Determining ABCD Parameters of Transmission Lines

Electrical Engineering Department
Power System Laboratory Manual EE - 592
I. EXPERIMENT NO. : 01
II. TITLE : Determination of generalized constants A, B, C, D of a long transmission line
III. OBJECTIVE :
1. To determine the generalized constants A,B,C,D of a long transmission line
IV. OUTCOME OF THE EXPERIMENT :
After performing this experiment a students will be able to

1. Know the testing procedure of determining A,B,C,D parameters of a long transmission line.
V. THEORY:
In the ‘Circuit Theory Network’ ABCD parameter are known as ‘Transmission parameter’, which has
a practical application on the transmission system. It is known to all that in A.C.power system during
power transmission. It is known to all that in AC power system during power transmitting, ‘Inductive
effect’ occurs resulting to the back e.m.f. formation, a capacitive effect occurs resulting discharging. A
resistive effect occurs resulting in the potential drop in the line. Here from this experiment, we
calculate the original transmission parameters which are named as A,B,C,D parameters.
Usually these parameters are named as follows:
A = Reverse voltage ratio with receiving end open.
B = Transfer impedance with receiving end shorted.
C = Transfer admittance with receiving end open.
D = Reverse current ratio with receiving end shorted.
Let,
ZSO = Line impedance measured at sending end with receiving end open.
ZSS = Line impedance measured at sending end with receiving end shorted.
ZRO = Line impedance measured at receiving end with sending end open.
ZRS = Line impedance measured at receiving end with sending end shorted.
We know, for a symmetrical network ZSO = ZRO and ZSS = ZRS

So calculate ZSO and ZSS only and get ZRO and ZRS .
These parameters can be found as follows:

1. Open circuit test and 2. Short circuit test
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VI. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
T – Network circuit
SENDING END
RECEIVING END
N
RECEIVING END
E
V T
OUT IN N L W
O
R
RECEI
K
VII. APPARATUS REQUIRED :
SL NO. APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY TYPE MAKER’S

REQUIRED NAME
01 Trainer Kit
02 Variac
03 Patch Chords
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VIII. OBSERVATIONS:
(i) Open circuit condition:
Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading Wattmeter reading Phase angle
(V) (A) (W) (Φ)
(ii) Short circuit condition:
(V) (A) (W) (Φ)
IX. PROCEDURE:
a) Connect the wires at the Trainer Kit properly to make the circuit as per given coircuit diagram.
b) Make sure that the rotary switch of the variac is kept at zero position .
c) Now switch on the supply to Trainer Kit and Variac.
d) Increase the output supply voltage of the variac gradually by rotating the rotary switch of the variac
in clockwise direction.
e) Fix the supply voltage at any voltage
f) Take the readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter and Digital Wattmeter.
Do the process keeping the receiving end ‘OPEN’ and again making the receiving end ‘SHORT’.
X. DESIGNING EQUATIONS :
A = √ [ZSO / (ZRO – ZRS)] ----------------------- (i)
B = ZRS √ [ZRO / (ZRO – ZRS)] ------------------ (ii)
C = (1/ ZSO) √ [ZSO / (ZRO – ZRS)] ------------- (iii)
D = (ZRO/ ZSO) √ [ZRO / (ZRO – ZRS)] ---------- (iv)
[Use Z = V/ I and W = V I CosΦ]
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XI. CONCLUSION :
Students should write the conclusion after the completion of the experiment.
XII. DISCUSSIONS:
1. What are the units of A, B, C, D?

2. What is Ferranti effect?
3. What is Skin effect?
XIII. REFERENCES :
Web links:
1.http://elearning.vtu.ac.in/P2/EE61/Ch01/html/0012.htm
2. http://nptel.ac. in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-ystem/chapter_3/3_2.html
Books:
1. Power Systems by J.B Gupta, Kataria publication.
2. Power System by NagrathKothari,McGraw Hill publication.
3. Power System by B.R.Gupta
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Power System Laboratory Manual EE-592
II. TITLE : Simulation of DC Distribution by network analyzer.
III. OBJECTIVE :
1. Analyze different types of D.C. Distribution system.

