GARCIA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Kalibo, Aklan
Electrical Engineering Department

NOTES IN ENGINEERING COMPETENCE II (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SUBJECTS)

ATOMIC STRUCTURE Q=¿;Q=∫ idt

I = current flow, in amperes (A)
Element – a substance that cannot be decomposed any further by
Q = total charge moving, in coulombs (C)
chemical action
t = time of occurrence, in seconds (s)
Atom – smallest part that an element can be reduced to and still
keeping the properties of the element
Problem 3. How much current is flowing in a circuit where 1.27 x 10 15
 Atomic Number – represents the number of electrons or protons of electrons move past a given point in 100 ms?
an atom (2.032 mA)

 Atomic Mass – represents the sum of protons and neutrons of an Problem 4. If a current of 2 A flows through a point in a wire for 30
atom seconds, how many coulombs pass through the point in the wire?
(60 coulombs)

Valence Electrons – electrons found in the outermost orbit of an Problem 5. A current of 4 A is flowing in a wire. How many electrons are
atom flowing per second through the wire?
(2.5 x1019 electrons per second)

2 DRIFT VELOCITY OF CONDUCTION ELECTRONS

N=2n
N = max number of electrons on a given shell or orbit The drift velocity of the free electrons is very small since the
n = nth shell of the atom number of free electrons in a conductor is very large.

Classification of materials according to conductivity:

 Conductor – has 3 or less valence electrons I =neAv
 Semi-conductor – has exactly 4 valence electrons
 Insulator – has 5 or more valence electrons I = current flowing, in amperes (A)
n = electron density, in electrons/m3
No. of No. of Valence Material e = charge per electron (1.6 x 10-19 C)
ELEMENT A = cross-sectional area of the conductor (m2)
Electrons Electrons Classification
Copper 29 1 Conductor v = drift velocity of the electrons (m/s)
Aluminum 13 3 Conductor
Germanium 32 4 Semi-conductor Problem 6. The density of conduction electrons in a wire is 1 x 10 28 e/m3.
Phosphorus 15 5 Insulator If the radius of the wire is 0.6 mm and it is carrying a current of 2 A, what
will be the average drift velocity?
(1.105 x 10-3 m/s)
ELECTRIC CHARGE
Problem 7. A copper wire having a cross-sectional area of 1 mm 2 is
Electric Charge is carried by the electrons and protons carrying a current of 15 A. If the density of the free electrons in the wire
within an atom. Electrons are said to carry negative is 1 x1028 e/m3, solve the drift velocity of the electrons.
charge, while protons are said to carry positive charge. SI (9.375 mm/s)
unit of electric charge is coulomb.
Problem 8. A copper wire with a uniform cross section of 5mm 2 is
carrying a current of 10 A. If the density of conduction electrons is 8 x
 1 electron or 1 proton = 1.6 x 10 -19 coulomb
1028 e/m3, what is the drift velocity of these conducting electrons?
(0.156 mm/s)
Note: Copper is used as a universal reference conductor.
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF OR VOLTAGE)
 1 cm3 of a copper material = 8.5 x 1022 free electrons

 Free electrons – electrons which are not attached to a specific It is the energy provided by a cell or battery or a generator per
atom and it is free to move. It is sometime called as conduction coulomb of charge passing through it. The SI unit of emf is joule
electrons per coulomb or commonly called volt.

Problem 1. Solve the number of free electrons in a copper conductor

having a diameter of 1.6 mm and a length of 10 m.
(1.709 x1024) Specific resistance or resistivity of a material is the resistance
offered by 1 m length of the material having a cross-sectional area
Problem 2. The number of free electrons in a given copper bus bar is of 1 m2.
known to be 4.18 x 1024 electrons. If the bus bar has a cross section of 0.5
inch by 0.6 inch, how long is the bus bar? W joule
E= ∨V
(10 inches) Q coulomb
ELECTRIC CURRENT E = emf or voltage, in volts (V)
W = energy, in joules (J)
Q dQ coulomb Q = charge, in coulombs (C)
I= ; i= ; ampere=
t dt second

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Problem 9. What quantity of charge must be delivered by a battery with 2
A=d
a potential difference of 100V to do 500 J of work?
(5 C) A = cross section area of the wire, in cmils (CM)
18
d = diameter of the wire, in mils
Problem 10. An energy equal to 136 J is expended in moving 8.5 x 10
electrons from one point to another in an electric circuit. What potential
Note: 1 inch = 1000 mils; 1 MCM = 1000CM
difference does this create between the two points?
(100 V)
RELATION BETWEEN A CIRCULAR MIL AND SQUARE MIL
ELECTRIC ENERGY AND POWER
π
1 circular mil= sq . mils
4
Electric energy is a form of energy used to run or operate various
electrical devices. Standard unit of electrical energy is joule or Problem 14. Calculate the resistance of an annealed copper bus of length
kilojoule. The other common units are kilowatt-hour and 10 ft and cross section ½ in by 6 in, if the resistivity of the material is
megawatt-hour. 10.37 ohm-cmil/ft.
Electric power is the rate of consuming the electric energy. (2.715 x 10-5 Ω)
Standard unit of electrical power is watt (bigger units are kilowatt
& megawatt). Problem 15. A length of wire has a resistance of 4.5 ohms. Find the
resistance of another wire of the same material three times as long and
twice the area.
P=EI ;W =Pt (6.75 Ω)
W = electric energy, in joules (J)
Problem 16. A 400,000 cir-mil cable is composed of 37 strands. What is
P = electric power, in watts (W)
the diameter, in mils, of each strand?
I = current, in amperes (A)
(104 mils)
E = emf or voltage, in volts (V)
t = time, in seconds (s)
Problem 17. A bus bar has a cross-section of 0.5 inch by 0.6 inch.
Determine its cross-sectional area in circular mils.
Problem 11. What is the power (in kW) required to transfer 97,000
(381,792 circular mils)
coulombs of charge through potential rise of 50 V in one hour?
(1.347 kW)
Problem 18. What length of wire of diameter 0.315 mm will be required
to construct a coil of resistance 10 ohms, if the specific resistance of the
Problem 12. A radio receiver draws 0.9 A at 110 V. If the set is used 3
wire is 49 µΩ-cm?
hours per day, how much energy does it consume in 10 days?
(159 cm)
(2.97 kWh)
Problem 19. A standard copper wire is 0.064 inch in diameter. What is
Problem 13. An electric heater takes 1.2 kWh in 30 min at 120V. What is
the resistance of 1000ft of this wire at 20C?
the current input to the heater?
(2.53 Ω)
(20 A)
Problem 20. Solve the resistance of a 564 m long aluminum conductor of
ELECTRIC RESISTANCE
cross section 40 mm by 20 mm. Resistance of aluminum is 2.826 x10 -8 Ω-
m.
Property of a material to oppose or resist the electron flow. The SI (0.02 Ω)
unit is ohm.
WIRES UNDERGOING DRAWING PROCESSES

Note: The resistance of a conductor varies directly as the length and

inversely to the cross-sectional area Assuming no materials were wasted during the drawing process,
the resistance of the wire varies directly as the square of the length
ρL or it varies inversely as the fourth power of its diameter.
R=
A
1
R = resistance of the given conductor, in ohms (Ω) R=k L2=k ( )
ρ = resistivity of the given conductor, in ohms (Ω -m) d4
L= length of the given conductor, in meter (m)
Problem 21. A copper wire of diameter 1 cm had a resistance of 0.15
A = cross-sectional area of the conductor, in (m2)
ohm. It was drawn under pressure so that its diameter was reduced to
50%. What is the new resistance of the wire?
RESISTANCE RESISTIVITY LENGTH AREA
(2.4 Ω)
ohm ohm-m m m2
ohm ohm-CM/ft ft CM
Problem 22. The resistance of 10 cm long wire is 5 ohms. The wire is
stretched to a uniform diameter wire of 40 cm length. What will be the
MATERIAL RESISTIVITY AT 20C (if not given) new resistance?
Annealed copper 10.37 Ω-CM/ft or 1.724 µΩ-cm (80 Ω)
Hard drawn copper 10.65 Ω-CM/ft or 1.77 µΩ-cm
Aluminum 17 Ω-CM/ft 2.826 µΩ-cm Problem 23. A length of wire has a resistance of 5 ohms. The wire is
drawn until its length becomes doubled. What will be the new
Note: If not specified, a copper wire is assumed an annealed copper wire resistance?
and at 20C conditions. (20 Ω)

