CHAPTER

stx
A. G. FUNDAMENTALS
6.1 POINTS TO REMEMBER
o The direct current is that current which flows continuously in one direction and hos constont magnitude
with respect to time.
o An alternating current (a.c.) is one which periodically posses through a definite cycle of changes in respect
of mognitude as well as direction.
o Value of on olternoting quantity ot a particular instant is known os its instantaneous volue.
. The graph obtained by plotting the instontaneous volues of on alternating quantity against time gives its
waveform.
. Eoch repetition of o complete set of changes undergone by the alternoting quantity is called cycle.
o Periodic time (D is the time (in seconds) required by an olternating quontity to complete its one cycle.
. The number of cycles completed per second by on olternoting quantity is known os its frequency. lt is
measured in hertz (Hz).
o The moximum volue ottained by an alternoting quontity during its positive or negotive half cycle is called
its amplitude or peok value.
o The ongle meosured in electricol degrees or electricol radians is called electrical ongle.
. Angutor frequency is the frequency expressed in electrical radions per second.
. The effective or r.m.s. value of an alternating current is given by that direct current which, when flowing
through o given circuit for a given time, produces the same amount of heat as produced by the alternating
current when flowing through the same circuit for the some time.
. For sinusoidal current or voltoge, averoge volue is that value which is obtained by averoging olt the
instontaneous values of its wave over o period of holf cycle
. Peak foctor is defined as the ratio of moximum value of an alternoting quantity to its r.m.s. volue.
. The ratio of r.m.s. volue to overage value is called the form factor of an alternating quantity.
. When two alternating quantities of the some frequency attain their corresponding volues (e.9. zero, positive
moximum, etc.) simultaneously, they are said to be in phase with each other.
o A leoding alternoting quantity is defined os one which attoins its zero or maximum value earlier os
compored with the other quantity.
. A lagging alternoting quantity is that which attains its zero or maximum value later thon the other
quantity.
. The diogrom in which different alternating quontities (sinusoidal) of the same frequency are represented by
phosors with their correct phase relationships is known os phasor diagram.
. ln o purely resistive o.c. circuit, the current set up by o sinusoidal opplied voltage is also sinusoidol ond both
are in phase with each other.
o ln a purely resistive circuit, overoge power is given by the product of the r.m.s. volues of applied voltage ond
the current.
o When a sinusoidaL alternoting voltage is applied to a purely inductive circuit, the resulting current is also
sinusoidal and logs 90o behind the opplied voltage (or the voltoge leads the current by 90o).
. lnductive reactonce can be defined as opposition offered by the inductance of a circuit to the flow of on
alternating current. Logically, inductive reactonce is expressed in units of resistance, namely ohms.
(6.1)
Basic Electrica! Engineering (Objective Type) 6.2 A. C. Fundamentals

a The overage demond for power in a purely inductive circuit over the whole period is alwoys zero.
a When a sinusoidol alternating voltoge is apptied to o purely capacitive circuit, the current thot is set up
varies sinusoidolly with the same frequency as that of the applied voltage and leods it by 90o.
Capacitive reactonce is defined os opposition offered by the capocitonce of the circuit to the flow of an
alternating current. lts unit is ohm.
The average power demand of the purely capocitive circuit over o complete cycle is always zero.

6.2 IMPORTANT FORMULAE AT A GLANCE

1
o Periodictime T = Tseconds
T

where f = Frequency of the supply, in hertz

. Angular frequency, a = 2nf electrical radians/second
where f = Frequency of the supply, in hertz
o R.M.S. value of a sinusoidal alternating current,
..2+ .2 .2 .2.
(t1 t2 * t3 * ... +tn)
l= n
amperes

where i1, i2, i3, ..., in = Instantaneous values of an alternating current over a period of half cycle,
in amperes
r R.M.S. value of a sinusoidal alternating current,
.I,
I = -F = 0.707I,.n amperes
{2
where, I, = Peak value of the sinusoidal alternating current, in amperes
o Average value of a sinusoidal alternating current,

r., = Glb*damperes
where, i1, i2, is,..., in =.lnstantaneous values of an alternating current over a period of half cycle,
rn amperes
o Average value of a sinusoidal alternating current,
2t^
Iu, = ?=0.637l,amPeres

where, I, = Peak value of the sinusoidal alternating current, in amperes

Maximum value
Peak factor of a sinusoidal alternating quantity = R_.V^S. ,rl* = L.4L4
R.M.S. value
Form factor of a sinusoidal alternating quantity = = L.l-L
A*rrg. ,.'u"
R.M.S. value of a sinusoidally varying half-wave rectified alternating current,
I = 0.5 I, amperes
where I, = Peak value of the sinusoidally varying half-wave rectified alternating current,
in amperes
Basic Electrical Engineering (Objective Type) 6.3 A. C. Fundamentals

o Average value of a sinusoidally varying half-wave rectified alternating current,

Ir, = 0.3181n,, amperes

where, I, = Peak value of the sinusoidally varying half-wave rectified alternating current,
in anrperes

o Peak factor of a sinusoidally varying half-wave rectified alternating quantity =

ffiff$ =z
R.M.S. value
o Form factor of a sinusoidally varying half-wave rectified alternating quantity = = L.57

o Current (r.m.s. value) in a purely resistive a.c. circuit, I =

{ amperes.

where V= R.M.S. value of the applied alternating voltage, in volts

R = Resistance of the resistor in a circuit, in ohms
r Average power consumed in a purely resistive a.c. circuit,

P = V.l=*=l2Rwatts

where V= R.M.S. value of the applied alternating voltage, in volts

I = R.M.S. value of the alternating current in a circuit, in amperes
R = Resistance of the resistor in a circuit, in ohms
o Inductive reactance Xl = rol = 2nfl ohms
where, ro = Angular frequency, in electrical radians/second
f = Frequency of the suppiy, in hertz
L = Inductance of an inductor in the circuit, in henrys
r Current (r.m.s. value) in a purely inductive circuit, I = y amperes
nL

where V = R.M.S. value of the applied alternating voltage, in volts

XL = Inductive reactance, in ohms

o Capacitive reactance X6 =fr = ftofr.,

where or = Angular frequency, in electrical radians/second
f = Frequency of the supply, in hertz
C= Capacitance of a capacitor in the circuit, in farads
o Current (r.m.s. value) in a purely capacitive circuit,
V
I=[ amPeres

where V = R.M.S. value of the applied alternating voltage, in volts

Xc = Capacitive reactance, in ohms
6.3 OBJECTTVE TYPE QUESTTONS
6.1 A direct current (d.c.) is that current which
(a) flows continuously in one direction (b) has constant magnitude with respect to time
(c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of the above
Basic Electrical Engineering (Objective Type) 6.4 A. C. Fundamentale

6.2 The current which periodically passes through a definite cycle of changes in respect of magnitude
as well as direction is called
(a) alternating current (a.c.) (b) direct current (d.c.)
(c) pulsating direct current (d) none of the above
5.3 Which of the following statements is incorrect ?

(a) Since it is possible to build up high-voltage, high-speed a.c. generators with very large capacities,
their construction and operating costs per kilowatt are low
(b) A.C. transmission is always efficient and economical
(c) A.C. motors are simple in construction, cheaper, more efficient and require less maintenance
(d) Raising and lowering of a.c. voltage is not easy and economical
6.4 The operation of an alternator is based on the principle of
(a) electromagnetic induction (b) magnetic induction
(c) mutual induction (d) self-induction
6.5 The e.m.f. induced in the armature of an alternator is of the following nature :

(a) Statically induced e.m.f. (b) Dynamically induced e.m.f.

