ASSESSMENT AND REDESIGN OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

IN TUDELA CENTRAL SCHOOL

An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal

Presented to the

Faculty of the College of Computer Studies, Engineering and Architecture

La Salle University

Ozamiz City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

By

KENT G. GRAVINO

CYRIEL D. HALASAN

JEEFY LLYOD C. ZUMEL

October 2021
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) is utilized throughout the country to protect

people, buildings, and their contents from the dangers that might come from the usage of

electricity. The Code's main goal is to reduce the dangers of electricity as a source of electric

shock, as well as a potential ignition source for fires and explosions. For the safe use of

electricity for lighting, heating, power, communications, signaling, and other uses, the Code

establishes basic material quality and electrical work standards.

One of the most valuable commodities that has been captured is electricity.

Electricity powers many of the tools and traditions that make our lives much easier today,

therefore it is difficult to fathom existence without it. However, it can be quite dangerous which

is why electrical codes must be followed while designing structures and installing electrical

components. Following these guidelines reduces the danger of electrical fires significantly.

Tudela Central School is an educational institution located in Centro Napu, Tudela,

Misamis Occidental. It is a public elementary school and one of the historical schools in the town

of Tudela. Tudela Central School instills critical thinking skills, a global perspective, and a

respect for essential values such as honesty, loyalty, persistence, and compassion in students,

educating and inspiring them for a rapidly changing world. It aims to educate all students to the

greatest levels of academic competence in order to help them realize their full potential as

productive, responsible, ethical, creative, and compassionate members of society.

However, the school has no proper electrical system. Most rooms lack a

light bulb, some wires are burnt out, some rooms used Compact Fluorescent lamps, some rooms
used incandescent lamps, overcrowding wires, pairing old wires with new light, and disorganized

electric panels. Tudela Central School should have efficient facilities and equipment to ensure

that it can deliver an affordable, safe, and reliable service to its accommodators. Standardized

facilities that are compliant with local safety regulations can help to eliminate a factor that is

harmful to people's health and property.

A PEC based Electrical plan with proper size and type of wires, proper type of

boxes and accessories, proper lighting intensity with the use of LED , and correct type and

ratings of circuit protections to be utilized. These drawings are essential for documenting,

communicating, and troubleshooting your power systems on the project. Your building will

remain compliant with all code regulations if the drawings are up to date and accurate. A plan

encompasses all aspects.The primary goal of this study is to develop a full electrical system

design that can accommodate present and future loads while adhering to the newest Philippine

Electrical Code (PEC 2017) standards.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Proper electrical system design solves challenges that are related to the design and

development of an energy-efficient system that serves the needs of the client and is code

compliant to guarantee that they are cost effective, safe, and reliable. One of the disadvantages of

a poorly designed electrical system is its ability to cause destruction to humans and property.

Two of the most essential aspects in the design of the electrical system are life safety and

property protection.

As Tudela Central School has no proper electrical system and plan upon inspection on

September 2021, it was found out that most of the classrooms lack light bulbs, have burnt out
wires, several rooms use compact fluorescent lamps, and some use incandescent lamps and it

does not meet the standard lighting intensity in terms of lumens. It is known to the researchers

that the said school needs a solution to improve their electrical system that is more efficient than

its existing design.

This study aims to provide a Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) anchored electrical

system design to meet the standards of Tudela Central School with consideration of the existing

loads and possible future loads, further creating an electrical system design that is safe, reliable,

feasible, and cost-effective to the school, teachers, staff, and students at a projected time frame.

1.3 Research Project Objective

With the aim of assessing and redesigning the electrical system in Tudela Central

School, this study specifies the following project objectives:

1.3.1 To assess the existing loads, power consumption, material quality, load factor of the

buildings ,existing lighting and distribution system;

1.3.2 To redesign the entire electrical system of Tudela Central School based on

Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) standards that has:

• Schedule of loads

• Illumination system design

• Distribution system design

• Feeder system design

• Voltage drop analysis

 • Short circuit analysis; and

1.3.3 To provide project cost estimates to estimate the number and cost of resources

required to accomplish the project's scope

1.4 Significance of the study

This study contributes to the proper electrical system design of Tudela Central

School by examining its lighting system, raceway, wiring, boxes, termination, and phase

balancing issues and providing proper electrical plan regarding the concept of the standard

electrical system in the school which promotes the working behavior, overall mood, and safety.

Specifically, this study benefits the following:

School. The school administration may utilize the methods of this study as a framework for the

installation and maintenance of the proper electrical system design and development to ensure

that it provides the power needed to light the building during the day and night and at night, the

lighting system plays a critical function in strengthening security.