Problem 24. A length of wire has a resistance of 8 ohms. The wire is

CIRCULAR MIL (CM) – it is an old unit in specifying the cross- drawn until its length becomes doubled. What will be the new
section area of a wire. It is equal to the area of a circle having a resistance?
diameter of 1 mil. (32 Ω)

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Problem 25. If a copper wire is stretched to make it 0.1% longer, what is T = inferred absolute zero temperature
the percentage change in its resistance?
(0.2%) 1 R2
Let :α = , then =1+α (t 2 −t 1 )
T + t1 R1

α =temperature coefficient of resistance at t 1

CONDUCTANCE
Note: For annealed copper wire, the inferred absolute zero temperature
is 234.5C.
It is the reciprocal of resistance. The SI unit of conductance is
siemens. The old unit is called mho. Problem 30. If a coil of wire has a resistance of 3.15 ohms at 30C and
3.75 ohms at 90C, what will be the resistance of the coil at 0C?
(2.85 Ω)
1
G= Problem 31. An electric press has a resistance of 80 Ω when cold (at
R 20C). When hot, the resistance rises to 150 Ω. What temperature is
reached if a constant temperature of coefficient of 0.00618 at 0 C is
G = conductance, in siemens (S) assumed?
R = resistance, in ohms (Ω)
(179.086C)
CONDUCTIVITY
Problem 32. A copper winding has a resistance of 0.25 ohm at a
temperature of 18C. Calculate the temperature in the winding when
It is the reciprocal of resistivity. The unit is siemens per meter. after a period of operation, the resistance increases to 0.31 ohm.
(78.6C)

1 ρL L Problem 33. A given conductor has a resistance of 50 ohms when the

¿ ; R= = temperature is 0C. Calculate its resistance at 60C if the temperature
ρ A A coefficient of resistance of the material at 0C is 0.0043.
(63 Ω)
 = conductivity, siemens/meter (S/m)
ρ = resistivity, ohm-meter (Ω-m) Problem 34. A coil has a resistance of 10 ohms at 15 C. Solve its
resistance at 30C if the temperature coefficient of resistance at 0C is
Problem 26. Solve the length of a given wire having a diameter of 1.6 0.005/C.
mm and a resistance of 1 ohm. Conductivity of the given wire is 5 (10.7 Ω)
x107S/m.
(100.53 m) Problem 35. The value of resistance temperature coefficient of a
conductor at 25C is 1/255 per C. Its value at 20C will be ___.
Problem 27. A wire of length 1 km, has a conductance of 0.6 mho. What (1/250 per C)
is the conductance of the same wire which is 3 km long?
(0.2 mho) INSULATION RESISTANCE OF CABLES

PERCENT CONDUCTIVITY r2
ρ
R= ln ( )
2 πL r1
As a standard, the reference conductor is the annealed copper
whose resistivity is 10.37 Ω-CM/ft. Thus, 100% conductivity refers R = insulation resistance of cable, in ohm (Ω)
to annealed copper.
ρ = resistivity of insulating material, in ohm-meter (Ω -m)
L= length of cable, in meter (m)
resistivity of annealed copper wire
% conductivity= x 100 % r1 = inner radius (radius of conductor)
resistivity of the givenwire r2 = outer radius

Problem 28. A certain batch of copper wire was found to have a Problem 36. Determine the insulation resistance of a single -core cable of
conductivity of 95.5% at 20C. What is its resistivity in ohm-circular mils length 3 km and having conductor radius 12.5 mm, insulation thickness
per foot? 10 mm and specific resistance of insulation of 5 x 1012 Ω-m.
(10.859 Ω-CM/ft) (155.915 MΩ)

Problem 29. A given wire with a length 1000ft and a cross-section Problem 37. A single-core cable has a conductor radius of 0.5 cm and an
diameter of 0.4 inch has a resistance of 0.15 ohm at 20C. What is its insulation thickness of 0.3 cm. If the specific resistance of insulation is 5
percent conductivity? x1014 Ω-cm, solve the insulation resistance per km of the cable.
(43.2%) (374 MΩ)

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE TO THE RESISTANCE OF A
CONDUCTOR
The resistance of all conductors will increase as the
temperature of the conductor increases.
Problem 38. A single-core cable has an insulation resistance 495 MΩ per
km. If the core diameter is 2.5 cm and the resistivity of the insulation
material is 4.5 x1014 ohm-cm, solve the thickness of the insulation.
(1.25 cm)
COLOR CODE FOR CARBON COMPOSITION RESISTORS

Since carbon resistor is physically quite small, it is more

R 2 T +t 2 convenient to use a color code indicating the resistance
= value than to imprint the numerical value on the casing.
R 1 T +t 1
Note: The color is read from left to right.
R1 = resistance at temperature t1
R2 = resistance at temperature t2
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First color – first digit Current , I t =I 1=I 2 =I 3=…
Second color – second digit
Third color – multiplier
Fourth color – tolerance
Voltage , Et =E1 + E2 + E3 +…

Resistance
Tolerance – ,the
Rt =R 1+ R
amount + R3 +…
in2percent by which the actual resistance
can be different from the color-coded value.
Problem 44. A 3-Ω, a 5-Ω, and a 4-Ω resistors are connected in series
across a battery. If the voltage drop across the 3- Ω resistor is 6V, find
COLOR DIGIT MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE the total battery voltage.
Black 0 1 (24V)
Brown 1 101
Problem 45. If the current drawn by a 7- Ω load across a 12V battery is
Red 2 102
1.6 A, solve the internal resistance of the battery.
Orange 3 103 (0.5 Ω)
Yellow 4 104
Green 5 105 Problem 46. A 1.5V dry cell draws a current of 30 A when short circuited.
What will be the power drawn by a 0.25-ohm resistor connected across
Blue 6 106 this dry cell?
Violet 7 107 (6.25 W)
Gray 8 108
White 9 109 Problem 47. The terminal voltage of a battery is 10 V when it delivers a
current of 1.5 A and 8 V when it delivers a current of 2.5 A. Solve the
Gold 10-1 or 0.1 ±5% internal resistance of this battery?
Silver 10-2 or 0.01 ±10% (2 Ω)
No color ±20%

VOLTAGE DIVISION IN TWO SERIES RESISTORS

Example: A carbon resistor has colored strips as brown, green, orange
and silver respectively. This resistance is equal to ____.

First color (brown)  1

Second color (green)  5
E1=E t ( R1
R1 + R 2); E2=E t (
R2
R1 + R2 )
Third color (orange)  1
Tolerance (silver)  ±10% E1 = voltage across resistor R1
E2 = voltage across resistor R2
Ohmic value = 15 x 1000 = 15 kΩ ± 10% R1 = voltage across resistor R1
Problem 39. A carbon composition resistor is color-coded with green, red, R2 = voltage across resistor R2
orange, and gold stripes from left to right. Solve the expected resistance
from this resistor Problem 48. A search light takes 100 A at 80 V. It is operated from a 220
(52 kΩ ± 5%) V supply. Find the value of the resistor to be connected in series.
(1.4 Ω)
Problem 40. A carbon resistor has colored strips of brown, green, blue,
and silver respectively. Solve the expected resistance from this resistor? Problem 49. Two resistors of value 1 kΩ and 4 kΩ are connected in series
(15 MΩ ± 10%) across a constant voltage source of 150 V. Find the p.d. across the 4 kΩ
resistor.
Problem 41. A carbon composition resistor has the following colored (120 V)
bands on it: red, red, red, and gold. The value of its ohmic resistance can
be expected from ____ ohms to ______ ohms. MAXIMUM POWER DRAWN BY A LOAD
(2090 ; 2310)
Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance R L is
OHM’S LAW equal to the series resistance r of the circuit.

