Motion Based Message Conveyor for Paralytic/ Disabled

Patient

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

HARI KESAVA NAMBI.N 963218105303

SUNDAR.O.P 963218105307

In Partial fulfilment for the award of the

degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

PET ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ANNA UNIVERSITY::CHENNAI 600 025

SEPT 2021
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “ Motion Based Message Conveyor for

Paralytic/ Disabled Patient ”is the bonafide work of

HARI KESAVA NAMBI.N 963218105303

SUNDAR.O.P 963218105307

who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr.YOUSUFF SIDDIQUE., M.E., MR. YOUSUFF SIDDIQUE.,M.E.,

Ph.D., Prof. / Head, Ph.D., Assistant Professor
Deptartment of EEE, Deptartment of EEE,
PET Engineering College, PET Engineering College,
Madapuram, Vallioor – 627117 Madapuram, Vallioor – 627117

Submitted for the project work evalution and viva voce examination to be held at PET
Engineering college ,vallioor, date on_________________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 CERTIFICATE OF EVALUATION

COLLEGE CODE/NAME : 9632/ PET ENGINEERING COLLEGE

BRANCH/SEMESTER : EEE/VI

Name of the students who Name of the guide

Title of the project
have done the project with designation
HARI KESAVA
NAMBI.N
(963218105303)

SUNDAR.O.P Motion Based Message MR. YOUSUFF

SIDDIQUE.,M.E.,
(963218105307) Conveyor for Paralytic/
Ph.D., Assistant
Disabled Patient Professor
Deptartment of EEE,

The report of the project work submitted by the above students in

partial fulfilment for the award of Master of Engineering Degree in Power
Electronics & Drives of Anna University were evaluated and confirmed the
work done by the students and then evaluated.

Submitted to the Mini Project Work & Viva-Voce Examination held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It’s our privilege and great pleasure to express our sincere and heart full thanks to
principal Dr.K.MADHAN KUMAR, PET Engineering College, for his constant
encouragement and valuable guidance throughout the course.

We express our sincere and heart full thanks to Mrs.R.KALAISELVI M.E., Head of
the department and Associate professor Mr.L.YOUSUF SIDDIQUE M.E., of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for him encouragement, valuable support and
perfect coordination to do this project.

We manifest our indebtness and gratitude to staff members of EEE department, who offer
help directly or indirectly by their suggestions.

We remember our parent and friends with gratitude for their kind encouragement and
moral support for the completion of our project in time.
 ABSTRACT

We come across hospitals and NGO’s serving disabled people. Now these people
are not capable of full body movement as compared to a normal person. In such a
situation we propose a system that helps disabled person display a message by
just simple motion of any part of his body. Our proposed system works by
reading the tilt direction of the user part. This device needs to be mounted on user
finger of hand. The user now just needs to tilt the device in a particular angle to
convey a message. Tilting the device in different directions conveys a different
message.

Here we use accelerometer in order to measure the statistics of motion. It then

passes on this data to the microcontroller. The microcontroller processes the data
and displays the particular message as per input obtained. The microcontroller
now displays the associated message on the LCD screen. It also sounds a buzzer
along with message as soon as it receives motion signal from the accelerometer.
The patient motion recorder device consists of an RF transmitter in order to
transfer the data signal. An RF receiver on the other side receives the data and
then decodes it before passing it to the microcontroller for processing the input
and responding to it.

