A Project Report

On

PERSONNEL COUNTER
Submitted to

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR, ANANTHAPURAMU

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted By

N.JHANSI - (16699A0472)

M.VASAVI - (16699A04A6)

G.V.PRIYANKA - (16699A04A8)

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Dheeren Ku Mahapatra

Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

MADANAPALLE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

(UGC – AUTONOMOUS)

(Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuramu)

Accredited by NBA, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi

 AN ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution

P. B. No: 14, Angallu, Madanapalle – 517325

2016-2020

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “PERSONNEL COUNTER” is a bonafide work carried out by

N.JHANSI - (16699A0472)

M.VASAVI - (16699A04A6)

G.V.PRIYANKA - (16699A04A8)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree Bachelor of Technology in the stream of
Electronics & Communication Engineering in Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science, Madanapalle,
affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Ananthapuramu during the academic year 2017-
2018.

Guide Head of the Department

Dr. Dheeren ku Mahapatra Dr.K.R.Kashwan, Ph.D,

Assistant Professor Dean and Head

Department of ECE Departments of ECE

Submitted for the University examination held on:

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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 I express my sincere and heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Dheeren Ku Mahapatra Assistant Professor in Dept. of
E.C.E, M.I.T.S, Madanapalle who has guided me in completing the Project with his/her cooperation, valuable
guidance and immense help in giving the project a shape and success. I am very much indebted to him/her for
suggesting a challenging and interactive project and his valuable advice at every stage of this work.

We are extremely grateful to Dr.K.R.Kashwan, Ph.D., Dean and Head of ECE for her valuable guidance and constant
encouragement given to us during this work.

We sincerely thank Dr. C. Yuvaraj, M.E., Ph.D., Principal for guiding and providing facilities for the successful completion
of our project at Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science, Madanapalle.

We sincerely thank the MANAGEMENT of Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science for providing
excellent infrastructure and lab facilities that helped me to complete this project.

We would like to say thanks to other Faculty of ECE Department and also to our friends and our parents for their
help and cooperation during our project work.

3
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the results embodied in this project “PERSONNEL COUNTER” by us under the
guidance of Dr. Dheeran Ku Mahapatra Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE in partial fulfillment of the award of
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering, MITS, Madanapalle from Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Ananthapuramu and we have not submitted the same to any other
University/institute for award of any other degree.

Date :

Place :

PROJECTASSOCIATES

N.JHANSI

M.VASAVI

G.V.PRIYANKA

I certify that above statement made by the students is correct to the best of my knowledge.

Date : Guide
Dr. Dheeren Ku Mahapatra

4
 ABSTRACT

In today’s world, there is a continuous need for automated appliances. With the
increase in the living standards, there is an immediate need for developing
circuits that would enhance living conditions and luxury. The proposed systems
control various elements in the room, such as lighting, ventilation and circulation
depending on the personnel count in the room. The system can be applied
regardless of the size of the room. This proposed solution is most viable in
scenarios where crowd control is essential. Some example are large indoor
congregations, popular tourist locations and temples.

Keywords: Arduino Uno, LCD, IR Sensors, Resistor

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 CONTENTS

Abstract……………………………………………………………………...…3

1. Chapter one …………………………….……..……………………..………6

1.0 Introduction……………….………………...…………………...6
1.1 Objective of the project……………………….………………...6
1.2 Literature review…………………………..………………..…..7

2. Chapter two…………………………………….…………………..….……8
2.0 List of Components…………………………………………..…8
2.1 Arduino Uno……………………….…….……………………...8

3. Chapter three………………………………………………………………...10
3.0 The Resistor……………………………………..……………..10
3.1 IR Sensor……………………………………..……………..….10
3.2 16X2 LCD Display……………………….………………….....11
3.3 Pin Description…………………………...……………..…...…12

4. Chapter four…………………………………………………………….……13
4.0 Hardware Design………………………………………….…….13
4.1 Block Diagram…………………………………………..............14
4.2 Software Design……………………………………..…….……14
4.3 Installing the Arduino…………………………………………...14
4.4 Verifying the Hardware……………………………………...….15
4.5 Arduino Language…………………………...….……..………..15

