DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Electrical Machine and Electronics (ECEg4181)
Chapter Two: Electrical Transformer
Target Year:𝟒𝐭𝐡 Year; B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering (Regular) Program

Prepared by Getalem K.(MSc.)

Nov, 2022 G.C
Outlines
Introduction

Working Principle of a Transformer

EMF Equation of a Transformer

Types of Transformers

Transformer on No Load Condition and on Load Condition

Equivalent Circuit of Transformer

Transformer Tests

Transformer Voltage Regulation and Efficiency

2
 Introduction
Today, AC system is adopted instead of DC system because voltage level can
be changed easily by using a transformer.

 For economic reasons, high voltages are required for transmission whereas,
for safety reasons low voltages are required for utilization.

Hence, it is rightly said that transformer is a backbone of a power system.

Example: Oil cooled distribution transformer shown figure:

3
 Cont'd…
Electrical transformer is a static device (machine) that transfers AC electrical
power from one circuit to the other at the same frequency but the voltage level
is usually changed.

It is used for transferring the AC electrical power from one circuit to another
without any variation in their frequency.

Also used to either raising or lowering the voltage level of an AC supply with a
corresponding decrease or increase in current.

In electromagnetic induction, the transfer of energy from one circuit to another
takes places by the help of the mutual induction.
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 Working Principle of a Transformer
Transformer works on the principle of faraday's laws of electromagnetic
induction.

When an AC voltage is applied to the primary winding of the transformer the

current is induced in it and a varying magnetic field is produced in that coil.

The current causes the magnetic flux set up in the core which is represented by
the dotted line in the below figure:

5
 Cont'd…
The flux induces in the primary winding because of self-induction.

 This flux is linked with the secondary winding because of mutual induction.

 This varying magnetic field causes to create a varying electromotive force in

another coil wound on the same core.

 Thus, the emf is induced in the secondary winding and causes to flow a
secondary current 𝐼2 .
d
 According to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction: E 2   N 2 dt
Magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil is directly proportional to the
current in the primary coil (i.e.Φ ⍺ 𝐼).
6
 Cont'd…
The transformer works on AC supply, and it cannot work not DC supply. If
the rated DC voltage is applied across the primary winding, a constant magnitude
flux will set up in the core of the transformer and hence there will not be any
self-induced emf generation, as for the linkage of flux with the secondary
winding there must be an alternating flux required and not a constant flux. It
works on the alternating current only because an alternating flux is required
for mutual induction between the two windings.

𝑸𝟏 .Why transformer will get damaged in the case of DC supply? Justify.

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 EMF Equation of a Transformer
The sinusoidal flux produced by the secondary winding can be represented as:
   m sin t
The instantaneous emf 𝐸2 induced in the primary is:
d
E 2   N 2 dt   N 2 dx ( m sin t )
d

E 2   N 2 cos t  2 f  N 2 sin(t  90)......................(1)

m m

So, the induced emf lags flux by 90 degrees.

The maximum value of induced e.m.f. in the secondary is:
E 2(max)
 E 2m
 2 f  N
m 2

The rms value 𝐸2 of the secondary emf is:

2 f  N
  4.443 f   4.443 f B m AN 2
m 2
E 2( rms )
2 m N 2 8
 Types of Transformers
Transformers can be categorized in different ways, depending upon their
purpose, use, construction etc…
1. Based on the arrangement of core and winding (construction),
transformers can be classified into two types as;
(i) Core type transformer (L): (ii) Shell type transformer (E):
The core is surrounded by windings. The windings are surrounded by core.
 Concentric winding. Sandwich or disc Winding

9
 Contd..
2.Based on its voltage level transformer can be classified as

(i) Step up transformer

 Increase the output voltage (with subsequent decrease in current).

 Application area at generating station, X-rays machine, microwaves, etc.

(ii) Step down transformer

 Reduce the output voltage (with subsequent increase in current).

 Application area at distribution network for safety reasons, Doorbell, voltage converter, etc.

𝑸𝟐 .Why voltage and current are inversely proportional in transformer? Justify.