Teachers and students. Having a well-planned and developed proper electrical system design

that is in line with Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) ensures the safety, comfort, and improve

performance of educators and students in the classroom.

College of Computer Studies, Engineering, and Architecture. This research provides insights

to the college department regarding the differences in the implications of the traditional lighting

system and LED and the strengths and weaknesses of implementing an electrical system based
on Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) Standards. This can be a reference to aid engineering

students in creating proper and standard Electrical plans and Electrical system design.

Future Researchers. This study contributes to the existing literature by assessing the case in

Tudela Central School and developing an appropriate proper electrical system design. The

rationale and methods have practical value and critical information that is of use to future

researchers in improving the applied electrical system design based on the Philippine Electrical

Code (PEC) Standards.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

The goal of this study is to assess and redesign the electrical system of Tudela

Central School. This design project focuses on Illumination, Distribution and Feeder system

design. As well as calculation of Load schedule, Short-circuit, and Voltage drop analysis to

achieve a safe and capable electrical system. In doing so, the researchers will conduct an

electrical analysis to correct and prepare the electrical system. But not concerned about

monitoring and mechanical systems.

1.6 Definition of terms

The following phrases are provided to provide clarification of the terminologies used in the

design project:

Ampere (A) is a unit of current.

Circuit Breaker is an automated electrical switch that protects an electrical circuit from damage

caused by high current produced by an overload or short circuit.

Current is the rate of flow of electric charge past a point or region.

Conduit is a tube or via which the electrical wire is protected.

Electricity is a form of energy that is generated by the movement of electrons between positive

and negative locations in a conductor.

Electrical System is the distribution of electrical power containing all elements needed

including overhead and underground lines, poles, transformer., and other equipment.

Electrical System analysis is the computation, analysis and design of the electrical power, and

load involving voltage drop, short circuit, illumination and electrical design.

Feeder is an electrical wire connection that transports electricity from a transformer or

switchgear to a distribution panel in a building.

Illumination is the intensity of light per unit area.

Illumination Analysis is an analysis which calculates the required number of lumens or light

intensity required to the area it occupies.

Incandescent is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it

glows with visible light.

LED or Light Emitting Diode is a semiconductor diode that lights when a voltage is applied

to it.
Lumens are a measurement of a lamp or light source's total quantity of visible light (to the

human eye).

Short Circuit is an unintentional flow of electricity that delivers a high current to a conductor

with low resistance, causing a large quantity of energy to move in a short period of time.

Short circuit analysis is the calculation used to determine the magnitude of short circuit current.

Transformer is an electrical device that converts AC voltages between different values.

Voltages were "stepped up" or "stepped down" using it.

Voltage Drop is the reduction in voltages in an inherent resistance. This was voltage loss caused

by conductor impedance or across contact.

Voltage Drop Analysis is the calculation of voltage losses.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1.1 Effectiveness of lighting system by using LED technology in Commercial buildings

The quality, quantity and concentration of light around us expressively affect our

visual appreciation of outer environments. It is significant for us to understand the relationship

between light, color, what we see and how we see it. The special persistence of lighting

installations is to allow people to satisfactorily fulfill physical or visual tasks, and the

effectiveness of performing these tasks correlates to the quantity and the quality of the

environment. LEDs are entering the lighting market and as new light sources they enable new

methodologies to lighting design and practice. LEDs introduce new opportunities for modifying

the color of light and compared to conventional light sources they are small in size giving also

freedom for luminaire design. (EDIRISINGHE, 2012)

2.1.2 The Effects of Lighting on Humans in General

Human evolution is shaped by light. In the course of evolution, human beings

have adapted and developed an internal clock that under natural light conditions is synchronized

to the earth’s 24-hr light–dark rotational cycle (Czeisler et al., 1999). Research reveals the

mechanism for how light is essential for human functioning (Boyce, Hunter, & Howlett, 2003).

Light is a strong enabler for visual performance (Grangaard, 1995), regulates a large variety of

bodily processes such as sleep and alertness (Dijk & Cajochen, 1997; Takasu et al., 2006; Viola,

James, Schlangen, & Dijk, 2008; Wright, Hull, Hughes, Ronda, & Czeisler, 2006), is essential

for cognition and mood (Taras, Potts-Datema, & Pearson, 2005; Veitch & McColl, 2001),

enables production of important hormones such as melatonin and cortisol (Dijk & Cajochen,
1997; Leproult, Colecchia, L’HermiteBaleriaux, & Van Cauter, 2001), and is essential for a

healthy rest–activity pattern (Wurtman, 1975).

