MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

LESSON 3 TITLE: Electric Circuit

LESSON 3 OUTCOMES: At the end of the module, the learner will be able to;
a) Apply differential equation in in solving problems in Electric Circuit.

INTRODUCTION:
In physics, we encounter some basic electrical elements such as resistor, capacitor,
inductor and voltage sources (generators or batteries) and also define some electric
parameters such as current, voltage, resistance, capacitance and inductance. We also learn
how to solve electric circuit especially resistive circuit using theories like Ohm’s law and
Kirchhoff’s Law. However, we only limit ourself in solving resistive circuit because resistor
behaves linearly and only need algebraic manipulation in solving resistive circuit.
Now, we are going to discuss how to solve electric circuit involving a combination of
resistor, inductor and capacitor (RLC circuit). But in this lesson, we will problems to first
order, first degree differential equation thus, we will only discuss series RL and series RC
circuit. To start, let review some basic electrical terms:

Symbol Unit

Current Ampere
=

Electromotive force or voltage Volts

Resistance Ohm

Inductance Henry

Capacitance Farad

Charge Coulombs

In solving series RL and RC circuit we apply the Kirchhoff’s voltage Law thus, we
need to remember the voltage across each of the element

Voltage

Resistor =

Inductor =

Capacitor =

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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

3.1 Series RL circuit

Consider the series circuit, an instantaneous current will flow.

then by Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

− − =0
− − =0
Where:
– Voltage Source (EMF – electromotive force)
– Voltage across the Resistor
– Voltage across the Inductor

3.2 Series RC circuit

Consider the series circuit, an instantaneous current will flow.

then by Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

− − =0
− − =0

− − =0

Where:
– Voltage Source (EMF – electromotive force)
– Voltage across the Resistor
– Voltage across the Capacitor

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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Example 1: An EMF of 20 vplts is applied to a circuit consisting of an inductor of 2 henries

and a 40 ohm resistor, If the current is zero at = 0, find when the current will
be 0.30 ampere.

Given:

Solution:
By KVL:
− − =0
20 − (40) − 2 =0
Solving the differential equation, we have (use Linear Differential Equation)
1
= +
2
At = 0, = 0
Thus,
1
=−
2
Therefore, the current equation at any time ,
1
= (1 − )
2
If = 0.30 amperes then,
= 0.046

Example 2: A capacitor of 0.005 farad is in series with 25 ohm resistor and an EMF of 50
volts. If there is no charge initially, then find the charge after 2 seconds.

Given:

25 ℎ

50 0.005

Solution:
By KVL:
− − =0

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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

50 − 25 − =0
0.005
50 − 25 − 200 = 0

25 + 200 = 50

+8 =2
Solve the differential Equation using solution to Linear DE thus,
1
( )= +
4
But initially there is no charge therefore at = 0 ; = 0
1
0= +
4
1
=−
4
Thus, the charge as a function of time is:
1 1
( )= −
4 4
Solving for charge ( ) at time = 2
1 1 ( )
= −
4 4
= 0.25

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
1. An EMF of 20 volts is applied to a circuit consisting of an inductor of 2 henries
and a 40 ohm resistor, if the current is zero at = 0, find when the current will
be 0.30 ampere.
. .
2. A 30-volt electromotive force is applied to an RL series circuit in which the
inductance is0.1 henry and resistance of 50 ohms. Find the current ( ) if (0) =
0.
. ( )= −
3. A 100-volt electromotive force is applied to an RC series circuit in which the
resistance is 200 ohms and the capacitance is 10 farad. Find the charge ( ) on
the capacitor if (0) = 0. Find ( ).
. ( )= − ; ( )=
4. Find the resistance if = 0.5 henry, = 40 volts, = 0 ampere when = 0 and
=2 when = 0.05 seconds
. .
5. Find the constant EMF ( ) if = farad, = 20 ℎ , = 0 if = 0 and =
2 if = 1 .
. .

