Chapter 19

Transformers
IDEAL TRANSFORMER CHARACTERISTICS
The basic transformer consists of two coils electrically insulated from each other and wound upon a
common core (Fig. 19-1). Magnetic coupling is used to transfer electric energy from one coil to another. The
coil which receives energy from an ac source is called the primary. The coil which delivers energy to an ac
load is called the secondary. The core of transformers used at low frequencies is generally made of magnetic
material, usually sheet steel. Cores of transformers used at higher frequencies are made of powdered iron
and ceramics, or nonmagnetic materials. Some coils are simply wound on nonmagnetic hollow forms such as
cardboard or plastic so that the core material is actually air.

Fig. 19-1

Simple diagram of a transformer

If a transformer is assumed to be operating under an ideal or perfect condition, the transfer of energy from
one voltage to another is accompanied by no losses.
Voltage Ratio
The voltage on the coils of a transformer is directly proportional to the number of turns on the coils. This
relationship is expressed by the formula
Vp
Np
=
Vs
Ns
where

Vp =
Vs =
Np =
Ns =

(19-1)

voltage on primary coil, V

voltage on secondary coil, V
number of turns on primary coil
number of turns on secondary coil

The ratio Vp /Vs is called the voltage ratio (VR). The ratio Np /Ns is called the turns ratio (TR). By substituting
these terms into Eq. (19-1), we obtain an equivalent formula
VR = TR
455

(19-2)

456

TRANSFORMERS

[CHAP. 19

A voltage ratio of 1 : 4 (read as 1 to 4) means that for each volt on the transformer primary, there is 4 V
on the secondary. When the secondary voltage is greater than the primary voltage, the transformer is called a
step-up transformer. A voltage ratio of 4 : 1 means that for each 4 V on the primary, there is only 1 V on the
secondary. When the secondary voltage is less than the primary voltage, the transformer is called a step-down
transformer.
Example 19.1 A lament transformer (Fig. 19-2) reduces the 120 V in the primary to 8 V on the secondary. If there are
150 turns on the primary and 10 turns on the secondary, nd the voltage ratio and turns ratio.
VR =

Vp
120
15
=
=
= 15 : 1
Vs
8
1

Ans.

TR =

Np
15
150
=
= 15 : 1
=
Ns
15
1

Ans.

Note that VR = TR [Eq. (19-2)].

Fig. 19-2 Filament transformer

Example 19.2 An iron-core transformer operating from a 120-V line has 500 turns in the primary and 100 turns in the
secondary. Find the secondary voltage.
Vp
Np
=
Vs
Ns

(19-1)

Solve for Vs and substitute known values.

Vs =

Ns
100
120 = 24 V
Vp =
Np
500

Ans.

Example 19.3 A power transformer has a turns ratio of 1 : 5. If the secondary coil has 1000 turns and the secondary
voltage is 30 V, nd the voltage ratio, the primary voltage, and the number of primary turns.
VR = TR
= 1:5

(19-2)
Ans.

Vp
1
= VR = 1 : 5 =
Vs
5
30
1
=6V
Vs =
5
5
Np
1
TR =
=
Ns
5
Vp =

Np =

Ans.

1
1000
Ns =
= 200 turns
5
5

Ans.

CHAP. 19]

457

TRANSFORMERS

Current Ratio
The current in the coils of a transformer is inversely proportional to the voltage in the coils. This relationship
is expressed by the equation
Vp
Is
=
Vs
Ip

(19-3)

where Ip = current in primary coil, A

Is = current in secondary coil, A
From Eq. (19-1) we may substitute Np /Ns for Vp /Vs , so we have
Np
Is
=
Ns
Ip

(19-4)

Example 19.4 Derive the current-ratio equation Vp /Vs = Is /Ip .

For an ideal transformer, the power input to the primary is equal to the power output of the secondary. Thus, an ideal
transformer is assumed to operate at an efciency of 100 percent. Therefore,
Power input = power output
Pp = Ps
Power input = Pp = Vp Ip
Power output = Ps = Vs Is
Vp Ip = Vs Is

Substituting for Pp and Ps ,

Vp
Is
=
Vs
Ip

from which

Ans.

Example 19.5 When the primary winding of an iron-core transformer is operated at 120 V, the current in the winding
is 2 A. Find the current in the secondary winding load if the voltage is stepped up to 600 V.
Vp
Is
=
Vs
Ip

(19-3)

Solve for Is and substitute known values.

