equivalent circuit of the system is shown in Fig. 3.
From that circuit,
vL = vR + ea – (2RF + Ra + Rs)iL (1)

vt = ea – (Ra + Rs)iL (2)

a) iL = 20 A.

From Fig. 2, ea = 20 V. Substitution in Eq. (1) gives

vL = 600 + 20 – 20(2 × 0.41 + 0.08 + 0.05) = 601 V
Substitution in Eq. (2) gives
vt = 20 – 20 (0.08 + 0.05) = 17.4 V

b) iL = 40 A.
From Fig. 2, ea = 35 V.
vL = 600 + 35 – 40(2 × 0.41 + 0.08 + 0.05) = 597 V
vt = 35 – 40 (0.08 + 0.05) = 29.8 V.

Problem 14: A 250-kw 230-volt compound generator is delivering 800 amp at

230 volts. The shunt-field current is 12 amp. The armature resistance is 0.007

28
ohm, and the series-field resistance is 0.002 ohm. The stray power at this load is
5,500 watts. The generator is connected long-shunt.
Determine generator efficiency at this load.

Solution:
Output = 230 × 800 = 184,000 watts.
Shunt-field loss = 230 × 12 = 2,760 watts.
Armature loss = 8122 × 0.007 = 4,615 watts.
2
Series-field loss = 812 × 0.002 = 1,319 watts.
Stray power = 5,500 watts.
Stray-load loss, 0.01 × 184,000 = 1,840 watts.
Total loss = 16,034 watts.
Eff = {(184,000) / (184,000 + 16,034)} = {(184,000) / (200,034)} = 0.920, or
92.0%
Problem 15: A certain 110-volt shunt generator has an armature and brush
resistance of 0.06 ohm at full load of 85 amperes. The resistance of the shunt field
is 45 ohms, and the stray power losses are found to be 897 watts. Calculate the
full-load efficiency of the generator.

Solution:
The total armature current is the sum of the load current plus the field current.
The field current is {(110) / (45)} = 2.44 amperes
∴ Ia = 85 + 2.44 = 87.44 amperes
Ia2Ra = 87.442 × 0.06 = 449 watts
If2Rf = 2.442 × 45 = 268 watts
Total copper loss = 717 watts
Stray power loss = 897 watts
∴ Total loss = 1,614 watts
Total output = 85 × 110 = 9,350 watts
Total output + losses = 9,350 + 1,614 = 10,964 watts
Efficiency = {(output) / (output + losses)} = {(9,350) / (10,964)} = 85.2 percent.

Problem 16: A certain 5(1/2)-KW 125-volt DC generator was operated as a shunt

motor at no load for determination of core and friction losses. With 135 volts
(equal to generated voltage at full load) applied to the armature, and normal speed
of 1700 rpm, the current input to the armature was found to be 2.5 amp.
Resistance of the armature circuit with full-load current flowing was found to be

29
0.2 ohm, of the series field 0.025 ohm, and of the shunt-field circuit 100 ohms.
Determine the various losses and calculate the full-load efficiency.

Solution:
Rotational loss = Armature voltage × Armature current.
= 135 × 2.5 = 337 watts rotational loss (neglecting the small copper
loss involved).
Rated load current = (Power / Voltage)
= {(5500) / (125)} = 44 amp
Shunt-field current = [(Applied voltage) / (Resistance)]
= {(125) / (100)} = 1.25 amp
Armature and shunt-field current (assuming a long-shunt connection)
= 44 + 1.25 = 45.25 amp.

Ia2Ra = 45.252 × 0.2 = 410 watts armature copper loss

Ia2Rf = 45.252 × = 51 watts series-field copper
0.025 loss
IfRf = 1.25 × 125 = 156 watts shunt-field copper
loss

∴ Total losses = 337 + 410 + 51 + 156 = 954 watts

Output at full load = 5500 watts
Input = output + losses = 5500 + 954 = 6454 watts
Therefore,
Efficiency = (output / input) = {(5500) / (6454)} = 0.852 = 85.2%.

Problem 17: A 10 kW, 230 V, 1750 rpm shunt generator was run light as a motor
to determine its rotational losses at its rated load. The applied voltage across the
armature, Va, computed for the test, was 245 V, and the armature current drawn
was 2A. The field resistance of the generator was 230 ohms and the armature
circuit resistance measured 0.2 ohm. Calculate:
(a) The rotational (stray power) losses at full load
(b) The full-load armature circuit loss and the field loss
(c) The generator efficiency at (1/4), (1/2), and (3/4) of the rated load; at the
rated load, and at 1(1/4) times the rated load.

Solution:

(a) Rotational loss = VaIa – Ia2Ra = (245 × 2) – (22 × 0.2) = 490 – 0.8 = 489.2 W

30
Note that 490 W may be used with negligible error because of negligible
electric armature loss.

(b) At the rated load,

IL = (W/Vt) = {(10,000 W) / (230 V)} = 43.5 A.
Ia = If + IL = {(230 V) / (230 Ω)} + 43.5 = 44.5 A.
The full-load armature loss
Ia2Ra = (44.5)2 × 0.2 = 376 W.
The field loss
VfIf = 230 V × 1 A = 230 W.

(c) The efficiency at any load, for a generator is given by the following
equation:
η = {(Output at that load) / (Output at the load + Rotational loss + Electric loss
at that load)}

Efficiency at (1/4) load = [{(10,000) / 4} / ({(10,000) / 4} + 489.2 + [{(376) /

(16)} + 230])] × 100 = 77 percent.

Efficiency at (1/2) load = [{(10,000) / 2} / ({(10,000) / 2} + 489.2 + [{(376) / 4}

+ 230])]×100 = 86.2 percent.

Efficiency at (3/4) load = [{10,000 × (3/4)} / ({10,000 (3/4)} + 489.2 + [{376(9

/ 16)} + 230])] × 100 = 89 percent.

Efficiency at full load = [(10,000) / {10,000 + 489.2 + (376 + 230)}] × 100 =

90.1 percent.

Efficiency at 1(1/4) × the rated load {or (5/4) rated load}

= [{10,000 × (5/4)} / {10,000(5/4)} + 489.2 + ({376(25 / 16)} + 230)}] ×100 =
90.6 percent.

Problem 18: The following data apply to a 100-kW 250-V six-pole 900-rpm
compound generator (long-shunt connection):
No-load rotational losses = 3840 W
Armature resistance at 75°C = 0.012Ω
Series-field resistance at 75°C = 0.004Ω
Commutating-pole field resistance at 75°C = 0.004Ω
Shunt-field current = 2.60 A
Assume a stray-load loss equal to 1% of the output and calculate the rated-load
efficiency.

31
Solution:
The total resistance of the armature circuit, not including brushes, is the sum of
the resistance of the armature, series-field, and commutating-pole field
windings:
ra = 0.012 + 0.004 + 0.004 = 0.020Ω
The armature current is the sum of the load current and the shunt-field current,
or
Ia = {(100,000) / (250)} + 2.6 = 402.6A
The losses may be tabulated and totaled as follows:

No-load rotational losses 3840W

Armature-circuit copper losses = (402.6)2 × 0.02 3240W
Brush-contact loss (2Ia) = 2 × 402.6 805W
Shunt-field circuit copper losses = 250 × 2.6 650W
Stray-load loss = 0.01 × 100,000 1000W
Total losses 9535W

The input at rated load is therefore

100,000 + 9535 = 109,535 W
and the efficiency is given by
Efficiency = 1 – (losses / input)
= 1 – {(9535) / (109,535)}
= 0.915.

32