10
 Cont'd…
In our country, usually electric power is generated at up to 15 kV.

The voltage level is raised to 132kV, 230 kV, 400 kV or 500 kV by employing
step-up transformers for transmitting the power to long distances.

 Then to feed different areas, as per their need, the voltage level is lowered
down to 66 kV, 33 kV or 15 kV by employing step-down transformers.

 Ultimately for utilisation of electrical power, the voltage is stepped down to

380/220 V for safety reasons.

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 Cont'd…
3.Based on types supply transformers classify :

(i) Single Phase Transformer

 A single phase transformer is a type of transformer which operates on single-

phase power and mostly used in the single-phase electrical power system.

 The single phase transformer contains two windings, one on primary and the
other on the secondary side.

 The single-phase transformers are widely used in commercial low voltage

applications as electronic devices.
12
 Cont'd…
(ii) .Three-Phase Transformer

 A three phase transformer is used to transfer a large amount of power.

 The three phase transformer is constructed in two ways, either three single
phase in one power bank or constructing a three phase transformers on a
common magnetic structure or single core. Connection types.

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 Cont'd…
4.Based on the basis of their use transformer classified as:

(i) Power transformer: Used in transmission network of high voltage rating,

generating stations and transmission substations.

(ii)Distribution transformer: Used in distribution network, comparatively lower

rating than that of power transformers, also for industrial and domestic purposes.

(iii)Instrument transformer (ITs): Used with operating protective relays for

protection of power system. ITs are classified into two types such as:
 Current transformer (CT)
 Potential transformer (PT)
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 Cont'd…
ITs are also used in AC system for measurement of electrical quantities (i.e.
Voltage, Current , Power, frequency and energy).

Basic function of ITs is to step down the AC System voltage and current,
generally measuring instruments are designed range for 0-5 A and 0-110 V.

15
 Cont'd…
5.Based on way of winding transformers are classified as:
(i)Two winding or conventional winding;
 Application area in power system for step up and
step down the voltage.
(ii) Three winding;
 Application area for testing the high rating transformer,
the reactive power is supplied to the substations with the help
of the tertiary winding.
(iii) Auto transformer or one winding;
 Application area in an induction motor starter,
as a voltage regulator, in railways, in a laboratory.
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 Contd..
6.Based on the basis of cooling method transformer classified as:
The main source of heat generation in transformer is its copper loss. The rising of
temperature in the transformer cause to damages paper insulation and liquid
insulation medium of transformer.
 Depending upon their ratings cooling method classified as:
 Dry type [Air Natural (AN) or Self air cooled, heat is removed by natural convection and Air
Forced (AF), heat removed by blowers] less than 20 MVA.
 Oil-Immersed Transformers: the windings and core are immersed in oil, grater than 750 kVA.
 The main types of oil-immersed transformers are:
(i).Oil-immersed self-cooled such as Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)[heat is removed by
natural convection of the oil through radiators].
(ii).Oil-immersed cooled by forced air such as Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)[heat is
removed by blowers blowing air on radiators].
(iii).Oil-immersed cooled by water such as Oil Natural Water Forced (ONWF)[the oil is
cooled by an oil-water heat exchanger].
 Cont'd…
Transformer oil is a special type of oil which has excellent electrical insulating properties
and is stable at high temperatures.
Also used to dissipate the heat of the transformer (i.e. act as a coolant), stop arcing
and corona discharge, prevent oxidation of the cellulose-made paper insulation.
The level of transformer oil is measured using Magnetic Oil level Gauge (MOG ).
Silica gel breather used to absorb the moisture in the air sucked in by the transformer
during the breathing process.
Insulation resistance and polarization index of transformer must be checked by Megger.
The dielectric strength of transformer oil is also known as the breakdown voltage (BDV) of
transformer oil, a low value of BDV indicate presence of moisture content and conducting
substance in the oil.
 Transformer on No Load Condition
When the transformer is operating at no load, the secondary winding is open-
circuited, which means there is no load on the secondary side of the transformer.
Therefore, current in the secondary will be zero.

While primary winding carries a small current 𝐼0 called no-load current which is
2 to 10% of the rated current.
Very small amount of copper losses-
in the primary winding.

