Outlines

Bahir Dar University

Bahir Dar Institute of Technology
Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Introduction to Electrical Machines
Chapter Two
Transformer
By: Biruk Teshome

1
 What is Transformer ??

A transformer is a
static device which
is use to convert
high alternating
voltage to a low
alternating voltage
and vice versa
keeping the
frequency same.

2
 Principle of Operation

 The basic principle of a transformer is electromagnetic induction.

 A single-phase transformer consists of two windings placed over a laminated silicon steel
core. The winding having less number of turns is called low-voltage winding and the
winding having more number of turns is called high voltage winding.
 Also, the winding to which AC supply is connected is called a primary winding and the
other one is called a secondary winding to which load is connected.
 Once AC supply of voltage V1 is given to primary winding, an alternating flux is set-up
in the magnetic core which links with the primary and secondary winding. Consequently,
self-induced emf (e1) and mutually-induced emf (e2) are induced in primary and
secondary, respectively.
 Although, there is no electrical connection between primary and secondary winding, still
electric power is transferred from one circuit (primary side) to the other circuit
(secondary side). It is all because of magnetic coupling. 3
 Equation of Induced emf
 Equation of induced emf can be drived as:

4
 Types of Transformer
 . Based on construction: core type & shell type transformer
 Placing of coils over core-type transformers

 Placing of coils over shell-type transformer

5
Cont.…
 Based on supply: single phase & three phase transformer
 Based on voltage level: step-up & step-down transformer

 Based on application area: power & distribution transformer

 Based on purpose: current & potential transformer(CT & PT) they are called
instrument transformer.
 Auto transformer: is a one winding transformer in which a part of the winding is
common to both HV & LV sides.

6
 Applications
 Main applications of the transformers are given below:
(a) To change the level of voltage and current in electric power systems.
(b) As impedance-matching device for maximum power transfer in low-power
electronic and control circuits.
(c) To isolate one circuit from another, since primary and secondary are not
electrically connected.
(d) To measure voltage and currents; these are known as instrument transformers.
 Transformers are extensively used in AC power systems because of the
following reasons:
1. Electric energy can be generated at the most economic level (11–33 kV)
2. Stepping up the generated voltage to high voltage, extra high voltage EHV
(voltage above 230 kV), or to even ultra high voltage UHV (750 kV and above) to
suit the power transmission requirement to minimise losses and increase
transmission capacity of lines.
3. The transmission voltage is stepped down in many stages for distribution and
utilisation for domestic, commercial and industrial consumers.

7
 An Ideal Transformer

 Postulated as:
1. No leakage fluxes (all flux is confined to the core)
2. The resistance of each winding is negligible(no copper losses).
3. The core does not exhibit any eddy-current or hysteresis losses
4. A core of infinite magnetic permeability(zero relactance)
 The magnitude of induced emf in the primary and secondary windings are:

 In the idealized case assumed, the induced emf’s el and e2 are equal to the
corresponding terminal voltages v1 and v2, respectively. Thus:
Transformation ratio
8
Cont.…
 ?The relation b/n primary and secondary currents become.

 If Z2, is the load impedance on the secondary side, then

 where Z1 = vl/v2 & is the load impedance as referred to the primary side.
 The load impedance as seen by the source on the primary side is equal to turn
ratio square times the actual load impedance on the secondary side.
 This equation states that a transformer can also be used for impedance matching.
A known impedance can be raised or lowered to match the rest of the circuit for
maximum power transfer.

9
 Transformer Ratings
 The nameplate of a transformer provides information on the
apparent power and the voltage-handling capacity of each winding.
From the nameplate data of a 5-kVA, 500/250-V, step-down
transformer, we conclude the following:
1. The full-load or nominal power rating of the transformer is 5 kVA. In other
words, the transformer can deliver 5 kVA on a continuous basis.
2. Since it is a step-down transformer, the (nominal) primary voltage is V1 = 500 V
and the (nominal) secondary voltage is V2 = 250 V.
3. The nominal magnitudes of the primary and the secondary currents at full load
are I1 = 5000VA/500V =10A and I2 = 5000VA/250V = 20A
4. Since the information on the number of turns is customarily not given by the
manufacturer, we determine the a-ratio from the (nominal) terminal voltages as