Is =

Vp
120
2 = 0.4 A
Ip =
600
Vs

Ans.

Example 19.6 A bell transformer with 240 turns on the primary and 30 turns on the secondary draws 0.3 A from a
120-V line. Find the secondary current.
Np
Is
=
Ns
Ip

(19-4)

Solve for Is and substitute known values.

Is =

Np
240
(0.3) = 2.4 A
Ip =
30
Ns

Ans.

458

TRANSFORMERS

[CHAP. 19

Efciency
The efciency of a transformer is equal to the ratio of the power output of the secondary winding to the
power input of the primary winding. An ideal transformer is 100 percent efcient because it delivers all the
energy it receives. Because of core and copper losses, the efciency of even the best practical transformer is
less than 100 percent. Expressed as an equation,
Eff =
where

power output
Ps
=
power input
Pp

(19-5)

Eff = efciency
Ps = power output from secondary, W
Pp = power input to primary, W

Example 19.7

What is the efciency of a transformer if it draws 900 W and delivers 600 W?

Eff =
=

Ps
Pp

(19-5)

600
= 0.667 = 66.7%
900

Ans.

Example 19.8 A transformer is 90 percent efcient. If it delivers 198 W from a 110-V line, nd the power input and
the primary current.
Eff =

Ps
Pp

(19-5)

Solve for power input Pp .

Pp =

198
Ps
=
= 220 W
Eff
0.90

Ans.

Write the power input formula.

Pp = Vp Ip
Solve for Ip .
Ip =
Example 19.9

Pp
220
=
=2A
Vp
110

Ans.

A transformer draws 160 W from a 120-V line and delivers 24 V at 5 A. Find its efciency.
Pp = 160 W, given
Ps = Vs Is = 24(5) = 120 W

Then

Eff =

120
Ps
=
= 0.75 = 75%
Pp
160

Ans.

TRANSFORMER RATINGS
Transformer capacity is rated in kilovoltamperes. Since power in an ac circuit depends on the power factor
of the load and the current in the load, an output rating in kilowatts must specify the power factor.

CHAP. 19]

459

TRANSFORMERS

Example 19.10 What is the kilowatt output of a 5-kVA 2400/120-V transformer serving loads with the following power
factors: (a) 100 percent, (b) 80 percent, and (c) 40 percent? What is the rated output current of the transformer?
Power output:
(a) Ps = kVA PF = 5(1.0) = 5 kW
Ans.
(b)

Ps = 5(0.8) = 4 kW

Ans.

(c)

Ps = 5(0.4) = 2 kW

Ans.

Current output:
Ps = Is Vs
Solving for Is ,
Is =

Ps
5000
= 41.7 A
=
Vs
120

Ans.

Since rated current is determined by the rated kilovoltamperage, the full-load current of 41.7 A is supplied by the transformer
at the three different PFs even though the kilowatt output is different for each case.

IMPEDANCE RATIO
A maximum amount of power is transferred from one circuit to another when the impedances of the two
circuits are equal or matched. If the two circuits have unequal impedances, a coupling transformer may be
used as an impedance-matching device between the two circuits. By constructing the transformers winding
so that it has a denite turns ratio, the transformer can perform any impedance-matching function. The turns
ratio establishes the proper relationship between the ratio of the primary and secondary winding impedances.
This relationship is expressed by the equation


Np
Ns

2
=

Taking the square root of both sides, we obtain

(19-6)


Np
=
Ns

where Np =
Ns =
Zp =
Zs =

Zp
Zs

Zp
Zs

(19-7)

number of turns on primary

number of turns on secondary
impedance of primary, 
impedance of secondary, 

Example 19.11

Find the turns ratio of a transformer used to match a 14 400- load to a 400- load.

Np
=
Ns

Zp
Zs

(19-7)

6
14 400
= 36 = = 6 : 1
400
1

Ans.

Example 19.12 Find the turns ratio of a transformer to match a 20- load to a 72 000- load.
Use Eq. (19-7).

Np
=
Ns

Zp
=
Zs

20
=
72 000

1
1
=
= 1 : 60
3600
60

Ans.

460

TRANSFORMERS

Example 19.13
of the primary.

