# W

SHEET
CLASS-12

PHYSICS

Hegramgrainer Instagram
Sunil
Jangra 26
 Formula Cheat Sh eet Class 12 Physics
Electric

I
charges & Fields
Potential due to
Coulomb's Law E =

qa
1
r F =

er uniformly charged Sphere Non

Conducting Sphere
Outside
STE
9/43
a
9/4ItEor -x
=

⑪ N x =
-
* r> R
for vacuum for medium
on the shell 1-
E
V= V =

Electri field Electric field due to point ↳

Intensity charge
I
r =
R 4ITEoR
.

/3 Y
⑪I ⑪
y=
*
9 r
90 ⑭ E inside y =

p
e I X
4,
k 1 ER UCR 41520 2R3
=F 9 source
=

charge E
=

R
4, 30
=

To stored in force between plates of

90= test
charge *
Energy a
Capacitor Capacitor
p
C
e
F Q Common Potential
W= QV=
a
=

Gauss's
=

#
Electric flux # Law
2 A So

Ataz= AltCae
y=
↳ for uniform electric field ①= GE dE= Gin Net
charge enclosed Energy losS
=

Energy density
.

6 E E EACOSO
mone by the closed surface
24Cz(y
xz)
= =

SE
.

u 0
-
.

,
=
=

↳ for non-uniform # Dipole (P) Y (C ,

# (2)

a
q I p 1 = 9/2

J nE
9
/E
- +

I d

l
=

current
⑭ D

Electricity
= . ⑪
Current density

i
# 2a -

U
---
a
=lectric current I
= #
&

↳ for surface instantaneous

n
=

a closed
dipole placed
·
# in U E F
d
. .

caverage) i = current I

& GE d ↳ Torque I IXE

= =
.

gr
force
#Electric field due to dipole Net
Resistivity
=0
Drift Velocity Mobility
Su

Ohm's law
At axial ↳Work done in rotation of dipole ↳
~ an point /d) m

a
eET eXt M iR R
PA
=

Ya Y
= = =
= =

- from 0 00 U=PECCOSO , -10s02) E net

23
E .
mL
=

M
-E
↳ Electrostatic potential energy

5.
Relation blu iC Ye Relation blu J & F EMF of a cell
~ On the equitorial line U =
-

+E
-
J
IE
1
E=
=

RIS =Anee
E
charge density
=

Electric

PHYSICS
-
E linear surface volume
power Energy E 1/ F In
q q E
=

x
~At
any general point
=
=
r =

iR =net P Vi 2

1 #Terminal Potential diff

r
=

E =

K !
BOS = =
=
V W =

vq
=
Vit
- A
infinite M E
# EoF due to
Charge iRt Y
I
E- ir
13 E
=
r n = V =

20
=
=

sheet of
Due to
charged Conducting Sphere #Principle of Wheat stone
R

R/E)
EF due to infinite

naEr- e
-
⑧ r
wirele
+
# =

-------
+ B E
+
+ =

Tr long charged a
I=
!
I
+ · s #
Temp Coefficient
.

t
" tt
R G
=

R Ro -

> ++ I A # Principle of potentiometer RolT-Tol

E= E k r= R E k
Y i
=
=

R,
O UR
=
=

S B 9
R2
# Principle of Meter
Electric Potential & Capacitance bridge #Combination of identical cells
(length of i = nE
PitEor L, wire) series
Electric Potential & Potential Axial ->Y=
R
=

V =

n-cell
·
+ ur
4iEt queto "dipole Equatorial -> x
=
0 100-4
i=
Parallel
Electric Potential Energy At
any point
-> v = Pcoso #
Joule's Law m-cell
mRtr
(For two Chargeit 48r2 iRt
92
H= Joule
Mixed i =

mnE
Capacitance C
0, 02
=

H L It
mRt nr
Calories
=

Relation between EC
-

series combination
-

Parallel Comb 4 18
=- /E
:

.
d
E Or
s
=
-

, 2
Cp =
2
,
+

Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitor spherical Capacitor

Ming
OVl
Charges and Magnetism
Air filled Partially filled with dielectric 45. ab
=

I get
Magnetic Force
e

-
I b a Y
-

1=80A c
o = -k C= 4 En q (TxB)
=

# if inner grounded b-a

completely filled
,
Filled with Metal
Capacitance of Isolated Sphere Pitch(P)= 2 My COSO
C= ⑰
C
kE0 qB
=

E
= 4io -a
 charge in Uniform
transverse Magnetic Fitti
Motion of B UH Mr H Ganss's law for Magnetism
= =

Fin= qVB . No
2
=
My =

e
I q =
I 5 15 . = 0
Up 1 + Xm
=

all area
⑭ Radius of Circular path ·
Magnetic Force on a current elements

r =
=m=I= 1 mR may carrying conductor the
Magnetic Field at a point due to magnetic dipole
E i(x5)
Meet
MoM
=

Baxial Beg
=

4str (r2+ 1232

⑭ Biot Savart's law

M itsino-rat
aB =
centre B =

Mi
e or
Baxia, Mits
2M or
Beg = At s

↳ Electromagnetic Induction
M Fat a pointO BENa Nate Magnetic Flux
.

