Formula
Sheet
PHYSICS

CLASS 11

r out

@Ncertkaksha
 

    r#
yqssiie t
O Y T ORY

  nnmÑ $   Mx   b   Ae % Urw
Ur w   m m M $ nñtB

atom 43 =
Volume
  et erm in t io n   dius   a =
 
M Molecular
weight
±

us n vog ro  ypoth sis 21T   N =

Avogadro 's No .

D= 0 Cu r v e
Diame te r Moon   Angle of Deviation
 ngl
= =

 
Radius
 
A
  n
 
=

Absolute Error =

mean
me n n

i. =L

M ea n Absolute Error   me   =
/  il
an
 

Relative On Error
=

 r ction l   me an

a
mea n

  100
 ercent ge Error s m
=

an '
A
mean

  rr r   addi t i o n and s u bt r ac t i o n

rror in   ultiplic tion and   v s on

  M 02
n  
+
2 B
Max
A
 

rr r     me sur
ree
a
p w r qu nt ty
n
=

  m B_
2 2
=

   

/
02 A

/
= m  

  m a _ +
 
-1
=
A
2
ax  
M ax

 xperiment l   rr r  e l value  
xperiment l   lu e
' 1
Rea l Value

Bhaiya Didi
Contribution _
•FEÑ  )a  * 9÷ (EÉ + Vaishali S a i n i / Ba s a nt S a i n i / Um es h Saini
alw
alway
ayss with you 
you 
  

  Éh , nñ  
Ek  # Ñg
Ñgqq$  Ñn

sp u =
 
 ver ge sp
=
0s
 ver ge v lo ity Tau   =

+ t

S =

displ ement t =
time
Instantaneous sp V =
limbs =   ,

V initial
velocity
=

a- * O Ot at
final
=
u
v lo ity
Instantaneous v lo ity
=

    m    
=

a - * O Ot dt  c celer ti
tion
on a =
Ov
Ot

  v =
  -1   OR   v
=
  t +  it

2   +  

a*
Instantaneous Acceleration   F OR a
da2-,
= =

 qu tions   ot on or  qu tions   k i nem ti s

 
  it =
to 1-   2 .
S =
  t + 3  
=
v   -1 2as

 velocity  
time Relation   gn
 g n t
position  

Time Relation   position  

v lo ity Relation 
ot on un r
 r vity
 A h n   ow s=h
,
a =  

 
1. U 3  
h
=
-=
  2.   =
  t
  2Gt
 

 B When  
to down s=h a -_

,
 

1. V v t t 3 v -1
  h
= =
  t
=
   
  2Gt
 

stopp n d ist n e   v hi l s
 
=
  v 

ist nce tr vele t sea OS =

 ott 2n  

Relative
v lo ity A to B
Va   j =

Vn  

=   bject move in the opposite direction

aB ig  

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NC ER T R AK SHA
Bhaiya
 
Umesh •&
 

MMM t(Ñ nm EnEnnn   PPN

PP N  $

 qu l vectors A*=B*=_  pposit v tors A*=   D*

 
 n t     ortho on l u t v tor
 ^= ^ 2^  
= =
v tor =

T A

A* ,c-
-1
 y +
gnitude A- yF j
=

 
 zt  

 e t or   ition R  tB   v tor su tr ction R  B*

e tors
  n lytic l   etho solution  

.AZ/ B2 2ABCo T Y
=

  =

t
=
B si
=
t
-1
 
T COSO  

rop rti s   e to rs

1.   I =
X ' > 0  ' =
Real no .
  8 .
  =

2.   5 =
B- +     =

g.

3. A- ' B- . B- ' A* A- ' B- =   B* xA *

4.   +   +   =
A* +   t

5. A*   A* =  8 = zero vector )

6. *  

* =

A B   t C-  
7.   =
A*

s l r or   t pro u ts   tw o v tors   =
  COSO

 rop rti s   scalar Product

A* B *
.