2
E Et
I= P L= ; R =r
R 4 RL L
POWER CALCULATIONS (OHM’S LAW RELATIONS) PL = maximum power drawn by resistance RL

2
E Problem 50. If the greatest output that can be obtained from an 8.4 V
P=EI =I 2 R= storage battery is 50 W, what will be its output when a resistance of 4 Ω
R is connected across its terminals?
(14.9 W)
I = current, in amperes (A)
E = voltage, in volts (V)
Problem 51. A battery has 12 V output on open circuit, which drops to
R = resistance, in ohms (Ω)
11.5V with a load current of 1.5 A. Find the maximum power that can be
P = power, in watts (W)
delivered by this battery.
(108 W)
Problem 42. An electric iron draws 2.5 A at 230V. Determine its
resistance.
Problem 52. A 24V battery having an internal resistance of 0.2 Ω is
(92 Ω)
connected by two 0.3 Ω conductors to a variable resistor. What will be its
maximum load power?
Problem 43. A 100V lamp has a hot resistance of 250 ohms. Solve the
(180 W)
kWh of energy it will consume after 12 hours of using it.
(0.48 kWh)
PARALLEL DC CIRCUIT
SERIES DC CIRCUIT
It is a circuit connection, in which the resistances are connected
across each other so that there are as many paths for current to
It is a circuit connection, in which the resistances are connected Page 4 of 13
flow as to the number of resistance.
end to end so that there is only one path for the current to flow.
 WYE converted to an equivalent DELTA connection:
Current , I t =I 1+ I 2 + I 3 + …
xy + yz+ zx xy + yz + zx xy + yz + zx
a= ; ;
Voltage , Et =E1=E 2=E3=… z x y

1 1 1 1 Note: If resistances are equal, then R = 3 x RY

Resistance , = + + +…
R t R1 R2 R 3
Problem 53. Three resistors R1 = 2Ω, R2 = 3Ω, R3 are connected in
parallel. The current drawn by R3 is 2 A. If the equivalent resistance of
the parallel resistors is 1 ohm, what is the total current drawn by these
three resistors?
(12 A)
Problem 54. An unknown resistance is connected in parallel with a 75-Ω
resistance. If a total current of 0.80 A flows when a 12V battery is
applied across the combination, find the value of the unknown
resistance. Neglect resistance of the battery.
(18.75 Ω )
Problem 55. Three resistors X, Y, Z are connected in parallel and take a
total of 7.9A. Resistor X takes 2.5 A and has a resistance of 48 Ω, also the
current in Y is twice as much as that through Z. Solve the resistance of Y.
(33.33 Ω)
CURRENT DIVISION IN TWO PARALLEL RESISTORS
Problem 62. Three resistors of 35Ω, 25Ω, and 40Ω are connected in delta.
What are the resistances of an equivalent wye connection?
(14Ω, 8.75Ω, 10 Ω)
Problem 63. Six equal resistors each of 3 ohms are connected to form a
wye inside a delta. Calculate the resistance between any two terminals
of the delta.
(1.5Ω)
Problem 64. Six equal resistors each of 3 ohms are connected to form a
wye inside a delta. If one of the wye-connected resistors is open-
circuited, what is the resistance measured at these open-circuited
terminals.
(3Ω)
Problem 65. Six equal resistors each of 3 ohms are connected to form a
wye inside a delta. What is the resistance between the center of the wye
and one corner of the delta?
(1.5Ω)

I 1=I t
( R2
R1 + R 2) (
; I 2=I t
R1
R 1 + R2 ) Problem 66. The resistance between any two terminals of a balanced
delta-connected load is 12 Ω. The resistance of each resistor is ____.
(18 Ω)
Problem 56. A current of 11 A is supplied to a parallel circuit consisting of
three resistors 2 Ω, 4 Ω, and 6 Ω respectively. Find the current in the 4Ω Problem 67. The resistance between any two terminals of a balanced
resistor. wye-connected load is 12 Ω. The resistance of each resistor is ____.
(3 A) (6 Ω)

Problem 57. A current of 25 A is supplied to a parallel circuit consisting of Problem 68. Determine the equivalent resistance between terminals x
three resistors 4Ω, 6, and R Ω respectively. If the current in the 4-Ω and y. (See figure on the board).
resistor is 7.65 A, determine the value of R. (3 Ω)
(2.5 )
CUBICAL-CONNECTED IDENTICAL RESISTORS
COMBINATION OF SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS
Note: There are 12 equal resistances connected forming the 12 edges of
1 1 a cube.
Rt =R1 + ; Rt =
1 1 1 1
+ + 7
R 2 R3 R 1 R 2+ R 3 R AB= R( across successive corners)
12
Problem 58. A 10-Ω resistance is connected in series with two resistances
in parallel of 7.5Ω and R. What is the ohmic value of R if the total current 3
R AC = R( across opposite corners of one face)
drawn from a 20V DC source is 1.5A? 4
(6Ω)
5
Problem 59. A 12-Ω resistor is connected in parallel with a series R AD = R( across main diagonal of thecube )
combination of resistors of 8Ω and 16Ω. If the voltage drop across the 8Ω 6
resistor is 48 V, what is the value of the total current?
(18A) Note: Memorize the formulas. Problem applications are direct
substitution only.
Problem 60. A variable resistance R is connected in series with a parallel
combination of 5 Ω and 20 Ω. The entire circuit is connected to a 50V DC Problem 69. Twelve identical wires of resistance 6 ohms each are
source. Find R if the power drawn by the 5-Ω resistance is 20W. arranged to form the edges of a cube. A current of 50 mA is feed into the
(16Ω) cube of one corner and out of the other diagonally opposite corner.
Calculate the p.d. developed between these corners.
Problem 61. A voltage of 200V is applied to a tapped resistor of 500Ω. (0.25 V)
Find the resistance between two tapping points connected to a circuit
needing 0.1 A and 25 V. KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
(79.156 Ω)
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) – the algebraic sum of the currents
DELTA AND WYE CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS entering and leaving a node is zero.

DELTA converted to an equivalent WYE connection: I 1+ I 2 + I 3 =0

ac ab bc Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) – the algebraic sum of all voltages in a

x= ; ; closed path of an electric circuit is zero.
a+b +c a+b+ c a+b+ c

Page 5 of 13
Algebraic sign conventions used in KVL:
Problem 75. Solve problem no. 71 using Source Transformation Method.
Loop enters on – terminal and + VOLTAGE SOURCE (25 A)
leaves the + terminal of the
battery MILLMAN’S THEOREM
Loop enters on + terminal and – VOLTAGE SOURCE
leaves the - terminal of the
battery Millman’s Theorem is a modification of the source
Loop has the same direction as – VOLTAGE DROP transformation method. This method is applicable only to
the current on the resistor parallel connected sources.
Loop has opposite direction as + VOLTAGE DROP
the current on the resistor

Problem 70. A 125V dc generator whose internal resistances is 0.15Ω is Problem 76. Solve problem no. 71 using Millman’s Theorem.
connected through a 0.45 Ω line resistor to charge two 90V storage (25 A)
batteries A and B in parallel. If the internal resistances of A and B are THEVENIN’S THEOREM
0.32 Ω and 0.4 Ω respectively, find the charging current on battery B.

It states that any linear circuit containing several energy Problem 77. Solve
It states problem
that no. 71 using
any linear circuitThevenin’s Theorem.
containing several energy
sources and resistances can be replaced by just one single (25 A)
sources and resistances can be replaced by just one single
current source in parallel with a single resistance connected voltage source in series with a single resistance connected
NORTON’S THEOREM
across the load. across the load.
(20 A)
Problem 78. Solve problem no. 71 using Thevenin’s Theorem.
(25 A)

Problem 79. Compute the voltage across the 2-kΩ resistance. See figure.
(8 V)

Problem 80. Compute the voltage Vx. See figure.

