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PROJECT REPORT
on
“Design of a Robot using Arduino”
Submitted by
G N MEGHANA
1ST19CS035
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Project work entitled “Design of a Robot using Arduino” carried out by Ms. G N
Meghana(1ST19CS035), bonafide student of SAMBHRAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY in
partial fulfilment for the award of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
AND ENGINEERING of VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, Belagavi during
the year 2022-2023. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been
incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental library. The Project report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project work prescribed for the said Degree.
EXTERNAL VIVA:
1. ______________________
2. _____________________________
SAMBHRAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
M. S. Palya, Bengaluru – 560097
DECLARATION
We the students of 8th Semester, Dept. of CSE, SaIT doing the Final Year Project,
declare that
[2] The Hardware/Software is not from any other previous final year engineering
projects of VTU.
[3] Our Project work is as per VTU norms, and we have followed the rules and
regulations.
Violating any of the above conditions, we will accept the action taken by the
Department/College/ VTU in this regard.
Dr. K. Balakrishnan
Associate Professor
Dept. of CSE, SaIT.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Any achievement, be it scholastic or otherwise does not depend solely on the individual efforts
but on the guidance, encouragement and cooperation of intellectuals, elders and friends. A
number of personalities, in their own capacities have helped us in carrying out this project work.
Sambhram Instituteof Technology, whose valuable guidance has been the one that helped us
We would like to express our profound gratitude to Dr. T. John Peter, HOD, Department of
CSE, Sambhram Institute of Technology, for his suggestions and his instructions have served
We would like to extend our impassioned thanks and admiration to our guide, Dr. K.
for their able guidance, regular source of encouragement and assistance throughout this project.
We would like to thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of the Computer Science
Department, who have helped us directly or indirectly for the successful completion of the
project.
Finally, we would like to thank our Parents and Friends who have helped us with their valuable
G N Meghana
1ST19CS035
ii
CONTENTS
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1
2. Literature Review ............................................................................................................................5
3. Objectives..........................................................................................................................................6
4. System Design ...................................................................................................................................7
4.1 System Design .....................................................................................................................7
4.1.1 Power Supply ....................................................................................................... 8
4.1.2 Ultrasonic Sensors ...............................................................................................8
4.1.3 Bluetooth Module ................................................................................................8
4.1.4 DC Motor…………………………………………………………………….....8
4.1.5 Motor Driver……………………………………………………………………8
4.1.6 Arduino Nano…………………………………………………………………...8
4.1.7 Voice controlled App…………………………………………………………...9
5. Software & Hardware Requirements ............................................................................................10
5.1 Hardware & Software Requirements… ..........................................................................11
6. Implementation ................................................................................................................................19
6.1 Steps involved in implementation ..................................................................................... 20
6.2 Algorithm ............................................................................................................................ 24
7. Code .................................................................................................................................................... 25
8. Methodology ...................................................................................................................................... 30
8.1 Proposed system .................................................................................................................. 31
9. Testing ................................................................................................................................................ 32
9.1 Types of Testing ................................................................................................................... 32
9.2 Features to be tested…………………………………………………………………….....32
9.3 Integration testing………………………………………………………………………….33
10. Results ............................................................................................................................................. 36
11. Limitations………………………………………………………………………………………..38
12. Conclusion and Future Enhancement.......................................................................................... 40
12.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 40
12.2 Future Enhancement ....................................................................................................... 42
12.3 Enhanced Application…………………………………………………………………..42
References ............................................................................................................................................. 55
iii
List Of Figures
Fig. 4.1 System Design .............................................................................................................................7
Fig. 5.1 Lithuim Battery………………………………………………………………………………12
Fig. 5.2 Ultrasonic Sensor ......................................................................................................................12