④Force blu two current -onal Emf.

Moll
e ①= B E ing
Bod Rotall
carrying parallel straight For rod For Disc
.

coil carrying .

Conductor P= BACOSO X X X X X
w

mete
w

xxe
X X ⑳
X X

# Ampere's Circuital law x

M2
e v
F = 2h Induced emf
X X X X

X X x x X

&5 d Moi 3=
de
3 Busino
=

a
. = -
2
e

J
121 Buh 151

n
But
=

l
=

or
191= BUI

i
2

# Magnetic Field due to L Si

an
infinitely long straight wire of A C Generator

n
Bi
.

F
radius a! Carrying Current : at a point P=
Be & E. sincut 3.= NBAW
= =
.
-

gr
Inductance induced in the coil =-Ldi
Su

B M Moi EMF
=Mo
=
ra B a B=

r> A ,

CITA2
,
r
C
coefficient of self induction
It

Torque on
placed
field
in a
a Current
uniform
Carrying
magnetic
(oil
Moving
I <O
Coil Galvanometer
Or I GO
=
↳
14
Mutual Inductance
a =
-
dildt
=
self inductance

MoUUAl =
of
MoMrNA
a
long
L
solenoid

=NIABsinc coefficient of
M N2P2
-

Ez 1 M
where k
= -

G R
=

galvanometer
=

MBSiO

PHYSICS
=

=
=
=

coupling
Or
NAB Constant ·
I didt didt 12 22
For
, ,

⑪Galvanometer Conversion into voltmeter Mutual inductance of two long solenoids

perfectcontina
> .

into Ammeter M MoMrKr,z) MoMrN , NzAl

=

-
=

i
L

se
Combination of inductors -
Magnell Energy
Series (g 4, the+1s In inductor U=
1 Li2
=

Parallel (p=1 12 M2
sensitivity
-

In BAL
-

4 + 12 +
2M In Solenoid UB=
⑪ Current Sensitivity *
Voltage Sensitivity if coils are far away
Ig P
1
AA
= =
NAB =

Magnetic
=

then
E iR
M=0 ,
SO
energy density Mi= EBs
+12 0 (p= 112 Mi =
12
Magnetic field due to a Current
Carrying Solenoid .

↳, + 12 2 Mo

B =

Moni=(oNil/l h =

Mc · Induced Electric Field induced charge flow

-NAD
GE =-d=-AdB O $9= 1Dt=

Magnetism
.

& Matter E
# Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid .

where m magnetic moment Alternating current

=

B = M. 2m
of solenoid M =

n (21) i lita? R M S value of Current

4/23 Alternating Current &
voltage
.

. .

"msI
⑧

i I sincut Yoms Y
=
=

Potential energy of curie's law

Alternating Voltage
Magnetic dipole -> Fordia Xm47 x =

V sincet irms= 0 707 % Yoms= 0 707 No

. .

U= -

MBCOSO ->
For Paramagnetic
⑰ B Reactance
u
xmCI Mean value of Current & Voltage
=
- -

X= YwC
X- iay= 2% Yay =
0 637 No
I Xm= (w
=A #
= .

I
->
For Ferromagnetic ⑧

1
=
0 637
.
% Yay 0 637 No
:

xm !
al
u =

Mo(1 Xm) +

+ To
Series (CR Circuit I is same for R , RAY OPTICS
C
U= 1
R L
18 C ·
Mirror formula Refractive index
X A Sinc
if VY, then

X
V
-

I 4 ↓u i *
=

Sin
·

Y-V
In U
= =
+

"I
-

↳
Ye "I for Mirror Forcens For Prism
sinct-b magnificall-on -

SA
+
2 e
xxs
I I then
=
=

u=
I I
2 E, sincut m
=

tang=
=
=

,
2
=
1R+ (X: Xc)2 -

For mirror
thin lens formula Prism of small angle
Power in ac Circuit Resonant series LCR Circuit m=I= -1
.

A
S (l-1) A
I Ii
=

=
Pax =
Erms IrmsCOS4 XXc then z= R
Cens Maker's Formula
·
or I
=

MAX Muns
Par E. . COSd surfaces

= 11(z)
=

(M-
#

Refraction at spherical
2 Resonant frequency Real & apparent depth
* u
- =

power factor Wr =
1 -Factor M =
depth
real

ITC #Power of Lens combination of Lenses

cosb R/2 apparent depth
I
=

a
if d
=
0

Pet Item,
J
P= P
=

n
P2-dP, P2 P

l
,

i
P+ Pz
Transformer ratio
=

,
#
Step-up Transformer
#

Position No of
360

n
:

Simple Microscope
Reflecting n =

images
E Ip =As
= e
Final I of Object
Es Ep ,
I
s IpGNs Np M=1t, image at Telescope .