Problem 71. Find the current in the resistor R L of the network as shown (2/3 V)
using Kirchhoff’s Law. (See figure on the board).
(25 A) Problem 81. Compute the current in the 3-Ω resistor. See figure.
(5.14 A)
MAXWELL’S MESH METHOD
Problem 82. Determine the power delivered by the 3-A source. See
figure.
Each independent loop in the circuit is assigned with a (84 W)
circulating current called mesh current. Then KVL is applied
Problem 83. Compute the voltage Vx. See figure.
to these loops to create algebraic equations to solve the (-1.6 V)
mesh currents.
Problem 84. Compute the voltage between nodes x and y with its positive
reference at the first named node. See figure.
Problem 72. Solve problem no. 71 using Maxwell’s Mesh Method.
(-3 V)
(25 A)
NODAL NODE METHOD
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

1. What quantity of charge must be delivered by a battery with a

In this method, a solution in determining the currents potential difference of 100 V to do 500 J of work?
flowing in a given network is possible with “n-1” equations a. 5 C c. 15 C
where n represents the number of nodes in the circuit. b. 10 C d. 20 C
Nodal node method uses the KCL concept.
2. Three resistors are in series and have a total constant voltage Et. R1
has a voltage of 20 V, R2 has a power of 25 W, and R3 = 2 ohms. If the
constant current is 5 A, find Et.
a. 40 V c. 45 C
Problem 73. Solve problem no. 71 using Nodal Node Method. b. 35 V d. 50 C
(25 A)
3. Each second 1 x 1017 electrons flow from right to left across a cross-
SUPERPOSTION THEOREM section of a wire attached to two terminals of a battery. Calculate the
magnitude of the current in the wire.
a. 0.016 A c. 0.0221 A
In any electrical network, the current flowing in any resistor b. 0.019 A d. 0.0212 A
is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents delivered by
each independent sources assuming that each source will 4. A length of wire has a resistance of 6 Ω. What is the resistance of a
wire of the same material three times as long and twice the cross-
operate alone. Note: if a given source is operating alone, the
sectional area?
other voltage sources are short circuited while the other
a. 36 Ω c. 9 Ω
current sources are open circuited. b. 12 Ω d. 10 Ω
Problem 74. Solve problem no. 71 using Superposition Theorem.
(25 A)
5. The copper field winding of an electric machine has a resistance of 46
SOURCE TRANSFORMATION METHOD ohms at a temperature of 22C. What will be its resistance at a
temperature of 75C?
a. 48.8 Ω c. 55.5 Ω
Note: A voltage source has an equivalent circuit of a voltage b. 50.2 Ω d. 39.4 Ω
generator in series with a resistance while a current source Page 6 of 13
has an equivalent circuit of a current generator in parallel
with a resistance.
 21. A 100 cm rod of 2 cm diameter is drawn until its resistance is 100
6. Two incandescent lamps of 100 W, 200 V are in parallel across 200V times the initial resistance. Determine its new length.
supply. The total resistance will be ____. a. 8 m c. 11 m
a. 800 Ω c. 200 Ω b. 10 m d. 9 m
b. 400 Ω d. 600 Ω
22. Four resistors A, B, C, D are connected in parallel. The resistors A, B,
7. Two incandescent lamps of 100 W, 200 V are in parallel across 200V D are 56, 50, and 40 ohms. The current in resistor D is 2.5 A and the total
supply. The total resistance will be ____. current is 9 A. Determine the resistance of C.
a. 48.8 Ω c. 55.5 Ω a. 12.95 Ω c. 22.55 Ω
b. 50.2 Ω d. 39.4 Ω b. 36.85 Ω d. 28.62 Ω

8. A light bulb has a current of 0.5 A flowing through it. Calculate the 23. How much energy does a 5 hp motor deliver in 2 hours?
number of electrons passing through a cross section of the filament in 1 a. 6.72 MJ c. 7.46 MJ
hour. b. 26.9 MJ d. 34.13 MJ
a. 3.1 x1018 c. 1.1 x1022
b. 2.6 x1020 d. 2.8 x1024 24. In a certain electric circuit it requires 9.25 µJ to move 0.5 µC from
9. A 50-ohm resistor, a 180-ohm lamp and a 20-ohm heater are one point to a second point. What potential difference exists between
connected in series. It is observed that the voltage across the lamp is 90 the two points?
V, solve the total supply voltage. a. 54 mV c. 4.625 pV
a. 120 V c. 125V b. 18.5 V d. 4.3 mV
b. 115 V d. 130V
25. Calculate the power dissipated when a current of 4 mA flows
10. A coil of annealed copper wire has 820 turns, the average length of through a resistance of 5 kΩ.
which is 9 in. If the diameter of the wire is 32 mils, calculate the total a. 0.02 W c. 0.04 W
resistance of the coil at 20C. b. 0.01 W d. 0.08 W
a. 10.45 Ω c. 9.26 Ω
b. 6.23 Ω d. 12.82 Ω 26. A wire of length 1 m has a resistance of 2 ohms. What is the
11. What is the maximum safe current flow in a 47- Ω, 2W resistor? resistance of a second wire, whose specific resistance is double the first,
a. 0.0425 A c. 4.84 A if the length of the wire is 3 m and the diameter is double the first?
b. 11.75 A d. 0.21 A a. 3 Ω c. 6 Ω
b. 4 Ω d. 8 Ω
12. How much energy is drawn in 1 minute by an electric heater which
draws 5 A when connected across a 100V supply? 27. The resistance of a silver wire is 0.1Ω at 20C. At what temperature
a. 50 kJ c. 42 kJ will its resistance decrease by 25% if its temperature coefficient of
b. 30 kJ d. 100 kJ resistance at 20C is 0.0038.
13. What resistance must be connected in parallel with another having a a. -45.8C c. -34.6C
resistance of 4 ohms to give an equivalent resistance of 3 ohms? b. -41.5C d. -38.2C
a. 12 Ω c. 18 Ω
b. 24 Ω d. 16 Ω 28. A battery has an emf of 1.2 V and an internal resistance of 0.8 ohm.
Determine the value of current for which power delivered by the cell is a
14. A coil has a resistance of 20 ohms at 25C. Find its resistance at 65C. maximum.
Temperature coefficient of resistance at 25C is 0.00385 per C. a. 0.60 A c. 0.75 A
a. 27 Ω c. 23 Ω b. 1.0 A d. 1.50 A
b. 25 Ω d. 29 Ω
15. A DC generator has an open circuit voltage of 123V. When 29. How many electrons pass a fixed point in 100 W light bulb in 1 hour
connected across a 4-ohm resistor, the generator delivers 3.6 kW of if the applied constant voltage is 120V?
power. Calculate the internal power loss within the generator. a. 1.87 x1022 c. 2.70 x1022
a. 102 W c. 88 W b. 1.65 x10 22
d. 2.25 x1022
b. 96 W d. 90 W
16. A cylindrical wire is compressed in length by 15%. The percentage 30. A 16 -ohm resistor is connected in series with a parallel combination
decrease in the resistance will be ___. of two resistors, one of which has an ohmic value of 48 ohms, the other
a. 2.25% c. 27.75% one R being unknown. What is the resistance of R if the power taken by
b. 15% d. 12.18% the 16-ohm unit is equal to the power in the parallel-connected pair of
resistors?
17. A nichrome wire used as a heater coil has a resistance of 0.50 a. 28 Ω c. 20 Ω
ohm/meter. For a heater of 2kW at 200V, the length of wire required b. 32 Ω d. 24 Ω
will be ____.
a. 20 m c. 40 m 31. The resistance of a length of copper wire is 3.6 ohms at 20C. What
b. 50 m d. 100 m is its resistance at 80C?
a. 4.45 Ω c. 4.28 Ω
18. The resistance R1 and R2 are connected in parallel. The ratio of b. 5.41 Ω d. 5.92 Ω
values of resistance R1:R2 = 4:1. The currents in R1:R2 will be equal to
___. 32. A copper wire whose diameter is 0.162 inch has a resistance of 0.4
a. 1:4 c. 4:1 ohm. If the wire is drawn through a series of dies until its diameter is
b. 1:2 d. 2:1 reduced to 0.032 inch, what is the resistance of the lengthened
conductor?
19. A search light takes 100 A at 80 V. It is operated from a 220 V supply. a. 263 Ω c. 245 Ω
Find the value of the resistor to be connected in series. b. 256 Ω d. 272 Ω
a. 1.0 Ω c. 2.0 Ω
b. 2.4 Ω d. 1.5 Ω 33. Three resistors 2 Ω, 5 Ω, and 10 Ω are joined in parallel and a total
current of 24 A, is passed through them. Find the current in the 5 Ω
20. A span of wire 1 km long has a conductance of 0.6 S. What is the resistance.
conductance of a span of the same wire that is 3 km long. a. 6 A c. 12 A
a. 1.8 S c. 0.6 S b. 3 A d. 15 A
b. 0.2 S d. 0.1 S
34. A resistor of 50 Ω has a pd of 100V DC across it for 1 hour. Calculate
the energy consumed.
Page 7 of 13
a. 120 kJ c. 660 kJ 48. A light bulb having tungsten filament draws 0.5 A at 110 V. The cold
b. 480 kJ d. 720 kJ resistance of the filament is 20Ω at 20C. At this temp., the temp.
coefficient of resistance (for tungsten) is 0.005. Determine the operating
35. Calculate the resistance of a metal tube 0.5 cm thick and 2m long. temp. of the bulb.
The external diameter is 10 cm. Assume the resistance of such material a. 2020 C c. 2034 C
1 m long and 1 mm2 is 1/58 Ω. b. 2370 C d. 2150 C
a. 23.14 µΩ c. 46.38 µΩ
b. 35.51 µΩ d. 51.19 µΩ 49. If the current drawn by a 10-Ω load across a 12-V battery is 1.18 A,
determine the internal resistance of the battery.
36. A 12 V battery is connected across a load having a resistance of 40 a. 0.12 Ω c. 0.20 Ω
ohms. Determine the energy dissipated in 2 minutes. b. 0.24 Ω d. 0.17 Ω
a. 432 J c. 128 J
b. 324 J d. 398 J 50. A length of wire has a resistance of 6 ohms. The resistance of a wire
of the same material three times as long and twice the cross-sectional
37. The temperature coefficient of resistance of a given conductor at 0C area will be ___.
is 0.00427 per C. The resistance of a coil of this conductor is 8.82 ohms a. 36 Ω c. 12 Ω
at 24C. Determine its resistance at 42C. b. 9 Ω d. 1 Ω
a. 10.45 Ω c. 9.43 Ω
b. 11.21 Ω d. 12.04 Ω 51. An electric iron takes 2.5A at 230V. What is its hot resistance?
a. 0.0108 Ω c. 18 Ω
38. The current from a short circuited 1.5 V dry cell is 25 A. If this cell is b. 7.8 Ω d. 92 Ω
connected through a 1-ohm resistance external circuit, find the current. 52. A cylindrical rubber insulated cable has a diameter of 0.18 in and an
a. 1.5 A c. 1.415 A insulation thickness of 0.25 in. If the specific resistance of rubber is 1 x
b. 1.609 A d. 1.388 A 1014 Ω-cm, determine the insulation resistance per 1000 ft length of the
cable.
39. The value of resistance temperature coefficient of a conductor at a. 694 MΩ c. 720 MΩ
25C is 1/255 per C. Its value at 20C will be ___. b. 588 MΩ d. 640 MΩ
a. 1/300 per C c. 1/230 per C
b. 1/265 per C d. 1/250 per C