Fig. 5.3 Bluetooth Module .....................................................................................................................13
Fig. 5.4 Arduino Nano ...........................................................................................................................14
Fig. 5.5 L298 Motor… ........................................................................................................................... 15
Fig. 5.6 Wheel… .................................................................................................................................... 15
Fig. 5.7 USB Cable…............................................................................................................................. 16
Fig. 5.8 Arduino IDE… ........................................................................................................................ 16
Fig. 5.9 Arduino Application… ............................................................................................................ 17
Fig. 5.10 Android Application… ......................................................................................................... 18
Fig. 6.1 Circuit Diagram… ................................................................................................................... 20
Fig. 6.2 Hardware Components… ....................................................................................................... 20
Fig. 6.3 Generating the code… ............................................................................................................. 21
Fig. 6.4 Voice Recognition… ................................................................................................................ 21
Fig. 6.5 Voice command session… ....................................................................................................... 22
Fig. 6.6 Testing the voice recognition… .............................................................................................. 22
Fig. 6.7 Experimenting on rough terrains… ....................................................................................... 23
Fig. 6.8 Final Result… .......................................................................................................................... 23
Fig. 7.1 Commands table for movements… ........................................................................................ 29
Fig. 8.1 Methodologies… ...................................................................................................................... 30
Fig. 10.1 Assembly image.… ................................................................................................................. 36
Fig. 12.1 Wheelchair Applications… .................................................................................................. 43
Fig. 12.2 Wheelchair Applications… ................................................................................................... 43
iv
Design of A Robot Using Arduino
Chapter 1
Introduction
The development of intelligent robotic systems has led to the creation of various
autonomous vehicles, including robotic cars that can navigate through different environments
without human intervention. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in developing
voice-controlled robotic cars, which can be operated using voice commands rather than
traditional controllers or keyboards. Voice-controlled robotic cars offer several advantages,
such as ease of use, accessibility, and hands-free operation, which make them particularly
useful for individuals with physical disabilities or for those who are unable to use traditional
controllers.
The project will involve several stages, including designing and building the robotic
car, programming the Arduino board, and integrating the voice recognition module with the
system. The final system will be tested in different environments to evaluate its performance
and effectiveness. The results of the project are expected to demonstrate the feasibility of using
voice-controlled systems for robotic cars and their potential applications in different fields,
such as healthcare, education, and entertainment.
We believe in robot designs that let you explore and experiment, and the ArdBot
leaves plenty of room for expansion and independent discovery. You can use the robot for line
or wall following, maze solving, or general meandering around in a room. (Cat scaring
optional). You can also take the concepts presented here and design your own version of the
ArdBot bigger or smaller, wheels or tracks your choice. In this instalment, you’ll learn all about
the Arduino:
Chapter 2
Literature Review
Chapter 3
Objectives
This project builds a voice controlled car that can be controlled by voice commands
which reacts in accordance to the corresponding voice command. However noise and distance
handling require future development. Simple voice commands like left, right, forward, back,
stop are used to run the car. These commands are given to Bluetooth module via an android
application.
The Bluetooth module and control unit are combined to store and test the voice
commands. When an instruction for the automobile (car) is identified, a command message is
sent to Arduino Nano, the Microcontroller of the car by the Bluetooth device. This command is
analyzed by the microcontroller and followed up. In the vehicle, ultrasonic sensor can be utilized
to become aware of the obstacles.
To design and build a voice-controlled robotic car that can move in different directions
based on voice commands given by the user.
To develop a motor driver circuit that can drive the motors of the robotic car in the desired
direction based on the signals received from the Arduino board.
To program the Arduino board to process the electrical signals received from the voice
recognition module and to control the movement of the robotic car accordingly.
To integrate the voice recognition module with the system to enable the robotic car to
recognize and respond to different voice commands.
To test the performance and effectiveness of the voice-controlled robotic car in different
environments and under different conditions.
To evaluate the feasibility of using voice-controlled systems for robotic cars and their
potential applications in different fields, such as healthcare, education, and entertainment.
To identify the limitations and challenges associated with voice-controlled robotic cars
and to propose possible solutions to overcome them.