1.  a < .
 + ve ) (b) 0=90   e  c 0 > 90°   B  ve  

2. A  B  B  A   commutative  

3.
  B  +
  A * B* -1 A *
Distributive
)
= .

 
.

4. A * B* .
=
0 0=90
.

  two perpendicular vectors  

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NC ER T R AK SHA  
Umesh •Td
 Bhaiya

5. A * B*
. =
AB 0=0 ( t WO
parallel vectors )

  B* -
=
 
AB
0=1800

6. A* .   =
  Product of a ve cto r with itself is equal to
square 

 unit ortho on l
7.  
-
=

  •k =   =
0   - =

  =   =
1
relations )
v ec to r

8.   .B* -1 -1  tw o is
 a   vectors to
=
 z z  qu l the sum of th e

product 

e tor or cross pro u t   tw o v tors Ñ =

AB S i n o n^

  rop rti s   e tor pro u t

1. A*' B* =   B* 'A* (n o t commutative )

2. ÑX +   =
A- ' B* + A* '   D i s t r i b u t i v e 

3.  m ) ' B* =
  '   =
M A B   no n ( tw o v ec to r is multiplied by sca l a r )

4.  Ñ Ñ =
  0=90  tw o perpendi ul r ve ctor s )

5. A* ' B* =
0 0= 0 ( tw o p r ll l vectors )

6.   A* =
0   Product of a ve ct or
  its l

a.  x =  

j x =
  j xi '
j i x =  
'
k j
  '   =

  =
  '   o

B-
 
    A*
'
Azk^
=

 x +
 y +
=
where

  Az
B* =

 x   li
  Bz +
  - -1

ot on in a pl n

1. Position vector   =
 
yg-   2 4 to
=

x ty tz
2.  ispl cement vector   =
  Ñ oxi^ yj^   2in
3.  elo ity
   - +
 y
+ v l
=

4.  c celer tion
tion   =

 
dv* =

axitayj-q.li/a7=a,i
axitayj-q.li/a7=a,i ay2 az f

in   r t  
ot on pl n w t onst nt
v lo ity
=

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NC ER T R AK SHA  
Umesh •&
 Bhaiya

ot on   pl n w t onst nt   ccel er t iio

on
In dir ec t io n   '   axis
 
v  v  a  t   =

  +   =

  t   t   9 2
2Gtt
2G 2

 roje tile ot on   ori zont l  ompon nt  

=
  s

ertic l  ompon nt
=

ros
 

th
  roje tile =
  ta n   x
 
 
2 1 5

li ht time  
  koSin o_
= =
 
roje tile
=

 
toS gn  

ight roje tile    s n  m x

= =

  roje tile   isin

  Oo_
nge
  i
 m x
= =

g o yg°

  ir ul r   ot on
=
  =
  Z
ni orm   a.
=

centripetal force
  R =
Radius of Cir cl e

4   112 2 R
A u
frequency
= =

W  
  ngul r v lo ity 21-10
=

w =
  =
  T Rv
dt

 e l tion V and W   aw u l i n e ar
  tw n v lo ity
= =

w
 ngul
 ng ul r v lo ity
=

 
v=rw  
 entripet l   m rw
=

for
=

ot on a   oni l t m t ) =
21T
  p n ulum p rio
 kCg
ot on   p rti le ti to a vertical circle
str n
a

v. =

 3t2CosO)g =

 m It COSO  

1 =
v gT T
 m
( At bottom of circle )
=

.
 

2 =
v gT 1-
 m
=

.
 