53. Four resistors of 2Ω, 3Ω, 4Ω, and 5Ω respectively are connected in
40. A resistor of 0.525 ohm is connected to the terminal of a battery parallel. What potential difference must be applied to the group in order
consisting of 4 cells each of emf of 1.46 V joined in parallel. The current that the total power of 100 W may be absorbed?
is found to be 0.80 A. Find the internal resistance of each cell. a. 8.83 V c. 77.92 V
a. 4.50 Ω c. 3.3 Ω b. 64.21 V d. 24.26 V
b. 2.8 Ω d. 5.2 Ω
54. How much work will be done by an electric energy source with a
41. How much energy does a 100W bulb consume in 2 hours? potential difference of 3 kV that delivers a current of 1 A for 1 minute.
a. 700 kJ c. 680 kJ a. 150 kJ c. 170 kJ
b. 460 kJ d. 720 kJ b. 160 kJ d. 180 kJ

42. A 12V battery has an internal resistance of 0.05 ohm. Two loads are 55. A heater is required to give 900 cal/min on a 100 V DC circuit. What
connected in parallel across its terminals, the first drawing a current of length of wire is required for this heater if its resistance is 3 ohms per
12 A and the other taking a power of 200 W. Determine the load meter?
terminal voltage. a. 50 m c. 51 m
a. 12.2 V c. 11.6 V b. 52 m d. 53 m
b. 9.50 V d. 10.5 V
56. If a copper wire is stretched to make it 0.1% longer, what is the
43. It is desired to obtain a resistance of 22.1 Ω with a 120-in length of percentage change in its resistance?
nickel chromium alloy ribbon which has a resistivity of 640 ohms cir- a. 0.2% c. 0.02%
mil/ft. Determine the cross-sectional area in circular mils. b. 0.1% d. 0.01%
a. 292 c. 290
b. 294 d. 288 57. A variable resistance R is connected in series with a parallel
combination of 5Ω and 20Ω. The entire circuit is connected to a 50 V DC
44. A 10 W resistor has a value of 120 ohms. What is the rated current source. Find R if the power drawn by the 5Ω resistance is 20 W.
through the resistor? a. 12.5 Ω c. 10 Ω
a. 0.289 A c. 0.398 A b. 4.5 Ω d. 16 Ω
b. 0.318 A d. 0.417 A
58. For t >0 , q=0.0004 ( 1−e−250t ) coulombs, obtain the current
45. A single core cable 5 km long has an insulation resistance of 0.4 MΩ.
at t = 3 ms.
The core diameter is 20 mm and the diameter of the cable over the
a. 0.026 A c. 0.047 A
insulation is 50 mm. Calculate the resistivity of the insulating material.
b. 0.054 A d. 0.032 A
a. 10.45 x 109 Ω-m c. 13.72 x 109 Ω-m
9
b. 11.67 x 10 Ω-m d. 12.29 x 109 Ω-m
59. An electric heater consumes 3.6 MJ when connected to a 250 V
supply for 40 minutes. Find the current taken from the supply.
46. An 8-Ω resistance is connected in series with the parallel
a. 6 A c. 4 A
combination of a 3Ω resistance and resistor R. The entire circuit is
b. 8 A d. 2 A
connected across a 100-V source. If the voltage across the resistor R is
20 V, find the value of R.
60. A rectangular bus bar has a cross-section of ½ by 1 ¾ in and is 25 ft
a. 4 Ω c. 2 Ω
long. What is its resistance at 20C if it is made of copper?
b. 6 Ω d. 8 Ω
a. 0.279 mΩ c. 0.102 mΩ
b. 0.331 mΩ d. 0.232 mΩ
47. If 18 resistances, each of value 36 ohms are connected in parallel,
then the total resistance is
a. 2 Ω c. 54 Ω 61. The steel of the third rail of a railway system has a resistivity of 21.4
b. 36 Ω d. 630 Ω µΩ-cm. If its cross-sectional area is 8.2 sq in, calculate the resistance per
mile of rail, neglecting the effect of joints between sections.