[CHAP. 19

The secondary load of a step-down transformer with a turns ratio of 5 : 1 is 900 . Find the impedance
Zp
=
Zs


Np 2
Ns

(19-6)

Solve for Zp and substitute given values.


Zp =

 2

Np 2
5
Zs =
(900) = 22 500 
Ns
1

Ans.

AUTOTRANSFORMER
An autotransformer is a special type of power transformer. It consists of only one winding. By tapping, or
connecting, at points along the length of the winding, different voltages may be obtained. The autotransformer
(Fig. 19-3) has a single winding between terminals A and C. The winding is tapped and a wire brought out
as terminal B. Winding AC is the primary while winding BC is the secondary. The simplicity of the autotransformer makes it economical and space-saving. However, it does not provide electrical isolation between
primary and secondary circuits.

Fig. 19-3 Autotransformer schematic diagram

Example 19.14 An autotransformer having 200 turns is connected to a 120-V line (Fig. 19-3). To obtain a 24-V output,
nd the number of turns of the secondary and the turn number at which the transformer should be tapped, counting from
terminal A.
Vp
Np
=
Vs
Ns
Ns =

Vs
24
200 = 40 turns
Np =
Vp
120

(19-1)
Ans.

Since the secondary turns include primary, the B tap should be where the turn number is 160 (160 = 200 40). If
tap B is made movable, the autotransformer becomes a variable transformer. As the tap is moved downward toward C, the
secondary voltage decreases.

TRANSFORMER LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY

Actual transformers have copper losses and core losses. Copper loss is the power lost in the primary
and secondary windings due to the ohmic resistance of the windings. Copper loss in watts is obtained by the
formula
Copper loss = Ip2 Rp + Is2 Rs

(19-8)

CHAP. 19]

where

Ip =
Is =
Rp =
Rs =

461

TRANSFORMERS

primary current, A
secondary current, A
resistance of the primary winding, 
resistance of the secondary winding, 

Core loss is caused by two factors: hysteresis loss and eddy-current loss. Hysteresis loss is the energy lost
by reversing the magnetic eld in the core as the magnetizing alternating current rises and falls and reverses
direction. Eddy-current loss is the result of induced currents circulating in the core material.
Copper loss in both windings may be measured by means of a wattmeter. The wattmeter is placed in the
primary circuit of the transformer while the secondary is short-circuited. The voltage applied to the primary
is then increased until the rated full-load current is owing in the short-circuited secondary. At that point the
wattmeter will read the total copper loss. Core loss may be determined also by a wattmeter in the primary
circuit by applying the rated voltage to the primary with the secondary circuit open.
The efciency of an actual transformer is expressed as follows:
Eff =
=
Eff =

and

where

power output
Ps
=
power input
Pp

(19-5)

power output
power output + copper loss + core loss
Vs Is PF
(Vs Is PF) + copper loss + core loss

(19-9)

PF = power factor of the load

Example 19.15 A 10 : 1 step-down 5-kVA transformer has a full-load secondary current rating of 50 A. A short-circuit
test for copper loss at a full load gives a wattmeter reading of 100 W. If the resistance of the primary winding is 0.6 ,
nd the resistance of the secondary winding and the power loss in the secondary.
Use Eq. (19-8).
Copper loss = Ip2 Rp + Is2 Rs = 100 W
To nd Ip at full load, write Eq. (19-4).
Np
Is
=
Ns
Ip
Ip =

from which

(19-4)

Ns
1
50 = 5 A
Is =
Np
10

Solve for Rs from the copper-loss equation above.

Is2 Rs = 100 Ip2 Rp
Rs =

100 Ip2 Rp
Is2

100 52 (0.6)
= 0.034 
502

Power loss in secondary = Is2 Rs = 502 (0.034) = 85 W

or

Ans.

Ans.

Power loss in secondary = 100 Ip2 Rp = 100 52 (0.6) = 85 W

Ans.

462

TRANSFORMERS

[CHAP. 19

Example 19.16 An open-circuit test for core loss in the 5-kVA transformer of Example 19.15 gives a reading of 70 W.
If the PF of the load is 85 percent, nd the efciency of the transformer at full load.

Eff =

Vs Is PF
(Vs Is PF) + copper loss + core loss

(19-9)

Vs Is = transformer rating = 5 kVA = 5000 VA

PF = 0.85

Copper loss = 100 W

Core loss = 70 W

Substitute known values and solve.