By achieving these objectives, the project will contribute to the development of intelligent
robotic systems that can be controlled using natural language interfaces, such as voice
commands. The project will also demonstrate the potential applications of voice-controlled
robotic cars in various fields and highlight the advantages and limitations of such systems.
Chapter 4
System Design
Robots consist of some sort of mechanical construction. The mechanical aspect of a robot
helps it complete tasks in the environment for which it’s designed. For example, the Mars
2020 Rover’s wheels are individually motorized and made of titanium tubing that help it
firmly grip the harsh terrain of the red planet.
Robots need electrical components that control and power the machinery. Essentially, an
electric current — a battery, for example — is needed to power a large majority of robots.
Robots contain at least some level of computer programming. Without a set of code telling,
it what to do, a robot would just be another piece of simple machinery. Inserting a program
into a robot gives it the ability to know when and how to carry out a task.
Chapter 5
Motor Control: Implement a motor control system to control the movement of the robotic car.
This typically involves using DC motors, motor drivers, and appropriate control algorithms to
enable the car to move forward, backward, turn left, turn right, and adjust its speed based on
voice commands.
Sensor Integration: Integrate sensors such as ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensors, or cameras to
provide environmental awareness and enable obstacle detection. These sensors can assist in
avoiding collisions, navigating the surroundings, and enhancing the safety of the robotic car.
Develop algorithms to process sensor data and respond accordingly.
Command Processing: Develop a command processing module that can interpret and extract
intent from recognized voice commands. Use natural language processing (NLP) techniques,
keyword matching, or predefined command patterns to identify the desired actions. Implement
logic to execute the appropriate motor control commands based on the recognized voice
commands.
Power Supply: Design a suitable power supply system for the robotic car to ensure stable and
adequate power for all components, including the microcontroller, motor drivers, sensors, and
communication modules. Consider the power requirements of each component and select
batteries or power sources accordingly. Implement power management techniques to optimize
energy usage and extend the car's operating time.
Chapter 6
Implementation
setup (): a function run once at the beginning of a program that may initialize
settings.
loop (): a function referred to as repeatedly till the board powers off+ programming
language
Chapter 7
Code
#define echoPin1 8
#define trigPin1 7
int relay1=2;
int relay2=3;
int relay3=4;
int relay4=5;
long duration;
int distance;
String datain;
digitalWrite(trigPinx, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPinx, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPinx, LOW);
return distance;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(trigPin1, OUTPUT);
Chapter 8
Methodology
Voice command is
given using Android
Application
Arduino UNO
controls the Robot
Fig.8.1 Methodologies
In this project, the movements of the Robotic car are controlled with the help of an Android
application. The above figure is the block diagram of voice controlled robotic car. The proposed
system uses voice recognition -based android mobile to control the Car. An Android application
is to be developed for this purpose. The android mobile is connected to microcontroller fitted
inside Car via a Bluetooth controller. The provided Android application gives simple user-
interface to the user for voice recognition to control the direction of motion of Car. Based on
voice recognition the corresponding signal is sent via a Bluetooth controller to the
microcontroller, which takes actions as a form of output. If the user voice command is Go-ahead
direction, then both the motors are made to move in the same direction and with the same speed.
Similarly is the Go- back direction. If the user's voice command is Turn left/right direction than
the polarity of both the motors are reversed correspondingly.
Chapter 9
Testing
The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover
every conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the
functionality of components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the
process of exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the Software system meets its
requirements and user expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are
various types of test. Each test type addresses a specific testing requirement.
Chapter 10
Results
Human voice is identified using a microphone in the android smart phone. This voice is analyzed
and converted into English words using the android operating system codes and Artificial
Intelligence software. Speech recognition is the inter-disciplinary sub-field of computational
linguistics that develops methodologies and technologies that enables the recognition and
translation of spoken language into text by computers. It is also known as automatic speech
recognition (ASR), computer speech recognition or speech to text (STT). It incorporates
knowledge and research in the linguistics, computer science, and electrical engineering fields.