(c) Mutually induced e.m.f. (d) Self-induced e.m.f.
6.6 Which of the following a.c. waveforms is the most preferred waveform ?

(a) Triangular waveform (b) Square waveform

(c) Sinusoidal waveform (d) None of the above
6.7 The value of an alternating quantity at a particular instant is known as its
(a) instantaneous value (b) peak value
(c) r.m.s. value (d) average value
6.8 A graph obtained by plotting the instantaneous values of an alternating quantity against time gives its
(a) waveform (b) waveshape (c) waveplot (d) none of the above
6.9 Each repetition of a complete set of changes undergone by the alternating quantity is called
(a) waveform (b) cycle (c) periodic time (d) none of the above
6.10 One cycle corresponds to
(a) n radians (b) 2n radians (c) 3zr radians (d) 4z radians
6.11 Periodic time (T) is the time (in seconds) required by an alternating quantity to complete its
(a) half cycle (b) one cycle ' (c) two cycles (d) none of the above
6.12 The number of cvcles completed per second by an alternating quantity is known as its
(a) angular velocity (b) angular frequency (c) frequency (d) none of the above
6.13 The unit of frequency of an alternating quantity is
(a) heftzlsecond (b) hertz
(c) electrical radians/second (d) seconds/cycle
6.L4 For the alternating currents and voltages, our country has adopted a standard frequency of
2
(a) 16
, Hz (b) 25 Hz (c) 50 Hz (d) 60 Hz

6.15 Which of the following statements concerning the periodic time is incorrect ?
(a) 'Periodic time is the time (in seconds) required by an alternating quantity to complete its one cycle
(b) Periodic time (in seconds) is equal to the reciprocal of frequency (in hertz)
(c) Frequency of an alternating quantity with a periodic time of 0.02 second is 60 Hz
(d) None of the above
Basic Electrical Engineering (Objective Type) 6.5 A. C. Fundamentals

6.16 The maximum value attained by an alternating quantity during its positive or negative half cycle is
called its
(a) peak to peak value (b) amplitude (c) peak value (d) either (b) or (c)
6.17 Amplitude of an alternating quantity is nothing but its
(a) average value (b) r.m.s. value (c) peak value (d) none of the above

6.18 An angle measured in electrical degrees or electrical radians is called

(a) mechanicalangle (b) electrical angle (c) geometrical angle (d) none of the above

6.19 The frequency expressed in electrical radians per second is known as

(a) angularfrequency (b) angularvelocity (c) electricalfrequency(d) noneoftheabove

6.20 The unit of angular frequency is

(a) hertz (b) hertzlsecond

(c) seconds /cycle (d) electrical radians/second

6.21 The relation between the angular frequency and frequency is

(a)o=zrf (b) r=f (c) a=Znf (d) ,=f

6.22 A sinusoidal alternating current can be represented by the expression (with usual notations) :

(a) i=l,sin0 (b) i=lnsinrot (c) i=l,sin2ruft (d) Anyoftheabove

6.23 The negative maximum of a cosine wave occurs at

(a) 180' (b) 90o (c) 45" (d) 30'

6.24 Which of the following is also called as effective value ?

(a) Peak value (b) R.M.S. value (c) Average value (d) Peak to peak value
6.25 The concept of effective value of an alternating current is based on the following effect of an electrical
current :

(a) Magnetic effect (b) Heating effect (c) Chemical effect (d) None of the above
6.26 For an alternating current, which of the following is given by the direct current (d.c.) which when
flowing through a given circuit for a given time produces the same amount of heat as produced by the
alternating current under identical conditions ?
' (a) Peak value (b) R.M.S. value (c) Average value (d) Peak to peak value
6.27 Under identical conditions, in comparison with 50 A d.c. current, an alternating current with the r.m.s.
value of 50 A will produce
(a) more heat (b) less heat

(c) same amount of heat (d) almost no heat

6.28 For a sinusoidal alternating current with a peak value I,, the r.m.s. value is

(a) 1.414l, (b) 1.11- I," (c) 0.707I, (d) 0.6371,

6.29 For the alternating quantities, which of the following is inherently indicated by the most common
a.c. instruments ?

(a) Average value (b) R.M.S. value (c) Maximum value (d) None of the above
6.30 Which of the following current waveforms in Fig. 6.L has a d.c. component ?

t I
c o
g L

O O

t t
E g
L

O O

Fig. 6.1
G.31 A heater is rated as 230 V, 50 Hz, 3 kW. Here, the value of the rated voltage given refers to its
(a) peak value (b) average value (c) r.m.s. value (d) none ofthe above
6.32 For a full-wave rectified sinusoidal alternating current with a peak value I,n, the r.m.s. value is
(a) 0.7071, (b) 0.6371, (c) 0.31"81, (d) zero
6.33 For a sinusoidally varying half-wave rectified alternating current with a peak value I,,n, the r.m.s. value is

(a) 0.3181, (b) 0.5 I, (c) 0.637 I, (d) 0.707 l^

6.34 For a sinusoidal alternating current or voltage, the value which is obtained by averaging all the
instantaneous values of its wave over a period of half cycle is called its
(a) peak value (b) r.m.s. value (c) average value (d) peak to peak value
6.35 For a sinusoidally varying alternating current with a peak value I., the average value is
(a) 0.6371, (b) 4.7071^ (c) 1.11- I. (d) L.4L4l^
6.36 Which of the following statements is incorrect ?
1
(a) The r.m.s. value of a sinusoidal alternating current times its maximum value
is
p
(b) For a sinusoidal alternating current, the average vatue is f ,,r., its maximum value

(c) The r.m.s. value of a sinusoidal alternating current is f times its average value
(d) None of the above
6.37 In the case of an alternating current or voltage with a symmetrical waveform, the average value is
always found by considering a period of
(a) whole cycle (b) half cycle (c) quarter cycle (d) none ofthe above
6.38 For a symmetrical alternating waveform, the average value over a complete cycle is always
(a) o (b) 0.637 (c) 0.707 (d) L.4L4
6.39 Which of the following is of practical importance in the electrochemical field ?
(a) Average value (b) Peak value (c) R.M.S. value (d) Peak to peak value
6.40 An alternating quantity with a square waveform has the following relation between its r.m.s. value and
average value
(a) R.M.S. value of the alternating quantity is greater than its average value
(b) R.M.S. value of the alternating quantity is less than its average value
(c) R.M.S. value of the alternating quantity is equal to its average value
(d) None of the above
6.41 For a sinusoidally varying half-wave rectified alternating current with a peak value I*, the average value
is
(a) 0.31-81," (b) 0.s 1," (c) 0.6371," (d) 0.707l*
6.42 For an alternating quantity, the ratio of its maximum value to its r.m.s. value is called
(a) peak factor (b) form factor (c) utilization factor (d) Q-factor
6.43 The ratio of maximum value of an alternating quantity to its r.m.s. value is called
(a) peak factor (b) crest factor (c) amplitude factor (d) any of the above
6.44 The value of peak factor for a sinusoidal alternating quantity is
(a) 0.637 (b) 0.707 (c) l-.1- (d) 1'.4L4

6.45 Which of the following factors concerning the sinusoidal alternating quantities is useful in the
applications like insulation testing and measurement of iron losses ?
(a) Q-factor (b) utilization factor (c) peak factor (d) form factor
6.46 The ratio of r.m.s. value of an alternating quantity to its average value is called

(a) peak factor (b) form factor (c) Q-factor (d) utilization factor
6.47 Form factor of an alternating quantity is the ratio of
(a) maximum value of an alternating quantity to its r.m's. value
(b) average value of an alternating quantity to its maximum value
(c) r.m.s. value of an alternating quantity to its average value
(d) none of the above
5.48 For a sinusoidal alternating quantity, the value of form factor is
(a) L.4L4 (b) 1.L1 (c) 0.707 (d) 0.637