3   18 v
 g   ( At
top of circle )
=

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NC ER T R AK SHA  
Umesh
 Umesh
Bhaiya •&

  #   t Ñ n

>
Momentum =
M XV  
=
ma   P  
 I
=

   o r e =

  A

mpuls =
Mv

La w onserv tion momentum  

=
 onst nt [ if Fe*=0I
   

 quili rium   a p rti le   t   t   0

=

R
 imitin   coefficient of static
=

ri tion friction
=

  us

Uk cofficient of k i n et i c friction
kin ti ri tion  
=
/
 

ta n 0s
 ngl ri tion Us
=

ri tion on an in line Plane

 
=
t Os  
=

t no

=
  =
 
=
 

Motion   a car on a level rod

 m x
=

Us g

  la n
Motion   on banked ro d
a car a
Vmax
=

1- Us tano

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 NC ER T R AK SHA Umesh
Bhaiya •Td

w m÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ ÷ ÷÷
or  h or m  
=
 
n rgy
=

work  
=
  ineti  
n rgy
=

  mV

 o w r   =
d OR   =
 

d 

r vit t io
io n l  o tenti l  
 n rgy m
=

o tenti l
spr n
=

 n rgy  
  kW

  onserv tive for s as

  eg tive gr ient   otenti l
 n rgy
'
d =
  F OR d F
=

E-
quiv lence   ss  n
n rgy  
=

onse rv t io
io n DE 0
  n rgy   1 = OR =

 l stic   ol l s on   ID  l stic collision   2D

 
v2     ( V2   axis
UI 4:
lon '
=

Uz
=
 
 

M i llll i M Y OSO 1- Mzvzcoso

 M1 M2
=

+ U2
 
Ui   m7cm 
=

M
M2 , +
axis
,

 lon
 =
Ui +
  m  mi_ Uz
M it Mz
0 =

Milt, Sino +
  zvzs no

1   m
V22
= =

Mz M
  -1
,
M,   M Mz
.
=

then V1
=

Uz an d v2
=
Uz

i nel st i oll s on
2 .   Mz is in rest i. e. Uz=0
 erfe
 e rfe tl
tlyy
MY +
 z z
=
  ,
+   r

fmml.IT 4k-- 2m ;-m.)uz

=

_ =

M +
MI M2

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 NC ER T R AK SHA Umesh
Bhaiya •Td

88 484 2 Mmm   ar É#N   nñdd

  #  .ae biaaooonmaooNMMMoot
ooonmaooNMMMoot i ooonnr

Ñ =
MiÑ m Ñ_
  ntr Mass   a tw o  
p rti le syst
M1 1- M2

  ntr Ma s s   a
syst n  

p rti les Ñ =
  n+   ti -1 .
  . .
   n
nr

M t . _   .   1-
,
Mzt Mn

  ntr ss   a
 igi o y ñ =

 tfÑ m
  ntr mass a un orm r =

  m
 

Motion   th e   ntr mass  m

=
r -1   ti + +   Ñ
 
.   . . .

im  ei t
=

  om n tu m   onserv tion   =

  m

 
  -
Centre   Mass   ot on =

ex t

F*
>

 
'

 orqu
=
' Acceleration   centre   Mass a- =

om
 
ngul r  cc eler tion
tion ' =

 w lt a =
Mt
 
V =
rw

 qu tions Of  o t tion

tion l Motion

+ 20.0
=

W +     t   w
=

W'
=

Radius K
  yr tion
=

  nF
  om nt   nerti =
[   z

Rel a t io n betw een T an d '   =

  Ñ

 h or m   r llel axis   =

  m -1  

h or m erpendicul r   -1
=

   x s    

Relation between L a nd I   =
  ' w*

Rate Of   h nge   ngul r   om n tu m id L =

 x

Law
Law
  conservation   ngul r momentum   =
Constant   T* e1t=0  

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 NC ER T R AK SHA
Bhaiya
 
Umesh •&

 qui ilirium   ri i o y 1.) t E fi  2.)     =

 
,

a ll   Torque
some of forces must be zero .

