INEL POWER ELECTROMECHANICAL (L.L.

C)

DUBAI, UAE

TECHNICAL COURSE MATERIAL

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
MADE EASY

Organished by

Mr. P.JEYA KUMAR

Co-ordinated by

Mr. R. SARAVANABHAVAN

Mrs. M. S. RAJESWARI
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TRANSFORMER:

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors called the transformer's coils. A varying
current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding.
This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage"
in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.

IDEAL TRANSFORMER:

If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary
winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the
transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary
winding (VS) is in proportion to the primary voltage (VP), and is given by the ratio of
the number of turns in the secondary (NS) to the number of turns in the primary (NP)
as follows:

HISTORY

The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by

Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831. However, Faraday was the first to
publish the results of his experiments and thus receive credit for the discovery. The
relationship between electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" and magnetic flux was
formalized in an equation now referred to as "Faraday's law of induction":

where:

is the magnitude of the EMF in volts

ΦB is the magnetic flux through the circuit (in webers).

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Faraday's experiments included winding a pair of coils around an iron ring, thus
creating the first toroidal closed-core transformer.

Basic principles

The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can produce
a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic field
within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic
induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is
developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.

INDUCTION LAW

The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faraday's law
of induction, which states that:

where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the number of turns in the secondary coil
and Φ equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If the turns of the coil are
oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the product of the
magnetic flux density B and the area A through which it cuts. The area is constant,
being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core, whereas the magnetic
field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary. Since the same

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magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in an ideal
transformer,[24] the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals

Taking the ratio of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation[25] for
stepping up or stepping down the voltage

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

Instrument transformers are used for measuring voltage and current in electrical
power systems, and for power system protection and control. Where a voltage or
current is too large to be conveniently used by an instrument, it can be scaled down to
a standardized, low value. Instrument transformers isolate measurement, protection
and control circuitry from the high currents or voltages present on the circuits being
measured or controlled.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER:

A current transformer is a transformer designed to provide a current in its secondary

coil proportional to the current flowing in its primary coil.

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VOLTAGE TRASNFORMER:

Voltage transformers (VTs), also referred to as "potential transformers" (PTs), are

designed to have an accurately-known transformation ratio in both magnitude and
phase, over a range of measuring circuit impedances. A voltage transformer is
intended to present a negligible load to the supply being measured. The low secondary
voltage allows protective relay equipment and measuring instruments to be operated
at a lower voltages.

Both current and voltage instrument transformers are designed to have predictable
characteristics on overloads. Proper operation of over-current protection relays
requires that current transformers provide a predictable transformation ratio even
during a short-circuit.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER:

1.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

A current transformer is defined as "as an instrument transformer in which the

secondary current is substantially proportional to the primary current (under normal
conditions of operation) and differs in phase from it by an angle which is
approximately zero for an appropriate direction of the connections." This highlights
the accuracy requirement of the current transformer but also important is the isolating
function, which means no matter what the system voltage the secondary circuit need
be insulated only for a low voltage.

The current transformer works on the principle of variable flux. In the "ideal" current
transformer, secondary current would be exactly equal (when multiplied by the turns
ratio) and opposite to the primary current. But, as in the voltage transformer, some of
the primary current or the primary ampere-turns is utilized for magnetizing the core,
thus leaving less than the actual primary ampere turns to be "transformed" into the
secondary ampere-turns. This naturally introduces an error in the transformation. The
error is classified into two-the current or ratio error and the phase error.

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1.2 MATERIAL USED IN CT:

Silicon steel (or) Amorphous

Ferromagnetic material

2. TYPES OF TRANSFORMER BASED ON CONSTRUCTION:

(i) Bar Type

(ii) Window Type
(iii) Wound Type
(iv) Toridal Core Type

2.1 SUMMATION CT: When the currents in a number of feeders need not be
individually metered but summated to a single meter or instrument, a summation
current transformer can be used. The summation CT consists of two or more primary
windings which are connected to the feeders to be summated, and a single secondary
winding, which feeds a current proportional to the summated primary current. A
typical ratio would be 5+5+5/ 5A, which means that three primary feeders of 5 are to
be summated to a single 5A meter.