10
Example
• An ideal transformer has a 150-turn primary and 750-turn secondary. The
primary is connected to a 240-V, 50-Hz source. The secondary winding supplies
a load of 4 A at a lagging power factor (pf ) of 0.8. Determine (a) the a-ratio, (b)
the current in the primary, (c) the power supplied to the load, and (d) the max.
flux in the core.
• Solution: (a) a = 150/750 = 0.2 (b)
(c)

(d)

11
Exercises
1. What will be the number of primary and secondary turn of a single-phase
2310/220V, 50 Hz transformer which has an emf of 13V per turn approximately.
2. The magnetic flux density in the core of a 4.4-kVA, 4400/440V, 50-Hz, step-
down transformer is 0.8 T (rms). If the induced emf per turn is 10 V, determine
(a) the primary and secondary turns
(b) the cross-sectional area of the core
(c) the full-load current in each winding
3. The number of turns in the primary and the secondary of an ideal transformer
are 200 and 500, respectively. The transformer is rated at 10 kVA, 250 V, and 60
Hz on the primary side. The cross-sectional area of the core is 40 cm2. If the
transformer is operating at full load with a power factor of 0.8 lagging, determine
(a) the effective flux density in the core,
(b) The voltage rating of the secondary,
(c) the primary and secondary winding
currents, and
(d) the load impedance on the secondary side and as viewed
from the primary side. 12
 Non Ideal Transformer
 So far, we have idealized the transformer to simplify its analysis. In this section,
our aim is to lift those restrictions in order to develop an equivalent circuit for a
non ideal transformer.
 In a practical transformer the following factor must be taken into account.
1. Winding resistance 2. Leakage fluxes 3. Magnetizing current & core loss
1. Winding resistance

Fig. of an ideal transformer with winding resistances modelled as lumped resistances.

 The inclusion of the winding resistances dictates that
(a) the power input must be greater than the power output,
(b) the terminal voltage is not equal to the induced emf, and
(c) the efficiency (the ratio of power output to power input) of a non ideal
transformer is less than 100%. 13
Cont.…
2. Leakage fluxes
 Not all of the flux created by a winding confines itself to the magnetic core on
which the winding is wound.
 We can model a winding as if it consists of two windings: One winding is
responsible to create the leakage flux through air, and the other encircles the
core. Such hypothetical winding arrangements are shown in Fig. below

 The leakage flux associated with either winding is responsible for the voltage
drop across it. Therefore, we can represent the voltage drop due to the leakage
flux by a leakage reactance as shown in fig. below.

14
Cont.…

Fig. of non ideal transformer represented in terms of an ideal transformer with winding resistances and
leakage reactances

3. Magnetizing current & core losses

 The core of a non ideal transformer has finite permeability and core loss.
Therefore, even when the secondary is left open (no-load condition) the primary
winding draws some current, known as the excitation current, from the source.
 It is a common practice to assume that the excitation current ( t ), is the sum of
two currents: the core-loss current (Ic ) and the magnetizing current (Im) That is:

15
Cont.…
 The core-loss component of the excitation current accounts for the magnetic loss
(the hysteresis loss and the eddy-current loss) in the core of a transformer.
where, Ic is core loss current & Rc is equivalent core loss resistance
 The magnetizing component of the excitation current is responsible to set up the
mutual flux in the core.
 Since a current-carrying coil forms an inductor, the magnetizing current, Im gives
rise to a magnetizing reactance, Xm. Thus,

 Now we can modify the equivalent circuit of fig. above in part 2 as shown
below. Which include the core loss resistance and the magnetizing reactance.

Fig. of Equivalent circuit of a transformer including winding resistances, leakage reactance, core-loss resistance, magnetizing reactance,
and an ideal transformer.

16
Cont.…
 Therefore exact equivalent circuit of a real transformer will be as shown below

 Exact equivalent circuit as viewed from the primary side of the transformer as
shown below

 Exact equivalent circuit as viewed from the secondary side of the transformer as
shown below

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 Approximate Equivalent Circuits
 In a well-designed transformer, the winding resistances, the leakage reactance,
and the core loss are kept as low as possible.
 The low core loss implies high core loss resistance. The high permeability of the
core ensures high magnetizing reactance. Thus, the impedance of the so-called
parallel branch (Rc in parallel with jXm) across the primary is very high compared
with Z1 = R1 + jX1 and Z2 = R2+ jX2. The high impedance of the parallel branch
assures low excitation current. In the analysis of complex power systems, a great
deal of simplification can be achieved by neglecting the excitation current.
 Since Z, is kept low, the voltage drop across it is also low in comparison with the
applied voltage. Without introducing any appreciable error in our calculations, we
can assume that the voltage across the parallel branch is the same as the applied
voltage. This assumption allows us to move the parallel branch as indicated in
Figs. Below.
 Approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer as viewed from the primary side.