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5. Chapter five……………………………………………………..……...……..16
5.0 System Implementation and Development………………………16
5.1Testing……………………………………………………..……..16
5.2 Display Testing…………………………………..………...…....16
5.3 Development of the whole system…………..................………..17
5.4 Expected test results………………………………....………….17

6.Chapter six………………………………………………………..……..……18
6.0 Summary and Conclusion……………………………..……..….18
6.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………18
6.2 Applications……………………………………………………..18
6.3 Future Work Scope………………………………….……..……18
6.4 Appendix…………………………………………….…….……19
1.Programming Code of Personnel Counter…………….……...19
2.Programming Code for testing Active High/Low Sensor….…21
6.5 References……………………………………………………....22

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION:

Personnel Counter with Automatic Room Light Controller is a reliable Circuit that takes over
the task of controlling the room lights as well us counting number of person’s visitors in the
room very accurately when somebody enters into the room then the Counter is incremented
by one value and the light in the room will automatically switched ON and when any one
leaves the room then the counter is decremented by one value and the light will be only
switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out. The total number of persons inside the
room is also displayed on the LCD display. The Arduino Uno does the above job. It receives
the signals from the sensors, and this signal is operated under the control of software called
Arduino(IDE). Also in addition the total number of person in the room be incremented value
or decremented value will always be displayed in the LCD thus makes this system a very
user friendly.

OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT :

Wastage of electricity is one of the main problems which we are facing now-a-days. In our
home, school, colleges or industry we see that fan and lighting point are kept on even if there
are nobody in the room or area and passage. This happens due to negligence or because we
forgot to turn lights off or we are in a hurry. To avoid all such situations this project called
“PERSONNEL COUNTER” is designed. This project has two modules, first one is known
as “Digital Visitor counter” and second module is known as “Automatic room light
controller”. Main concept behind this project is known as “Visitor counter” which measures
the number of persons entering in any room like seminar hall, conference room, hotel rooms.
Here Arduino receives the signals from the sensors, and this signal is operated under the
control of software which is stored in the ROM.

LCD display placed outside the room displays this value of person count. This person count
will be incremented if somebody enters inside the room and at that time lights are turned on.
And in reverse way, person count will be decremented if somebody leaves the room. When
number of persons inside the room is zero, lights inside the room are turned off.

8
LITERATURE REVIEW :

Although not same but many related work have been done by many researchers. Some of the
papers have been studied and described below.

 Asha Rawat, et al. [2016] has done an “Automated Room Light Controller with
Visitor Counter” [1]. The main purpose of the project is automation, saving electricity,
increasing appliance life span and yet providing a desired output smartly

 Winfred Adjardjah et al [2016] has done “Design and Construction of a Bidirectional

Digital Visitor Counter”[2]. This paper presents the design and construction of a digital
bidirectional visitor counter (DBVC). The DBVC is a reliable circuit that takes over the task
of counting number of persons / visitors in the room very accurately and beeps a warning
alarm when the number of visitors exceeds the capacity limit of the auditorium/hall.

 Gaurav Waradkaret al [2016] has done “Automated Room Light Controller with
Visitor Counter” [3]. This paper presents the design and construction of a digital
bidirectional visitor counter. This is reliable project that takes over the task of counting
number of visitors in the room.

9
 CHAPTER 2

LIST OF COMPONENTS:

Following is the list of components that are necessary to build the assembly the project.
1. Arduino Uno
2. 16×2 LCD display
3. Resistors
4. IR Sensors
5. LED
6. Computer with Arduino software installed

ARDUINO UNO :

An Arduino board historically consists of an Atmel 8-, 16-or 32-bit AVR microcontroller
with complementary components that facilitate programming and incorporation into other
circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is its standard connectors, which let users
connect the CPU board to a variety of interchangeable add-on modules termed shields. Some
shields communicate with the Arduino board directly over various pins, but many shields are
individually addressable via an I²C serial bus—so many shields can be stacked and used in
parallel. It provides 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce pulse width modulated
signals, and six analog inputs, which can also be used as six digital I/O pins. This board has a
5 volt linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator and a USB connection, a power jack,
an ICSP header, and a reset button.