Eff =

4250
5000(0.85)
=
= 0.962 = 96.2%
5000(0.85) + 100 + 70
4420

Ans.

NO-LOAD CONDITION
If the secondary winding of a transformer is left open-circuited (Fig. 19-4a), the primary current is very
low and is referred to as the no-load current. The no-load current produces the magnetic ux and supplies the
hysteresis and eddy-current losses in the core. Therefore, the no-load current IE consists of two components:
the magnetizing-current component IM and the core-loss component IH . The magnetizing current IM lags the
applied primary voltage Vp by 90 , while the core-loss component IH is always in phase with Vp (Fig. 19-4b).
Note also that the primary applied voltage Vp and the induced secondary voltage Vs are shown 180 out of
phase with each other. Since in practice IH is small in comparison with IM , the magnetizing current IM is
very nearly equal to the total no-load current IE . IE is also called the exciting current.

Fig. 19-4 Iron-core transformer with the secondary open-circuited

Example 19.17 When the secondary of a 120/240-V transformer is open, the primary current is 0.3 A at a PF of 20
percent. The transformer is rated at 4 kVA. Find (a) the full-load current Ip , (b) the no-load exciting current IE , (c) the
core-loss current IH , and (d) the magnetizing current IM . (e) Determine the percentages of each current with respect to
full-load current. (f ) Draw the phasor diagram.
(a)

Full-load current =
Ip =

transformer kVA rating

primary voltage
4000
= 33.3 A
120

Ans.

CHAP. 19]

(b)

The primary current measured at no load (secondary open) is the exciting current IE . Thus,
IE = 0.3 A

(c)

463

TRANSFORMERS

Ans.

From Fig. 19-4b,

IH = IE cos = IE PF = 0.3(0.2) = 0.06 A

(d)

Ans.

From Fig. 19-4b,

IM = IE sin
= arccos 0.2 = 78.5
Then

(e)

IM = 0.3 sin 78.5 = 0.3(0.980) = 0.294 A

Ans.

Percent no-load primary current (exciting current) to full-load primary current:

0.3
= 0.0090 = 0.90%
33.3

Ans.

Percent core-loss current to full-load current:

0.06
= 0.0018 = 0.18%
33.3

Ans.

Percent magnetizing current to full-load current:

0.294
= 0.0088 = 0.88%
33.3

Ans.

Notice that the magnetizing current (0.294 A) has nearly the same values as the no-load primary current (0.3 A).
(f )

Phasor diagram: See Fig. 19-5.

Fig. 19-5 Phasor diagram

COIL POLARITY
The symbol for a transformer gives no indication of the phase of the voltage across the secondary since the
phase of that voltage actually depends on the direction of the windings around the core. To solve this problem,
polarity dots are used to indicate the phase of primary and secondary signals. The voltages are either in phase
(Fig. 19-6a) or 180 out of phase with respect to the primary voltage (Fig. 19-6b).

464

TRANSFORMERS

[CHAP. 19

Fig. 19-6 Polarity notation of transformer coils

Solved Problems
19.1

A power transformer is used to couple electric energy from a power-supply line to one or more
components of the system. In one type of power transformer (Fig. 19-7), there are three separate
secondary windings, each designed for a different voltage output. The primary of the transformer is
connected to a 120-V source of supply and has 100 turns. Find the number of turns on each secondary.

Fig. 19-7

Power transformer schematic diagram

Find Ns by using Eq. (19-1).

Np
Vp
=
Vs
Ns
For the 600-V secondary:

Ns =

from which
600
100 = 500 turns
120

Ns =

Vs
Np
Vp

Ans.

CHAP. 19]

For the 6.3-V secondary:

For the 2.5-V secondary:
19.2

465

TRANSFORMERS

6.3
100 5 turns
120
2.5
Ns =
100 2 turns
120

Ns =

Ans.
Ans.

A transformer whose primary is connected to a 110-V source delivers 11 V. If the number of turns on
the secondary is 20 turns, nd the number of turns on the primary. How many extra turns must be
added to the secondary if it must deliver 33 V?
Find Np by using Eq. (19-1).
Vp
Np
=
Vs
Ns
For Vs = 33 V,

Np =

from which
Ns =

Vp
110
(20) = 200 turns
Ns =
11
Vs

Ans.