A patient can easily send messages to the nurse by just tilting an accelerometer
connected to a body part capable of movement. This angle of tilt is sent to a
central controller which then initiates communication between the patient
(transmitter) and nurse (receiver) and also decides which message is to be
transmitted based on the tilt angle. Each patient will have such a device installed
on or around his body and all such patients will be centrally linked to the receiver
at the nurse side. Along with this a real time medicine reminder and an
emergency buzzer to simplify the work of the nurse was implemented.
 INTRODUCTION

Among the large number of advancements done in the medical sector, very few
actually focus on helping patients with disabilities to communicate. Although
monitoring systems make it easier for doctors to collect and observe a patient’s
vitals, there aren’t many options for actual verbal communication for disabled
patients. Here we propose a simple yet effective way to solve the problem of
physically handicapped or disabled patient. The main purpose is to replace the
conventional approach of patient-nurse communication with modern
technologies that provide a much faster and reliable way to do so. In the current
scenario, the patient has to be dependent on a family member or mostly a nurse
both of which have to attend to the patient constantly. Objective of this method
is to make such patients independ/ent to communicate with the nurse by the
simple task of tilting a device located on his finger or any other part of the body
that is capable of movement. After the patient sends the message the nurse can
remotely monitor their requests and provide assistance without any further
delay.
Nowadays, a lot of active research is taking place in the wireless field and very
less in its public implementations. Lot of techniques has been devised for
sensing the hand gestures & doing the appropriate actions. A technique based on
glove is a popular mode of recognizing hand gestures. It uses a sensor attached
to a glove that detects hand movements. The user needs to have a transmitting
device on his hand which consists of a sensor, i.e., 3- axis accelerometer.
Movement of the hand in a particular direction will send a command to the LCD
screen which will then display the information specified in direction.
The transmitting device consists of a Comparator IC for assigning proper levels
to input voltages from the accelerometer & an Encoder IC whose function is to
encode the four bit data & after that it will be transmitted by an RF Transmitter
module.
In today’s world population is increasing rapidly. So there is a need for proper
health care centers which need to be well maintained and developed. It not only
reduced mobility of patients from one ward to other but also increased burden on
patients. Also it consumes more space and has more power consumption.
Moreover in hospitals bedside patient monitoring is done which allows multiple
patients in one room. This not only causes disturbance but also lays the
foundation of patient monitoring system. Patient monitoring is done at
individual level. In one room one patient is there and multiple patient
physiological parameters are measured individually. If there seems to be an
emergency, an alarm system which is at receiver side informs to the nurse and
the doctor. The user needs to have a transmitting device on his hand which
consists of a sensor, i.e., 4- axis accelerometer. Movement of the hand in a
particular direction will send a command to the LCD screen which will then
display the information specified in direction. The transmitting device consists
of a Comparator IC for assigning proper levels to input voltages from the
accelerometer & an encoder IC whose function is to encode the four bit data &
after that it will be transmitted by an RF Transmitter module.
 CHAPTER 1

LITERATURE REVIEW

In the system, Real Time Health Monitoring System using Arduino this method
is to implement a prototype model for the real time patient monitoring system.
The proposed method is used to measure the physical parameters like body
temperature, heart beat rate, and oxygen level monitoring with the help of
biosensors. By the system of Hand Gesture Recognition Application for
Physically Disabled People we get the information that is a communication
system which converts signal languages, used by dumb people, It is done based
on a narrative hand gesture recognition technique. The solution approach
consists of a hardware module and software module.

In this system, we used Arduino Uno at the transmitter and receiver side. we
establish the direct communication between patient and doctor or nurse by
sending a message based on the motion. The main part of this system is
Arduino Uno, In that we used ZigBee module for the transmission and
reception of the signal and we measure the physical parameter of the patient.
At the transmitter, we connected the accelerometer to the Arduino which sense
the motion of the patient, also there is the heart beat transmitter section (at the
patient side), a four axis accelerometer will be placed on the any moveble part
of the patient.
 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY AND DISCUSSION