2.2 CORE BALANCE CT (CBCT): The CBCT, also known as a zero sequence CT,
is used for earth leakage and earth fault protection. The concept is similar to the RVT.
In the CBCT, the three core cable or three single cores of a three phase system pass
through the inner diameter of the CT. When the system is fault free, no current flows
in the secondary of the CBCT. When there is an earth fault, the residual current (zero
phase sequence current) of the system flows through the secondary of the CBCT and
this operates the relay. In order to design the CBCT, the inner diameter of the CT, the
relay type, the relay setting and the primary operating current need to be furnished.

2.3 INTERPOSING CT's (ICT's): Interposing CT's are used when the ratio of
transformation is very high. It is also used to correct for phase displacement for
differential protection of transformers.

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2.4 BUSHING CT:

Externally mounted bushing current transformers are designed for use on
existing power transformers or circuit breakers for relaying purposes. Installation time
is minimum since it is not necessary to remove bushings or open the tank for
mounting.
It is recommended that the power transformer or circuit breaker manufacturer
be checked prior to installation to determine if the bushing strike distance is affected
by installation of a bushing current transformer.

Features:

• Mounted inside the transformer tank

• It replaces the outdoor C.T. in the switchyard hence cost effective and
maintenance free
• Used for protection of high value power transformers
• C.Ts. are manufactured in single as well as multi core, multi ratio

Application:
Used in distribution & power transformers, for metering & protective applications

2.5 OUT DOOR TRANSFORMER:

A current transformer which can be used under outdoor service conditions (ambient
air temperature, humidity, pollution,...)

Features

• Outdoor type, cast resin insulated

• For measuring and protection with up to 4 secondary windings Primary
or secondary reconnectable versions
• Most electrical standards available

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2.6 LIVE AND DEAD TANK TYPE C.T

Following are the advantages of Live Tank over dead Tank:

a) The Primary conductor is short than (in live tank CT) than the Dead tank CT which
gives better Rigidity and gives high short circuit current withstanding capability and
reliability.
b) Primary winding is uniformly distributed around Core. Hence CT is truly low
reactance type, which has inherent better transient performance.
c) Due to shorter length and the tank being live the major insulation is not over the
high current carrying primary, which is the main source of heat (as in the case of
Dead tank type design.) the insulation does not get heated up while dissipating the
heat generated. This facilitates much superior thermal stability of insulation and
longer life.
With live tank circuit breakers, the enclosure that houses the contacts is energized, ie.
"live".
Dead tank circuit breaker's contact enclosures are not energized and are connected to
the ground grid. Live tank breakers are usually less expensive but you have to have
separate current transformers.

2.7 AUXILIARY C.T

Auxiliary current transformers are designed for connection in the secondary circuit of
a main current transformer to change the effective ratio on meters or relays. Wound
primary CT's which are rated for the system voltage are available for primary currents
up to 50 amperes. We also offer summation CT's for summing up to six secondary’s.

Features and Benefits

• High accuracy at low currents

• 4 kV primary to secondary isolation (wound primaries)
• Models are available for metering and relaying applications
• Some models have integral mounting feet or can be supplied with
mounting brackets.

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2.8 WOUND PRIMARY TYPE C.T

Wound primary current transformers have primary windings that usually consist of
more that one turn. Wound primary transformers have an internal primary winding
and have no windows for the primary conductor to pass through. They have an
advantage in that the designer can make units with low current ratios that therefore
have better accuracy and burden capabilities. The primary of the transformer is
inserted in series with the conductor that is being monitored. For this reason there is
some hesitation to use wound primary transformers even though they may be the most
effective way to achieve the desired performance, especially for the low current ratio
requirements. The wound primary types may be designed using the toroidal cores
because of its excellent efficiency. The wound primary current transformers are more
common in the higher (greater than 600V class) voltage class current transformers as
it makes the problems of the higher voltages easier for the design engineer to cope
with, while keeping the design as cost effective as possible.

DEFINITIONS

3.1 Rated primary current: The value of current which is to be transformed to a

lower value. In CT parlance, the "load" of the CT refers to the primary current.

3.2 Rated secondary current: The current in the secondary circuit and on which the
performance of the CT is based. Typical values of secondary current are 1 A or 5 A.
In the case of transformer differential protection, secondary currents of 1/ root 3 A
and 5/ root 3 A are also specified.

