"

CHAPTER-6
Electromagnetic
Induction
Notes
"
-
Zaki Saud agar
,
Introduction : -

The phenomenon of generation of current or emf by changing the

magnetic field is known as Electromagnetic Induction (EMI). The emf
developed in the conductor by the process of EMI is known as induced
emf and if the conductor is in the form of a closed loop, then the
current flowing through the conductor is known as induced current.

The phenomenon of EMI was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831.

Experiment of Faraday and Henry : -

These experiments carried out by Faraday and Henry.

It is the relative motion between the magnet and closed coil, which is
responsible for generation or induction of electric current in the coil.
Whenever magnetic field linked with a closed coil changes, an emf is
induced in the coil which is called induced emf.

Experiment
I :-( current induced
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-
by magnet)
C
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Consider a coil C of few turns of conducting material insulated from
one another and is connected to a sensitive galvanometer G.
Whenever there is a relative motion between the coil and magnet, the
galvanometer shows a deflection indicating that current is induced in
the coil.
Therefore, relative motion between the magnet and the coil generates
electric current in the coil. So, the current generated is called induced
current.

Experiment -2 (current Educed by curren

When the bar magnet is replaced by a second coilC2 connected

to a battery, the steady current in coil C2 produces a steady
magnetic field. As coil C2 is moved towards coil C1, the
galvanometer shows a deflection. This indicates that electric
current is induced in coilC1.
←
(1 i.
.
iii. r
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M - - -

€] G

a
iii.
-

→ i
.

M
EI
.

When coil C2 is moved away, the galvanometer shows a deflection

again but this time, in the opposite direction. The deflection lasts as
long as coil C2 is in the motion.
 in
Experiment -3 ( current induced by changing
current )
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The figure shows two coilsC1 & C2 held stationary. Coil C1 is connected to
galvanometer G, while the second coil C2 is connected to a battery through a
tapping key K. It is observed that the galvanometer shows a momentary
deflection when the tapping key K is pressed.If the key is pressed continuously,
there is no deflection in the galvanometer.
When the key is released, a momentary deflection is observed again but in
opposite direction. All experimental observations lead us to conclude that induced
emf appears in a coil, whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked with the coil
changes.

Note Presence of magnetic flux is not enough. The amount of magnetic flux
linked with the coil must be change in order to produce an induced emf in the
coil.

's of
Faraday law EMI : -

's 1ˢᵗ
Faraday Law : -

Whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked with a circuit

changes, an emf is induced in it. The SI unit of this induced emf is
volt
 's 2nd
Faraday Law : -

The magnitude of the induced emf in a circuit is equal to the rate of

change of magnetic flux through the circuit. Mathematically, Faraday’s
second law can be expressed as, Induced emf a ∝ Rate of change of
magnetic flux
E ✗
d¥
E. = -

d¥
The negative sign in above relation indicates that the induced emf in the
loop due to changing flux always opposes the change in the magnetic flux.

Induced current : -

Ig
ERI
I = =

¥d¥ or I =

1- d¥*
-

=
-

Faraday 's 3rd Law :-( Direction of current in

the coil ]
coil
It states that
induced current produced in a

due to changing in the Magnetic flux always flows

that
that it opposes the causes
in the direction
it
it produces
.
 ←
Repel
;
-- - - - - - - -

i.

s × ! ^N N I
,
s
'-
- - t
N
-

S
- - - -

^
N vs

Attract
;-
- - - - - - - - - - - -

;-)
Nor
"
' vs
N I s
,

! - - - - - - - - - - - -- -
÷

Motion at EMF : -

An EMF induced by the motion of the conductor

across the magnetic field 's called notional C- ME .

Take a
U-shaped coil metal rod of length (l )
,
a
,

which is
moving with velocity (v ) through magnetic ,

field (B) .

B→
✗ X X ✗ ✗
a r
✗
Area of PQRS : -
✗

✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
↑
A =L ✗b
l
✗ × F ✗ ✗
①
A lxx
↓
-
=

✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
we have to calculate flux : -

✗
•

∅ =-D .A→
✗ ✗ ✗ xˢ ✗ ✗
K- set

∅ BACOSO=

0--00
∅ = BA

¢ = B( ex) f- ①
Here , B. l → constant
se → Variable
 According to
faraday 's law : -

die → dist
Ei
d¥t
-

at → time

I
E = - d ( Btx) d÷=•
It 1-
'

E = - Bl
date
so that
E = -
Bl fr ) : Here doe is
'
decreasing ,

we use f) ive sign .

E. = Blv

Reason by concept of Lorentz force : _

Fm =
qvbsino
Fm =
qvb ( ULB)

to
workdone move a
charge : -

V & V E
qv
w Here ,
w_q
-
- _
_ =

w =
qe
w=q( Blu )
E=B④
Blu
wq-
=

Consideration :
Energy
-

The rate at which the

energy
is supplied ( Power) to

the rod to maintain its uniform velocity can be

written as : -

Pm = FV { mechanical Power}
 0hm 's
By Law : -

know that :
Ir §
-

I= = we

p = FU
①
BRI
I=

:-)
-

we know that
Pm =

B2tp# ( f- ②)

f- = IBI

F = Bt
(B
F =

B2v¥ ②
-

to the rod converted into the

The Energy supplied get
Electrical Energy in the form of Induced EMF .