Page 8 of 13
a. 0.065 Ω c. 0.089 Ω b. 15 Ω d. 10 Ω
b. 0.122 Ω d. 0.116 Ω
75. A car battery supplies a current of 50 A to the starter motor. How
62. A 12-Ω resistor is connected in parallel with a series combination of much charge passes through the starter in half a minute?
resistors of 8 and 16 ohms. If the drop across the 8-ohm resistor is 48 V, a. 1500 C c. 1800 C
determine the total current. b. 3000 C d. 2000 C
a. 22 A c. 20 A
b. 16 A d. 18 A 76. A 100V lamp has a hot resistance of 250 Ω. Find the energy (in watt-
hour) it will consume in 24 hours.
63. A resistor of 10 Ω is connected in series with the combination of 12 a. 640 watt-hr c. 880 watt-hr
Ω and 24 Ω in parallel. If the whole set-up is connected across a 144V b. 720 watt-hr d. 960 watt-hr
supply, how much is the voltage across the 10 Ω resistor?
a. 90V c. 80 V 77. Determine the resistance of a 564-m long aluminum conductor of
b. 78 V d. 65 V cross-section 40 mm by 20 mm. Resistivity = 2.826 x 10-8 Ω-m.
a. 20 Ω c. 25 Ω
64. A copper wire has a diameter of 0.032 in. Find the area of the wire in b. 15 Ω d. 10 Ω
circular mils.
a. 32 CM c. 64 CM 78. The current in an electric circuit rises exponentially as given by
b. 1024 CM d. 5.657 CM i=10(1−e−2 t ) A. Solve the charge flowing through the circuit in 250
ms?
65. A 20-Ω resistor is connected in parallel with a variable resistor R. The
a. 0.481 C c. 0.662 C
parallel combination is then connected in series with a 4-Ω resistor and
b. 0.758 C d. 0.533 C
connected across a battery. Determine the least value of R if the power
of R is equal to the power taken by 4-Ω resistor.
79. A wire has a resistance of 12Ω. It is bent in the form of a circle. The
a. 8.24 Ω c. 7.64 Ω
effective resistance between two points on any diameter is ___.
b. 5.82 Ω d. 10.42 Ω
a. 3 Ω c. 12 Ω
b. 6 Ω d. 24 Ω
66. A current of 4.8 A is flowing in a conductor. The number of electrons
flowing per second through the conductor is ____.
80. A load requires 3 A and absorbs 48 W. If only a 5-A current source is
a. 3 x 1020 c. 76.8 x 1020
20 available, find the required resistance to place in parallel with the load.
b. 7.68 x 10 d. 3 x 1019
a. 10 Ω c. 7 Ω
b. 9 Ω d. 8 Ω
67. Two electric presses are connected in parallel. The resistance of the
first is 100 Ω and that of the second is 300 Ω. The total current taken by
both the presses is 4 A. The ratio of current taken by the first to the
81. A copper conductor measured 0.8Ω at 20C. What is its resistance at
second is equal to ____.
25 C?
a. 2:3 c. 1:3
b. 3:1 d. 4:1 a. 1.2 Ω c. 0.772 Ω
b. 0.816 Ω d. 1.03 Ω
68. Two bulbs marked 200 W, 250 V and 100 W, 250 V are joined in
series to a 250 V supply. The total power consumed by the lamps is 82. A battery has 12 V output on open circuit, which drops to 11.5 V with
____. a load current of 1.5 A. Find the maximum power that can be delivered
a. 33 W c. 67 W by this battery.
b. 300 W d. 100 W a. 108 W c. 18 W
b. 44 W d. 36 W
69. It is found that the resistance of a coil of wire increases from 40Ω at
15C to 50Ω at 60C. Calculate the resistance temperature coefficient at 83. Two lamps A and B when connected in series across a dc main of 250
0C of the conductor material. V dissipate a total power of 1.5 Kw. The resistance of A is twice that of B.
a. 0.00625 c. 0.00555 Find what total current will they take when connected across the same
b. 0.00588 d. 0.00606 supply in parallel.
a. 30 A c. 25 A
70. Three 3-Ω resistors are connected to form a triangle. What is the b. 21 A d. 27 A
resistance between any two of the corners?
a. 1 Ω c. 2 Ω 84. The pd of a battery is 10 V when the current is 1.5 A and 8 V when
b. 1/3 Ω d. 2/3 Ω the current is 2.5 A. Find the internal resistance of the battery.
a. 1 Ω c. 1.2 Ω
71. The nichrome wire (ρ = 660 Ω-cmils/foot) in a toaster has a b. 1.5 Ω d. 2 Ω
resistance of 24 Ω. What is the resistance of a copper conductor of equal
cross-sectional area but 10 times as long as the nichrome wire? 85. A 12 kW dc load is supplied from a line that has a resistance of 0.1
a. 2.75 Ω c. 1584 Ω ohm in each conductor. Find the line loss in watts when the load is
b. 3.77 Ω d. 152.7 Ω supplied at 120 V.
a. 1000 W c. 1500 W
72. The terminal voltage of a battery is 20 V when supplying a current of b. 500 W d. 2000 W
6 A. When short-circuited, the current is 30 A. Determine the emf of the
battery. 86. A 100-W, 250-V lamp is connected in series with a 100-W, 200-V
a. 24 V c. 30 V lamp across a 250-V supply. Calculate the circuit current.
b. 25 V d. 28 V a. 0.244 A c. 0.316 A
b. 0.271 A d. 0.434 A
73. Calculate the length of a given wire having a diameter of 1/16 in and
resistance of 2 ohms. Conductivity of the given wire is 5.8 x 10 7 S/m. 87. A conductor has an area of 40,000 cmils. What is the diameter of this
a. 232.2 m c. 218.2 m conductor in inch?
b. 248.1 m d. 229.4 m a. 0.2 in c. 0.25 in
b. 0.45 in d. 0.5 in
74. Two 30-Ω resistors are connected in series. When a resistor R is
connected across one of them, the total circuit resistance is 40 Ω. 88. Determine the resistance of a resistor that must be placed in series
Calculate the ohmic value of R. with a 75-Ω resistor across a 120-V supply in order to limit the power
a. 20 Ω c. 25 Ω dissipation in the 75-Ω resistor to 90 W?
a. 25 Ω c. 1.2 Ω
Page 9 of 13
b. 34.6 Ω d. 109.6 Ω a. 5 A c. 6 A
b. 4 A d. 7 A
89. A copper wire of cross-section 1 mm 2 is carrying a current of 10 A. If
the density of the electrons is 1 x 10 28 per cubic meter, find the drift 103. A resistance of 5 ohms is further drawn such that its length
velocity of the conduction electrons. becomes doubled. What will be its new resistance?
a. 1/200 m/s c. 1/160 m/s a. 1.25 Ω c. 2.5 Ω
b. 1/180 m/s d. 1/150 m/s b. 10 Ω d. 20 Ω

90. The hot resistance of a 100-V carbon filament lamp is 250Ω. Find the 104. Two identical cells connected in series delivers a maximum power
current taken. of 1 W to a resistance of 4 ohms. What is the emf of each cell?
a. 0.33 A c. 0.5 A a. 2 V c. 1 V
b. 0.4 A d. 2.5 A b. 1.5 V d. 1.33 V

91. A certain wire has a resistance of 100Ω. Determine the resistance of 105. A potential difference of 250 V is applied to a copper field coil at a
another wire identical with the first except for having twice its diameter. temperature of 15C and the current is 5 A. What will be the mean
a. 400 Ω c. 50 Ω temp. of the coil when the current has fallen to 3.91 A, the applied
b. 200 Ω d. 25 Ω voltage being the same as before?
a. 92 C c. 88 C
92. Three resistors A, B, and C are connected in series and to a 120-V b. 85 C d. 90 C
source. If B=2A, C=3A and the total power taken by the circuit is 200W,
find the resistance of resistor A. 106. What is the mass number of an atom with 9 protons, 11 neutrons,
a. 12 Ω c. 18 Ω and 9 electrons?
b. 24 Ω d. 20 Ω a. 9 c. 18
b. 20 d. 29
93. A single-core cable has a conductor diameter of 1 cm and an
insulation thickness of 0.4 cm. If the specific resistance of insulation is 5 107. Two 100-W, 200-V lamps are connected in series across a 200-V
x 1014 Ω-cm, calculate the insulation resistance for a 2 km length of the supply. The total power consumed by each lamp will be ___ W.
cable. a. 25 c. 50
a. 243 MΩ c. 234 MΩ b. 100 d. 200
b. 342 MΩ d. 324 MΩ
108. For a carbon composition resistor color coded with green, black,
94. Three resistors of 2Ω, 3Ω, and an unknown resistor R are connected gold, and silver stripes from left to right, the resistance and tolerance
in parallel. The current through R is 5A and the equivalent resistance of are ___.
the combination is 1Ω. The total current is equal to ____. a. 50Ω ± 10% c. 5Ω ± 5%
a. 30 A c. 25 A b. 5Ω ± 10% d. 0.5Ω ± 5%
b. 15 A d. 20 A
95. An atom has a mass number of 23 and an atomic number of 11. The 109. A parallel circuit has three branch resistances of 20, 10, and 5
number of protons are ____. ohms, respectively. The current through the 20-Ω resistance is 1 A. Find
a. 11 c. 12 the total current drawn by the entire circuit.
b. 23 d. 44 a. 5 A c. 6 A
b. 8 A d. 7 A
96. A 72-Ω coil of wire is connected in series with an adjustable rheostat
whose resistance can be varied from 0 to 88 ohms. If the line potential is 110. A battery has an emf of E volts and supplies current of 3.2 A to a
115 V, calculate the rheostat resistance when the power taken by the load resistance of 4 Ω. What is the value of E?
coil is 90 W. a. 0.8 V c. 12.8 V
a. 31 Ω c. 24 Ω b. 1.25 V d. 40.96 V
b. 54 Ω d. 45 Ω
111. A piece of silver wire has a resistance of 1 Ω. What will be the
97. Suppose a carbon composition resistor has the following colored resistance of manganin wire of one-third the length and one-third the
bands on it: red, red, red, gold. This indicates a resistance of ___. diameter if the specific resistance of manganin is 30 times that of silver?
a. 22 Ω c. 220 Ω a. 30 Ω c. 90 Ω
b. 22 kΩ d. 2.2 kΩ b. 120 Ω d. 60 Ω