6.49 For a sinusoidally varying half-wave rectified alternating current, the values of peak factor and form
factor are respectively
(a) L.4L4,I,.LL (b) 1..6, L.32 (c) L.8, L.43 (d) 2, L.57

6.50 A phasor is
(a) a line representing the magnitude of an alternating quantity
(b) a line which represents the magnitude and direction of an alternating quantity
(c) a line which represents the magnitude and phase of an alternating quantity

(d) none ofthe above

6.51 Different alternating quantities can be represented by phasors with their correct phase relationships in
the phasor diagram only if they have identical
(a) frequencies (b) r.m.s. values (c) phase angles (d) amplitudes
6.52 In a phasor diagram, the phasors representing different alternating quantities are drawn normally to
represent their
(a) maximum values (b) r.m.s. values (c) average values (d) none of the above
6.53 In a phasor diagram, the phasors representing different alternating quantities are assumed to rotate
(a) in the clockwise direction
(b) in the anticlockwise direction
(c) either in the clockwise direction or in the anticlockwise direction depending upon the choice
(d) none ofthe above
Basic Electrical Engineering (objective Type) 6"8 A. C. Fundamentals

6.54 The projection of a rotating phasor (representing an alternating quantity) on the Y-axis gives its
(a) peak value (b) r.m.s. value (c) average value (d) instantaneous value
6.55 Which of the following statements is correct ?
(a) The angular displacement between the two waveforms representing the given alternating
quantities of the same frequency is known as phase difference between these two alternating
quantities.
(b) In a phasor diagram, the angle between the two phasors representing the given alternating
quantities of the same frequency gives the phase difference between these two alternating
quantities
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
6.56 Two alternating quantities of the same frequency which attain their corresponding (e.9. zero, positive
maximum, etc.) simultaneously are said to be
(a) in phase (b) out of phase (c) in quadrature (d) in phase opposition
6.57 lf two alternating quantities are in phase with each other, the phase difference between them is
(a) 1-80' (b) 9oo (c) 45" (d) 00
6.58 Two alternating quantities of the same frequency which attain their corresponding values (e.9. zero,
positive maximum, etc.) at different instants are said to be
(a) out of phase (b) in phase (c) in quadrature (d) in phase opposition
6.59 If two alternating quantities of the same equency are in quadrature, this means that the phase
fr
difference between them is
(a) 0' (b) 45o (c) 90o (d) l-80'
6.50 If two alternating quantities of the same frequency are in phase opposition, this means that the phase
difference between them is
(a) 180" (b) 90o (c) 45o (d) 00
6.61 Which of the following statements concerning the two sinusoidal alternating quantities A and B shown
in Fig. 6.2 with the help of their waveforms is correct ?

Fig.6.2
(a) B is in phase with A (b) B is out of phase with A
(c) B is 180' out of phase with A (d) None of the above
6.62 lf two alternating quantities of the same frequency have a phase difference of n radians, then
(a) both will acquire their maximum values at the same instant
(b) both will acquire their minimum values at the same instant
(c) when one quantity acquires its maximum value, the other will acquire its minimum value
(d) none of the above
 6.63 Which of the following statements concerning the alternating quantities of the same frequency is
correct ?

(a) A leading alternating quantity is one which attains its zero or maximum value earlier as compared
with the other quantity
(b) A lagging alternating quantity is that which attains its zero or maximum value later than the other
quantity
(c) In a phasor diagram, the phasors ahead in the anticlockwise direction from a given phasor are said
to lead the given phasor, while those behind are said to lag the given phasor
(d) All of the above
6.64 Among the two alternating quantities with the same frequency, when one quantity attains maximum
value, the other is at zero value. What must be the phase angle between these two alternating
quantities ?
(a) o" (b) 45" (c) 90o (d) 180"
6.65 If the e.m.f. en = EmA sin rot and the e.m.f. es is in phase with it, then this e.m.f. es can be represented by
the equation :

(a) es = EmB sin cot (b) €s = Ema sin (olt - o)

(c) ea = E,s sin (rot + cr) (d) None of the above
6.66 If €a = Emn sin ort and es = E*s sin (olt - o), then
(a) the e.m.f. es lags behind the e.m.f. e4 by o (b) the e.m.f. es leads the e.m.f. ea by a
(c) the e.m.f. ea is in phase with the e.m.f. ea (d) the e.m.f. es lags behind the e.m.f. es by o
6.67 If €n = Eme sin cot and es = E.s sin (ott + o), then
(a) the e.m.f. es lags behind the e.m.f. ea by o (b) tne e.m.f. es leads the e.m.f. ea by o
(c) the e.m.f. es is in phase with the e.m.f. ea (d) the e.m.f. es leads the e.m.f. es by cr
6.68 As regards to phase relationships between the three sinusoidal alternating quantities A, B and C shown
in Fig. 6.3 with the help of their waveforms, which of the following statements is correct ?
(a) B lags behind C but leads A (b) B leads A but lqgs behind C
(c) A leads both B and C (d) A leads B but ig in phase with C

Fig.6.3
6.69 If two sinusoidal e.m.fs. are represented by the equations :

e1 = Eml sin (rot + o1) and Q2= Emz sin (rot + oz), then
(a) both the e.m.fs. are in phase with each other
(b) the e.m.f. e2 is leading the e.m.f. elby Z (cz - crr)
(c) the e.m.f. e2 is leading the e.m.f. elby Z (ur - oz)
(d) the e.m.f. e1 is leading the e.m.f. e2by I (crz - or)
Basic Electrical Engineering (Obiective Type) 6.10 A. C. Fundamentals '

6.70 lf two sinusoidal alternating quantities of the same frequency but of different amplitudes and phase
angles are added, the resultant will be
(a) a sinusoidal alternating quantity of the same frequency
(b) a sinusoidal alternating quantity of half the original frequency
(c) a sinusoidal alternating quantity of double the original frequency
(d) a nonsinusoidal alternating quantity
6.71 In a purely resistive a.c. circuit,
(a) current is in phase with the applied voltage
(b) current leads the applied voltage by 90"
(c) current lags behind the applied voltage by 90'
(d) current lags or leads the applied voltage depending upon the value of the circuit resistance
6.72 Fig.6.4 shows the current and voltage waveforms for a simple single-parameter circuit. Obviously, the
circuit element used must be
(a) a resistor (b) an inductor (c) a capacitor (d) none of the above

Fig.6.4
6.73 lf the voltage applied across a purely resistive circuit is v = V, sin (ot + n/3), then the current flowing
through it will be
(a) i = In, sin <ot (b) i = I, sin (utlt-n/3)
(c) i = I, sin (rot + n/3) (d) none of the above

6.74 ln a purely resistive a.c. circuit, the average power (in watts) consumed is given by the expression
(with usual notations) :

v2
(a) P=V.l (b) P=T (c) P = I2.R (d) Any of the above

6.75 Which of the following statements is correct ?

(a) In a purely inductive circuit, current lags by 90' behind the applied voltage
(b) Opposition offered by the inductance of a circuit to the flow of an alternating current is called
inductive reactance
(c) The unit of inductive reactance is ohm

(d) All of the above

6.75 Which of the following statements is incorrect ?
(a) Inductive reactance varies inversely as the frequency of the applied voltage
(b) An inductance offers no opposition to the direct current (d.c.)
(c) The power curve for a purely inductive circuit is a sine curve of frequency double that of the
voltage and current waves
(d) The average demand for power in a purely inductive circuit over the whole period is always zero
Basic Electrical Engineering (Objective Type) 5.11 A. C. Fundamentals

6.77 Which of the following graphs of Fig. 6.5 correctly represents the variation of inductive reactance with
frequency ?