2.1.3 Voltage Drop Analysis on Electrical Circuit Breaker

The research paper pointed out some topics about circuit breakers including maintenance

considerations of circuit breakers, considering circuit breaker’s importance specifically for

routine switching and protection of other electrical equipment. Taking for granted preventive

maintenance could lead to a circuit breaker failure and further electric distribution system

breakage and equipment malfunction. Either open or closed, the need for circuit breaker

maintenance was often ambiguous as circuit breakers may remain idle. The circuit contact is one

of the most important parts in a circuit breaker. Failure of the breaker can happen if there is an

increase of circuit contact resistance. The voltage drop growth will be exponential if the circuit

contact resistance starts to increase notably. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC

56) standard assigned a tolerable reading of up to 6 20 percent increase out of the original test

value. Beyond this value, open inspection is strictly advised. The main concern of this paper is to

calculate the mean time needed for a circuit breaker to reach its maximum circuit contact

resistance (or the voltage drop) by using the data gathered. The time obtained was considered as

the circuit breaker’s life cycle (Stevanovic & Janjic, 2016).

2.1.4 Energy Efficient Lighting System Design for Building

Most consuming category of energy in a specific building is lighting. It will consume 20-

50% of the energy. The study presents a solution by having energy management in the building

and designing an efficient lighting system. The researchers propose their “Lamp Replacement”

to the building due to its old lighting system. Designing a sustainable lighting system is
beneficial and the proposed replacement of old lighting fixtures offer such a great savings.

(Muhamad, Zain, Wahab, Aziz, & Kadir, Energy Efficient Lighting System Design for Building,

2010).

2.1.5 The impact of fluorescent and led lighting on students attitudes and behavior in the

classroom

LED is becoming the most recent lighting option for optimal energy efficiency over

fluorescent technology. Correlated color temperature (CCT) of lighting has non- visual effects on

students, with higher CCT positively impacting attitudes and behavior. Also current studies

regarding dynamic or tunable lighting that adjusts CCT based on desired activity and mood. Data

from an original survey analyzed teacher insights and perceptions regarding student attitudes and

behaviors associated with existing classroom lighting and the impact of higher color temperature

LED. Teachers perceive higher color temperature lighting positively impacts student alertness,

attitude, and energy level; and adjusting light levels throughout a school day positively impacts

student engagement. Results supported the perception of higher correlated color temperature

lighting positively impacting alertness, attitude, and energy level. Findings also supported the

ability to change light levels throughout the school day to positively impact student engagement

and mood. There were mixed results regarding higher correlated color temperature impacting

attention and on-task/off- task behaviors. Results regarding the impact of sound and flickering

from fluorescent lights were not significant.(Morrow, Brenda & Kanakri, Shireen. 2018).
2.1.6 A Guide to the Energy Efficiency Design of Educational Buildings

Although electricity usage represents about 25% of all energy consumption in a school, it

may account for up to 75% of the expenditure on all energy fuels. It is important, therefore, to

‘fine tune’ the load to the building to meet known demand and to consider in some detail the

electric consuming equipment within the building. The lighting installation should be designed

using levels of intensity and glare as specified in the Building Handbook. Each room should be

carefully designed on its own merits for lighting layout with luminaries parallel to windows. The

most advantageous local switching arrangements with separate controls should be considered

and the control range should be from 100% to 5%. The range of different sizes and types of

lamps should be limited to reduce replacement and maintenance costs.

The electricity load for new or extended buildings should be discussed with DENI/ELBs before a

formal request for terms is submitted to NIE. Existing tariffs and load should also be

checked.When detailing the specification for general electrical works the following should be

taken into account:the existing load should be balanced over 3 phases,electric motors for fans

and pumps should be high efficiency types and the proper size, and shutdown facilities provided

in areas where large numbers of Equipment provided.(Krarti,2017)

2.1.7 Calculation of Short-circuit currents

In view of sizing an electrical installation and the required equipment, as well as

determining the means required for the protection of life and property, short-circuit currents must

be calculated for every point in the network.Electrical installations almost always require

protection against short-circuits wherever there is an electrical discontinuity. This most often

corresponds to points where there is a change in conductor cross-section. The short-circuit

current must be calculated at each level in the installation in view of determining the

characteristics of the equipment required to withstand or break the fault current.The growing

demand of more power results in the construction of new power stations and transmission lines,

making it even more susceptible to short-circuit occurrence. Currents from separate power

stations concentrate near the fault, resulting in a total short-circuit current that can be many times

higher than usual.

In an attempt to have any control over short-circuits, power systems and equipment are designed

carefully, as well as proper installation and maintenance are done to deliver power to the end

users in a safe manner. Unfortunately, even after all these precautions short-circuits do occur.

