Answer Key

to
WHAT’S YOUR MAJOR, MAJOR PROBLEM SET? THIS IS IT!
(DON’T WORRY YOUR PARTY WILL BE THERE NO MATTER WHAT)
ES 12 Problem Set

A. Prepare your solution to the assigned problem/s to you. Please be guided by the sample questions in
Chapters 15-17 of the book.
B. Show the process. Numerical values in the course of the solution must be limited to three decimal places and
report final answer in 2 decimal places. You may discuss your answer if deemed necessary. Box your final
answer.
C. Write solutions on A4 sheet of paper. One solution submission per party. Deadline will be on Monday 10 AM

1. A flywheel 500 mm in diameter is brought uniformly from rest up to a speed of 300 rpm in 20s. Find the
velocity and acceleration of a point on the rim 2s after starting from rest.
Solution:
Application of Equations of Rotation

Step 1: find the angular acceleration in the time interval 20 s

𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜔 − 𝜔0 (300 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) ( 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ) × 60 𝑠 − 0 𝑟𝑎𝑑
∝= = = 1.571 2
𝑡 20 𝑠 𝑠
Step 2: find the angular speed 2 seconds after starting
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔2 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡 = 0 + (1.571 2 ) (2 𝑠) = 3.142
𝑠 𝑠
Step 3: find the velocity of the point at t=2 seconds
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑚
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔 = (0.250 𝑚) (3.142 ) = 0.786
𝑠 𝑠
𝒎
𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗
𝒔
Step 4: find the magnitude of the normal and the tangential acceleration at t=2 seconds
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑚
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑟 ∝= (0.250 𝑚) (1.571 2 ) = 0.393 2
𝑠 𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑 2 𝑚
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑟𝜔2 = (0.250 𝑚) (3.142 ) = 2.468 2
𝑠 𝑠
Step 5: find the magnitude and angle of acceleration at t=2 seconds

𝑚 2 𝑚 2 𝑚
𝑎 = √(𝑎𝑡 )2 + (𝑎𝑛 )2 = √(0.393 ) + (2.468 ) = 2.499 2
𝑠2 𝑠2 𝑠
0.393
𝜃 = tan−1 = 9.048°
2.468
𝒎
𝒂 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 𝟐 , 𝟗. 𝟎𝟓°
𝒔

2. Scenario: You are a process engineer in a refinery and you’re on break. You decide to plate tops with your
buddy. Whoever steadies the top spin wins, best of 3 and to determine this you create grids on the table.
It’s your turn and your top is rotating at a rate of 60 rpm about a line from the origin to the point (3, 0, 5),
𝑖𝑛
where the coordinates are in in. Determine the linear velocity, in , of the point (1, -2, 2) in the body.
𝑠

hlsm2016
 Solution:
𝒗=𝝎×𝒓
̂
𝒓 = 1𝒊̂ − 2𝒋̂ + 2𝒌
𝑟𝑒𝑣 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 = 60 ( )( ) = 2𝜋
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑠

Let OA be the line formed by the origin and the point (3, 0, 5)
𝑂𝐴 = 3𝒊̂ + 0𝒋̂ + 5𝒌 ̂ = √34 𝑖𝑛
̂
3𝒊̂ + 0𝒋̂ + 5𝒌
𝝀𝑶𝑨 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = = 0.514𝒊̂ + 0𝒋̂ + 0.857𝒌̂
√34
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝝎 = 𝜔𝝀𝑶𝑨 = (2𝜋 ) (0.514𝒊̂ + 0𝒋̂ + 0.857𝒌̂ ) = 3.230𝒊̂ + 0𝒋̂ + 5.385𝒌̂
𝑠
Solving for the linear velocity
𝒗=𝝎×𝒓
𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ ̂
𝒌
𝒗 = |3.230 0 5.385| = 10.770𝒊̂ − 1.075𝒋̂ − 6.460𝒌 ̂
1 −2 2
𝒗 = 10.77𝒊̂ − 1.08𝒋̂ − 6.46𝒌 ̂

3. A drum, with a diameter equal to 8 inches, is used as pulley to hoist up a weight W a distance of 6 feet. The
drum accelerates uniformly from rest 15 rpm in 1.5 s and then moves at a constant speed of 15 rpm. What
is the total elapsed time?
Solution:
In hoisting the weight, for 1.5 seconds the drum accelerates uniformly, then rotates constantly with the given
angular speed. Total elapsed time will be (1.5 + time for the constant angular speed) that will hoist up the
rope connecting the weight, that is 6 feet.