Vs
33
Np =
200 = 60 turns
Vp
110

Hence 40 turns (60 20) must be added. Ans.

19.3

A step-down transformer with a turns ratio of 50 000 : 500 has its primary connected to a 20 000-V
transmission line. If the secondary is connected to a 25- load, nd (a) the secondary voltage,
(b) the secondary current, (c) the primary current, and (d) the power output.
TR =

Np
Vp
=
Ns
Vs

(a)
Then
(b)

Vs =

Ans.

By Ohms law,
Vs
200
=
= 8A
RL
25

Ans.

Vp
Is
=
Vs
Ip

(c)
Ip =

Then

19.4

(19-1)

Ns
1
Vp =
(20 000) = 200 V
Np
100

Is =

(d)

Np
100
50 000
=
=
Ns
500
1

(19-3)

200
8 = 0.08 A
20 000

Ans.

Ps = Vs Is = 200(8) = 1600 W

Ans.

A 7 : 5 step-down transformer draws 2 A. Find the secondary current.

TR =

Np
7
=
5
Ns

Np
Is
=
Ns
Ip
Then

Is

Np
7
Ip = 2 = 2.8 A
Ns
5

(19-4)
Ans.

466

19.5

TRANSFORMERS

[CHAP. 19

A transformer draws 2.5 A at 110 V and delivers 7.5 A at 24 V to a load with a PF of 100 percent.
Find the efciency of the transformer.
Power in = Pp = Vp Ip = 110(2.5) = 275 W
Power out = Ps = Vs Is = 24(7.5) = 180 W
Eff =
=

19.6

Ps
Pp

(19-5)

180
= 0.655 = 65.5%
275

Ans.

A transformer delivers 550 V at 80 mA at an efciency of 90 percent. If the primary current is 0.8 A,

nd the power input in voltamperes and the primary voltage.
Power out = Ps = Vs Is = 550(80 103 ) = 44 VA
Eff =
Then

Ps
Pp

Power in = Pp =

(19-5)
44
Ps
=
= 48.9 VA
Eff
0.9

Ans.

Since the PF of the load is not specied, power is expressed in voltamperes. Also
Pp = Vp Ip
19.7

so

Vp =

Pp
48.9
= 61.1 V
=
Ip
0.8

Ans.

The rating of a power-supply transformer that is to be operated from a 60-Hz 120-V power line may
read as follows: 600 V CT (center tap) at 90 mA, 6.3 V at 3 A, 5 V at 2 A. Find the wattage rating of
this transformer.
The wattage rating is the total power delivered at 100 percent PF. It is found by adding the power
ratings of the individual secondary windings. The general formula to use is Ps = Vs Is .
At 600 V tap:
At 6.3 V tap:
At 5 V tap:

Ps = 600(90 103 ) = 54 W
Ps = 6.3(3)
= 18.9 W
Ps = 5(2)
= 10 W
Total power PT = 82.9 W

19.8

Ans.

The step-down autotransformer at a power factor of unity is designed to deliver 240 V to a load of
5 kW (Fig. 19-8). The autotransformers primary winding is connected to a 600-V source. Find the
current in (a) the load, (b) the primary winding, and (c) the secondary winding.

Fig. 19-8 Step-down autotransformer

CHAP. 19]

467

TRANSFORMERS

(a) Write Ps = Vs Is (Is in this case is the load current). So

5000
Ps
=
= 20.8 A
Vs
240

Is =

Ans.

(b) At unity PF and 100 percent efciency, Vp Ip = Vs Is . So

Ip =

Vs Is
5000
= 8.33 A
=
Vp
600

Ans.

(c) The current in the secondary winding is Is Ip by Kirchhoffs current law.

Is Ip = 20.8 8.3 = 12.5 A
19.9

Ans.

A 60 : 1 output transformer is used to match an output transistor to a 4- voice coil. Find the impedance
of the output circuit.
Zp
=
Zs

Np
Ns

2
(19-6)

In this case the output transistor is in the primary circuit and the voice coil is in the secondary circuit.

Zp =
19.10

Np
Ns

2


Zs =

60
1

2
(4) = 14 400 

Ans.

A 1 : 10 step-up transformer is used to match a 500- line to a circuit. Find the impedance of the
circuit.
Zp
=
Zs

Np
Ns

2
(19-6)

In this case the circuit is in the secondary.