18
Cont.…
 Similarly approximate equivalent circuit as viewed from the secondary side is as
shown below

 Where,

19
Efficiency of Transformer

20
 Maximum Efficiency
w

21
 Voltage Regulation
 Is the net change in the secondary voltage from no load to full load for the same
primary voltage.

 For an ideal transformer, the voltage regulation is zero. How?

 The smaller the voltage regulation, the better the operation of transformer.
 The voltage regulation for approximate equivalent circuit viewed from the
primary can be:

 What will be VR for approximate equivalent circuit viewed from the secondary
side?

22
Examples
E.g1. A 23-kVA, 2300/230-V, 60-Hz step-down transformer has the following
resistance and leakage reactance values: R1 = 4Ω, R2 = 0.04Ω, X1= 12Ω, and X2=
0.12Ω The transformer is operating at 75% of its rated load. If the power factor of
the load is 0.866 leading, determine the efficiency of the transformer. (Neglect
magnetizing branch).
solution:
 Since the transformer is operating at 75% of its rated load, the effective value of
the secondary winding current is

 Assuming the load voltage as a reference, the load current at a leading power
factor of 0.866, in phasor form, is

 The secondary winding impedance is:

 The induced emf in the secondary winding is

23
Cont.…
 Since the transformation ratio is

 We can determine the induced emf and the current on the primary side as

 The primary winding impedance is

 Hence, the source voltage will be

 The power supplied to the load is

 The power input is

 The efficiency of the transformer is:

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Cont.…
E.g2. The equivalent core-loss resistance and the magnetizing reactance on the
primary side of the transformer discussed in above Example1 are 20 kΩ and 15kΩ,
respectively. If the transformer delivers the same load, what is its efficiency?
Solution:
 From Example 1, we have

 The core-loss, magnetizing, and excitation currents are

 Thus,

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Cont.…
 The power input is

 The efficiency of the transformer is

E.g3. Analyse the transformer discussed in Examples 1 and 2 using the approximate
equivalent circuit as viewed from the primary side. Also find voltage regulation and
sketch its phasor diagram.
Solution:

 Thus,

 The core-loss and magnetizing currents are

Thus,
26
Cont.…
 Hence, the power output, power input, and efficiency are

compare the above results with those obtained in Example 2 in order to have
some awareness of the errors introduced as a result of the approximations we
have made
 Voltage regulation:

(the negative is due to leading power factor)

 The phasor diagram is

27
Exercise
 A 2.2-kVA, 440/220-V, 50-Hz step-down transformer has the following
parameters as referred to the primary side: Re = 3Ω, Xe= 4Ω, Rc= 2.5kΩ and
Xm= 2kΩ. The transformer is operating at full load with a power factor of 0.707
lagging.
A. Determine efficiency of the transformer
B. Determine voltage regulation of the transformer. Also
C. Sketch phasor diagram.

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 Instrument Transformers
 Instrument transformers are designed to facilitate the measurements of high
currents and voltages in a power system with standard but very accurate low-
range ammeters and voltmeters.
 Instrument transformers are also used with protective relays for protection of
power system.
 They also provide the needed safety in making these measurements, as the
primary and the secondary windings are electrically isolated.
 Basic function of Instrument transformers is to step down the AC System voltage
and current. The voltage and current level of power system is very high. It is very
difficult and costly to design the measuring instruments for measurement of such
high level voltage and current.
 Instrument transformers are of two kinds current transformers and potential
transformers.

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1. Current Transformer(CT)
 The current transformer, as the name suggests, is designed to measure high
current in a power system. The primary winding has few turns of heavy wire,
whereas the secondary has many turns of very fine wire.
 In a clamp-on type current transformer, the current-carrying conductor itself acts
as a one-turn primary.
 The wiring arrangements for a wound primary fig (a) and clamp-on current
transformers fig (b) are shown in Figure below.
 It is evident from the figure that a current transformer is merely a well-designed
step-up transformer. As the voltage is stepped up, the current is stepped down.
 A current transformer is usually given a designation like 100:l.