Pe = VI

or

EI
PE =

Pei Blu ( Burt) ( f- ②)

Pe =

B2Y
Here , Pe = Pm
Inductor : _

It is a device that stores

energy in the form
of magnetic field .

I n
Mmm u z

i. Inductor

Inductance { 10pm I}
✓
self Mutual
Inductance Inductance

"'
Self Inductance : -

Self-inductance is the property of the current-carrying coil that

resists or opposes the change of current flowing through it.
This occurs mainly due to the self-induced emf produced in the coil
itself.
Let , ∅B → magnetic flux linked with the coil due

to its own current .

∅✗I Nd=Ld¥
∅ = LI :
we know
-

Self Inductance
Ndd¥
i. L= .

E. = -

↳
1% or
L=N÷
-
E = -1€
LI dt
N ∅ =

"
to dt Ld I
diff wr { = -

It
CLI)
£ @ 4) =

Back Emf
i. when current changes Magnetic field also changes
,

and due to change in magnetic flux it produces ,

an

Emf in opposite direction of current I called Back

Emf .

Self Inductance of solenoid

Long : -

A solenoid is whose length is

very large as
long one

compared to its area of cross -

section . The magnetic field
such solenoid is
practically
B→ at any point inside a

constant & given by :

-

MINI Mon I
B =
=

of the solenoid
Magnetic flux through each turn

∅ = B ✗ A

∅
-1M¥ -4A
Now , Multiply N both side : -

①
M%I
A ✗ N
-

N ∅ =

If L is coefficient of self Inductance : -

Not = LI -

②
and eq ②
Compare eq ①

LY=M◦¥A_ ✗N

L=M°My^ )
M¥
I
of
any magnetic
=
If core

material µ is placed : -

µ =
µoµr
Mutual Inductance : -

The phenomenon according to which an opposing emf is produced in a

coil (i.e. primary coil) as a result of change in current or magnetic
flux linked with a neighbouring coil (i.e. secondary coil) is called
mutual induction. &i $2

i-FE-r-E-r-E.fi
.
.

I, a
^ Iz

1- -
ao -

coil -2 Coil -
I

Let
it represent total magnetic flux linked with the coil

I due to current Ii
flowing through coil I
-
.

¢2 ✗ It Here ,
M= Mutual
MI '
∅ ,
=
Induction

Mutual Inductance of 2
long co-axial solenoids : -

when current passed through solenoid Si

is ,
an emf is

inside
induced in solenoid Sz Magnetic field produced
.

it
solenoid Si passing current through
.

on

B , = µ on Ii ,

linked with each turn of the solenoids,

Magnetic flux
N
¢2 = B. A ✗

Ii A nzl
¢2 = µ on ,
Al
0¥ = Moni nz

Al
M = µ ◦ nine
 write Previous :
we can
eq
-

m=µ◦(÷)(%-) At

M =

M°N,N2
If core of any other
magnetic material µ is

placed then !
-

M
Moµr,NiN2A_
=

AC Generator : -

An AC generator produces electrical energy from mechanical work, just

the opposite of what a motor does. In it, a shaft is rotated by some
mechanical means, such as an engine or a turbine starts working and an
emf is induced in the coil.

Principle : -

It is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction which states

that whenever magnetic flux linked with a conductor (or coil) changes, an
emf is induced in the coil.

Main Part of AC Generator : -

Armature: A rectangular coil ABCD consisting of a large number of

turns of copper wire wound over a soft iron core is called armature.
The soft iron core is used to increase the magnetic flux.
Field magnets: Two pole pieces of a strong electromagnet.
Slip rings: The ends of the coil ABCD are connected to two hollow
metallic rings R1 and R2.
Brushes: B1 and B2 are two flexible metal plates or carbon rods. They
are fixed and are kept in slight contact with R1 and R2.
Theory &
Working : -

As the armature of coil is rotated in the uniform magnetic field, angle θ

between the field and normal to the coil changes continuously.
Therefore, magnetic flux linked with the coil changes and an emf is
induced in the coil.
According to Fleming’s right hand rule, current induced in AB is from A
to B and it is from C to D in CD. In the external circuit, current flows
from B2 to B1.
To calculate the magnitude of emf induced, suppose

Magnetic flux linked with coil : -

∅ =ÑA→
BACOSO
∅ =
 w = or 0 = wt

BA cos wt
∅ =

For N turns :
-

= NBA Coswt -
①
∅
faraday 's law :
Acc
-

. to

e-
dat
-
_

E = -

( NBA coswt ]
E = -
NBA C- sin wtxw )
,

nwt
E
NB-jw.si
=

Eo /Em

E = Emsinwt

Ohm 's Law :

By
-

I=¥=&=Éi in wt

Todo Io / Im
' -
-

I = Iosinwt

[
Zaki Zaki
Saud agar
_
Sir

- -
Zakka ≥ -