  ineti
n rgy ot tion  
=

 
  Eur
Eu r

without
 o n iti
ition
on   ollin a
 o y sli in over an in line l ne

 
=
  A =
 s no
 

t
roll n o y   a sol
y ln  r

3-
=
t o
 

  )   t
roll n o y
  a so l
sp r

27
=
  no

 ot l
 n rgy   a
 o y  ollin
without s pn
 

   n K I w   
12
= =

  ot t
total trans .
total
M

ollin Motion   m  
=

1. Rolls withou t s p Vcm =

 

>
2. Rolls with s p in forw r direction   m  
n 
Rolls with in Back word direction   m <  
3.
sl p n

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 NC ER T R AK SHA
Bhaiya
 
Umesh •&

 tern l   Ñt # ÑÑ #   ñ

  pl r 's   w

  rs t law   w   or ts )  l nets move in ellipti l orbits around sun

se on law
law
  L aw   A- r e a l v lo ity   d =

  t
m

  law
}
 hir w   p rio s   a

  nivers l la w   Gr av i t at i o n

Vector  or
F =
  Mama =   Cr Mgmz of
r2  
m7
 

G =
6.67 ' 10 N m2 / kgi   Universal Gravitational Con s tan t )

_
r vit tion l
 nt nsity   fi l

  '
Relation   tw n an d   =
 
 
Acceleration du e to
g
=

z
e a r t h s 
 r vity
me Mass of Earth
=

 omput tion   Mass  n

nsity   rt h
Re =
Radius of Earth

f Density of
=
Earth

 
=
 R 6.0 1024
Me '
=

 
=

  p =
5 5 1 3
kg   m3

41T R

'
ri tion in  c celer ti
tion
on  u to  
 r vity
=

  2

above th e surf e   th e earth It  

Re

'
  ri t i on in  c celer ti
tion
on  u to I
 r vity  
=

   
below th e surf e   th e earth  

r vit tion
tion l  oten ti l      
OR
=
  =

m
r vit t io
io n l  ote nti l   =  
 n rgy am _
 pee satellite Vo =

g e to
=
orbital
v lo ity

p e riod   volution   satellite  

-

= f
Total  
 n rgy s t llit =

 2G m_
 

satellite
 in ing  n rgy
M m_
  a =
+ Re
   2 mg
=

  eost tion
tion ry satellite r -1=24

 eth
et h T
T÷
÷ 
hours

A  
35745 km

 sc pe  n rgy
=
+   M M  sc pe v lo ity  
=
ZG  

OR
 e l tion
tion between  n Ve  r
=

v0
 g er
=

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 NC ER T R AK SHA
Bhaiya
 
Umesh •&

MMM @ ohhh   nñÑ3   ao#Ñ $ 5800010

•

4    
.

F-
st ss
  storing
=

for Strain strain

 ongitudin l
=
=

rea A  
strain
 he ring tano
= =

's L aw
 
stress-strain
 ook   =

Volume strain =

E- Modu las of  l sticity  

=

's
 oun  o ulus   l sticity Bulk Modulus   l sticity
 
longitudinal stress B
=

N o r m a ls
ls t h e S
r
= = =
=

   7 E =

longitudinal s t r ai n
vo lum e strain OV

 
=
=
 
  > Y
steel rubber
 ompressi ility  

o ulus     Passion 's

igi ity
=

  Ratio =

  ty
r

a  

pro u e in
 oolin  
 o r e a w r stme he =
t

tw o
  tw n
ri i su rts
\

and
w r on
.
 
str t hing a w n  l stic pot nti l  n rgy

 g
W =
U =
' Stress ' strain ' Volume W =

  4 

n rgy   nsity 's @ train  

1g
Stress U
u 1 strain an d  oun '
=
=

' '

  Modulus

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 NC ER T R AK SHA
Bhaiya
 
Umesh •&

MMM @ 3Ñ AÑ5 PW   $ $ ra ( Ñ 6 $ f-fq§NUbÑ   $

 

P olum
r ssur OR d
nsity  
= =

  M V

M viscosity
=

 ffe t   r vity on  lui pressure  p

= =

    D= Diamet er of pipe
Re =

Reynold No .