Zs =
19.11

Ns
Np

2


Zp =

10
1

2
(500) = 50 000  = 50 k

Ans.

A 240/720-V 5-kVA transformer undergoes a short-circuit test for copper loss. At the start of the
test, the primary voltage is varied until the ammeter across the secondary indicates rated full-load
secondary current. The measured resistance of the primary winding is 0.05  and that of the secondary
winding is 1.5 . Calculate the total copper loss.
Step 1.

Calculate the copper loss in the secondary.

Full-load secondary current Is =
So

5000
= 6.94 A
720

Is2 Rs = (6.94)2 (1.5) = 72.2 W

468

TRANSFORMERS

Step 2.

[CHAP. 19

Calculate the copper loss in the primary.

Full-load primary current Ip =

Ip2 Rp = (20.8)2 (0.05) = 21.6 W

So
Step 3.

5000
= 20.8 A
240

Calculate total copper loss. The total copper loss is the sum of the losses in both windings.
Total copper loss = Ip2 Rp + Is2 Rs
= 21.6 + 72.2 = 93.8 W

(19-8)
Ans.

The wattmeter in the primary circuit should read 93.8 W.

19.12

On an open-circuit test for core loss in the 5-kVA transformer of Problem 19.11, when the primary
voltage is set at the rated voltage of 240 V, the wattmeter in the primary circuit indicates 80 W. If the
power factor of the load is 0.8, nd the efciency of the transformer at full load.
Use the efciency formula:

Eff =

=
19.13

Vs Is PF
(Vs Is PF) + copper loss + core loss
4000
5000(0.8)
=
= 0.958 = 95.8%
5000(0.8) + 93.8 + 80
4174

(19-9)

Ans.

When the secondary of a power transformer is open, the no-load current in the primary is 0.4 A.
If the power factor of the input primary circuit is 0.10, nd the exciting current IE , the core-loss
current IH , and the magnetizing current IM .
The exciting current is the same as the no-load primary current.
So

IE = 0.4 A

Ans.

From the right-triangle relationships (see Fig. 19-9),

IH = IE cos = 0.4(0.10) = 0.04 A
PF = cos = 0.10
Then
19.14

Ans.

= arccos 0.10 = 84.3

IM = IE sin = 0.4 sin 84.3 = 0.4 A

Ans.

Fig. 19-9

The no-load current taken by a 110/220-V transformer is 0.7 A. The transformer is rated at 2.2 kVA.
If the power factors of the primary and secondary circuits are equal, nd the primary current when
the secondary is supplying its rated 2.2 kVA to the load.
Full-load secondary current Is =

2200
= 10 A
220

CHAP. 19]

469

TRANSFORMERS

Since the PFs for primary and secondary are equal at full load, the main component of load current
in the primary is
Ip
=

Vs
220
10 = 2(10) = 20 A
Is =
Vp
110

To Ip
we add directly the 0.7-A no-load current. So
Ip = 20 + 0.7 = 20.7 A

Ans.

Because the no-load components IH and IM of the primary current are much less than the loadcurrent component Ip
, the no-load current can be added arithmetically instead of vectorially to the
total load-current.
19.15

Indicate the correct polarity dots for the secondary circuit (Fig. 19-10a).

Fig. 19-10a Coil polarity

For diagram (1) (Fig. 19-10a), the voltage at point B with respect to ground has the same phase
as the voltage at point A with respect to ground (Fig. 19-10b). For diagram (2) (Fig. 19-10a), the
secondary windings are now reversed so that the output voltage at B is now 180 out of phase with
the input voltage at A (Fig. 19-10c).

Fig. 19-10b, c

470

TRANSFORMERS

[CHAP. 19

Supplementary Problems
19.16

A bell transformer reduces the voltage from 110 to 11 V. If there are 20 turns in the secondary, nd
the number of turns on the primary and the turns ratio.
Ans. Np = 200 turns; TR = 10 : 1

19.17

Find the voltage at the spark plugs connected to the secondary of a coil with 60 turns on the primary
and 36 000 turns on the secondary, if the primary is connected to a 12-V alternator.
Ans. Vs = 7200 V

19.18

A coil with a primary winding of 80 turns must supply 4800 V. If the primary is connected to an 8-V
source, nd the number of turns on the secondary.
Ans. Ns = 48 000 turns