3.3 Burden:
The external load (e.g., meters, transducers, etc.) applied to the secondary of a CT is
called the burden. The burden can be expressed in volt-amperes:
VA = I2 x Z
Z = Total CT secondary impedance
I = Secondary current
(Generally 1 or 5 amps)

The burden is mentioned as x-VA for the CT.

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In the case of Measuring Current transformer, the burden depends on the connected
meters and quantity of meters on the secondary ie no of Ammeters, KWh meters,
Kvar metres, transducers and also the connecting cable burden

Total burden of Measuring CT=Connecting cable Burden in VA + sum of Meters

Burden in VA

Selected CT burden shall be more than the calculated burden.

In the case of Protection CTs the burden is calculated in the same way as above
except the burden of individual protective relays burden shall be considered instead of
meters. The connecting cable burden is calculated in the same way as metering CT

Total burden of Protection CT=Connecting cable Burden n VA + sum of Protective

relays Burden in VA.

Selected CT burden shall be more than the calculated burden

3.4 Rated burden: The apparent power of the secondary circuit in Volt-amperes
expressed at the rated secondary current and at a specific power factor (0.8 for almost
all standards)

3.5 Thermal Rating Factor: The thermal rating factor denotes the amount by which
the primary current can be increased on a continuous basis over its rated value without
exceeding the CT’s maximum temperature rise. The formula below can be used to
calculate thermal rating factors at temperatures above 30°C.

NRF = √ (85-NAT) (RF)2 / NAT

Where,
NRF - Rating Factor at New Ambient Temperature
RF - 30°C Rating Factor
NAT - New Ambient Temperature

3.6 Accuracy class:

Accuracy Class describes the performance characteristics of a CT and the maximum

burden allowable on the CT’s secondary. Figure 2 shows typical accuracy classes.
Depending on their Accuracy Class, CTs are divided into Metering Accuracy CTs or
Relaying Accuracy CTs (Protection CTs). A CT can have ratings for both groups.

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3.6.1 Metering Accuracy CTs are rated for specified standard burdens and
designed to be highly accurate from very low current to the maximum current
rating of the CT. Because of their high degree of accuracy, these CTs are
typically used by utility companies for measuring usage for billing purposes. In
the case of metering CT s, accuracy class is typically, 0.2, 0.5, 1 or 3

3.6.2 Relaying Accuracy CTs are not as accurate as Metering Accuracy CTs. They
are designed to perform with a reasonable degree of accuracy over a wider range of
current. These CTs are typically used for supplying current to protective relays. The
wider range of current allows the protective relay to operate at different fault levels.
In the case of protection CT s, the CT s should pass both the ratio and phase errors at
the specified accuracy class, usually 5P or 10P, as well as composite error at the
accuracy limit factor of the CT.
3.6.3 Class P
Class P current transformers are typically used for general applications, such as over
current protection, where a secondary accuracy limit greatly in excess of the value to
cause relay operation serves no useful purpose. Therefore a rated accuracy limit of 5
will usually be adequate.
3.6.4 Class PR
A current transformer with less than 10% remanence factor due to small air gaps for
which, in some cases, a value of the secondary loop time constant and/or a limiting
value of the winding resistance may also be specified.
3.6.5 Class PX
A current transformer of low leakage reactance for which knowledge of the
transformer secondary excitation characteristic, secondary winding resistance,
secondary burden resistance and turns ratio is sufficient to assess its performance in
relation to the protective relay system with which it is to be used.
Class PX is the definition in IEC 60044-1 for the quasi-transient current transformers
formerly covered by class X of BS 3938, commonly used with unit protection
schemes.
Class PX type CTs are used for high impedance circulating current protection and are
also suitable for most other protection schemes.