This accelerometer is capable of measuring the static acceleration due to gravity

and thus finding the angle at which the device is tilted with respect to the earth.
Whenever patient needs any help he tilts the accelerometer in different
directions. This acts as an input to the accelerometer while output of it is in volts
that is connected to the controller board which acts as the processing unit. The
output of the accelerometer depends on the tilt angles and is read by the
controller. The controller maps the input voltages between 0 and 5 volts into
integer values between 0 and 1023 as analog data from the range of 0-1023. This
range provides a lot of sensitivity and a slight shift can lead to change in value.
To reduce the complexity and provide a simple way for the patients, we reduced
its sensitivity by mapping it to 0-5 volts and then provided a range for front,
back, forward and backward.These directions can be easily understood and used
by any person using his/her thumb or any part of the body capable of moving in
these directions. A predefined message catering to the basic needs of the
patients and those required for emergency will be stored in the ranges assigned
to a particular direction as mentioned above. For example: food/water is the
message displayed when the patient moves his finger to the right. So on tilting
the accelerometer to the right, it will send its value to the controller. If this value
lies between the range assigned to the right direction the predefined message
that is food/water in this case will be sent to the next module that is the RF
transmitter module. The RF transmitter becomes active when a message is sent
from the controller for transmission. RF transmitter and receiver works on the
frequency of 434 MHz. The accelerometer will be connected to each patient and
each patient will have a controller board and transmitter for sending his
messages. For identification of different patients their name or number is sent to
the nurse. All these transmitters can be connected centrally to one RF receiver
which works on the same frequency as the transmitter. Thus the proposed
system will provide a many to one communication. At the receiver side, RF
receiver will receive the message and send it to the controller board on the
receiver side which will then display the message on the LCD. On reception of
the message, nurse will remotely take the required action to cater to the needs of
the message. In case of emergency the patient has to just press a push button
which will signal the processing board to send an emergency alarm to the
receiver. The receiver will then signal the controller to activate the buzzer.

Figure 1-Block Diagram of Transmeter & Reciever Circuit

This will help the nurse to take care of the emergency as soon as possible.
Taking medication at the right time is a serious business, the Medicine Reminder
is another feature of this device to prompt the nurse the time to give patients
their medicines. The Medicine Reminder is intended to be used by the nurse or
caretaker so that a mistake is never made in giving the medicines. The medicine
reminder is implemented using a real time clock. Usually for real time DS1307
Real time clock chip along with a battery is used, but this increases the amount
of hardware used and makes the device bulky. So we propose a system in which
the time table of all the patients will be stored in the database and the nurse will
be reminded automatically when it’s time to attend any patient according to the
time table. This will be implemented by programming the controller board. On
interfacing the LCD with the controller and feeding the code in the software, the
real time clock runs the time on the display. Furthermore we can set an alarm
time for medication schedule of a group of patients. When a particular alarm
turns on, the display indicates Patient1 medicine, Patient2 medicine and so on.
The system proposed will be user defined so that the nurse can change the
timetable according to the needs as and when the patient changes.

CHAPTER 2

2.HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

MICROCONTROLLER

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328

(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or
power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI
USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to
version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. Revision 2 of the Uno
board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put
into DFU mode.
Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:
 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two
other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the
shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields
will be compatible both with the board that use the AVR, which operate
with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate with 3.3V. The second one
is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.
 Stronger RESET circuit.
 Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of
Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino,
moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the
reference model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous
versions, see the index of Arduino boards

Power
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an
external power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External(non-
USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery.
The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the
board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin
headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied
with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the
board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may
overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The
power pins are as follows:
  VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other
regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if
supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The
board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 -
12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V).
Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can
damage your board. We don't advise it.
 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum
current draw is 50 mA.
 GND. Ground pins.

Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also
has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with
the EEPROM library).
Input and Output
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pin Mode (), digital Write(), and digital Read() functions. They operate at 5
volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal
pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 ohms. In addition, some pins
have specialized functions:
 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the
ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See
the attachInterrupt() function for details.
  PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the
analogWrite() function.
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin
is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10
bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from
ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range
using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins
have specialized functionality:
 TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication
using the Wire library.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with
analogReference().
 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to
add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

See also the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping
for the Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.
Communication
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a
computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides
UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX)
and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication
over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The
'16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is
needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from
the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is
being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer
(but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library
allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The
Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the
documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.
Programming
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software
(download). Select "Arduino Uno from the Tools > Boardmenu (according to the
microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that
allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C
header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller
through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions
for details. The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware
source code is available. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU
bootloader, which can be activated by:
 On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board
(near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2
HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer
(Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header
with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader).

USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB
ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own
internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than
500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the
connection until the short or overload is removed.

Physical Characteristics

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches
respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the
former dimension. Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or
case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an
even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

ATMEGA 328 Features:

Features

 High Performance, Low Power AVR

 8-Bit Microcontroller
 Advanced RISC Architecture
 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
 Fully Static Operation
  Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz
 On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
 High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
 4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash progam memory
 Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
 Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C
 Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits In System
Programming by On-chip Boot Program True Read While-Write
Operation
 Programming Lock for Software Security

Peripheral Features

 Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode

 One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and
Capture Mode
 Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
 Six PWM Channels
 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
 Temperature Measurement
 -channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package
 Programmable Serial USART
 Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
 Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface
 Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
 On-chip Analog Comparator
 Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change
AT MEGA328 ARCHITECTURE

Fig2.1.2.1 ATMEGA328 architecture

AT MEGA328

Fig2.1.3.1ATMEGA328 pin diagram

Pin Descriptions
VCC Digital supply voltage.
GND Ground.
Port B (PB7:0)
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.Depending on the clock selection fuse settings,
PB6 can be used as input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the
internal clock operating circuit. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings,
PB7 can be used as output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier. If the Internal
Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7.6 is used as TOSC2.1
input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.
Port C (PC5:0)
Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The PC5..0 output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up Resistors are
activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
PC6/RESET
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note
that the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port
C.
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level
on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even
if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in Table 28-3 on
page 308. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a Reset.
Port D (PD7:0)
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins
that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
AVCC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and
ADC7:6. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used.
If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note
that PC6..4 use digital supply voltage, VCC.
AREF
AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.1.1.9 ADC7:6
(TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only)In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package,
ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter. These pins are powered
from the analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels

LIQUID-CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

It is a flat-panel display or other electronic visual display that uses the

light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light
directly.

LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose

computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be
displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays as in
a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images
are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger
elements
 LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer
monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage.
They are common in consumer devices such as DVD players, gaming
devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones, and have replaced cathode
ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. They are available in a wider
range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use
phosphors, they do not suffer image burn-in. LCDs are, however, susceptible
to image persistence.

The LCD screen is more energy-efficient and can be disposed of more

safely than a CRT. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used
in battery-powered electronic equipment more efficiently than CRTs. It is
an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments
controlling a layer of liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light
source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. Liquid
crystals were first discovered in 1888. By 2008, annual sales of televisions with
LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became
obsolete for most purposes.

LCD DIAGRAM

Fig2.3.1 LCD DIAGRAM

Advantages
 Very compact and light.
 Low power consumption. Depending on the set display brightness and
content being displayed, the older CCFT backlit models typically use
30–50% of the power a CRT monitor of the same size viewing area
would use, and the modern LED backlit models typically use 10–25%
of the power a CRT monitor would use.
 Very little heat emitted during operation, due to low power
consumption.
 No geometric distortion.
 The possible ability to have little or no flicker depending on backlight
technology.
 Usually no refresh-rate flicker, because the LCD pixels hold their state
between refreshes (which are usually done at 200 Hz or faster,
regardless of the input refresh rate).
 It is very thin compared to a CRT monitor, which allows the monitor to
be placed farther back from the user, reducing close-focusing related
eye-strain.
 Razor sharp image with no bleeding/smearing when operated at native
resolution.
 Emits much less undesirable electromagnetic radiation than a CRT
monitor (in the extremely low frequency range).
 Can be made in almost any size or shape.
 No theoretical resolution limit. When multiple LCD panels are used
together to create a single canvas, each additional panel increases the
total resolution of the display, which is commonly called “stacked”
resolution.
 Can be made to large sizes (more than 60 inches (150 cm)) lightly and
relatively inexpensively due to established mass production
Disadvantages
 Limited viewing angle in some (mostly older or cheap) monitors,
causing color, saturation, contrast and brightness to vary, even within
the intended viewing angle, by variations in posture.
 Uneven backlighting in some (mostly older) monitors, causing
brightness distortion, especially toward the edges.
 Black levels may appear unacceptably bright because individual liquid
crystals cannot completely block all light from passing through.
 Display motion blur on moving objects caused by slow response times