19.19

The 110-V primary of a power transformer has 220 turns. Three secondaries are to deliver (a) 600 V,
(b) 35 V, and (c) 12.5 V. Find the number of turns needed on each secondary.
Ans. (a) Ns = 1200 turns; (b) Ns = 70 turns; (c) Ns = 25 turns

19.20

The secondary coil of a transformer has 100 turns and the secondary voltage is 10 V. If the turns
ratio is 18:1, nd (a) the voltage ratio, (b) the primary voltage, and (c) the number of primary turns.
Ans. (a) VR = 18 : 1; (b) Vp = 180 V; (c) Np = 1800 turns

19.21

A step-down autotransformer with 55 turns is connected to a 110-V ac line. If a 28-V output is desired,
nd the secondary turns and the turn number to be tapped.
Ans. Ns = 14 turns; tap at turn 31

19.22

A 220/110-V step-down transformer in a stage-lighting circuit draws 12 A from the line. Find the
current delivered.
Ans. Is = 24 A

19.23

An ideal transformer with 2400 turns on the primary and 600 turns on the secondary draws 9.5 A at
100 percent PF from a 220-V line. Find Is , Vs , and Ps .
Ans. Is = 38 A; Vs = 55 V; Ps = 2090 W

19.24

A transformer with 96 percent efciency is connected to a 2000-V line. If it delivers 10 000 VA, nd
the power input Pp in voltamperes and the primary current Ip .
Ans. Pp = 10 417 VA; Ip = 5.21 A

19.25

A transformer with an efciency of 85 percent delivers 650 V and 120 mA at 100 percent PF to a
secondary load. The primary current is 0.6 A. Find the power input and the primary voltage.
Ans. Pp = 91.8 W; Vp = 153 V

19.26

The three secondary coils of a power-supply transformer deliver 84 mA at 300 V, 1.4 A at 12.6 V,
and 1.9 A at 2.5 V. Find the power delivered to the secondary loads. Find also the efciency if
the transformer draws 55 W from a 110-V line. (Assume unity PF in both primary and secondary.)
Ans. Ps = 47.9 W; Eff = 87.1%

19.27

Find the current rating of each winding of a 100-kVA 2400/120-V 60-Hz transformer.
Ans. Primary winding, 41.7 A; secondary winding, 833.3 A

19.28

Find the turns ratio of a transformer used to match a 50- load to a 450- line.

19.29

Find the turns ratio of a transformer used to match a 30- load to a 48 000- load.
Ans. TR = 1 : 40

Ans.

TR = 3 : 1

CHAP. 19]

TRANSFORMERS

471

19.30

Find the turns ratio of the transformer needed to match a load of 4000  to three 12- speakers in
parallel.
Ans. TR = 31.6 : 1 32 : 1

19.31

A 1:18 step-up output transformer is used to match a microphone with a grid circuit impedance of
35 k. Find the impedance of the microphone.
Ans. Zp = 108 

19.32

A 6 : 1 step-down transformer matches an input load to a secondary load of 800 . Find the impedance
of the input.
Ans. Zp = 28.8 k

19.33

A step-up autotransformer requires 100 turns for its 120-V primary. To obtain an output of 300 V, nd
the number of turns that must be added to the primary.
Ans. 150 turns (Ns = 250 turns)

19.34

A load of 12 kW at 480 V and 100 percent PF is to be supplied by a step-down autotransformer

whose high-voltage winding is connected to a 1200-V source. Find the current in (a) the load, (b) the
primary winding, and (c) the secondary winding.
Ans. (a) Is = 25 A; (b) Ip = 10 A; (c) Is Ip = 15 A

19.35

An autotransformer starter used to start an induction motor on a 440-V line applies 70 percent of line
voltage to the motor during the starting period. If the motor current is 140 A at start-up, what is the
current drawn from the line?
Ans. 98 A

19.36

A step-down 600/480-V autotransformer supplies a 10-kVA load. Find the primary and secondary line
currents and the current in the winding common to both primary and secondary circuits.
Ans. Ip = 16.7 A; Is = 20.8 A; Is Ip = 4.1 A

19.37

A 5-kVA 480/120-V transformer is equipped with high-voltage taps so that it may be operated at 480,
456, or 432 V depending on the tap setting. Find the current in the high-voltage winding for each tap
setting. The transformer supplies the rated kVA load at 120 V in each case.
Ans. 10.4 A at 480 V; 11.0 A at 456 V; 11.6 A at 432 V