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IEC 60044-6
3.6.6 Class TPS
Protection current transformers specified in terms of complying with class TPS are
generally applied to unit systems where balancing of outputs from each end of the
protected plant is vital. This balance, or stability during through fault conditions, is
essentially of a transient nature and thus the extent of the unsaturated (or linear) zones
is of paramount importance. It is normal to derive, from heavy current test results, a
formula stating the lowest permissible value of Vk if stable operation is to be

guaranteed.
The performance of class TPS current transformers of the low (secondary) reactance
type is defined by IEC 60044-6 for transient performance. In short, they shall be
specified in terms of each of the following characteristics:
• Rated primary current
• Turns ratio (the error in turns ratio shall not exceed ±0.25%)
• Secondary limiting voltage
• Resistance of secondary winding
Class TPS CTs are typically applied for high impedance circulating current
protection.
3.6.7 Class TPX
The basic characteristics for class TPX current transformers are generally similar to
those of class TPS current transformers except for the different error limits prescribed
and possible influencing effects which may necessitate a physically larger
construction. Class TPX CTs have no air gaps in the core and therefore a high
remanence factor (70-80% remanent flux). The accuracy limit is defined by the peak
instantaneous error during the specified transient duty cycle. Class TPX CTs are
typically used for line protection.

3.6.8 Class TPY

Class TPY CTs have a specified limit for the remanent flux. The magnetic core is
provided with small air gaps to reduce the remanent flux to a level that does not
exceed 10% of the saturation flux. They have a higher error in current measurement
than TPX during unsaturated operation and the accuracy limit is defined by peak

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instantaneous error during the specified transient duty cycle. Class TPY CTs are
typically used for line protection with auto-reclose.

3.6.9 Class TPZ

For class TPZ CTs the remanent flux is practically negligible due to large air gaps in
the core. These air gaps also minimise the influence of the DC component from the
primary fault current, but reduce the measuring accuracy in the unsaturated (linear)
region of operation. The accuracy limit is defined by peak instantaneous alternating
current component error during single energization with maximum DC offset at
specified secondary loop time constant.
Class TPZ CTs are typically used for special applications such as differential
protection of large generators.

3.6.9.1 Class PS/ X CT: In balance systems of protection, CT s with a high degree of
similarity in their characteristics are required. These requirements are met by Class PS
(X) CT s. Their performance is defined in terms of a knee-point voltage (KPV), the
magnetizing current (Imag) at the knee point voltage or 1/2 or 1/4 the knee-point
voltage, and the resistance of the CT secondary winding corrected to 75C. Accuracy
is defined in terms of the turns ratio.

3.7 Composite error: The rms value of the difference between the instantaneous
primary current and the instantaneous secondary current multiplied by the turns ratio,
under steady state conditions.

3.8 Accuracy limit factor: The value of primary current upto which the CT complies
with composite error requirements. This is typically 5, 10 or 15, which means that the
composite error of the CT has to be within specified limits at 5, 10 or 15 times the
rated primary current.

3.9 Short time rating: The value of primary current (in kA) that the CT should be
able to withstand both thermally and dynamically without damage to the windings,
with the secondary circuit being short-circuited. The time specified is usually 1 or 3
seconds.

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3. 9.1 Instrument security factor (factor of security): This typically takes a value of
less than 5 or less than 10 though it could be much higher if the ratio is very low. If
the factor of security of the CT is 5, it means that the composite error of the metering
CT at 5 times the rated primary current is equal to or greater than 10%. This means
that heavy currents on the primary are not passed on to the secondary circuit and
instruments are therefore protected. In the case of double ratio CT's, FS is applicable
for the lowest ratio only.

3.9.2 Knee point voltage: That point on the magnetizing curve where an increase of
10% in the flux density (voltage) causes an increase of 50% in the magnetizing force
(current). To calculate knee point voltage of current transformer by formal

Vknee point = Isecondary(Rct+ Rcable+ Rburden)

where
Rct= resistenc of current transformer
Rcable =resistenc of cable =2Rcable
Rburden =burden of relay
IF Vknee point< manufacture voltage of current transformer current transformer is
good
IF Vknee point> manufacture voltage of current transformer current transformer must
be change
As per DEWA’s advice, the following equation is used to calculate the equivalent
knee-point voltage for class 5P protection CT’s;

Vk(eq) = {[(Pnct/1.25)+Rct]*KnALF}/1.3
Where,
Pnct is the rated VA burden of CT.
Rct is CT secondary winding resistance.
KnALF is Rated accuracy factor.

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4. CT SATURATION:
CT saturation causes severe waveform distortion of the secondary current supplied to
the protective relays. The CT can saturate so severely that the secondary current is
effectively zero.
The basic reason for CT saturation is due to the property of the core which goes to
magnetic saturation due to number of reasons like large primary current or high
burden at the secondary or an open circuit in the secondary.