OPERATION

Most implementations of LCD backlighting use PWM to dim the

display, which makes the screen flicker more acutely (this does not mean visibly)
than a CRT monitor at 85 Hz refresh rate would (this is because the entire screen
is strobing on and off rather than a CRT's phosphor sustained dot which
continually scans across the display, leaving some part of the display always lit),
causing severe eye-strain for some people. Unfortunately, many of these people
don't know that their eye-strain is being caused by the invisible strobe effect of
PWM. This problem is worse on many of the new LED backlit monitors, because
the LEDs have a faster turn-on/turn-off time than a CCFL lamp.

LCD has only one native resolution. Displaying any other resolution either
requires a video scaler, causing blurriness and jagged edges; or running the
display at native resolution using 1:1 pixel mapping, causing the image either not
to fill the screen (letterboxed display), or to run off the lower right edge of the
screen.
 It has fixed bit depth, many cheaper LCDs are only able to display 262,000
colors. 8-bit S-IPS panels can display 16 million colors and have significantly
better black level, but are expensive and have slower response time.

It has low refresh rate. All but a few high-end monitors support no higher
than 60 or 75 Hz; while this does not cause visible flicker due to the LCD panel's
high internal refresh rate, the low input refresh rate still limits the maximum
frame-rate that can be displayed, negatively impacting gaming and 3D graphics.

The Input lags because the LCD's A/D converter waits for each frame to be
completely outputted before drawing it to the LCD panel. Many LCD monitors
do post-processing before displaying the image in an attempt to compensate for
poor color fidelity, which adds an additional lag. Further, a video scalar must be
used when displaying non-native resolutions, which adds yet more lag. Scaling
and post processing are usually done in a single chip on modern monitors, but
each function that chip performs adds some delay. Some displays have a gaming
mode which disables all or most processing to reduce perceivable input lag.

LCD subjects to burn-in effect, although the cause differs from CRT and
the effect may not be permanent, a static image can cause burn-in in a matter of
hours in badly design displays.

In a constant-on situation, thermalization may occur in case of bad thermal

management, in which part of the screen has overheated and looks discolored
compared to the rest of the screen.

Loss of brightness and much slower response times in low temperature

environments. In sub-zero environments, LCD screens may cease to function
without the use of supplemental heating.
 Poor display in direct sunlight (unless matte-based instead of glossy-
based), often completely unviewable. Transflective LCDs provide a large
improvement by reflecting natural light, but are dimmer when relying on the
backlight and so they have only been adopted for specific uses such as outdoor
vending machines, gasoline pumps, car dashboards and alarm clocks.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and
find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and
is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are
preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs.

The reasons for the usage of LCD:

LCDs are economical, easily programmable and have no limitation of
displaying special & even custom characters , animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such
lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has
two registers, namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing
it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data
register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value
of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal
structure of a LCD.
LCD PIN DIAGRAM:

Fig: LCD PIN DIAGRAM

Pin Description:

Pin
Function Name
No

1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc

3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE

Selects command register when low; and data register Register

4
when high Select

Low to write to the register; High to read from the

5 Read/write
register

6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable

7 DB0

8 DB1

9 DB2

10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4

12 DB5

13 DB6

14 DB7

15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+

16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

Power supply
The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which
steps that ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier
then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple
capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has
some ripple or ac voltage variation.
A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc
value even if the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc
voltage changes. This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of the
popular voltage regulator IC units.

