ACDC

DC & AC Machinery
Types of Armature Windings
There are only wo types of armature winding: lap winding
and wave winding. The difference between the two is merely
due to the different arrangement of the end connections at
the front of commutator end of armature. Each winding can
be arranged progressively or retrogressively and connected in
simplex, duplex and triplex.
 The following rules, apply to both types of
windings.
1. The front pitch and back pitch are each
approximately equal to the pole-pitch i.e.
windings should be full-pitched. For special
purposes, fractional-pitched windings are
deliberately used.
2. Both pitches should odd, otherwise it would
be difficult to place the coils properly on the
armature.
3. The number of commutator segments is equal
to the number of slots or coils (or half the
number of conductors) because the front ends of
conductors are joined to the segments in pairs.
4. The winding must close upon itself i.e. if we
start from a given point and move from one coil
to another, then all conductors should be
traversed and we should reach the same point
again without a break or discontinuity in
between.
Simplex Lap-Winding
Lap winding is the winding in
which successive coils overlap each
other. It is named “Lap” winding
because it doubles or laps back with
its succeeding coils.
In this winding the finishing end
of one coil is connected to one
commutator segment and the
starting end of the next coil situated
under the same pole and connected
with same commutator segment.
Problem 1.

Draw a developed diagram of a

simple 2-layer lap-winding for a 4-
pole generator with 16 coils. Hence,
point out the characteristics of a
lap-winding.
Solution:
Advantages of Lap Winding
1.This winding is necessarily required
for large current application because
it has more parallel paths.

2.It is suitable for low voltage and

high current generators.
Disadvantages of Lap Winding
1.It gives less emf compared to
wave winding. This winding requires
more no. of conductors for giving
the same emf, it results high
winding cost.

2.It has less efficient utilization of

space in the armature slots.
Simplex Wave-Windings
In this winding, we connect the end of one coil to the starting of
another coil of the same polarity as that of the first coil. It forms a
wave as it expands around the armature core. A wave winding may
be duplex, triplex or may have any degree of multiplicity. A simplex
wave winding has two paths, a duplex wave winding four paths and a
triplex has six paths, etc.
Frog-leg – combination of a lap and wave winding.
Problem 1.

Draw a developed diagram of a

simplex 2-layer wave-winding for a
4-pole DC generator with 30
armature conductors. Hence, point
out the characteristics of a simple
wave winding.
Solution:

Below is the simple winding table:

Problem 2.

In a lap winding the front

pitch is 17 and the back pitch
is 19. What is the average
pitch?
Solution :

𝒀𝒃 ± 𝒀𝒇
𝒀𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
𝟐

𝟏𝟗+𝟏𝟕
𝒀𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟐
𝒀𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 18
Problem 3.
The difference between the
back pitch and front pitch is 2.
The front pitch is 21. if the
winding is lap retrogressive what.
What is the back pitch?
Solution:

Yb = Yf – 2m
= 21 – 2 (1)
Yb = 19
Advantages of Simplex Wave Winding
1.In this winding, only two brushes are required but
more parallel brushes can be added to make it equal
to the no. of poles. If one or more brushes set poor
contacts with the commutator, satisfactory operation
is still possible.
2.This winding gives sparkles commutation. The
reason behind that it has two parallel paths
irrespective of no of poles of the machine. The
conductors in each of the two
parallel path distributed around the armature in the
entire circumference.
Advantages of Simplex Wave Winding
3. No. of conductors in each path = Z/2, Z is the total
no. of conductors.
4. Generated emf = average emf induced in each path
X Z/2
5. For a given number of poles and
armature conductors it gives more emf than that
of lap winding. Hence wave winding is used in
high voltage and low current machines. This winding
is suitable for small generators circuit with voltage
rating 500-600V.
6. Current flowing through each conductor.
Disadvantages of Simplex Wave Winding
1.Wave winding cannot be used in
the machines having higher
current rating because it has only
two parallel paths.
Generalized Voltage Equation of DC
Generator
➢ Generator voltage depends upon the rate at
w/c flux is cut and that 1 volt results from
the cutting of 108 lines of force per second.