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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
1. A 10-ohm resistor and a 5-henry inductor are connected to a 50-volt source at
time = 0. Find (a) the current as a function of time, (b) the equation of the
voltage across the inductor.
2. An inductor of 1 henry and a resistance of 2 ohm are connected in series with an
EMF of 100 volts, if the current is initially zero what is the maximum current?
3. An inductor of Henries and resistance of 10 ohm are connected in series with
an EMF of 100 volts. If the current is initially zero and equal to 9 amperes after
1 second, find .
4. A 20-ohm resistor is connected in series with a capacitor of 0.01 farad and an
EMF in volts given by 40 + 20 . If = 0 at = 0, what is the maximum
charge in the capacitor.
5. A capacitor of 0.005 farad is in series with 25-ohm resistor and EMF of 50 volts.
If there is no charge initially, find the charge after 2 seconds.

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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

LESSON 4 TITLE: Mixture Problem

LESSON 4 OUTCOMES: At the end of the module, the learner will be able to;
a) Apply differential equation in in solving Mixture problem.

INTRODUCTION:
Solutions in which some substance is varying because of certain physical of chemical
actions are usually analysed in accordance with the following relation:

= −

Where:
= ℎ ℎ
=
=
=
=

At any time
= =
+( − )
Where:
=
=
=
=

Thus, in general
= −
+( − )

Example 1: A tank contains initially 2,500 liters of 50% salt solution, water enters the tank
at the rate of 25 liters per minute and the solution flows out at the rate of 25
liters per minute. Find the percentage of the salt after 20 minutes.

Given:
= 2,500
= 50 %
= 0, ℎ
= 25 /

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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

= 25 /

Solution:
= −
+( )−
25
= (25 / )(0) −
2500 + (25 − 25)
=−
100
By separation of variable, thus the general solution is:
/
=
Solving for at = 0, = 50%
50 =
= 50
Hence, the equation become,
= 50 /
If = 20
/
= 50
= 40.94%

Example 2: A tank contains initially 1,000 liters of 50g salt solution, water enters the tank
at the rate of 25 liters per minute and the solution flows out at the rate of 50
liters per minute. Find the amount of the salt after 20 minutes.

Given:
= 1,000
= 50
= 0, ℎ
= 25 /
= 50 /

Solution:
= −
+( ) −
25
= (25 / )(0) −
1000 + (25 − 50)
25
=−
1000 − 25
−
=
40 −
By separation of variable, thus the general solution is:
=−
40 −
=−
40 −

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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

ln = ln|40 − | + ln
ln = ln| (40 − )|
| ( )|
=
= (40 − )
Solving for at = 0, = 50
50 = (40)
5
=
4
Hence, the equation become,
5
= (40 − )
4
If = 20
5
= (40 − )
4
5
= (40 − 20)
4
= 25

Example 3: In a tank there is 100 liters of brine containing 64 kilograms of dissolved salt.
Pure water enters the tank at a constant rate and the resulting mixture runs out
of the same rate. After 50 minutes, the dissolved salt resulted to 16 kilograms.
Determine the rate of inflow

Given:
= 100
= 64
= 25 /
= 0, ℎ
=
Let: = ℎ

Solution:
= −
+( − )
= ( )(0) −
100 + ( − )
=−
100
By separation of variable, thus the general solution is:
=−
100
=−
100
ln =− + ln
100
ln − ln =−
100
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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

ln =−
100
=
=

=
Solving for at = 0, = 64
64 =
= 64
Hence, the equation become,
= 64
If = 50 ; = 16
= 64
( )
16 = 64
16
=
64
1
ln = ln
4
ln 0.25 = −
2
= −2 ln 0.25
= 2.77 /

Example 3: In a tank there is 100 liters of brine containing 64 kilograms of dissolved salt.
Pure water enters the tank at a constant rate and the resulting mixture runs out
of the same rate. After 50 minutes, the dissolved salt resulted to 16 kilograms.
Determine the rate of inflow

Given:
= 100
= 64
= 0, ℎ
=
Let: = ℎ

Solution:
= −
+( − )
= ( )(0) −
100 + ( − )
=−
100
By separation of variable, thus the general solution is:

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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

=−
100
=−
100
ln =− + ln
100
ln − ln =−
100
ln =−
100
=
=

=
Solving for at = 0, = 64
64 =
= 64
Hence, the equation become,
= 64
If = 50 ; = 16
= 64
( )
16 = 64
16
=
64
1
ln = ln
4
ln 0.25 = −
2
= −2 ln 0.25
= 2.77 /

Example 4: A tank contain 50 gallons of water, brine containing 2 lbs per gallon of salt flows
into the tank at the rate of 2 gpm. The mixture kept uniform by stirring runs out
at the same rate. How long will it take before the quantity of the salt in the tank
will be 50 lbs?