Fig.6.5
6.78 lf the voltage applied across a purely inductive circuit is v = V* sin rot, then the current flowing through
it will be
(a) i = I, sin cot (b) i = I. sin (at-n/2)
(c) i = I, sin (rot + tr/2) (d) none ofthe above
6.79 The inductive reactance (in ohms) of an inductance is given by the expression (with usual notations) :
1 2n fL
(a) XL = 2nfL (b) Xt = 2rrtL
(c) XL =
JL
(d) Xr= 2n
6.80 With the reduction in frequency, the inductive reactance of the circuit
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains the same (d) none of the above
6.81 A purely inductive circuit
(a) on an average, consumes some amount of power
(b) does not take power at all from a source
(c) takes power from the source during some part of the cycle and then returns back the same to the
source during the other part of the cycle
(d) none ofthe above
6.82 In a purely inductive circuit,
(a) current is in phase with the applied voltage
(b) current lags behind the appiied voltage by 90"
(c) current leads the applied voltage by 90"
(d) current lags or leads the applied voltage depending upon the value of the circuit inductance
6.83 Which of the following statements is false ?
(a) In a purely capacitive circuit, current leads the applied voltage by 90'
(b) The opposition offered by the capacitance of the circuit to the flow of an alternating current is
known as capacitive reactaRce
(c) The unit of capacitive reactance is farad
(d) The average power demand of the purely capacitive circuit over a complete cycle is always zero
6.84 The capacitive reactance (in ohms) of a capacitor is given by the expression (with usual notations) :
2n fc
(a) Xc = 2nfC (b) *, = # (c) Xc=f (d) Xc = 2n
Basic Electrical Engineering (Objective Type) 6.12 A. C. Fundamentals.

6.85 If a voltage across a purely capacitive circuit is v = V, sin ot, then the current flowing through it will be
(a) i = I, sin ort (b) i = I, sin (at-n/2)
(c) i = I, sin (ot + n/2) (d) none ofthe above
6.86 The capacitive reactance is
(a) directly proportional to the frequency (b) inversely proportional to the frequency
(c) independent of the frequency (d) none ofthe above
6.87 Capacitive reactance is more when
(a) the capacitance is more and the frequency of the supply is less
(b) the product of the capacitance and frequency of the supply is more
(c) the capacitance is less and the frequency of the supply is more
(d) the product of the capacitance and frequency of the supply is less
6.88 In a purely capacitive circuit,
(a) current is in phase with the applied voltage
(b) current lags behind the applied voltage by 90"
(c) current leads the applied voltage by 90'
(d) current lags behind or leads the applied voltage depending upon the value of the circuit
capacitance
6.89 With the increase in frequency, the capacitive reactance of the circuit
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains the same (d) none of the above
6.90 From the voltage, current and power waveforms shown in Fig. 6.6, it is obvious that the circuit must be
(a) a purely resistive circuit (b) a purely inductive circuit
(c) a purely capacitive circuit (d) none of the above

Fig.6.6
6.91 Which of the following phasor diagrams of Fig. 6.7 represents a purely resistive circuit ?

(c)

Fig.5.7
Bdsic Etectrical Engineering (Objective Type) 6.13 A. C. Fundamentals

6.92 The power curve is a sine curve of frequency double that of voltage and current waves in the case of
(a) a purely resistive circuit (b) a purely inductive circuit
(c) a purely capacitive circuit (d) both (b) and (c)
6.93 Ohm is a unit of all of the following except
(a) inductance (b) resistance
(c) inductive reactance (d) capacitive reactance
6.94 The equation of an e.m.f. is given by e = 250 sin 314t. Hence, its amplitude and frequency will be
respectively

fa) rE x 250 V, 60 Hz (b) 250

r: V, 50 Hz
!2
(c) 250 V, 50 Hz (d) 2s0 v, 60 Hz
6.95 Fromthetwoequations€A=EmnsinL00:rtandes=Emesin(100tt+n/3)forthee.m.fs.inducedinthe
coils A and B (rotating in a uniform magnetic field), it is obvious that
(a) the e.m.f. induced in the Coil A leads that in the Coil B by 60'
(b) the e.m.f. induced in the Coil B lags behind that in the Coil A by 60'

(c) the e.m.f. induced in the Coil B achieves its maximum urtr.;fo second before the e.m.f. induced in

the Coil A achieves its maximum value

(d) the e.m.f. induced in the Coil A achieves its zero uutu. second before the e.m.f. induced in the
fr
Coil B achieves its zero value
6.96 The r.m.s. value of a half-wave rectified current is 20 A. Its value for the full-wave rectified current
would be
(a) 40 A (b) 28.28 A (c) (40/n) A (d) (80/n)A
6.97 A resultant current wave is made of two components : A 5 A d.c. cornponent and a sinusoidal
component of maximum value 5 A. Hence, the average value and the r.m.s. value of this resultant
current wave must be respectively
(a) 7 A, 8.3459 A (b) 6 A,7.2348 A (c) 5 A, 6,L237 A (d) 4 A, s.0126 A
6.98 The r.m.s. value of a sinusoidal voltage wave with 50 V peak-to-peak is

(a) 25 V (b) (25/{r)v (c) fsoZrFl v (d) none ofthe above

6.99 The reaetance offered by a capacitor to the flow of an alternating current of frequency 50 Hz is 20 O. If
the frequency of the supply is doubled, what will be the new value of the capacitive reactance ?
(a) 5o (b) 10 o (c) 40 o (d) 80 o
6.100 The frequency of the sinusoidal current shown in Fig. 6.8 is

(a) 50 Hz (b) 100 Hz (c) 1-50 Hz (d) 200 Hz

20 ms*-------+i
Fig.6.8
Basic Electrical Engineering (Ohjective Type) 6.14 A. C. Fundamentds

6.101 A sine wave having a frequency of 50 Hz has angular frequency (in electrical radians/second) of
(a) 25n (b) 50rc (c) 100n (d) 200n
G.LOZ An alternating current is represented by the equation i = 250 sin L00nt. Reckoning time from the
instant when the current is zero and increasing positively, this current will achieve a value of L25 A
after
. (a) 1.25 ms (b) 1.67 ms (c) 2.03 ms (d) 2.85 ms

6.103 The peak value of a sine wave is 150 V. Its average value will be
(a) 25.35 V (b) s0.4s V (c) 7s.65 V (d) gs.ss V

6.LO4 The r.m.s. value of a sinusoidal current is 150 A. Its peak value must be
(a) 53.03 A (b) 106.07 A (c) Ls7.24 A (d) 2L2.L3 A

6.105 For a sinusoidal alternating quantity with a frequency of 100 Hz, the time period will be
(a) 0.0001 s (b) 0.001 s (c) 0.01 s (d) 0.L s

6.106 An a.c. voltage with a frequency of 50 Hz has maximum value of 100 V. Its value at t = Ufo ,..onO
after the instant when the current is zero and increasinq positively, will be
(a) 10 V (b) 2sv (c) 50 V (d) 7sv
6.LO7 Two sinusoidal alternating currents are represented by the equations :

ir = 5o ,in (rt *
fl ,no iz = 75t,. G. -oo)

What is the phase difference (in degrees) between them ?