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Potential Transformer(PT)
 As the name suggests, a potential transformer is used to measure high potential
difference (voltage) with a standard low-range voltmeter.
 A potential transformer, therefore, must be of the step-down type. The primary
winding has many turns and is connected across the high-voltage line. The
secondary winding has few turns and is connected to a voltmeter.
 Some common ratios of transformation are l0:l, 20:1, 100:1, and 120:l.

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Exercise
 A typical application employing a 100:l potential transformer and an 80:5 current
transformer is shown in Figure below. If the ammeter, voltmeter, and wattmeter register
4A, 110V, and 352W, respectively, determine (a) the line current, (b) the line voltage, and
(c) the power on the transmission line.

Voltage, current, and power measurements using current and potential transformers.

Solution:
(a) A designation of 80:5 indicates that the current transformation ratio is 16:l. A current of
4 A on the ammeter translates into a current of 64 A (16 X 4) in the transmission line.
(b) The voltage transformation ratio is 100:l.Therefore,a voltmeter reading of 110 V signifies
that the line voltage is 110 X 100 = 11,000V.
(c) The power transformation is 100 X 16 = 1600.Thus, the power supplied by the
transmission line is 563.2 kW (1600 X 352 W) 32
Three-Phase Transformers
 Since most of the power generated and transmitted over long distances is of the
three-phase type, we can use three exactly alike single-phase transformers to form
a single three-phase transformer.
 For economic reasons, however, a three-phase transformer is designed to have all
six windings on a common magnetic core. A common magnetic core, three-phase
transformer can also be either a core type or a shell type.
A. Core type B. Shell type

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Cont.…
 Connection of three phase transformer
1. Y/Y Connection 2. ∆/∆ Connection

3. Y/∆ Connection 4. ∆/ Y Connection

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 Parallel Operation of Transformers
 When the primaries and secondaries of the two or more transformers are
connected separately to the same incoming and outgoing lines to share the load,
the transformers are said to be connected in parallel.
 The two single-phase transformers A and B are placed in parallel as shown in Fig.
below. Here the primary windings of the two transformers are joined to the supply
bus-bars and the secondary windings are joined to the load through load bus-bars.
Under this conditions;
V1 = Primary applied voltage
V2 = Secondary load voltage

Parallel operation of two one-phase transformers (circuit diagram)

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Necessity of Parallel Operation
 The following are the reasons for which transformers are put in parallel
i. It is desirable to place another transformer is parallel when the electrical load
on the existing transformer increases beyond its rated capacity.
When the load on the transmission lines increases beyond the capacity of the installed
transformer. To overcome this problem one way is to replace the existing transformer with
the new one having larger capacity (this is called augmentation of transformer) and the other
way is to place one more transformer is parallel with the existing one to share the load. The
cost of replacing the transformer is much more than placing another one in parallel with the
existing one.
ii. parallel operation of transformers is necessary when the amount of power to
be transformed is much more than that which can be handled by single unit
(transformer).
Sometimes, the amount of power to be transformed is so high that it is not possible to build a
single unit of that capacity, then we have to place two or more transformers in parallel.
iii. It is desirable to do parallel operation of transformers if we want to keep the
spare transformer of smaller size.
At the grid sub stations, spare transformers are always necessary to insure the continuity of
supply in case of breakdown. The size of spare transformer depends upon the size of
transformers placed at the grid sub-station. Therefore, it is desirable to place transformers of
smaller capacity in parallel to transform the given load which in turn reduces the size of the
36
spare transformer.
Conditions for Parallel Operation of Single-phase Transformers
 The following conditions are to be fulfilled if two or more transformers are to be
operated successfully in parallel to deliver a common load.
i. Both the transformers should have same transformation ratio i.e., the voltage
ratings of both primaries and secondaries must be identical.
ii. Both the transformers should have the same percentage impedance.
iii. Both the transformers must have the same polarity i.e., both the transformers
must be properly connected with regard to their polarities.
iv. In case of 3-phase transformers, the two transformers must have the same
phase-sequence i.e., the transformers must be properly connected with regard
to their phase-sequence.
v. In case of 3-phase transformers, the two transformers must have the
connections so that there should not be any phase difference between the
secondary line voltages i.e., a delta-star connected transformer should not be
connected with a delta-delta or star-star connected transformer.

37