Short-circuits must be detected and removed from the system as quickly as possible. This is

achieved through protective circuit devices – circuit breakers and feeder protection relays.(Alam,

M.,Saif S.,Ali H.,2014)

2.1.8 Distribution System Structure

The distribution substation is the interconnection element between the distribution

system and the upstream power delivery system. At the substation the step-down (HV/MV)

transformer reduces the sub transmission voltage level to an appropriate value Large generation

centers Transmission system Subtransmission system Primary distribution system Secondary

distribution system. Different protection, switching, and measurement equipment is installed at

the substation to ensure a safe operation. The primary distribution lines spread across the

consumption area served by the substation, these primary distribution lines are also known as

feeders. One or more lateral lines (or laterals) branch from distribution feeders and extend until

they reach the step-down (MV/LV) distribution transformers, which are responsible for

performing the final voltage reduction in order to obtain a voltage level adequate for customer
use (e.g. 400 and 230 V). The secondary distribution lines operating at a low-voltage level

transport the energy to the customer’s interconnection point; these lines are usually one-phase

but there can also exist three-phase circuits. Overhead lines are primarily used in rural circuits,

whereas in urban circuits distribution lines are mostly underground; in suburban areas there can

be a mixture of overhead and underground circuits. Big industrial zones are usually served by

dedicated circuits as they represent large loads that can affect the service of other loads.

(Sanchez,L. 2016)

2.1.9 A Technology Assessment of Light Emitting Diode (LED) Solid-State Lighting for

General Illumination

Solid-state lighting is an emerging energy-efficient technology, with high potential to

fulfill the first of these four technology pathways identified above. Research and development is

underway worldwide to develop SSL suitable for general illumination. Solid-state lighting is

eventually expected to become approximately twice as efficient as fluorescent lighting, and up to

ten times as efficient at incandescent lighting. (Slocum, A, 2005)

2.1.10 Assessment of Light Emitting Diodes technology for general lighting

Lighting consumes about 19% of the electricity used around the world, and since

inefficient lighting sources are still in use worldwide, there is great potential for electricity

savings. Even fluorescent lamps, with better luminous efficiency than incandescent and halogen

lamps, have some limitations. This article presents the results of an evaluation of the potential of

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) as a light source for use in buildings, under several aspects, and

compares them to more consolidated sources. LEDs have a long lifespan, a wide range of

correlated colour temperature, good luminous efficiency, colour rendering index and many other
characteristics similar to those of fluorescent lamps.LED technology is evolving rapidly and,

unlike other light sources, has great potential for improvement and may be the best alternative

for lighting (Nardelli, 2016)

2.1.1 Introduction to Efficient Electrical Systems Design

2.1.2 PEC (background,standards)

2.1.3 Safe Electrical system design

2.1.4 A Guide to the Energy Efficiency Design of Educational Buildings

2.1.5 illumination system design (LED)(lux meter)

2.1.6 Distribution System Structure

2.1.7 feeder system design

2.1.8 Voltage drop analysis

2.1.9 Short circuit analysis

2.1.10 project estimates

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

The diagram below illustrates the study's schematic flow diagram. The

researchers will inspect the location and determine current and future loads. After the data has

been obtained, the researcher will analyze it. After that, the researcher will design a new

electrical system based on the existing loads and the current site development plan, adhering to

the latest version of the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC 2017) norms. The specifications of the

components to be used in the design will be determined through voltage drop and short circuit

investigation. Cost estimation will be used to assess the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of the

new Electrical System design.

Data Gathering Redesign Illumination System

Assessment of existing loads

Feeder System design
Illumination system Analysis

Electrical system Analysis Redesign Electrical System

Combined Electrical plan and Analysis

Research Project Costing

Figure 3.1 Flow diagram of the project

 3.1 Research Design

3.2 Data Gathering

3.3 Research Instrument

3.3 Electrical Assessment

3.4 Redesigning Electrical system

CHAPTER 4 ASSESSMENT REPORT

4.1 Assessment Description

4.2 Assessment Criteria

4.3 As-built Electrical Plans (Electrical Layout, Single Line Diagram)

4.4 As-built Schedule of Loads

4.5 bills
CHAPTER 5 REDESIGN

5.1 Redesign Consideration (must align with assessment report)

5.2 New Schedule of Loads (must be based on assessed data)

5.3 Design Analysis

5.4 New Single Line Diagram

5.5 Shop Drawings

CHAPTER 6 VOLTAGE DROP ANALYSIS (BASED ON REDESIGN)

6.1 Description

6.2 Useful formulas

6.3 Voltage Drops Computations

6.4 Voltage Drop Summaries (TABLES)

CHAPTER 7 SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

7.1 Description

7.2 Useful formulas

7.3 Bolted Fault

7.4 Line to Ground Fault

CHAPTER 8 COST ESTIMATES

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