(a) 25" (b) 50" (c) 75o (d) 100'

5.108 The r.m.s. value of a sinusoidal alternating current is equal to its instantaneous value at a phase angle
(in degrees) of
(a) 90' (b) 60o (c) 45o (d) 3oo

6.109 A sinusoidal alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz has r.m.s. value of 25 A. Which of the
following equations represents this current (in amperes) ?
25
(a) i = 1fi x 25 sin 50nt (b) i= sin 100nt
t5
(c) i= 1fix2Ssin L00nt (d) i = 25 sin l-00 nt
6.110 The reactance offered by a pure inductor to the flow of an alternating current of frequency 50 Hz is
15 O. If the frequency is increased to 60 Hz, its reactance will be

(a)L8c) (b)22o (c)26a (d30o

6.111 In a purely capacitive circuit, if the supply frequency is doubled, the current will be
(a) doubled (b) reduced to half
(c) four times as high (d) reduced to one fourth
6.LL2 In a purely inductive circuit, if the supply frequency is doubled, the current will be
(a) doubled (b) reduced to half
(c) four tinres as high (d) reduced to one fourth
Easic Electrical Engineering (Objective Type) 6.15 A. C. Fundamentals

6.113 What value of the inductance will give the same reactance as a capacitor of 5 pF when both work at
50 Hz?
(a) 2.03 H (b) 3.L4 H (c) 4.2s H (d) s.36 H

6.lL4lf an alternating voltage v = 100 sin 3l-4t is applied across the resistance of 100 O, what will be the
average power consumed by it ?
(a) 25 W (b) sO W (c) 7s W (d) L00 W
5.115 An inductor has an inductive reactance of 63.66 O on 50 Hz supply. The equivalent capacitance that
has the same reactance while working on 50 Hz supply is
(a) 25 rrF (b) 50 prF (c) 75 pF (d) 1-00 pF

6.116 If v = V, sin (rot + n/3) and i = I, cos rot, the current is leading the voltage by an angle (in degrees) of
(a) 30" (b) 45o (c) 60o (d) 75o

6.LL7 For a certain alternating quantity, form factor is L.2 and its peak factor is 1-.45. Then, the ratio of its
maximum value to its aVerage value must be
(a) 0.s7 (b) L.2 (c) L.4s (d) 1..74

6.118 What is the r.m.s. value of an alternating current represented by the equation :

i = 25 sin rot + 50 sin 2rot ?

(a) L8.64 A (b) 27.42 A (c) 39.s3 A (d) 43.31- A

6.119 The r.m.s. value of an alternating current given by i = l-0 + l-5 cos (6281 + n/6) is

(a) 8.52 A (b) 10.61A (c) L2.4L A (d) 14.s8 A

6.L2O Which of the following frequencies has the longest period ?

(a) 25 Hz (b) 50 Hz (c) 75 Hz (d) 100 Hz

6.L2L For a square wave, the form factor is

(a) 1.3 (b) L.2 (c) 1.1 (d) 1-.0

6.L22 The form factor of the d.c. supply voltage is

(a) infinite (b) 1.0 (c) 0.s (d) 0

6.L23 Two currents represented by ir = 50 sin rrrt and iz = l-00 sin (rot + n/4) are fed into a common
conductor. The r.m.s. value of the resultant will be
(a) less than 50 A (b) between 50 A and L00 A
(c) L00 A (d) more than L00 A
6.L24If the supply frequency of the purely inductive circuit is reduced to half, the current in the circuit will
be
(a) four times as high (b) halved
(c) doubled (d) remains the same
6.L25 A potential difference of 1-00 V is applied across a capacitor of capacitance 20 pF. If the current in the
circuit is 0.628 A, the frequency of the supply must be
(a) 25 Hz (b) 50 Hz (c) 60 Hz (d) 75 Hz
6.L26 An e.m.f. is represented by the equation e = 150 sin 3L4t. Reckoning time from the instant the e.m.f. is '
zero and is changing from negative to positive, what will be the instantaneous value of this e.m.f. at
L/300 second from the origin ?
(a) 138.53 V (b) 133.64 V (c) L29.86v (d) L2s.7sv
Basic Electrical Engineering (Objective Type) 6.16 A. C. Fundamentiils

6.L27 In an a.c. circuit, the supply voltage is given in usual notations by

e = l-00 sin ort volts
What is its instantaneous value at t = 0.005 s for f = 150 Hz ?

(a) -25V (b) -s0v (c) -7sV (d) -100V

6.L28 For a sinusoidal alternating current with maximum value of 25 A, its r.m.s. and average values are
respectively
(a) L7.68 A, 15.93 A (b) 18.57 A, 1,6.82 A (c) L9.46 A, L7.71 A (d) 20.35 A, 18.69 A
6.L29 An alternating voltage is mathematicallyexpressed asv = L41.42 sin (157.081 + n/12)volts.
Its effective value and periodic time will be respectively
(a) 89 V, 0.02 s (b) 90 V, 0.03 s (c) l-00 V, 0.04 s (d) LLO V, 0.05 s

5.130 A 60 Hz sinusoidal alternating current has a peak value of !4.L4 A.lts zero crossing entering the
positive half cycle occurs at t = 0. The time equation for this current will be
14.L4
(a) i = l-4.L4 sin (100nt) (b) i =---Fsin (120rt)
\2
(c) i = t[) x 14S,a sin (120rt) (d) i= L4.1,4 sin (120rt)
6.131 What is the time (in seconds) taken for the current in Question 6.130 to reach a value of - 10 A for the
first time in the cycle ?
(a) 0.0306 (b) 0.020s (c) 0.0L04 (d) 0.0093
6.132 An alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz is represented by the equation
i = 28.28 sin 3L4 t amperes
What will be its value at 0.0025 second from the instant when the current is passing through a
positive maximum value ?
(a) 25.01 A (b) 20.02 A
(c) 1s.03 A (d) 10.04 A
6.133 At what time (in seconds) measured from the positive maximum value, will the current in
Question 6.L32 be L4.L4 A?
(a) 0.0066 (b) 0.00ss (c) A.0044 (d) 0.0033
6.L34 A periodically varying voltage has following values over one half of its cycle, the other half being
repeated symmetrically on the negative side :

Time (ms) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 L40 160 1_80 200

Voltage (V) 0 4 8 L2 L6 20 L6 L2 8 4 0

At the end of each time interval the value of the voltage changes instantaneously from one value to
the next. What is the average value of this periodically varying voltage ?
(a) l-0 v (b) 1s v (c) 20v (d) 2sv
6.135 What is the r.m.s. value of the periodically varying voltage of Question 6.L34 ?

(a) 1.2.55 V (b) L1.66 V (c) L0.77 v (d) 9.88 V

6.136 The form factor and the peak factor of the periodically varying voltage of Question 6.134 will be
respectively
(a) 3.388, 4.99 (b) 2.277, 3.36 (c) L.L66, L.72 (d) 0.955, 1.4L
. Basic Electrical Engineering (Obiective Type) 6.17 A. C. Fundamentals

6.L37 A 60 Hz sinusoidal current has an instantaneous value of 7.07 A at t = 0 and r.m.s. value of 10 f .
If the current is increasing positively at t = 0, what will be the expression for the instantaneous value
of this current ?
(a) i = 20 sin (376.99t + 0.3613) (b) i = 20 sin (31-4t + 0.361-3)
(c) i = l-0 sin (376.991 + 0.3613) (d) i = l-0 sin (314t + 0.36L3)
6.138 The alternating currents fed into a common conductor are i1 = 5 sin rot, iz = L0 sin (<ot - n/6)'
i: = 5 cos (olt + z116) and iq = l-0 sin (rot + 3d5)
For the purpose of their addition or subtraction, they can be respectively expressed in their complex
forms as given below:
(a) 5 Z 0o A, L0 I -30" A,5 Z 30o A, L0 I L08' A,
(b) t 0o A, 10 z -30"A, 5 I L20' A, L0 Z l-08' A
5
510s10
zo A, pz-Zo" o, t30'o, ZL08 A
,O
G G G
(d) 230'A,5./.-30oA, L0 1L08',A
5 z.0o A, L0