19
 Cont'd…
The no-load current consists of two components:

1.Reactive or magnetizing component 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒈

 It is in quadrature with the applied voltage 𝑉1 . It produces flux in the core and
does not consume any power).

2.Active or power component 𝑰𝒘 , also know as a working component

 It is in phase with the applied voltage 𝑉1 . It supplies the iron losses and a small
amount of primary copper loss.

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 Ideal Transformer
A The transformer which is free from all types of losses is known as an ideal
transformer.

If it has no ohmic resistances, moreover whole of the flux set-up in the core is
considered to be linking with its primary and secondary turns, i.e., it carries no
leakage flux.

 In other words, a transformer is said to be ideal one, when it has no losses, i.e.,
copper or iron losses.

 In actual practice, such a transformer cannot exist, but to begin with it may
be considered so. 21
 Cont'd…
In an ideal transformer, there is no power loss. Therefore, the output power
is equal to the input power.

where k is defined to be the transformation ratio of the transformer:

 or the turns ratio (a) is equal to:

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 Transformer On Load Condition
When the transformer is on the loaded condition, the secondary of the
transformer is connected to load.
 The load can be resistive, inductive or capacitive.

The magnitude of the secondary current depends on the terminal voltage 𝑉2 and
the load impedance.

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 Numerical problems
 Example 2.1: A power transformer has 1000 primary turns and 100 secondary
turns. The cross-sectional area of the core is 6 cm2 and the maximum flux density
while in operation is 10Tesla.
Calculate turns per volt (or voltage per turn ) for the primary and
secondary windings.

 Example 2.2: A transformer on no-load has a core-loss of 50 W, draws a current

of 2 A (rms) and has an induced emf of 230 V (rms). Determine the no-load
power factor, core-loss current and magnetizing current. Also calculate the no-
load circuit parameters of the transformer. Neglect winding resistance and

leakage flux. 24
 Equivalent Circuit of Transformer
In practical engineering applications, the exact transformer model is more
complex than necessary in order to get good results.

Since the excitation branch has a very small current compared to the load
current of the transformers, a simplified equivalent circuit is produced.

25
 Cont'd…
The excitation branch is moved to the front of the transformer, and the primary
and secondary impedances are added, creating equivalent circuits below figure a
and b
(a) The transformer model referred to its primary voltage level

 (b) The transformer model referred to its secondary voltage level.

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 Transformer Tests
Two chief difficulties which do not warrant the testing of large transformers
by direct load test are:
 (i). Large amount of energy has to be wasted in such a test,
 (ii). It is impossible for large transformers task to arrange a load large
enough for direct loading.

Thus performance characteristics of a transformer must be computed from

a knowledge of its equivalent circuit parameters.

Determined by conducting simple tests involving very little power

consumption, called non-loading tests. 27
 Cont'd…
The two non-loading tests are the Open-circuit test (OC) test and Short-
circuit (SC) test.

All the transformers are tested before placing (installation) them in the field
using Megger Test, Oil Test, Polarity Test, Resistance Test, Turns Ratio Test,etc.

In the transformer model by performing only two types of tests, experimentally
determine ( compute):
The circuit constant parameters (inductances and resistances values )

Its performance characteristics (such as voltage regulation and efficiency etc.)

In both these tests voltage, current and power are measured. 28
 Open-circuit test
In the OC or No-load Test, a transformer's secondary winding is open circuited,
and its primary winding is connected to a full-rated line voltage.

The purpose of this test is to determine the shunt branch parameters of the
equivalent circuit of the transformer.

 From the point of view of convenience and availability of supply the test is
usually performed from the LV side, while the HV side is kept open circuited as
shown figure:

29
 Cont'd…
 For all practical purposes the power input on no-load equals the core (iron) loss.

The shunt branch parameters can easily be determined from the three readings:
The conductance of the core-loss resistor is given by:
and the susceptance of the magnetizing inductor is given by:

Since these two elements are in parallel, their admittances add, and the total
excitation admittance is:

The magnitude of the excitation admittance (referred to the primary circuit) is

given by:
30
 Cont'd…
 The angle of the admittance can be found from a knowledge of the circuit
power factor (PF):

The power factor is always lagging for a real transformer, so the angle of the
current always lags the angle of the voltage by (𝜽) degrees.