Critic al   n number
v lo ity l qu Vc  eynol
=

  a
  =

 nvd
Visco F =

  nA dux  
offi ient
=

    ty  
02 VA
kinetic K t
 n rgy
=

 e r m i n l V  
v lo ity r P r 
=

  Potential U
 n rgy p
=

rincip l A- constant stroke 's F 6   n rv

 
ont nu ty ' v law
= =

  r n o u l l i's  h or m

+ =
  =

P
  u h constant OR
h Pz l z
, ,

  2 42   2942

  constant

 p
=

-1 Pressure
  Pyg
+ head
v lo ity
= head

v÷
,

  + constant   h h h e ad
 r vit tion l
=   =

  PM
,

  nturi   t r V, elo ity gr ient OI

h
= =

  2

 elo ity   lux   a l qu V gh  Torricelli 's Theorem )

H height of fluid level

2h H hT
=

2 Hg h[
t =
7C =
' =
H
h
ma , height of orifice from top
=

work done l qu
 
in re sing th e surf e area   r surf e   th e

f- =
T ' 21 W =
T X 21 ' X W =
T ' A T =

Surface Tension

0A =
Increment in surface
Excess Of P r e ssu r e Area

d) Excess   p res s u re inside a l qu r p  

=
2--1
R

His
Hi s Excess   Pressure insi in an air bubble in a
l qu
=

 
Liii) Excess of
ATR
Pressure inside a bubble   a
soap s o lutio n =
 

'

2--1 h 21-101
  pill ry
 

 p
= =
r =
radius of pill ry
R R Radiu s of meniscus
 p
=
 

TRMie@rbmwnaooNPPrrooppee.auBÉ
uB É $ $   MMaoo.tk sea7

scale   empe r tur

ture
e  
=
  ° +
 
Ideal   s  qu tion Fo r 1 mole Fo r u mole

PV =
  PV =
MRT

  solute  em per ture T =

  -1 273.15

 h e r m l  xp nsions   Solids

=
 

  offi ient   lin r  xp nsion   T

=

 
 offi i nt   superfi i l  xp nsion
  at

8 =

C. offi olum xp nsion

i nt  
 

el tion   tw n   n =
2x

 e l tion   tw n 8  n ' 8 4

 e l tion   tw n B.  n s
=
28

  el ti
tion
on   tw n  
, 13  n 8   : 8 =
1 : 2 :3

  ri tion
nsity w t
l qu s    o t 
=

  t mp r tur

e t
  p ity   =
  sp ifi heat
  p ity s
  t
= =

He at mole C. l o r im
im e t e r  
  p ity
= =
me

 
=
p
 
 rincip l   l o r im
im e t e r   tent  e t L =

 
e t lost =
Heat t k n

OR

 i ,
  t  =

 z z   t  

  KA
  0 
=

offi ient   herm l

 on u tivity Q =
Heat flow

te   Heat flow H =
=  

OR l

 e t   urr nt

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 NC ER T R AK SHA
Bhaiya
 
Umesh •&

 her
rmm l   di tion   '     > '
2
radiation li t
'

 h e r m l  
m ss v ty
 esist nce =
  1 1=1 e. =

KA  

ir hoff 's law   =

=
  spe tr l E m i s s iv
iv e
p w r
  =

spe tr l   sorption power

E =

E m issive l ck
  p w r    o y
 tef n 's law TT  
 te f n 's constant
=
  =
t

s  law
law Ti )
  wton
oolin -12 10 -12--11) K T - 1C
 
  d_
=
an d
 

at

  in 's law X T =
 
  w v l ngth
=

T =

 e m p e r t u re
re

Note :  1
 p w 7 1-mixture 7 1-
High
.