𝜙𝑃𝑁𝑍
Eg = 60𝑎
𝑥 10−8 Eg = KN𝜙
where :
Eg = total generated voltage
𝜙 = flux per pole, Maxwell
P = number of pole, an even number
N = speed of armature, rpm
Z = total number of armature conductors
a = number of parallel paths
K = proportionality constant

NOTE : 1 weber = 1 𝑥 108 Maxwell or lines of flux

Problem 1.

An 85 kw, 6 pole generator has an

armature containing 66 slots, in each of w/c
are 12 conductors. The armature winding is
connected so that there are 6 parallel paths.
In each pole produces 2.18 𝑥 106 Maxwells
and the armature speed is 870 rpm.
Determine the generated voltage.
Solution :

𝜙𝑃𝑁𝑍 𝑥10−8
Eg = 𝑥 10−8
60𝑎

Z = (12) (66 slots)

Z = 792

(2.18 𝑥 106 )(6)(870)(792)

Eg = 60(6)
𝑥 10−8

Eg = 250.351V
Problem 2.

How many armature conductors are

there in a generator given the
following information: 𝜙 =2.73 𝑥106
Maxwell, P=4, N=1200 rpm, a=2 and
Eg=240 ?
Solution:

𝜙𝑃𝑁𝑍
Eg = 𝑥 10−8
60𝑎

𝐸𝑔 60 𝑎 𝑥 108
Z=
𝜙𝑃𝑁
240 60 2 1𝑥 108
Z=
2.73 𝑥 106 4 (1200)

Z = 219.780 conductors
Z = 220 conductors
Problem 3.
A 4–pole, DC generator has an armature
winding containing a total of 648
conductors connected in two parallel
paths. If the flux per pole is 0.321 𝑥 106
Maxwells and the speed of rotation of the
armature is 1800 rpm. Calculate the
ampacity required in each armature
conductor if the power developed by the
armature is 5KW.
Solution :
𝝓𝑷𝑵𝒁
Eg = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟖
𝟔𝟎𝒂

0.321 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟒 (𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎)(𝟔𝟒𝟖)

Eg = 𝟔𝟎(𝟐)
𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟖
Eg = 124.805 V
𝑷𝒈 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
Pg = Eg x Ia : Ia = =
𝑬𝒈 𝟏𝟐𝟒.𝟖𝟎𝟓
Ia = 40.062A
Ampacity = rated current per
conductor
𝟒𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟐
= 𝟐
Ampacity = 20.031 A
Problem 4.

A 4-pole machine generator 250V when

operated at 1500 rpm. If the flux per pole
is 1.85 𝑥 106 Maxwell’s, the number of
armature slots is 45 and armature winding
has two-parallel paths. calculate :
a.The total number of armature conductors
b.The number of conductors in a slots
Solution :

250 60 2
𝜙𝑃𝑁𝑍 a.) Z = 1𝑥 108
Eg = 𝑥 10−8 1.85 𝑥 106 4 (1500)
60𝑎
Z = 270 conductors

𝑍 270
𝐸𝑔 60 𝑎 𝑥 108 b. ) =
Z= 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 45
𝜙𝑃𝑁
= 6 conductors / slots
Problem 5.

A generator has 6 poles and operates

at 1200 rpm.
a)What frequency does it generates?
b)What speed must be the generator
operate to develop 25 cycle? And 50
cycles?
Solution :
𝑃𝑁 120𝑓
a. f = b. N =
120 𝑃
(6)(1200) 120(25)
f= N=
120 6
f = 60 Hz N = 500 rpm

120(50)
N=
6
N = 1000 rpm
 Percent Regulation/
Percent Voltage Regulation
➢ Convenient standard of reference
used to measure the performance of
generator is “referring the change in
voltage between full-load and no load
(VFL to VNL) to the full-voltage, VFL”

VNL − VFL
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100
VFL
Problem 1.

The voltage of a 100-kw 250-

volt shunt generator rises to
260V when the load is removed.
What full load current does the
machine deliver, and what is the
percent regulation?
Solution :
𝑃 100×102
a. IFL = =
𝑉 250𝑉

IFL = 400A

260−250
b. % 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100
250

% regulation = 4%
Problem 2.

A 25kw 230V shunt generator has

a regulation of 8.7%. What will be
the terminal voltage of the
generator at no load?
Solution :

VNL − VFL
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100
VFL

VNL − 230
8.7 = × 100
230

VNL = 250.01 V
THANK YOU
AND
GODBLESS