It is possible to determine the values of 𝑹𝒄 and

𝑿𝑴 directly from the open-circuit test data. 31

 Short-circuit (SC) Test
The secondary terminals of the transformer are short circuited, and the primary
terminals are connected to a fairly low-voltage source, as shown in figure.

The input voltage is adjusted until the current in the short-circuited windings is
equal to its rated value.

This test serves the purpose of determining the series parameters of a transformer.
32
 Cont'd…
Since the input voltage is so low during the short-circuit test, negligible
current flows through the excitation branch.

If the excitation current is ignored, then all the voltage drop in the
transformer can be attributed to the series elements in the circuit.

The magnitude of the series impedances referred to the primary side of the
transformer is:

33
 Numerical Problems
Example 2.3: The following data were obtained on a 20 kVA, 50 Hz,
2000/200 V distribution transformer:
Find the impedances of the approximate equivalent circuit referred to the primary side
and secondary side (the HV and LV sides respectively).

Draw/ sketch the approximate equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to the HV
and LV sides respectively.

34
 Polarity Test of Transformer
Before proceeding to describe OC and SC tests, a simple test will be advanced for
determining similar polarity ends on the two windings of a transformer.
Polarity means the direction of the induced voltages in the primary and the secondary
winding of the transformer.
Polarity test is performed to determine the terminals with same instantaneous
polarity of the two windings when terminals are not being marked.

The relative polarities of the primary and secondary terminals are required
to be known for:
 (i). Interconnecting two or more transformers in parallel.
 (ii). Connecting three single-phase transformers while doing poly-phase transformation of power.
 (iii). Connecting windings of the same transformer in parallel or series. 35
 Cont'd…
For determining the relative polarity of the two windings of a transformer, the
two winding are connected in series and a voltmeter is connected across them as
shown figure:

There are two types of polarity one is Additive, and another is Subtractive:
 If the voltmeter will read the difference of E1 and E2 (i.e E1 − E2 )

 If the voltmeter reads E1 + E2 the polarity marking of one of the windings must be
reversed.
36
 Cont'd…
While performing polarity test, subtractive polarity method is preferred over
additive polarity method, because in this case, the voltage between A and 𝐴′ or
that between B and 𝐵′ is reduced.
The leads connected between these terminals and two windings are not
subjected to high voltage stresses.

 Whereas, in case of additive polarity the two windings and leads connected
between A𝐴′ and B𝐵′ are subjected to high voltage stresses.

37
 Transformer Voltage Regulation
The transformer’s output voltage varies with the load even when the input
voltage remains constant.

This is due to the fact that a real transformer has impedances within it.

The voltage regulation (VR) is used to compare the voltage variations in

transformers.

The full load voltage regulation is a parameter that compares the transformer’s
output voltage at no load with the output voltage at full load.

Most transformer applications limit the VR to a small value.

38
 Transformer Efficiency
Transformers are also compared and judged on their efficiencies.

 The efficiency of a device is defined by the equation:

39
 Cont'd…
There is no machine which has not any loss.

The transformer is a very efficient machine than other machines such as motors,
generators.

The most common losses in the transformer are:

1.Copper Loss in Transformer: due to the resistance of the winding.

so as the current depends on the load if the load changes current will change.

2. Iron Loss(Eddy Current Loss and Hysteresis Loss): 40

 Reading Assignments
The three phase transformer consists three transformers either separate or combined with one core.

 The primary and secondary of the transformer can be independently connected either in star or delta or others
such as:

 1.Δ – Δ (Delta – Delta) Connection Transformer

 2.Υ – Υ (Star – Star) Connection Transformer

 3.Δ – Υ (Delta – Star) Connection Transformer

 4.Υ – Δ (Star – Delta ) Connection Transformer

 5. Open Delta (V-V) Connection

 6. Z-Z (Zig-Zag ) Connection Transformer

 7. Scott (T-T) Connection

Compare the connection configurations, advantages, disadvantages and applications of three phase
transformer connection types:
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Thanks For Your Attention !!!

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