Step 1: find the circumference of the drum

8 2
𝐶 = 𝜋𝐷 = 𝜋 ( 𝑓𝑡) = 𝜋
12 3
The 6-feet rope will be wound up around the drum so total revolutions equal 6 feet.

Step 2: find the number of 𝜃𝑇 revolutions equating to 6 feet.

2
6 𝑓𝑡 = 𝐶𝜃𝑇 = ( 𝜋) 𝜃𝑇
3
2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜃𝑇 = 2.865 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ( ) = 18.001 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1 𝑟𝑒𝑣

Step 3: find the angular acceleration from 𝑡 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑡 = 1.5 𝑠

𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜔1.5 − 𝜔0 (15 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) ( 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ) × 60 𝑠 − 0 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑
∝= = = 𝜋 2
𝑡 1.5 𝑠 3 𝑠
Finding the angular coordinate θ corresponding to each time interval.

Step 3: find 𝜃1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑡 = 1.5 𝑠

1 1 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 3
𝜃1 = ∝ 𝑡 2 = ( 𝜋 2 ) (1.5 𝑠)2 = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2 2 3 𝑠 8
Step 4: find 𝜃2 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡 = 1.5 𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑝 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 6 𝑓𝑡

hlsm2016
 𝜃2 = 𝜃𝑇 − 𝜃1 = 𝜔1.5 𝑡
3 𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
18.001 𝑟𝑎𝑑 − 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = [(15 )( )× ]𝑡
8 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 60 𝑠
𝑡 = 10.710 𝑠
Step 5: sum for the total time
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 1.5 + 10.710 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟏 𝒔

4. As he was about to take a break from his maintenance job at the plant, Tonio the Ulirang Manggagawa
leaned a ladder of length l he uses against a vertical wall but forgets to lock the foot. The bottom moves
away from the wall along a horizontal floor with a constant velocity 𝒗𝟎 . Determine the velocity and
acceleration of the top of the ladder.
Solution:
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑦 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟
𝑙 = 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑟

𝑙2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝑙 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑙
Since =0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒙 −𝒗𝟐𝟎 𝒕
= − 𝒅𝒕 =
𝒅𝒕 𝒚
√𝒍𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐𝟎 𝒕𝟐
Differentiating the resulting equation for acceleration with respect to t,
1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 − 2
𝑑 2 𝑦 (−𝑣0 ) (√𝑙 − 𝑣0 𝑡 ) − (−𝑣0 𝑡)(𝑙 − 𝑣0 𝑡 ) 2 (−2𝑣0 𝑡)
= 2
𝑑𝑡 2
(√𝑙 2 − 𝑣02 𝑡 2 )
1
2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 −
𝑑 2 𝑦 (−𝑣0 ) (√𝑙 − 𝑣0 𝑡 ) − 2𝑡 𝑣0 (𝑙 − 𝑣0 𝑡 ) 2 √𝑙 2 − 𝑣02 𝑡 2
= ( )
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑙 2 − 𝑣02 𝑡 2 √𝑙 2 − 𝑣02 𝑡 2
𝑑 2 𝑦 (−𝑣02 )(𝑙 2 − 𝑣02 𝑡 2 ) − 2𝑡 2 𝑣04 (𝑙 2 − 𝑣02 𝑡 2 )0
= 3
𝑑𝑡 2 (𝑙 2 − 𝑣02 𝑡 2 )2
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 (−𝒗𝟐𝟎 )(𝒍𝟐 ) − 𝒕𝟐 𝒗𝟒𝟎
= 𝟑
𝒅𝒕𝟐
(𝒍𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐𝟎 𝒕𝟐 )𝟐

5. Instructed to move a spring scale to be calibrated at the lab located in the upper floor of the production
𝒎
facility, a 60-kg operator decides to stand on a spring scale in a 600-kg elevator which is accelerating 𝟔
𝒔𝟐
up. What is the scale reading in kilograms and what is the tension in the cables? (Warning: Purpose of
discussion only. Not a good act in the plant.)
Solution:
The gravitational force acts on the 60-kg operator downwards while the scale force (P) acting up. Assuming
that upwards direction is positive since movement is upwards.

hlsm2016
 Step 1: applying Newton’s second law to the 60-kg operator
∑ 𝐹 = 𝑃 − 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑚 𝑚
𝑃 − (60 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2 ) = (60 𝑘𝑔) (6 2 )
𝑠 𝑠
𝑃 = 948.000 𝑁
Step 2: converting the force of the scale into mass reading. The scale reading will be in kilograms
𝑃 948.000 𝑁
𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 𝑚 = 96.735 𝑘𝑔 = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟕𝟒 𝒌𝒈
𝑔 9.8 2
𝑠
The gravitational force acts on the 60-kg operator and the 600-kg scale downwards while the tension (T)
acting up. Assuming that upwards direction is positive since movement is upwards.