6.139 The resultant current in the form i = I.u* sin (olt t Q) in the common conductor mentioned in

Question 6.138 will be

(a) i = 1-3.64 sin (ot + 0.598) (b) i = L2.75 sin (ort + 0.61-9)
(c) i = 11-.97 sin (rot + 0.831-) (d) i = 10'86 sin (rrrt + 4.72)
6.140 Two currents 11 = 10 eiuo and 12 = $s-j100 flow in a single-phase a.c. circuit. The resultant current
(11 + 12) flowing in the circuit in its complex form will, therefore, be

(a) 3.5 238.56A (b) 4.4 234.45'A (c) 5.3 230.34A (d) 6.2 t26.23"4
6.L4L For the two currents in the above Question 6.L40, (li - Iz) and (lr4z) in their complex forms will be
respectively
(a) 13.63 Z68A,L ZL60'A (b) L4.54 Z 59.87"A,2 Z-L504
(c) 15.45 146.76A,3 Zl40A (d) L6.36 135.65'A, 4 2130'A
6.L42 A 50 Hz sinusoidal current of L0 A r.m.s. value, passing through its zero value at at = n/3 and rising
positively can be represented by the equation :
(a) i = 14.L4 sin (3L4t + n/3) (b) i = l-0 sin (314t + n/3)
(c) i = 14.14 sin (3!4t-n/3) (d) i = 10 sin (31-4t -x/3)

6.L43 A 50 Hz sinusoidal current of amplitude 8 A, passing through its zero value at at = -n/6 and rising
positively can be represented by the equation :

(a) i = fa/\[rlsin (3141 -n/6) (b) i = (8AE) sin (314t + n/6)

(c) i=8sin(314t-x/6) (d) i=8sin(3L4t+n/6)
6.L44 An alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz is represented by the equation :

i = 2O1p sln 1-00nt amPeres.

At what time measured from negative maximum value, the instantaneous current will be fqfi n Z

(a) 6.67 ms (b) 8.56 ms (c) 10.45 ms (d) l-2.34 ms

Basic Electrical Engineering (Objective Type) A. C. Fundamentah

6.L45 A coil of negligible resistance and inductance of 0.5 H when connected to a 230 V, 50 Hz supply will
draw a current of
(a) 3.25 A (b) 2.36 A (c) L.47 A (d) 0.s8 A
6.146 What will be the current taken by a 1-00 pF capacitor when it is connected across a 230 V, 50 Hz
supply ?

(a) 4.56 A (b) s.45 A (c) 6.34 A (d) 7.23 A

6.147 An alternating current varying sinusoidally at 50 Hz is represented by the equation :

i = L4.L4 sin 3l-4 t amperes.

Its instantaneous value at 0.0075 s from the instant when the current is passing through zero and
increasing negatively, will be
(a) -10.03 A (b) -9.L4 A (c) -8.25 A (d) -7.36 A
6.148 A sinusoidal alternating voltage has a peak value of 2L2.LV and frequency of 50 Hz.lts positive going
half cycle starts at t = 0. What is the time required by this voltage to attain an instantaneous value of
150 V for the first time ?
(a) 1.62 ms (b) 2.5L ms (c) 3.40 ms (d) 4.39 ms
6.L49 An alternating current is represented by the expression :

i = 10 sin (2n x 60 x t - 1t/6) amperes.

What will be its instantaneous value at t=0?

(a) -8A (b) -7 A (c) -6A (d) -sA
6.150 For the current in Question 6.L49, what is the time 't' at which it first reaches zero value after t = 0 ?
(a) 0.001389 s (b) 0.002492 s (c) 0.003501 s (d) 0.004613 s
6.151 The instantaneous current is given by i = 7.071, sin (157.08t - n/4) amperes.
The time for this current to reach its positive maximum value will be
(a) 20 ms (b) l-5 ms (c) l-0 ms (d) 5 ms
6.4 ANSWERS
6.L (c) 6.L7 (c) 6.33 (b) 6.49 (d) 6.6s (a)
6.2 (a) 6.18 (b) 6.34 (c) 6.50 (c) 6.66 (a)
6.3 (d) 6.19 (a) 6.3s (a) 6.s1 (a) 6.67 (b)
6.4 (a) 6.20 (d) 6.36 (c) 6.s2 (b) 6.68 (d)
6.s (b) 6.21, (c) 6.37 (b) 6.53 (b) 6.6e (b)
6.6 (c) 6.22 (d) 6.38 (a) 6.54 (d) 6.70 (a)
6.7 (a) 6.23 (a) 6.39 (a) 6.55 (c) 6.71 (a)
6.8 (a) 6.24 (b) 6.40 (c) 6.56 (a) 6.72 (a)
6.s (b) 6.25 (b) 6.4L (a) 6.57 (d) 6.73 (c)
6.10 (b) 6.26 (b) 6.42 (a) 6.58 (a) 6.74 (d)
6.L1 (b) 6.27 (c) 6.43 (d) 6.s9 (c) 6.7s (d)
6.L2 (c) 6.28 (c) 6.44 (d) 6.60 (a) 6.76 (a)
6.13 (b) 6.29 (b) 6.4s (c) 6.61 (c) 6.77 (c)
6.14 (c) 6.30 (d) 6.46 (b) 6"62 (c) 6.78 (b)
6.1s (c) 6.31 (c) 6.47 (c) 6.63 (d) 6.79 (a)
6.L6 (d) 6.32 (a) 6.48 (b) 6.64 (c) 6.80 (b)
"Basic Electrical Engineering (Obiective Type) 6.19 A. C. Fundamentals

6.81- (c) 6.96 (b) 6.111- (a) 6.126 (c) 6.141 (b)
6.82 (b) 6.e7 (c) 6.LL2 (b) 6.L27 {d) 6.L42 (c)
6.83 (c) 6.s8 (b) 6.11-3 (a) 6.1-28 (a) 6.143 (d)
6.84 (b) 6.ee (b) 6.1L4 (b) 6.L29 (c) 6.L44 (a)
6.8s (c) 6.100 (b) 6.11s (b) 6.130 (d) 6.1a5 (c)
6.86 (b) 6.10L (c) 6.116 (a) 6.131 (c) 6.146 (d)
6.87 (d) 6.L02 (b) 6.L17 (d) 6.132 (b) 6.L47 (a)
6.88 (c) 6.103 (d) 6.118 (c) 6.133 (d) 6.L48 (b)
6.8e (b) 6.L04 (d) 6.11e (d) 6.134 (a) 6.r_4e (d)
6.e0 (b) 6.105 (c) 6.120 (a) 6.13s (b) 6.150 (a)
6.91- (c) 6.106 (c) 6.1-21 (d) 6.136 (c) 6.1s1 (b)
6s2 (d) 6.L07 (c) 6.L22 (b) 6.L37 (a)
6.93 (a) 6.108 (c) 6.123 (b) 6.138 (b)
6.94 (c) 6.L09 (c) 6.L24 (c) 6.139 (c)
6.9s (c) 6.110 (a) 6.12s (b) 6.140 (d)

6.5 SOLUTIONS oF NUMERTCAL QUESTTONS

11
Frequencyf =
5.15
T= OJ2 = 50 Hz .. Ans.

6.94 Comparing with the standard form of equation for the sinusoidal e.m.f. e = En'' sin rot, we have
Amplitude = E, = 250 V .. Ans.
Angular frequency a = 2nf = 3L4 electrical radians/second
Frequencyf = 50Hz ... Ans.
6.95 The e.m.f. induced in the Coil A achieves its maximum value when
fi
l-O0rut =
2

t = #second
Similarly, the e.m.f. induced in the Coil B achieves its maximum value when
/r\ft
l100nt+"1
\5./z =.
t_
t = SOO second
The e.m.f. induced in the Coil B achieves its maximum value before the e.m.f. induced in the Coil A
achieves its maximum value by
(t 1\ 1
[r*- ooo) = r*second ... Ans.