Block diagram

Fig:POWER SUPPLY

When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as bridge
rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of
the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners.
Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a
positive potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive
potential at point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4. The negative
potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time D3 and D1
are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2
are reverse biased and will block current flow. The path for current flow is from
point B through D1, up through RL, through D3, through the secondary of the
transformer back to point B. this path is indicated by the solid arrows. Waveforms
(1) and (2) can be observed across D1 and D3.One-half cycle later the polarity
across the secondary of the transformer reverse, forward biasing D2 and D4 and
reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow will now be from point A through D4,
up through RL, through D2, through the secondary of T1, and back to point A.
This path is indicated by the broken arrows. Waveforms (3) and (4) can be
observed across D2 and D4. The current flow through RL is always in the same
direction. In flowing through RL this current develops a voltage corresponding to
that shown waveform (5). Since current flows through the load (RL) during both
half cycles of the applied voltage, this bridge rectifier is a full-wave rectifier.

IC voltage regulators

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units

contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device,
and overload protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a
fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustable set voltage. The
regulators can be selected for operation with load currents from hundreds of milli
amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from milli watts to
tens of watts
 Fig 3.3.2.1 Circuit diagram (Power supply)

A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input

voltage, Vi, applied to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo, from
a second terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground. The series 78
regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. Similarly,
the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24
volts.
RELAY:

DEFINITION OF RELAY:

A relay is an electromagnetic switch operated by a relatively small electric

current that can turn on or off a much larger electric current. The heart of
a relay is an electromagnet (a coil of wire that becomes a temporary magnet when
electricity flows through it) Electromagnetic relays are those relays which are
operated by electromagnetic action. Modern electrical protection relays are
mainly micro processor based, but still electromagnetic relay holds its place.

It will take much longer time to be replaced the all electromagnetic relays
by micro processor based static relays. So before going through detail of
protection relay system we should review the various types of electromagnetic
relays.

ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY WORKING:

Practically all the relaying device is based on either one or more of the
following types of electromagnetic relays.

1. Magnitude measurement,

2. Comparison,

3. Ratio measurement.

Principle of electromagnetic relay working is on some basic principles.

Depending upon working principle the these can be divided into following types
of electromagnetic relays.

1. Attracted Armature type relay,

2. Induction Disc type relay,

3. Induction Cup type relay,

4. Balanced Beam type relay,

5. Moving coil type relay,

6. Polarized Moving Iron type relay.

RF MODULE
An RF module (radio frequency module) is a (usually) small electronic
device used to transmit and/or receive radio signals between two devices. In
an embedded system it is often desirable to communicate with another device
wirelessly. This wireless communication may be accomplished through
optical communication or through radio frequency (RF) communication.

Figure 4- RF Transmitter & Reciever

Table 1- Specifications of RF Transmitter & Reciever

Fig- Specifications of RF Transmitter & Reciever

ACCELOROMETER(ADXL 335)

The ADXL335 is a small, thin, low power, complete 3-axis accelerometer with
signal conditioned voltage outputs. The product measures acceleration with a
minimum full-scale range of ±3 g. It can measure the static acceleration of
gravity in tilt-sensing applications, as well as dynamic acceleration resulting
from motion, shock, or vibration. The user selects the bandwidth of the
accelerometer using the CX, CY, and CZ capacitors at the XOUT, YOUT, and
ZOUT pins. Bandwidths can be selected to suit the application, with a range of
0.5 Hz to 1600 Hz for the X and Y axes, and a range of 0.5 Hz to 550 Hz for
the Z axis. The ADXL335 is available in a small, low profile, 4 mm × 4 mm ×
1.45 mm, 16-lead, plastic lead frame chip scale package (LFCSP_LQ).
 Figure 6- Functional Block Diagram of AXDL335

TRANSFORMER LESS AC TO DC POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT USING

DROPPING CAPACITOR

Production of low voltage DC power supply from AC power is the most

important problem faced by many electronics developers and hobbyists.