2.   =
S T +  z ztz
mixture  

t M
MI SI 252

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 on

NC ER T R AK SHA
Bhaiya
 
Umesh •&

T
 
Mñ  ynñ. mumÑ 8
 quiv lence   work and heat W =
JH g- mechanical equivalent of heat
=

1 kitocalori =
4.181103 Joule
work W =p   V2
 
V1   OR OW =
POV

First la w U =
OQ -0W OR OU   POV
thermodyn mi s
=

  yer 's  ormul Cp

 
Cv
=
R Isothermal process  T c o nst ant )

 
  w ur -1  n
10 1   V1

y p= p+P
 
-
Cp
=
 so hori pro ss
=
constant

 s o b r iic
c   =
Constant
pro ss
 
Adiabatic  ro ess PV =
constant
W   V2  
V1 ) U -12   T,  
=

8 =
  -1
v =
 onst nt
Cv
 y l Process  

=uR T T   =   onst nt

8- I

f-  
-

 n t e r n l i e l
 ot l
 n rgy   an
  s   =1 2

 
= =
R   =
I + 2-

tz +
 

se on w
thermodyn mi s     W_
=

 
  t   -12 •

:    
OR
= =

  =

  -12

 e t
 ngin
1 W± RT I
  s o t he r m l  xp nsion loge
=
.
4- constant )

 xp nsion Ta )
 di b t iic
c  
  Pv r
  g Tz
2 .  
=
_=

 onst nt

Isothermal  
3 .
 ompr ssion W
}
=
R
 121 g  

V4

 ompr ssion
W = g
4.   di b tic 7 2
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NC ER T R AK SHA
Bhaiya
 
Umesh •&

kkiinne
kkii nne Eui
Eu iiesFMr
iesFM reeooay
's
eeo oay yBoy
la w
yB oy e At constant
 

T   '

 
OR PV =
Constant P, V
,
=

  r

C on s t a n t
V OR
 
=
chante 's la w At constant P
=
T
 
 

Ideal
  s  qu tion PV =
URT Fo r u mole pV RT Fo r 1 mole

R =
8.31 J / MO I  

K ( Universal Gas c o n s t a n t)

D al t o n 's   w   P ar t i al Pressure P = =P -1  z
 i
+
 z
.

+
.
. .
. .   .  

or mu l r th e  r ssur an ideal
  s
P tg n_Ñ OR
  ±gfÑ
Ñ RT_
v lo ity v   ms= RuTF
Root mean
squ r t r s
 

nterpret tion
3-2 3-2  
kin ti
  T =L E- =

  n
T He
=

  ; ;m ,
  emper ture

Real V  
 qu tion
 
 
=

  s
t

s  law
law i usion  r s RI
 
r h m
 
= =

R= Rate of diffusion
V2 Mms
 

La w   quip rtition   n rgy

 
32-143-1 KB B o l t z m a n n s 
t vxttz vy
constant
= =

 
yz
=

  2mV

sp ifi Meat
  p ity

52 32
Monoatomic Cp R =
R
1.)
=

  s  
8=5

72
Diatomic R 8
2.) Cp
5-2
 
=

 
 
= =

  s

oly tomic     +   R    3 1-   R 8 =

4
=

  s
=

Heat
4.) sp ifi   p ity solids C 3R
=

C
5 sp ifi Heat   p ity   water =9R

M e an  r path ' =
I
 Z 'm

N atoms '   T
  r where
=
n =

P  
=

11 KBT
  p

Ñ Ñ

  tw n and T V 1-
el tion V
p rio
=
im
=

 
   
U _

frequency

  ispl cement  qu tion Of  impl r monic Motion   5.14.14   .

)
-101   ) s in  wt -101
t a
=

  oslwit

  .M t     )
1 1 
  W
=

dd t sc
. =

Acceleration   5.14.14 ' =   W'

.
x t .

  im ispl cement curve   5. H . M . a sin

 
=

  T 

for la
law
w   s mpl Harmonic motion  
spr n

   
=
w
 
=
2 w
angular frequency

  g
=

1- T ime period
m
4

 
in U
 n rgy ry
=

 
.

 
kin ti
n rgy in S.tl M K = _

 
  mW
. .