If the CT gets saturated, the ratio of primary current to the secondary current will not
be to the designed value.

5. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

Fig 1. Equivalent Circuit of Current Transformer

An approximate equivalent circuit for a CT is given in Figure 1.

Where n2ZH represents the primary impedance ZH referred to the secondary
side, and the secondary impedance is, ZL, Rm and Xm represent the losses and the
excitation of the core.
The circuit in Figure 1 can be reduced to the arrangement shown in figure
4.6b where ZH can be ignored, since it does not influence either the current IH/n or
the voltage across Xm. The current flowing through Xm is the excitation current Ιe.

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The vector diagram, with the voltage drops exaggerated for clarity, is shown in
Figure 4.7. In general, ZL, is resistive and Ιe lags Vs by 90°, so that Ie is the
principal source of error. Note that the net effect of Ie is to make I lag and be much
smaller than ΙH /n, the primary current referred to the secondary side.

Figure 2 Vector diagram for the CT equivalent

circuit

5.1 EMF EQUIVATION:

Eavg = 4.44*f*A*N*Bmax Volts
Where
f =frequency in Hz,
Α =cross-sectional area of core (cm2)
Ν =number of primary turns
Bmax =flux density (lines/cm2)

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5.2 MAGNETISATION CURVE:

Excitation voltage in volts

Current in mA

Ankle point, linear region, knee point region, saturation region.

Knee point is defined as where a 10% increase in flux density cause 50% increase in
exciting ampere turns.
Protective current transformer generally operate over-working range of flux
density extending from the ankle point to the knee region of above, while the
measuring current transformer has the flux density in the region of ankle point only.
Prior to saturation, the flux density in core is proportional to ampere-turns. On
reaching saturation, magnetising inductance becomes low and the total primary
current is utilized in exciting the core alone and, therefore, the secondary output of CT
disappears. The saturation continues till the primary transient current is reduced below
saturation level. On energy in saturation zone, the CT behaves an open circuited.
The effect of saturation is the reduced output, hence reduced speed of over
current relays. In differential relays saturation disturbs the balance and stability of
protection is affected.

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5.3 SATURATION IN C.T

CT saturation causes severe waveform distortion of the secondary current
supplied to the protective relays. The CT can saturate so severely that the secondary
current is effectively zero.
The basic reason for CT saturation is due to the property of the core which
goes to magnetic saturation due to number of reasons like large primary current or
high burden at the secondary or an open circuit in the secondary.
If the CT gets saturated, the ratio of primary current to the secondary current
will not be to the designed value.

6. CT SECONDARY OPEN CIRCUITED

Normal voltage across secondary of a 15 VA CT with current of 5A, secondary
voltage is 15/ 5 = 3V.
How ever, if by mistake, secondary is open circuited, the voltage circuited, the
voltage across the secondary rises to a high value. The peak value may reach some
kilo volts open circulating of secondary’s results in zero secondary current hence
reduced back e.m.f. The working flux increases and core gets saturated. The
secondary e.m.f increases due to increased flux.
The primary gets overheated and the core also gets over heated. Voltages are
induced in the secondary by electro-magnetic induction. The peak value of the
secondary on open circuit may be the several times the r.m.s value since the core is
saturated and wave form of voltage is distorted. This may cause danger to personnel
working on secondary side.

7. SINGLE POINT EARTHING IN C.T

• Earthing is Safety for Equipment as well as Persons those who are
working nearer to Electrical Equipment.
• In normal Condition there is no fault current flows to Earth. During
Fault Condition the Fault Current flows through Earth only.
• Single point Earthing is needed in Current transformer in order to
neglect the Effect of Splitting of Current in other Earthing.

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• If there is single Earthing in CT, During Fault Condition the Current to

flow in only one closed Path. If Double Earthing means the fault
current Split into two Directions. During this Condition the Relay
should not operate properly due to insufficient amount of Fault Current
to trip the CB.

7.1 STAR POINT IN C.T

• To avoid zero sequence component due to unbalance current.
• To safe card the equipment and the person.