98. Three resistances of 3, 5, and 6 ohms are connected in parallel and 112. Three resistors A, B, and C are connected in parallel and take a total
absorbed of a power of 280 W. Determine the applied voltage. current of 7.9 A. Resistor A takes 2.5 A and has a resistance of 48 Ω, also
a. 25 V c. 48 V the current in B is twice as much as that through C. Calculate the
b. 20 V d. 36 V resistance of resistor B.
a. 66.6 Ω c. 45.5 Ω
99. Calculate the resistance of 2 km of aluminum overhead power cable b. 70.7 Ω d. 33.3 Ω
if the cross-sectional area of the cable is 100 mm 2. Take the resistivity of
aluminum to be 0.03 x 10-5 Ω-m. 113. The electric potential across AB of a circuit is 2 V, point A being at
a. 6 Ω c. 9 Ω higher potential. If a charge of 2C moves from A to B, then the energy
b. 7 Ω d. 8 Ω released is ___.
a. 2 J c. 8 J
100. A battery has 12 V output on open circuit, which drops to 11.5 V b. 4 J d. 12 J
with a load current of 1.5 A. Find the maximum power that can be 114. A 24V battery having an internal resistance of 0.2 Ω is connected by
delivered by this battery. two 0.3 Ω conductors to a variable resistor. What will be the maximum
a. 108 W c. 18 W load power?
b. 44 W d. 36 W a. 200 W c. 300 W
b. 220 W d. 180 W
101. A group of 5 x 1016 free electrons pass across the section of a
conductor in 1 minute and 20 s. The current flowing is ___. 115. A resistor with the color-coded value of 1 000 Ω and a tolerance of
a. 1 mA c. 0.1 mA silver can have an actual value of resistance between ___.
b. 0.01 mA d. 10 mA a. 990 Ω to 1010 Ω c. 900 Ω to 1100 Ω
b. 950 Ω to 1050 Ω d. 900 Ω to 1000 Ω
102. Two resistances of 8 Ω and 10 Ω connected in parallel take a total
current of 9 A. What is the current through the 8 Ω resistance?

Page 10 of 13
116. Two 30-Ω resistors are connected in series across a 115 V source. 129. A resistance of R ohms is connected in series with parallel circuit
What should be the value of a resistor connected across one of them if comprising two resistances of 8 Ω and 12Ω respectively. The total power
the total power is to be 250 W? dissipated in the circuit is 70 W when applied voltage is 20 V. Calculate
a. 96.8 Ω c. 77.8 Ω the value of R.
b. 81.9 Ω d. 110.7 Ω a. 0.838 Ω c. 0.914 Ω
b. 0.746 Ω d. 0.662 Ω
117. Calculate the cross-sectional area in mm2 of a piece of copper wire
40 m in length and having a resistance of 0.25 Ω. Take the resistivity of 130. A 4-in diameter wire is 1000ft long. Determine its resistance if the
copper as 0.02 x 10-6 Ω-m. resistivity of the material is 17Ω-cmil/ft.
a. 3.6 mm2 c. 3.8 mm2 a. 1.24 mΩ c. 1.06 mΩ
2
b. 3.2 mm d. 3.4 mm2 b. 1.89 mΩ d. 1.45 mΩ

118. The voltage applied across an electric press was reduced by 50%. 131. A certain generator has a terminal voltage of 110 V when 5.5 Ω is
The power consumed by the press will be reduced by ___. connected across its terminals. The terminal voltage becomes 105 V
a. 25% c. 75% when the load is 3.5 Ω. What is the internal resistance of the generator?
b. 50% d. 7.071% a. 0.40 Ω c. 0.30 Ω
b. 0.20 Ω d. 0.50 Ω
119. The resistance of a transmission wire is 25Ω at 15C and increases
by 10% when the operating temp. increases to 50C. At what temp. is its 131. A coil has a resistance of 10 Ω at 15C. Find out its resistance at
resistance be 30Ω? Assume the temp. coefficient remains constant. 30C if the temp. coefficient of resistance at 0C is 0.005/C.
a. 85 C c. 69 C a. 10.7 Ω c. 12.2 Ω
b. 74 C d. 92 C b. 13.6 Ω d. 11.5 Ω