The straight forward technique is the use of a step down transformer to

reduce the 230 V or 110V AC to a preferred level of low voltage AC.

But SMPS power supply comes with the most appropriate method to

create a low cost power supply by avoiding the use of bulky transformer.

This circuit is so simple and it uses a voltage dropping capacitor in series

with the phase line. Transformer less power supply is also called as

capacitor power supply. It can generate 5V, 6V, 12V 150mA from 230V

or 110V AC by using appropriate zener diodes.

Figure : Transformer 6 volt power supply

WORKING OF TRANSFORMER POWER SUPPLY

volt 500 Ampere Step Down Transformer

It is a general purpose chassis mounting mains transformer. Transformer has 240

V primary windings and centre tapped secondary winding. The transformer has

flying colored insulated connecting leads ( Approx 100 mm long ). The

Transformer act as step down transformer reducing AC - 240V to AC - 6V.

The Transformer gives two outputs of 12V, 6V and 0V. The Transformer's

construction is written below with details of Solid Core and Winding.

The transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive

coupling between its winding circuits. A varying current in the primary winding

creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying

magnetic flux through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces

a varying electromotive force (E.M.F) or voltage in the secondary winding. The

transformer has cores made of high permeability silicon steel. The steel has a

permeability many times that of free space and the core thus serves to greatly

reduce the magnetizing current and confine the flux to a path which closely

couples the windings.

Features of 6-0-6 (12Volt) 500 mA Transformer.

• Soft Iron Core.

• 500 mA Current Drain.

Applications of 6-0-6 (12Volt) 500 mA Transformer.

• DIY projects Requiring In-Application High current drain.

• On chassis AC/AC converter.

• Designing a battery Charger.

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0 6 volt ac 500ma transformer step down transformer 6-0-6,6 volt step down

transformer,6-0-6 step down transformer online India.

printed circuit board (PCB)

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically

connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and

other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a nonconductive

substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer),

double sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer (outer and inner layers).

Multi-layer PCBs allow for much higher component density.

Conductors on different layers are connected with plated- through holes

called vias. Advanced PCBs may contain components - capacitors,

resistors active devices - embedded in the substrate.

Figure : Blank glass epoxy PCB Board

 ADVANTAGES,DISADVANTEGES & APPLICATIONS

Advantages:

 It help to doctor for 24 hours monitoring many patient at a time.

 It is reliable and effective.

 This system is simplest for solution to various issues faced by nurses in

traditionally communicating with disabled patients.

Disadvantages:

 If connection is disturbed then communication between patient and nurse

will lost.

Applications:

 It is more applicable in hospitals for 24 hours monitoring a patient.

 It is also applicable in house for monitoring a single patient.

 CONCLUSION

In this system where we can send the signal given by patients wirelessly
through the gesture movement by body parts to the nurse, the information
hence will be displayed on the LCD display.
Each patient will have such a device installed on or around his body and all
such patients will be centrally linked to the receiver at the nurse side. Along
with this a real time medicine reminder and an emergency buzzer to simplify
the work of the nurse was implemented. Our system provides a reliable,
effective and simple yet important solution to various issues faced by nurses in
traditionally communicating with disabled patients.

REFERENCES

[1] Aishwarya Desai, Nishigandha Pawar, Kshitija Desai, Noopur Behrani

“motion based message conveyor for paralytic/disabled”. International Journal
of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Volume
4, Issue 3, March 2016

[2] Rohini Bhilare, Shraddha Swami, Priyanka Deshmukh, Mr. Prasad R. Patil
“motion based message conveyor for patient using arduino system and zigbee”.
International Journal Of Advanced Research In Engineering Technology &
Sciences March-2015 Volume 2, Issue-3

[3] Prpit Verma, Nitish Kapila, Narsingh Rathore, Aakash Prajapati md. suhaib
abbasi “motion based message conveyer for paralytic/disabled people”.
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering
Technology (IJRASET) April- 2017 Volume 5, Issue-4
THANK YOU