6.96 We know that for a half-wave rectified current,

I = 0.5 In.'

20 = 0.51,
Peak value I, = 40 A
R.M.S. value of full-wave rectified current,
In,., 40
I- = 28'28 A ... Ans.
.E {r=
Basic Electrical Engineering (Obiective Type) 6.20 A. C. Fundamentai3

6.97 Average value of the resultant current wave

= Average value of a d.c. component + Average value of an a.c. component
= 5+0=5A ...Ans.
Further, let I be the r.m.s. value of the resultant current wave. Then , equating the heat produced by the
resultant current with the sum of heats produced by its individual components under identical
condition, we have

I2Rt = 52x Rrt. x Rx t ('.' R.M.s.valueofthe a.c. component is surEl

ffi)
of the resultant current wave,
R.M.S. value
| = 6.L237 A ... Ans.
6.98 Peak to peak value of the voltage = 50 V (given)
Peak value of the voltage = 25 V
v- -7'volts
25
R.M.S. value of the voltage, V = t = ... Ans.
!2 {2
L
6.99 Capacitive reactance Xc e ('.'C = Constant)
i
v =-! (t\
Xcz
frtX., [-rJt20 = 10O
= (': f2= 2111 ... Ans.

6.100 Periodic time T = 10 ms (given)

Frequency of the sinusoidal current,

f =-1- =-'
t
i = Tillg==100H2 ... Ans.
6.101 Angular frequency, a= 2nf = 2nx 50 = 100n electrical radians/second ... Ans.
6.LO2 i= 250 sin 1002d
L25 = 250 sin 100tt
= 0.5
sin 100zrt
t = L.67 x 10-3 s or 1.67 ms ... Ans.
6.103 Averagevalue = 0.637x Peakvalue =0.637 xL50=95.55V ... Ans.
6.LO4 Peak value I, = tE x R.M.S. value = 1p x 150 = 2L2.L3 A ... Ans.
T=
Ll_
Time period
5.105
i= LOO = 0.01s ... Ans.
6.106 The given a.c. voltage can be represented by the equation :
v = V, sin cot = V. sin 2xft = L00 sin 2nx 50 x t
= l-00 sin l-0Orct volts
L1
Hence at t = 600 second, v = 100 sin L00rc,
600 =
50 V ... Ans.
6.L07 Fig. 6.9 shows the phasor diagram for the two given currents. Hence,
Phase difference between the two currents = 30o + 45o = 75" ... Ans.

11d9_ru9tqn_: _39: _ _ _ _ - -" Reference Axis

nl4 radian = 45o

r2

Fig.6.9
'- Basic Electrical Engineering (Objective Type) 6.21 A. C. Fundamentals

6.108 A10 = 45o, i = I, sin 0 = In, sin 45o = 0.7071, = I (i.e. r.m.s. value) ... Ans.
6.109 i = I* sin rot = I, sin 2nft
= r 25 sin 2nx5Ax t = 1[ x 25 sin 100nt amperes ... Ans.
6.110 Inductive reactance ^8
Xr- * f ('.' | = Constant)

f, 60
Xtz=iXX11 =rxL5=18O ... Ans.

1
5.111 We know that Xc*F (... C = Constant)

xcz =
12 t"x.r=$rx.,
ztl t: f2 = 2111

= 0.5 Xcr
Hence, for a given voltage, the current will be doubled. ... Ans.
6.LL2 We know that X1* f ('.' L = Constant)

Xr, = ?X
T1 X11 = * ,xr,
T1
(': f2 = 2111

- 2Xtr
Hence, for a given voltage, the current will be reduced to half. ... Ans.
L1
6.113 Capacitive reactance Xc = ZtrfC = ,;, 50; 5 ,, 10- = 636.62 A
When Xr = Xc = 636.62 C), we have

Inductance L = +rrt = m= 2"03 H ... Ans.

6.LL4 v=
#=ffi=7o.71volts
R = L00A(given)
Average power consumed,
v2 00]L\2
P= R= 100 =50W ... Ans.

6.115 Xc = Xr = 63'66 O
Equivalent capacitance,
11
c = zrt rk= ,;;E 63;6 F = 5o PF ... Ans.
"
5.116 v = V, sin (rot + n/3)
and i = I, cos rot = I. sin (at + n/2)
The current will lead the voltage by an angle = g - = f; radian or 30o ... Ans.
I
Fig. 6.10 shows the necessary phasor diagram.

---' Reference Axis

Fig.6.10
Basic Electrical Engineering (Obiective Type) 6.22 A. C. Fundamentals

R.M.S. value
6.LLl Form factor - Average value =
L.2 .. .(r)

Maximum value
Peak factor = Rjvl^s.rr.l,* = 1"45 ...0D

Multiplying Equation (l) by Equation (II), we have

Maximum value
Average value = L2 x L.45 = L.74 ... Ans.

6.118 Let I be the r.m.s. value of the given alternating current. Then, equating the heat produced by the
given current with the sum of heats produced by its individual components under identical condition,
we have

r2Rt=(f3'xRxt.(f-rlxRxt
The R.M.S. value of the given alternating current, I
= 39.53 A ... Ans.
6.119 i= 10 + l-5cos(6281 + x/6) = 10 + L5 sin(n/2+ 628t+n/6)
= l-0 + 15 sin (6281 + 2nl3) amperes
Let I be the of the given alternating current. Then, equating the heat produced by the
r.m.s. value
given current with the sum of heats produced by its individual components under identical condition,
we have

I2Rt = 1o2x R*, * e-)' x Rxt

w2/
The r.m.s. value of the given current, I = 14.58 A ... Ans.
l_
6.L20 For 25 Hz, f = X=0.04s
t
For 25 Hz, T = SO=0.02s
1_

For 75 Hz, T = lS=0.0L3s

1
For 100 Hz, T= tOO=O.OLs
Longest periodic time is of 25 Hz frequency. ... Ans.
6.L2L For a square wave, we have
R.M.S. value = Average value
R.M.S. value
Form factor of a square wave =
e**ge,,rut,r" = 1.0 ... Ans.

6.L22 For a d.c. supply voltage, obviously we have

R.M.S. value = Average value
R.M.S. value
Form factor of the d.c. supply voltage = = 1.0 ... Ans.
O*,..* ur*
6.L23 Let I be the r.m.s. value of the resultant current in the conductor. Then, equating the heat produced by
the resultant current with the sum of heats produced by its individual components under identical
condition, we have

f!9-)'xRxt.[e xRxt
/roo\2
r2Rt =
h/2i
R.M.S. value of the resultant current, I = 79.06 A ... Ans.
"Basic Electrical Engineering (Obiective Type) 6.23 A. C. Fundamentals

6.L24 We know that XL *f ('.' L = Constant)

Xu = XurP=X,rr+
11 11
('.'fz=o.Sfr)

= 0.5 Xrr
.'. For the given voltage say V, the current will be
VV
lz = xa= o-*., = 2Ir "' Ans'
6.125 Capacitive reactance *. = o1#' = L59.24 tL
L1
Frequency of the supply, f = = 50 Hz ... Ans.
k*znc=m
1
6.L26 At t = ,* s from the origin,
( L L8o\
e= 150 sin
[:r+
x
fr "T)= 129.86 V ... Ans.