120. A lamp rated at 100V, 75 A is to be connected across 230V. Find the 132. When two resistors are connected in series the total resistance is
value of resistance to be connected in series. 108 Ω. When connected in parallel the equivalent resistance is 24 Ω.
a. 1.73 Ω c. 1.82 Ω What is the value of the bigger resistance?
b. 1.55 Ω d. 1.62 Ω a. 56 Ω c. 72 Ω
b. 48 Ω d. 81 Ω
121. A resistance of 4 ohms is connected across a 100-V supply. When
another resistor R ohms is connected in parallel with 4 ohms, the total 133. Suppose a carbon composition resistor has the following colored
current taken from the supply was found to be 50 A. The value of R is bands on it: red, red, red, gold. This indicates a resistance of ____.
___. a. 22 Ω c. 220 Ω
a. 2 Ω c. 3 Ω b. 22 kΩ d. 2.2 kΩ
b. 5 Ω d. 4 Ω
134. A new dry cell furnishes 30 A of current when short circuited. Find
the power drawn by a 1/4-Ω resistor connected across the cell.
a. 6.25 W c. 4 W
122. A 4.8-Ω resistor is connected in series with a parallel connection of b. 9 W d. 5.5 W
a 12-Ω and 8-Ω resistors. This combination is connected to a 24-V
supply. The current in the 12-Ω resistor is ___. 135. Six lamps each of resistance 3 Ω are connected in parallel. If a pd of
a. 1.2 A c. 1 A 6 V is applied to the bank, find the total current.
b. 2 A d. 1.6 A a. 2 A c. 8 A
b. 4 A d. 12 A
123. A copper wire has a diameter of 0.032 in. Find the area of the wire
in circular mils. 136. If the resistance of a circuit having 12V source is increased by 4 Ω,
a. 32 CM c. 64 CM the current drops by 0.5 A. What is the original resistance of the circuit?
b. 1024 CM d. 5.657 CM a. 6 Ω c. 7 Ω
b. 8 Ω d. 5 Ω
124. A voltage of 200V is applied to a tapped resistor of 500 Ω. Find the
resistance between two tapping points connected to a circuit needing 137. The insulation resistance of 1 km of a cable having a diameter of 2
0.1 A and 25 V. cm and an insulation thickness of 2 cm is 600 Ω. If the thickness of the
a. 87 Ω c. 90 Ω insulation is increased by 3 cm, find the new insulation resistance of the
b. 79 Ω d. 72 Ω cable.
a. 612 Ω c. 846 Ω
125. The resistance of a given electric device is 46 Ω at 25C. If the temp. b. 757 Ω d. 902 Ω
coefficient of resistance of the material is 0.00454 at 20C, determine
the temp. of the device when its resistance is 92 Ω. 138. A resistor of 3.6 Ω is connected in series with another of 4.56 Ω.
a. 300 C c. 250 C What resistance must be placed across 3.6 Ω so that the total resistance
b. 280 C d. 330 C of the circuit shall be 6 Ω?
a. 2.4 Ω c. 2.2 Ω
126. The open circuit voltage at the terminals of load R L is 30V. Under b. 2.6 Ω d. 2.8 Ω
the conditions of maximum power transfer, the load voltage will be
a. 30 V c. 60 V 139. How many strands are there in a 1,500,000 cir mil cable if each
b. 5 V d. 15 V strand has a diameter of 0.094 in.
a. 216 c. 169
127. What length of wire of diameter 0.315 mm will be required to b. 132 d. 141
construct a coil of resistance 10Ω, if the specific resistance of the wire is
49 µΩ-cm. 140. Three resistors A, B and C are connected in series across a 240V DC
a. 1.47 m c. 1.64 m source. The circuit draws 4 A. If A=15 Ω, B=1.5C, what is the ohmic
b. 1.32 m d. 1.59 m resistance of B?
a. 20 Ω c. 18 Ω
128. The potential difference across a battery is 9V. How much charge b. 27 Ω d. 24 Ω
must it deliver to do 50 J of work?
a. 0.18 C c. 450 C 141. Three resistors R1 = 12Ω, R2 = 10Ω, and a variable resistor R3. The
b. 0.617 C d. 5.56 C current to the circuit is 8 A. To what resistance should R3 be adjusted in
order that it may take 2.5 A?
a. 8 Ω c. 10 Ω
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b. 6 Ω d. 12 Ω
159. A copper wire of cross-sectional area 4 mm 2 is 4 m long and carries
2
146. The resistance of a material 2 m long and 2 m in area of cross a current of 10 A. If the electron density in the wire is 8 x 10 28 e/m3, how
section is 1.6 x 10-8 ohm. Its specific resistance will be ___. much time is required by an electron to travel the length of the wire?
a. 3.2 x 10-8 Ω-m c. 6.4 x 10-8 Ω-m a. 1.023 A c. 1.105 A
-8
b. 1.6 x 10 Ω-m d. 0.16 x 10-8 Ω-m b. 1.059 A d. 1.115 A

147. What is the most resistance a 950-W electric iron might have if it 160. An electric boiler draws 10 A at 200V for a period of 5 hrs. The
blows a fuse on a 10-A circuit? quantity of electricity in coulombs which passes through the boiler will
a. 9.746 Ω c. 95 Ω be
b. 9.5 Ω d. 10 Ω a. 180,000 c. 100
b. 2,000 d. 10,000
148. A standard copper wire is 0.064 in in diameter. What is the
resistance of 500 ft of this wire at 20C? 160. Two headlight lamps each drawing 4 A and two taillight lamps each
a. 1.33 Ω c. 1.27 Ω drawing 1 A, are wired in parallel across a 12V storage battery.
b. 1.48 Ω d. 1.52 Ω Determine the total resistance of the circuit.
a. 2.4 Ω c. 1.2 Ω
149. A wire of resistance of 5 Ω is further drawn so that the diameter is b. 3.0 Ω d. 1.5 Ω
reduced to one fifth of its original diameter. The resistance of the drawn
wire will be ___. 161. How many cells in series each having an emf of 1.5 V and internal
a. 3125 Ω c. 3215 Ω resistance of 0.20 Ω would require to pass a current of 1.5 A through a
b. 3152 Ω d. 3251 Ω resistance of 40 Ω?
a. 40 c. 30
150. At no load, the terminal voltage of a dc generator is 120V. When b. 50 d. 60
delivering its rated current of 40 A, its terminal voltage drops to 112 V.
Determine the largest power that can be delivered by this voltage 162. A sample of copper wire has a resistance of 60 Ω at 10C. What is
source. the maximum operating temp. if the resistance of the wire is to increase
a. 4.8 kW c. 15.68 kW by at most 10%?
b. 18 kW d. 32 kW a. 33.22 C c. 34.45 C
b. 42.53 C d. 39.24 C
151. A 1000-ft length of a given wire whose diameter is 0.365 in has a
resistance of 0.13 Ω at 20C. What is its percent conductivity? 163. For a carbon composition resistor color coded with yellow, violet,
a. 66% c. 70% orange, and silver stripes from left to right, the value of the resistance
b. 73% d. 60% and tolerance are ____.
a. 470 Ω ± 10% c. 47 kΩ ± 10%
152. A 6-Ω resistance is connected in parallel with a 3-Ω resistance. The b. 740 Ω ± 5% d. 74 kΩ ± 5%
parallel connection is then connected in series with an 8-Ω resistance. If
the supply is a 220-V source, what is the current through the 6-Ω 164. What is the maximum voltage rating that can be applied across a
resistance? 100Ω, 10 W resistor in order to keep it within the resistor’s power
a. 7.12 A c. 7.5 A rating?
b. 7.42 A d. 7.33 A a. 10 V c. 31.6 V
b. 25 V d. 1000V
153. An electric heater takes 1.2 kWh in 30 min at 120 V. What is the
current input to the heater? 165. A coil of copper wire (ρ=10.37) has a length of 600 ft. What is the
a. 12 A c. 18 A length of an aluminum wire (ρ=17), if its cross-sectional area and
b. 15 A d. 20 A resistance are the same as those of the copper coil?
a. 984 ft c. 223 ft
154. Two resistors A & B are connected in series across a 120-V source. b. 585 ft d. 366 ft
When a 30-kΩ voltmeter is connected across A, and then across B, the
instrument deflection is 48 V in each case. Find the resistance of resistor 166. The resistance of the field coils of a dynamo is 173 Ω at 16 C. After
A. working for 6 hours on full load, the resistance of the coils increases to
a. 12 kΩ c. 15 kΩ 212 Ω, calculate the mean rise time of temperature of the coils. Assume
b. 10 kΩ d. 18 kΩ temp. coefficient of resistance of the coils is 0.004 C.
a. 60 C c. 82 C
155. A cube of a material of side 1 cm has a resistance of 0.001 Ω b. 76 C d. 88 C
Between opposite faces. If the same material has a length of 9 cm and
uniform cross-sectional area 1 cm2, what will be the resistance of this 167. The resistance of a coil of copper at 20C is 2.21 Ω. After a current
length? of 10 A is flowing in the wire for 2 hours, the temp. rises to 63.8 C. Find
a. 0.009 Ω c. 0.0012 Ω the energy lost in the wire.
b. 0.006 Ω d. 0.003 Ω a. 0.518 kWh c. 0.849 kWh
b. 0.728 kWh d. 0.634 kWh
156. The emf of a dry cell is 1.4 V, and the internal resistance is 0.06
ohm. Determine the maximum load power. 168. A resistor R is connected across a 220 V supply. A voltmeter of
a. 8.17 W c. 6.83 W resistance of 12 kΩ is connected between the center of the resistor and
b. 9.22 W d. 8.81 W one side of the supply. It reads 100V. Find the value of resistor R.
a. 5 kΩ c. 4 kΩ
157. A shunt winding of a motor has a resistance of 80 Ω at 15 C. Find b. 3.6 kΩ d. 4.8 kΩ
the resistance at 50C. Resistance coefficient of copper at 0C is 0.004
per C. 169. A certain class of lamp takes 0.45 A at 220V. How many such lamps
a. 90.56 Ω c. 92.57 Ω can be run for an expenditure of power equal to 1 1/3 hp?
b. 94.25 Ω d. 96.67 Ω a. 12 c. 10
b. 8 d. 11
158. A 100-V battery is connected across a resistor and causes a current
of 5 mA to flow. If the voltage is now reduced to 25 V, what will be new
value of the current flowing? *******ENDS*******
a. 20 mA c. 10 mA
b. 1.25 mA d. 2.50 mA
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