 
5.   E a'   7 mn  
 n rgy  
=

ot l
=
M
  mW

Time M   =

p rio s.tl
2 5
.
.

Motion
o y susp n 1-
-1=2 7,1-45)
=

  two
spr n s
  7T 

1- =

 im p rio s mpl en ulum

  T 
's  e n ulum   =
1m
 
Re =
Radius of Earth ( 6.4 1 106 m )

Time T
p rio s mpl p n ulum  
=
a in init

 lectrom gnetic fr qu n y    j
 search on

NC ER T R AK SHA
Bhaiya
 
Umesh •&

b  2m
  mped  impl rmonic   ot on
'   t) =
  co s  w   1 1 

' b  m

k_m
  ÷m t)
12
W
'
 
=

angular frequency
=
w
=

 or ed   scill tions f-   t)   t ) A  oslw 1 1 

=

 o oswdt
=

{Ñ Tz
natural
fr qu n y
=
w
A =

=
driven
Wd fr qu n y
A Amplitude
=

 a m ll
  mping ,
 rivin fr qu n y   =
  o
  r  ro
 r o natural
fr qu n y   WZ  

 b rivin fr qu n y  los tur l

fr qu n y
  =

  ÷
 search on

NC ER T R AK SHA
Bhaiya
 
Umesh •&

 Y  # #  

Wave sp V =
OR V =
NX Time period T =

   

ve num r
7= 7  ngul r fr qu n y w= 2 -1in

  rop g ti
tion
on  onst nt K   OR   =

fr qu n y
=

'     g

wave
 qu tion s in   x±wt  1 1 
y x tl a
=

,
t )
=
A s x  
wt   +   os kx  
wt 

  tano
 
a = =

sp transverse wave   sol

=

n
 

ri i ity cofficient

in 1- tension of
sp the
=

transverse wave v =

string
it linear
density
=
mass
stret he
str n
 
P Bulk m o d ul us
=

sp longitu in l wave in
l qu  

v É
in Y' Young  
sp longitu in l
=

wave solid modulus

in
sp longitu in l wave  
=

g s s P =
i ni t i al Pressure
OR sound in
g s s

  pl ce   orr tion it =

p= density

 
th e
 ffe t   t mp r tur on sp longitu in l wave

v= OR
    m 
el tion   tw n it and  
=

 r s
 n s

 rin iple   sup rpos t on

y x tl
=

Y ,
lx , t   -1
 z
 search on

NC ER T R AK SHA
Bhaiya
 
Umesh •8

R e la t i on between Phase   ifferen e  n p ath   ifferen e  

 
two
two pro r ssiv wave

ox 0 0=217 11 Ot
  1=2 1
'

and  c cel er t iio

on a p rti le
elo ity   in

a wave

cceler tion
=
wa
   m x   fm wza

 qu tion wave

  2A Cos
  s
=   n  
2 1

 e t 0 V2
fr qu n y
-

beat

  vi r tion   r  o umn  

lose
p p 2m   t  

1.   rs t mode   vibration m=l ', =

  =L
, ,

Ul

Sec ond mode v i br at i o n '

 y
m -2
 
 

2.
 
=

,
2=4 3 2 34

3. Third mode   vibration M =3 X =

fz f
  t
=

 
, } }

:
  :   I :3 :
 ,
=

}
 
.  
.  

  r

' =

 m
=
=
f :f
:f z : f } = I   3f

 n orre tio n Open Closed Pipe

  y ie
oppl r  ffe t

V0
  V0
 
 
=
V =

obse rve r
i. source
st t on ry
V
+ frequency of
 
°
V
= =
wave
2.   server source
v. at -1=50
=

frequency
v =
Velocity of wave

Us =

velocity of source
3. Both source  n observer V
V0
=

mov n v.
=

velocity of observer

0,4
0  ,4 0-1)