gr =to 12 evenanywheree
M
Su

step down Transformer M =

D/A " "at 0

y= output power = Es Is

a
Esp , Is Ip & Ng <Np Compound Microscope asymmetric n
input Power EpIp
M= MoX Me
Astronomical Telescope Terrestrial Telescope
Alternating Voltage to at
Applied
-I e) image nite) image
in =

It
+
M=
Resistor only capacitor Inductor only
- imageat
M=

PHYSICS
E =

Esinct E Esincot 2 =

E.sinct
M=-t imageatd= fot
4f+f
=

e
I =

Isinct I Isin(wt+y) =
I=
Isin(t- 2) /

EM Waves WAVE OPTICS

Displacement equations
herenceof light 1,
Current Maxwell's
Gauss's Law For electrostatics
Iz 2 II, Ee Co e
#

Ig 2, dDE
⑧E
=

. d5 = 9
It #Imax (I +Ez)
o
# Imin= (I, -Ez
E M Waves
.
# Gauss's law for Magnetism ,

55 d at P ;
0 St, 415, at it, 355, 54 ----
⑧
=
=
E E.sin(kx-cut) 0
= =
---
.

B =

BosinCkntcut) #Faraday's law of EMI For I

, Iz= If YDSE
FeM wave
propagating &E 4 I. COS /
B =

x
dt=
de IR YnB= n (2nx
=
. -

along the direction .

W I alPD=nx Bright
Ems O C= E, #Maxwell- Ampere's Circuital Law =

e.e
c= =

Bris Bo
-
2

05 . d =

Mo/I ,E] +2

Er=cBo # Intensity (I) I Energy

Er Diffraction due to a single slit
#

*E
=

I nx Time
~ condition for t
secondary maximum #Freshel distance
=

↓ momentum (P) 2
oo Radiation Pressure
#

P D= asinOn= (2n+1 3,
=
. n
=
1 2 2
, ,
=
----

3x108m/ s e N e ro m u s c energet
c
=

a c u s e re r aweabsorbinsta
condition for

er
th
secondary minim e
4I .
=

asiOn= nx n =
1 , 2, 3 , -----

I B * idth of central Maximum

xD
=

Cx
=

Energy density
#Angular fringewidth #Angular fringe width of secondary

U E Vi =

1 (UEaEE (UlaBo -

Mo
of central maxima=
2
Maxima or
minima: I
 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Nuclei
#Work function W =

ho=h2
Xo ⑲Nuclear Radius Nuclear density
Kmax=eYo= mymax
·
#
R Ro Al3 = mass of nucleus
=

Kmax=h5-Po [Einstein's Equation]

-

#
volume of nucleus
#Energy of Photon E Gr
1
= =

⑪ Mass -
defect
=P E hr
#Momentum
=I [2mp+(A-2m-ma
=
=

C xm=

moving mass of photon m = E

E
=
#

i ·
Binding Energy
#number of photons emitted per second of
~ from a lamp
frequency B E
.
=

AMC
2

n 1 1x
b BE= BE/A (Bind on egype]
= = =
=
·
no hc x

#de-Broglie wavelength molecule

Jan
gas semiconductor Devices

l
for
Boltzman
oranee i
1 =
Kinetic
constant
.

k=
energy total current the
through
n
·
pure
8X
h/15mKT k qX semiconductor
=
=

gr
Liqu
Su

I= Let In
ATOMS
# No of .

alpha particles
scattered per unit area
* Potential
energy of the 0
·
a
Electrical conductivity in semiconductor
N(0) < 1 1 =- 27 222
n
2
.
el ~
=

e(neMe+ n , Me)
sin" (0/2)

PHYSICS mobility
⑪ Total of et
#
Impact Parameter Energy u = .

b z ecot(0/2)
En-13 6Zell .

kn-- En
eNalle up= eNat
=

2 ~
=

4 E. K
U =

2Er = -

2kn 2

k kinetic energy
of electron in the nt
=

z= atomic Number
⑭Frequency
(g) eretm=
.

#Distance of Closest approach On = 6 . 62x1022

n3
= 2ze
48 K
⑪
Wavelength of radiation in the
transition from he - n
,

BOHR'S
,
# MODEL

of e8
R2Y )
R
Rydberant
=

I
momentum
⑪
Angular
= -

= or RH 097X10m
mir-
.

e
~Number of spectral lines due to

transition of etfrom nt orbit

~
Frequency of radiation to

0 =

Ec-E , lower Orbit is .

h N =
n(n-1)
formulae 2
⑪ Bohr's

Radius of nth Orbit #Ionization energy -> 13 6 ex

.

4xEon2 0 33n A
" -
Un =
= .

4 mZe2 2 # Ionization ~ 13 6. Z V
O n2
⑪
velocity of

Yn
=

1
2xze =
2 . 2x108Z
4 nh n

⑪ Kinetic
energy
622 eV
kn 13
=

n2