Given:
= 50
=0( ℎ ℎ )
=2 /
=2 /
=2 /

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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Solution:
= −
− ) +(
2
= (2)(2) −
50 + (2 − 2)
2
=4−
50
+
=4
25
Find general solution using Linear differential equation:
+ =4
25
1
( )= ; ( )=4
25
∫
=
=
= ( ) +

= 4 +

= 100 +
= 100 +
Solving for at = 0, =0
0 = 100 +
= −100
Hence, the equation become,
= 100 − 100
If = 50
= 100 − 100
50 = 100 − 100
100 = 50
50
=
100
1
=
2
ln = ln 0.5

− = ln 0.5
25
= 17.33

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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
1. A tank contains 200 liters of fluid in which 30 grams of salt is dissolved. Brine
containing 1 gram of salt per liter is then pumped into the tank at a rate of 4
L/min; the well-mixed solution is pumped out at the same rate. Find the number
of grams of salt in the tank at any time .
/
. ( )= −
2. A large tank is filled to capacity with 500 gallons of pure water. Brine containing
2 pounds of salt per gallon is pumped into the tank at a rate of 5 gal/min. The
well-mixed solution is pumped out at the same rate. Find the number of pounds
of salt in the tank at time .
/
. ( )= ( − )
3. A large tank is partially filled with 100 gallons of fluid in which 10 pounds of salt
is dissolved. Brine containing 0.5 pound of salt per gallon is pumped into the
tank at a rate of 6 gal/min. The well-mixed solution is then pumped out at a
slower rate of 4 gal/min. Find the number of pounds of salt in the tank after 30
minutes.
. .
4. Tank A initially holds 100 gallons of brine that contains 100 lbs of salt while
tank B holds 100 gallons of water. Two gallons of water enter tank A each
minute and the mixture assumed uniform. The water flows from A to B at the
same rate and the mixture in tank B also kept uniform. The mixture runs out of
tank B at the rate of 2 gal/min. How much salt is in tank B at the end of 1 hour?
. .
5. A tank contains 8L (liters) of water in which is dissolved 32 g (grams) of
chemical. A solution containing 2 g/L of the chemical flows into the tank at a rate
of 4 L/min, and the well-stirred mixture flows out at a rate of 2 L/min. Determine
the amount of chemical in the tank after 20 minutes.
. .
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
1. A container initially contains 10 L of water in which there is 20 g of salt
dissolved. A solution containing 4 g/L of salt is pumped into the container at a
rate of 2 L/min, and the well-stirred mixture runs out at a rate of 1 L/min. How
much salt is in the tank after 40 minutes?
2. A tank initially contains 600 L of solution in which there is dissolved 1500 g of
chemical. A solution containing 5 g/L of the chemical flows into the tank at a rate
of 6 L/min, and the well-stirred mixture flows out at a rate of 3 L/min. Determine
the concentration of chemical in the tank after one hour.
3. A tank whose volume is 40 L initially contains 20 L of water. A solution
containing 10 g/L of salt is pumped into the tank at a rate of 4 L/min, and the
well-stirred mixture flows out at a rate of 2 L/min. How much salt is in the tank
just before the solution overflows?

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MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER 1ST DEGREE DE EMATH 4 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

4. A tank whose volume is 200 L is initially half full of a solution that contains 100
g of chemical. A solution containing 0.5 g/L of the same chemical flows into the
tank at a rate of 6 L/min, and the well-stirred mixture flows out at a rate of 4
L/min. Determine the concentration of chemical in the tank just before the
solution overflows.
5. A tank initially contains 10 L of a salt solution. Water flows into the tank at a
rate of 3 L/min, and the well-stirred mixture flows out at a rate of 2 L/min. After
5 min, the concentration of salt in the tank is 0.2 g/L. Find: (a) The amount of
salt in the tank initially. (b) The volume of solution in the tank when the
concentration of salt is 0.1 g/L.

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