Step 3: applying Newton’s second law to the 60-kg and 600-kg operator
∑ 𝐹 = 𝑇 − 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑚 𝑚
𝑇 − (60 𝑘𝑔 + 600 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2 ) = (60 𝑘𝑔 + 600 𝑘𝑔) (6 2 )
𝑠 𝑠
𝑇 = 10428.000 𝑁
𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟖. 𝟎𝟎 𝑵

6. A lift truck is used to transport cartons in a plant. Find the minimum time for the lift truck to attain its rated
𝒎
speed of 𝟏. 𝟓 without causing the six cartons, 1500 mm high, to tip. Each carton is 250 mm high with a
𝒔
base 400 mm on each side. Assume sufficient friction so that sliding will not occur.
Solution:
Assuming that the cartons on the truck are moving to the right, the reverse effective force 𝑀𝑎̅ is applied to
the left through the mass center to hold the system “in equilibrium”. Tipping will tend to occur about the left
lower edge of the carton block.

Step 1: tipping will not occur, moment about the lower left edge will yield
400 𝑚𝑚 1𝑚 1500 𝑚𝑚 1𝑚
𝑀 × 9.8 × ( × ) = 𝑀𝑎̅ ( × )
2 1000 𝑚𝑚 2 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑚
𝑎̅ = 2.613 2
𝑠
Step 2: find the time elapsed to attain rated speed
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑚 𝑚
1.5 2 = 0 + (2.613 2 ) 𝑡
𝑠 𝑠
𝑡 = 0.574 𝑠 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕 𝒔

7. A 𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝒍𝒃𝒇 wheel of newly produced paper with a 30-in diameter rolls without slipping down a plane
inclined at an angle of 𝟐𝟓° with the horizontal to be carried into the warehouse. Determine the friction
force F with the plane and the acceleration of the mass center. (Hint: Concepts pertaining to moments of
inertia and d’Alembert’s Principle)
Solution:
Friction acts up the plane, which is also the force that has a moment about the mass center and causes the
angular acceleration.

Directions:

hlsm2016
 1. motion of wheel – down the incline, positive x
2. normal force of plane – positive y
3. angular velocity and acceleration – counterclockwise

Step 1: Determine the mass of the wheel

600 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∙ 𝑠 2
𝑚= = 18.634
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
32.2 2
𝑠
Step 2: find the moment of inertia
2
1 1 𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∙ 𝑠 2 15
𝐼 ̅ = 𝑚𝑟 2 = (18.634 ) ( 𝑓𝑡) = 14.558 𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∙ 𝑠 2 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
2 2 𝑓𝑡 12
Step 3: apply equations of motion
𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∙ 𝑠 2
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎̅𝑥 ; 600 sin 25° − 𝐹𝑓 = (18.634 ) 𝑎̅𝑥
𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∙ 𝑠 2
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎̅𝑦 ; 𝑁 − 600 cos 25° = (18.634 ) 𝑎̅𝑦 = 0
𝑓𝑡
15
∑𝑀 ̅ = 𝐼 ̅ ∝; (𝐹𝑓 ) ( 𝑓𝑡) = (14.558 𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∙ 𝑠 2 ∙ 𝑓𝑡) ∝
12
Step 4: since equations above involve four unknowns, identify another equation to use. Motion is rotation.
15
𝑎̅𝑥 = 𝑎̅𝑡 = 𝑟 ∝= ( 𝑓𝑡) ∝
12
Step 5: solve equations simultaneously
𝐹𝑓 = 84.524 𝑙𝑏𝑓 = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟓𝟐 𝒍𝒃𝒇
𝑓𝑡 𝒇𝒕
𝑎̅𝑥 = 9.073 2 = 𝟗. 𝟎𝟕 𝟐
𝑠 𝒔