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Figure-1: Arduino UNO

11
 CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

The components used are described below

THE RESISTOR :

A resistor is a device that restricts the flow of electricity. It opposes the low of current.
Resistors can limit or divide the current, reduce the voltage, protect an electric circuit, or
provide large amount of heat or light. Its unit is ohm. Alternatively, ohm can be defined as
the resistance of a circuit in which a current of 1 ampere generates heat at a rate of 1 watt. If
V represents the potential difference in volts across the circuit having resistance R ohm,
carrying a current in
amperes, the relationship is thus;
V = IR………………………………… (1)
Hence, R = V/I………………………………… (2)
Where; R is resistance
V is voltage I is current (amperes)

Resistors can be connected either in series or parallel in an electrical circuit. When resistors
are connected in series, their combined resistance is equal to the sum individual resistors
connected together.
INFRARED SENSOR MODULE:
An infrared sensor is an electronic device that emits in order to sense some aspects of the
surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.
The radiations are invisible to our eyes, which can be detected by an infrared sensor. The
emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR
photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR
LED.
Figure-2: IR Sensor

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD):

Liquid Crystal Display screen is an
electronic display module and find a wide range of
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applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in
various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other
multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have
no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments),
animations and so on. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are
2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two
registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command
instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined
task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc.
The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of
the character to be displayed on the LCD.

Figrure-3: LCD Display

PIN DESCRIPTION

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Pin.no Function Name

1 Ground(0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage(5V) VCC
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable VEE
resistor
4 Selects command register when low; and Register select
data register when high
5 Low to right to the register; high to read Read / write
from the register
6 Sends data to data pins when high to low Enable
pulse is given
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 8- bit data pins DB3
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Back light VCC(5V) LED+
16 Back light Ground(0V) LED-
Tabulation-1

CHAPTER 4

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 SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

HARDWARE DESIGN:

The block diagram can be separated into three blocks,

Sensor block
Controller and Display block
Appliances block

 SENSOR BLOCK
 The sensor block consists of IR sensor.
 IR sensor is used to count the number of persons in the room.

 CONTROLLER AND DISPLAY BLOCK

 The Arduino board receives the messages from sensor block and controls the appliances in
the room.
 Arduino switches ON the appliances based on number of persons in the room.
 LCD display is used to display the visitors count.

 APPLICATIONS BLOCK
 Appliances block consists of appliances like Light ,Fan .
 Lights and fans will be turned ON based on persons count in the room.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

POWER SUPPLY

IR SENSOR 1
LCD DISPLAY
ARDUINO UNO
IR SENSOR 2 LED/FAN

Figure-4: Block Diagram

Software design
Software design is divided into two parts. First we write the Arduino program in Arduino
software. Then we compile it to the Arduino hardware. This Arduino command is control the
Arduino hardware and other circuit and display connection.

INSTALLING ARDUINO :
Arduino runs on Windows. Go to the Arduino software web site at
http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software and download the version of the software compatible
with our system. We use Arduino 1.0.5 version.

VERIFYING THE HARDWARE :

Now that we have the Arduino IDE software installed, let’s connect the computer to the mc
board, load a small program, and verify that all components are working together. First, need
to connect the USB cable to our mc board and then plug the other end of the USB cable into
our computer.

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ARDUINO LANGUAGE :
The Arduino language is implemented in C/C++ and based in Wiring. When we write an
Arduino sketch, we are implicitly making use of the Wiring library, which is included with
the Arduino IDE. This allows us to make run able programs by using only two functions:
setup () and loop (). As mentioned, the Wiring language is inspired by Processing, and the
Arduino language structure is inherited from the Processing language, where the equivalent
functions are called setup (). We need to include both functions in every Arduino program,
even if we don’t need one of them.