8. TAN DELTA TEST:

Tan Delta, also called Loss Angle or Dissipation Factor testing, is a diagnostic
method of testing cables to determine the quality of the cable insulation. This is done
to try to predict the remaining life expectancy and in order to prioritize cable
replacement and/or injection. It is also useful for determining what other tests may be
worthwhile.

In this tan-delta test measured quantities are dissipation factor, power factor,
capacitance and dielectric power loss. The very purpose of this test is to detect
moisture content in the insulation. This detects moisture and void in the insulation.
This indicates amount of ionization.

Tan Delta, also called Loss Angle or Dissipation Factor testing, is a diagnostic
method of testing electrical equipment to determine the integrity of the insulation.
This is done to try to predict the remaining life expectancy of the equipment.

If the insulation free from defects, it approaches the properties of a perfect capacitor.
It is very similar to a parallel plate capacitor with the conductor and the neutral being
the two plates separated by the insulation material.

In a perfect capacitor, the voltage and current are phase shifted 90 degrees and the
current through the insulation is capacitive. If there are impurities in the insulation,
for example, moisture, the resistance of the insulation decreases, resulting in an

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increase in resistive current through the insulation. It is no longer a perfect capacitor.

The current and voltage will no longer be shifted 90 degrees. It will be something less
than 90 degrees. The extent to which the phase shift is less than 90 degrees is
indicative of the level of insulation contamination, hence quality/reliability. This
"Loss Angle" is measured and analyzed.

Below is a representation of insulation. The tangent of the angle δ is measured. This

will indicate the level of resistance in the insulation. By measuring IR/IC (opposite
over adjacent – the tangent), we can determine the quality of the insulation. In a
perfect insulation, the angle would be nearly zero. An increasing angle indicates an
increase in the resistive current through the insulation, meaning contamination. The
greater the angle, the worse is the insulation.

Insulation power factor is the angle 90-δ. If the insulation is excellent, the tan delta or
dissipation factor is equal to the power factor. Essentially, both tan delta and power
factor are just the same.

9. CONDITION MONITORING:

'Condition monitoring' is the process of monitoring a parameter of condition in

machinery, such that a significant change is indicative of a developing failure. It is
a major component of predictive maintenance. The use of conditional monitoring

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allows maintenance to be scheduled, or other actions to be taken to avoid the

consequences of failure, before the failure occurs.

10. TRANSIENT:
The exact meaning of the term “Transient” is short-lived or momentary or temporary.
Most of the components in our power system are inductive in nature. The property of
the inductance is it will oppose rate of rise of current. Faults on the power system are
accompanied by sudden change in current which give rise to transient conditions in
power system.
The equation for the short circuit current of a transmission line is given as below.

i(t) = Vm/z sin(ωt+α-θ) + Vm/z sin(θ- α) e^(R/L)t

where

Vm/z sin(ωt+α-θ) = Symmetrical short circuit of current of steady state current s i

Vm/z sin(θ- α) e^(R/L)t = D.C. offset current or transient current it

10.1 BEHAVIOUR OF C.T UNDER TRANSIENT:

The magnitude of DC offset current under transient condition and the time constant of
the power system decides the behaviour of CT. The material used for the CT core &
size of the CT also plays a major role on the behaviour of the CT under transient
condition.

If the CT is properly designed based on the system time constant and max. Fault
current that will be produced during the fault on the power system then the CT will
not lose its original Characteristics. Under transient condition. Otherwise it CT will
get saturate.

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11. Magnetizing Current

In addition to the current entering the primary because of the secondary load, here is
the core exciting current IN which flows in the primary whether the secondary load is
connected or not. This current is drawn by the primary core reactance XN and
equivalent core-loss resistance RE and is multiplied by N2/N1 when it is referred to the
secondary side. It has two components: IM, the magnetizing component which flows
90° lagging behind induced voltage Es; and Ie, the core-loss current which is in phase
with Es. Ordinarily this current is small and produces negligible voltage drop in the
winding.
Core-loss current is often divided into two components: eddy current and hysteresis.
Eddy-current loss is caused by current circulating in the core laminations. Hysteresis
loss is the power required to magnetize the core first in one direction and then in the
other on alternating half-cycles. Hysteresis loss and magnetization are intimately
connected, as can be seen from Fig. 5.

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