From the technology perspective, speech recognition has a long history with several waves of
major innovations. Most recently, the field has benefited from advances in deep learning and big
data. The advances are evidenced not only by the surge of academic papers published in the
field, but more importantly by the worldwide industry adoption of a variety of deep learning
methods in designing and deploying speech recognition systems.
Chapter 11
Limitations
Speech Recognition Accuracy: The accuracy of speech recognition systems can vary
depending on factors such as background noise, accents, and variations in speech
patterns. Achieving high accuracy in real-world environments can be challenging, and
there may be instances where the system misinterprets or fails to recognize voice
commands accurately.
Limited Vocabulary: Voice-controlled robotic cars using Arduino may have
limitations in terms of vocabulary size and command complexity. Due to memory and
processing constraints, the system may not be able to handle a vast range of voice
commands or complex linguistic structures. This can restrict the capabilities and
functionalities of the voice-controlled car.
Response Latency: The processing time required for speech recognition and command
execution can introduce a certain level of latency. Users may experience delays
between issuing a voice command and seeing the corresponding action performed by
the robotic car. While efforts can be made to minimize latency, it may still exist to
some extent.
Environmental Limitations: Voice-controlled systems can be susceptible to
environmental factors such as background noise, echoes, and interference. In noisy or
acoustically challenging environments, the speech recognition accuracy may be
adversely affected, leading to reduced reliability and performance of the voice-
controlled robotic car.
Dependency on Communication Range: Voice-controlled robotic cars using Arduino
often rely on wireless communication modules like Bluetooth, which have limited
range. Users need to ensure that they remain within the communication range for
effective control. Moving beyond the range may result in a loss of communication and
hinder the control of the robotic car.
Hardware Limitations: Arduino boards have limited processing power, memory, and
computational capabilities compared to more advanced platforms. These limitations
can restrict the complexity of algorithms, voice recognition models, and overall system
performance. Handling large datasets or complex voice recognition algorithms may
12.1 Conclusion
In conclusion, the voice-controlled robotic car project demonstrates the feasibility and potential
of using natural language interfaces, such as voice commands, to control intelligent robotic
systems. By integrating a voice recognition module with an Arduino board and a motor driver
circuit, the project team designed and built a functional robotic car that can move in different
directions based on voice commands given by the user.
Through the implementation and testing of the voice-controlled robotic car, the project team
identified the advantages and limitations of such systems. The voice-controlled robotic car
provides a user-friendly and intuitive interface for controlling the movement of the robot, which
can be beneficial in various applications, such as healthcare, education, and entertainment.
However, the system's performance may be affected by various factors, such as speech
recognition accuracy, noise interference, power consumption, and environmental variations.
The project results also suggest several future directions for research in this field, such as
improving the speech recognition accuracy, developing more robust voice recognition
algorithms, and integrating advanced sensors and communication modules with the system.
Overall, the voice-controlled robotic car project demonstrates the potential of using natural
language interfaces for intelligent robotic systems and highlights the importance of
interdisciplinary collaborations between robotics, engineering, and computer science to develop
innovative and practical solutions for real-world problems.
The “Voice Controlled Robotic Vehicle” project has many applications and in present and future. The
project can be made more effective by adding features to it in the future. The project has applications in
wide variety of areas such as military, home security, rescue missions, industries, medical assistance etc.
We were successful in implementing a simple model of voice controlled robotic vehicle using the
available resources. The implementation of this project is easy, so this robot is beneficial for human life.
The Voice Control Robot is useful for disable people and monitoring purpose. It works on simple voice
command, so it is easy to use. It is useful for those areas where humans can’t reach. The size of this robot
is small, so we can use this robot for spying purpose. It can be used for surveillance.
We can implement web cam in this robot for security purpose. The voice recognition software has an
accuracy and for identify a voice command and it is also highly sensitive to the surrounding noise.