19.38

A transformer with 800 turns in its primary and 160 turns in its secondary is rated 10 kVA at 480 V.
Find (a) the VR, (b) the primary voltage, (c) the rated full-load secondary current, and (d) the rated
full-load primary current, disregarding the no-load current.
Ans. (a) 5:1; (b) 2400 V; (c) 20.8 A; (d) 4.16 A

19.39

A 250-kVA 2400/480-V transformer has copper losses of 3760 W and core losses of 1060 W. What is
the efciency when the transformer is fully loaded at 0.8 PF?
Ans. Eff = 97.6%

19.40

An open-circuit test for core loss in a 240/720-V 10-kVA transformer gives a reading of 60 W.
The measured resistance of the low side winding is 0.03  and that of the high side winding is
1.3 . Find (a) the total copper loss and (b) the transformer efciency when the power factor of the
load is 0.85.
Ans. (a) Total copper loss = 303 W; (b) Eff = 95.9%

19.41

A short-circuit test for copper loss at full load gives a wattmeter reading of 175 W. The transformer
undergoing the test is a 240/24-V step-down transformer that has a full-load secondary current rating
of 60 A. If the resistance of the primary is 0.7 , nd the resistance of the secondary.
Ans. Rs = 0.042 

19.42

On an open-circuit test for core loss, the transformer of Problem 19.41 takes 1.5 A from a 240-V ac
source. The wattmeter reads 95 W. Determine (a) the copper loss at no-load condition and (b) the
core loss.
Ans. (a) 1.58 W; (b) 93.4 W (In this case, the wattmeter reading of 95 W indicates core loss plus
copper loss at no load.)

472

TRANSFORMERS

[CHAP. 19

19.43

A 10-kVA 2400/240-V 60-Hz transformer has a primary winding resistance of 6  and a secondary
winding resistance of 0.06 . The core loss is 60 W. Find (a) the full-load copper loss and (b) the efciency of the transformer when it is fully loaded at 0.9 PF.
Ans. (a) 208 W; (b) Eff = 97.1%

19.44

If the transformer of Problem 19.43 had operated at 0.6 PF with the same kilovoltampere loading,
what would be its efciency?
Ans. Eff = 95.7%

19.45

A 10-kVA 7200/120-V transformer has a resistance in the primary winding of 12  and in the
secondary winding of 0.0033 . Find the copper loss (a) at full load, (b) at half load (5 kVA),
and (c) at a load of 2 kVA.
Ans. (a) 46.0 W; (b) 11.5 W; (c) 1.84 W

19.46

A 5-kVA 480/240-V transformer has its secondary open-circuited. Under this no-load condition,
the primary current is 0.15 A at a PF of 0.6. Find (a) the full-load current Ip , (b) the core-loss
component IH , (c) the magnetizing current IM , and (d) the percentage of each current with respect
to full-load current; and (e) draw the phasor diagram.
Ans. (a) Ip = 10.4 A; (b) IH = 0.09 A; (c) IM = 0.12 A; (d) percent exciting current
= 1.44%; percent core-loss current = 0.87%; percent magnetizing current = 1.15%; (e) see
Fig. 19-11

Fig. 19-11 Phasor diagram

19.47

If a transformer circuit has a polarity (Fig. 19-12) where the output is 180 out of phase with the input,
show the correct polarity dots when the leads to the load are reversed.
Ans. See Fig. 19-13

Fig. 19-12 Transformer polarity

19.48

A secondary center-tapped transformer is shown in Fig. 19-14. Indicate the correct output waveforms
at points A and B.
Ans. See Fig. 19-15

19.49

Two transformers can be connected together to obtain a higher voltage by connecting the primaries
together in parallel and connecting their secondaries in series. If the secondaries are properly phased,

CHAP. 19]

473

TRANSFORMERS

Fig. 19-13

Fig. 19-14 Center-tap secondary

Fig. 19-15

the output will be the sum of the secondary voltages. If the output is the difference of the secondary
voltages, the connection to one of the secondaries may be reversed, or one of the primary windings
may be reversed. For a series connection of two transformers, each with a secondary output of 4 V
(Fig. 19-16), nd the output voltage.
Ans. (a) Output = 8 V; (b) output = 0 V (secondaries bucking)

Fig. 19-16 Connection of two transformers