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 CHAPTER 5

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

TESTING:
Testing is a vital process in the development and realization of any design, be it hardware
based, software based or both. The various components and their circuitry have to be tested
to ensure that all the components on board are certified okay and in good working condition.
The components that did not give the required output specification where isolated and
troubleshoot to determine the nature and cause of the component failure through careful
analysis, that is examination of the working principles of the component(s).
DISPLAY TESTING :
When a program to show ‘visitor counter’ is burnt into the arduino, the display shows the
sentence. The following figure shows the display test.

Figure-5: Display Testing

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE WHOLE SYSTEM :
After completing the whole circuit and developing the control system and setting in the
door, it has been observed that it works properly. Therefore it can be said that it is ready for
commercialization. The complete system is shown in the following figure.

Figure-6: Development of the Whole System

EXPECTED TEST RESULTS:

The design of Personnel counter controller is meant to be a system that is used to take the
number of people in a particular room on entrance and exist, so that when there is no one in
the room the lights, fans and gadgets are turned off automatically. With this system the user
do not need to press any button, once he/she enters the room, the room the light turns on. To
effectively carry out an intensive test, it is a good practice to run or retest the project as many
times as possible to make sure that the desired design specification is met. The result that is
expected is for the system,the sensor sends signals which will activate the load and power
the lights.

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 CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION:
 From the concept of Personnel Counter, it is easy to minimize power consumption and
also it is low in cost.
 Electricity usage is minimized by the automatic switching ON/OFF of lights and Fans
based on visitor’s count.

APPLICATIONS:
 The Personnel Counter using Arduino Uno circuit can be used domestically to get an
indication of number of persons entering a party
 It can be used at official meetings.
 It can be used at homes and other places to keep a check on the number of persons
entering a secured place.
 It can also be used as home automation system to ensure energy saving by switching
on the loads and fans only when needed. 

FUTURE WORK SCOPE :

This project gives us an opportunity to do a big project in future. The applications stated
above are some demo applications that are absolutely possible with its future development.
Initially for the limitation of time and required fund we were able to develop just a home
appliance control system. The system will work using IR sensor. So, we have a big work
scope in this sector. We hope that, we will be able to complete all the features needed for its
ultimate applications.

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 APPENDIX
PROGRAMMING CODE OF PERSONNEL COUNTER
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(2,3,4,5,6,7);
#define in 8
#define out 9
#define led 10
int count=0;
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.print("visitor counter");
delay(2000);
pinMode(in,INPUT);
pinMode(out,INPUT);
pinMode(led,OUTPUT);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("person in the room:");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(count);
}
void loop()
{
int in_value=digitalRead(in);
int out_value=digitalRead(out);
if(in_value==LOW)
{
count++;
lcd.clear();

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 lcd.print("person in the room:");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(count);
delay(1000);
}
if(out_value==LOW)
{
count--;
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("person in the room");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(count);
delay(1000);
}
if(count==0)
{
lcd.clear();
digitalWrite(led,LOW);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Nobody in room");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("LED is off");
delay(200);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(led,HIGH);
}
}

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 PROGRAMMING CODE FOR TESTING ACTIVE HIGH/ LOW

IR SENSOR
#define ir 8

void setup()
{
pinMode(ir,INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
int val = digitalRead(ir);
Serial.print("value= ");
Serial.println(val);
delay(1000);
}

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REFERENCES:

 Asha Rawat, et al. [2016] has done an “Automated Room Light Controller with Visitor
Counter” [1]. The main purpose of the project is automation, saving electricity, increasing
appliance life span and yet providing a desired output smartly

 Winfred Adjardjah et al [2016] has done “Design and Construction of a Bidirectional

Digital Visitor Counter” [2]. This paper presents the design and construction of a digital
bidirectional visitor counter (DBVC). The DBVC is a reliable circuit that takes over the
task of counting number of persons / visitors in the room very accurately and beeps a
warning alarm when the number of visitors exceeds the capacity limit of the
auditorium/hall.

 Gaurav Waradkaret al [2016] has done “Automated Room Light Controller with Visitor
Counter” [3]. This paper presents the design and construction of a digital bidirectional
visitor counter. This is reliable project that takes over the task of counting number of
visitors in the room.

24
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