8. To carry heavy equipment around a warehouse, packages are attached to cables hoisted by mechanical
means. After unloading a package, cables are wound up to minimize risk of accidents during transport.
Determine the work done in winding up a homogeneous cable which hangs from a horizontal drum if its
free length is 6 m and it has a mass of 50 kg.
Solution:
As the cable is wound up, the free length changes that is acted upon by a gravitational force equal to
𝑚 50 𝑘𝑔
(9.8 2 ) ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 81.667 𝑑𝑥 𝑁
𝑠 6𝑚
When element dx is at a distance x from the free end, the element is then raised (6-x)m.
Work will be the product of the gravitational force and the distance raised.
6
𝑈1→2 = ∫ 81.667 (6 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 1470.006 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝑵 ∙ 𝒎
0

9. A cylinder of weight 𝟏𝟔𝟏 𝒍𝒃𝒇 rotates from rest in frictionless bearings under the action of a weight of
𝟏𝟔. 𝟏 𝒍𝒃𝒇 carried by a rope wrapped around the cylinder. If the diameter of the cylinder is 3 feet, what will
be the angular speed of the cylinder 2 seconds after the motion starts?
Solution:
Determining the forces affecting the cylinder would include the tension (T) in the rope (downwards) and the
normal forces of the bearings on the cylinder. For the weight, the forces would be the tension in the rope
(upwards) and the gravitational force.

hlsm2016
 Step 1: find the α
∑ 𝑀 = 𝐼̅ ∝
The rotation is occurring along the line connecting the bearings
1
𝑇𝑟 = 𝑚𝑟 2 ∝
2
1 161 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑇(1.5 𝑓𝑡) = ( ) (1.5 𝑓𝑡)2 ∝
2 𝑓𝑡
32.2 2
𝑠
Step 2: since T and α are unknown, find another equation. Write equation of motion by summing forces in
the vertical direction and applying Newton’s second law, with downward gravitational force as positive.
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑟 ∝)

16.1 𝑙𝑏𝑓
16.1 𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑇 = ( ) (1.5 ∝)
𝑓𝑡
32.2 2
𝑠
Step 3: solve for the unknowns simultaneously
𝑇 = 13.417 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑟𝑎𝑑
∝= 3.578 2
𝑠
Step 4: find the angular speed 2 seconds after the motion starts
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝜔2 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡 = 0 + (3.578 2 ) (2 𝑠) = 7.156 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟔
𝑠 𝑠 𝒔

10. To prepare raw material for a juice mix in a juice production facility, water is first poured on a tank initially
weighing 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒇 that is resting on platform scales. A vertical jet empties water into the tank with a speed
𝒇𝒕
of 𝟐𝟎 . The tank cross-sectional area is 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 𝒊𝒏𝟐 . What will be the scale reading one minute later?
𝒔
Solution:
Water from the jet exerts a continuous force F at the bottom of the tank and to the scale, countered by an
equal upward force by the scale.

Step 1: find the continuous force F by the Principle of Impulse and Momentum
𝑚𝑣0 + 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣
𝑓𝑡
𝑚 (20 ) + 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚(0)
𝑠
Zero final velocity indicates that the scale will “stop” the water.
𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚(0 − 20)
𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = (𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝑓𝑡 2 ) (𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, ) (𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 3 ) (𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑠)
𝑠 𝑓𝑡
𝐹𝑡 = (𝐴𝑣𝜌𝑡)(𝑣 − 𝑣0 )

1 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚 1 𝑓𝑡
𝐹𝑡 = (0.20 𝑖𝑛2 × ) (20 ) (62.5 3 ) 𝑡 ( ) (0 − 20 )
144 𝑖𝑛 2 𝑠 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 𝑠
32.2
[ 𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∙ 𝑠 2 ]
𝐹 = −1.078 𝑙𝑏𝑓
Step 2: find the mass of water contained in the tank after 1 minute.
𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = (𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝑓𝑡 2 ) (𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, ) (𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 3 ) (𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑠)
𝑠 𝑓𝑡

hlsm2016
 1 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑚 = (0.20 𝑖𝑛2 × 2
) (20 ) (62.5 3 ) (60 𝑠) = 104.167 𝑙𝑏𝑚
144 𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑓𝑡
Step 3: find the force of gravitation affecting the mass of water in the tank
𝑓𝑡
𝑚𝑔 (104.167 𝑙𝑏𝑚 ) (32.2 𝑠 2 )
𝑊= = = 104.167 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑔𝑐 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
32.2 𝑚 2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∙ 𝑠
Step 4: find the scale reading
𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 150 𝑙𝑏 + 104.167 𝑙𝑏 + 1.078 𝑙𝑏 = 255.245 𝑙𝑏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟓 𝒍𝒃

hlsm2016