6.L27 e = l-00sin cot = L00sin 2nft = L00sin 2nx L50xt = L00sin (942.48t)
At t = 0.005s,
e= 100 sin (942.48 x 0.005) r;Lg0" = -100 V

Maximum value 25
6.L28 R.M.S. value = p"rk f*t* = L4L4 = 17.68 A ... Ans.

R.M.S. value L7.68

Average value = = 111 = 15.93 A ... Ans.

6.L29 v = L4L.42 sin (157.08t + n/12)volts

Hence, V^ = \4L.42V
EffectivevalueV = ry= 100V ... Ans.
!2
157.08
FrequencYf =-Zn =25H2
11_
PeriodictimeT = T= ...Ans.
X=O.Oqs
6.130 i = I, sin rot = L4.L4 sin (2ruft) = L4.L4 sin (2n x 60 x t)
= L4.L4 sin (120tct) amperes ... Ans.
6.131 i = L4.L4 sin (120nt)
-10 = L4.L4 sin (L20nt)
sin (120lrt) = -0.707
5n 7n
L20nt =
7 radians (i.e.225) or
7 radians (i.e. 31-5')

Since we want the time taken for the current to reach a value of -L0 A for the first time in the cycle,
taking the first value, we have
5n
t20nt = 4,
t = 0.0104 s ... Ans.
Basic Electrical Engineering (Objective Type) 6.24 A. C. Fundamentals'."

11
6.132 Periodic time T = f=50=0.02s
Time to reach positive maximum value =
I=ry= 0.005 s

At t = 0.005 + 0.0025 = 0.0075 s,

180"
i = 28.28 sin (31-4 x 0.0075) x T = 2O.O2 A ... Ans.

6.133 i = 28.28 sin 3141

L4.14 = 28.28 sin 3L4t
sin 3L4t = 0.5

3L4t = f radian (i.e. 30') or

f raaians (i.e. L50")

Considering the value greater than radian (corresponding to positive maximum value), we have
]
3L$ =+
t = 0.0083 s
At (0.0083 - 0.005) = 0.0033 s measured from the positive maximum value the current becomes
L4.L4 A. ... Ans.
Vr+Vz+V: +...+Vn
6.L34 Average value, V.u =
n

0 + 4 + 8 + L2 + l-6 + 20 + L6 + L2 + 8 + 4
10 = 10V ... Ans.

6.135 R.M.s.value.V=1/
,\ 10 =11.66V

6.136 Formfactor = **Hrr*q=tf=r.166 ... Ans.

Maximum value 20
Peak factor = R-t\,,1-s,;uil" = 11f6 =
L-72 ... Ans.

6.L37 The sine wave for such a current can be represented by the most general equation,
i = I* sin (crlt + o,) = I. sin (2nft + cr)
Nowwithf =60Hz,l*=1p I=fx10fr=ZOA, wehave
i = 20sin (2nx 60xt + o) = 20 sin (376.99t + o)
Further, it is given that when t = 0, i = 7.07 A. Hence,
7.A7 = 20 sin (376.99x 0 + o)
sin 0 = 0.3535
a = 20.7o or 0.3613 radian
Hence, the expression for current is
i -- 20 sin (376.99t + 0.3613) amperes ... Ans.
6.138 The currents must all be of the same function, either sine or cosine, before they can be expressed in
their complex forms for the purpose of their addition or subtraction. Remembering this, the given
currents can be expressed in their complex forms as given below :

Ttr"* = SZC,A ... Ans.

T2.u* = LO Z-3O.A ... Ans.

 Now, ia = 5cos(o:t +nl6) = 5sin (x/2+ root+n/6) = 5 sin (utlt+ 4n/6)

T3*r* = 5ZLhO"A ... Ans.

ILOS A ... Ans.

and To -"* = LO
6.L39 Resultant current in the common conductor,
Tr.* = Tt *u* + Tz *.* * T: ,u, + Ia *r*
= 5l g'+ L0 Z-30 + + LA 1108
51L20
- (5 + j0) + (8.66-j5) + (-2.5 +j4.33) + (-3.09 + j9.51)

= 8.07 + j8.84 = L7.97 I 47.61 4

Therefore, the resultant current in the desired form will be
i
= 1L.97 sin (rot + 0.831) amperes ... Ans.
6.140 Ir = 10ds0 = l-0(cos 50" + jsin 50") =6.43 + j7.66=LA 250'A
12 = $s-jlooo = 5 (cos 100" -j sin 100") = -A.87 -i4.92 = 5 Z- l-00'A
11 +12 = (6.43+j7.66)+(-0.87-j4.92) =5.56 + j2.74=6.2226.23'A

6.L4L 11 - 12 = (6.43 + j7.66) - (-0.87 -i4.92) = 7.3 + iL2.58

= 14"54 259.87'A
11
L0 2.50
lz = 52_r*=21150"A

6.L42 i = I, sin (ot - n/3) = 10 \E sin (2zr x 50 x t-TE/3)

= L4.L4 sin (3141-tll3) amperes

6.L43 = Im sin (uol+ n/6) = 8 sin (2nx 50 xt+ n/6)
= 8 sin (3141 + r/5) amperes
6.L44 = 2o{rsin 100rt
10\E = 2o{)sin l-00nt
sin 100d = 0.5

radians (i.e' 390')

100nt = f; radian (i.e. 30'), f raaians (i.e. 1-50') or.
+
Considering the value greater than (3n/2) radians (i.e. corresponding to negative maximum value),

we have

loorct = ?
t = 0.021-67 s
331 0'0L5
But time to reach negative maximum value = 4,f = a ' 50 =
s

... Time required to reach the instantaneous value of 10 \E A as measured from negative maximum
value
= (0.02L67 - 0.015) = 6'67 x 10-3 s or 6'67 ms ... Ans.
6.145 Xr = oll = 2xfL = Znx 50 x 0'5 = 157 Q
Current drawn bY the coil,
v 230
I = [=fr=L'474 ... Ans.
Basic Electrical Engineering (Obiective Type) 6.26 A. C. Fundamentalg

6.L46 *. = # =#r= r;so*oo "Itr = 31.83 o

v 230 A
Current taken by the capacitof, | = = 3133 = 7.23 ... Ans.
[
6.L47 Time to reach first zero after which the current starts increasing negatively
1_11
= ,*f =1* 50 =
0.01s

At t = 0.01 +0.0075=0.0175s
l_80.
i = L4.L4 sin3L4t=L4.L4 sin(314x0.0L75)" ,r =-10.03A ...Ans.

6.L48 The given sinusoidal voltage can be expressed by the following equation :
v = V,n sin rot = V. sin 2nft = 212.1 sin 2zr x 50 x t
= 2L2.L sin 314.16t volts
When v = L50 V, we have
150 = 2L2.1. sin 314.161
sin 314.16t = 0.7L
314.L6t = 0.789 radian
Time required to attain l-50 V for the first time,
t = 2.5Lx 10-3s or 2.51 ms ... Ans.
6.149 At t = 0, we have
i = l-0 sin (2rx 60 x t-r;/6) = 10 sin (2nx60x0-tt/6) = - 5 A ... Ans.
6.150 i= L0sin(2nx60xt-n/6)
0 = l-0 sin (2rx 60 x t-N/6)
2nx60xt-*b = 0
Time when current first reaches zero value,
t = 0.001389 s ... Ans.
6.151 i = 7.071sin(157.081-tt/4)
When i = 7.07L A, we have
/ rc\
7.07L = 7.07L sin - -4.J
[157.08t
/n\
sin
[157.08t
- o) = L

L57.O8t -+4 = 1.571 radian

Time to reach positive maximum value,
t = 0.015 s or 15 ms ... Ans.
*{.*