After performing this experiment students will be able to
1. Understand different types of D. C. Distribution systems, it’s merits and demerits.
V. THEORY:
The conduction system by means of which electrical energy is conveyed from bulk power source to
the consumers is known as distribution system. We can classify D.C. distribution on the basis of the
way they are fed by the feeders.
1. Distributor fed at one end:

The current in the various sections of the distributor away from the feeding point goes on
decreasing.
The voltage across the load away from the feeding point goes on decreasing.
In case of any fault occurs at any point on the distributor, the whole distributor will have to be
disconnected from the supply mains.
In this type of feeding, the distributor is connected to the supply at one end and loads are taken at
different points along the length of the distributor.
The current in the various sections of the distributor away from feeding point goes on decreasing.
Thus current in section AC is more than the current in section CD and current in section CD is more
than the current in section DE.
The voltage across the loads away from the feeding point goes on decreasing.
In case a fault occurs on any section of the distributor, the whole distributor will have to be
disconnected from the supply mains. Therefore, continuity of supply is interrupted.
2. Distributor fed at centre:
In this type of feeding, the centre of the distributor is connected to the supply mains. This type of
distributor is equivalent to 2 single fed distributors each distributor being one half of the total length
and having one common feeding point.
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In this type of feeding, the distributor is connected to the supply mains at both ends and loads are
tapped off at different points along the length of the distributor.
Here, the load voltage goes on decreasing as we move away from one feeding point say A, reaches
minimum value and then again starts rising and reaches maximum value when we reach the other
feeding point B. The minimum voltage occurs at some load point and is never fixed. It is shifted with
the variation of load on different sections of the distributor.
If a fault occurs on any feeding point of the distributor, the continuity of supply is maintained from
the other feeding point.
In case of fault on any section of the distributor, the continuity of supply is maintained from the other
feeding point.
The area of X-section required for a doubly fed distributor is much less than that of a singly fed
distributor.
3. Ring Main distributor:

When two ends of a distributor fed at equal voltages are brought together, then such a distribution
system is known as Ring Main system. It has all the advantages of a doubly fed distributor while
feeder required is only one.
2Ω 5Ω 2Ω 5Ω
5v 5v 10Ω
Figure 1 Figure 2
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2Ω 2Ω
5Ω 5v 5Ω
Figure 3
10 Ω Ia 1Ω Ib 2Ω Ic 5Ω Id
I1 10Ω I2 5Ω I3 2Ω I4 1Ω
Figure 4 (Supply from single end)
2Ω 5Ω 10 Ω 10 Ω 5Ω 2Ω
1Ω 5Ω 2Ω 10v 2Ω 5Ω 1Ω
Figure 5 (supply from centre)
** Construct a ring main distribution system and take the readings of voltage and current.
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REQUIRED NAME
01 Trainer Kit
02 Variac
03 Patch Chords
VIII. OBSERVATIONS:
1. For figure 1
I V1 V2
2. For figure 2
I1 I2 I3 V1 V2 V3
3. For figure 3
I I1 I2 V1 V2 V3 V4
4. For Distributor fed at one end (for figure 4)
Ia I1 Ib I2 Ic I3 Id I4
Also measure the Voltage across different resistors.
5. For Distributor fed from centre (for figure 5)
I I1’ I2’ I3’ I1 I2 I3
Also measure the Voltage across different resistors.
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IX. PROCEDURE:
1. Make circuits for different types of supply systems as given in the manual.
2. Make sure that there is no loose contact in the circuit.
3. Before switching ‘ON’ set the variac at zero.
4. Make the arrangement of the variac such that the input dc voltage of the trainer kit
with in 10 v.
5. Measure branch current of each branch and voltage drop across each load of the
system.
V= I x R
XI. CONCLUSION :
Students should write the conclusion after the complesion of the experiment
XII. DISCUSSIONS:
1. Why is 3-wire d.c.distribution preferred to 2-wire d.c. distribution?
2. Why do we balancer set?
3. Can we use compound generator as a booster?
4. Which points of d.c. ring main should be connected through inter connector?
XIII. REFERENCES :
Web links:
Books:
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Power System Laboratory Manual (EE-592)
II. TITLE : Earth Resistance Measurement by Earth Tester.
III. OBJECTIVE :
1. To measure the Earth Resistance

1. Know the process to measure the earth resistance with the help of a Earth Megger.
V. THEORY:
The resistance offered by the earth electrode to the flow of current into the ground is known as the
earth resistance or resistance to earth. The earth resistance mainly implies the resistance between the
electrode and the point of zero potential. Numerically, it is equal to the ratio of the potential of the
earth electrode to the current dissipated by it. The resistance between the earthing plate and the
ground is measured by the potential fall method.
The resistance of the earthing electrode is not concentrated at one point, but it is distributed over the
soil around the electrode. Mathematically, the earth resistance is given as the ratio of the voltage and
the current shown below.
Where V is a measured voltage between the voltage spike and I is the injected current during the
earth resistance measurement through the electrode.
The value of the earth resistance for different power stations is shown below
Large Power Station – 0.5 ohms

Major Power Station – 1.0 ohms
Small Substation – 2.0 ohms
In all other cases – 8.0 ohms
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The region around the earth in which the electrode is driven is known as the resistance area or
potential area of the ground. The fault current which is injected from the earth electrode is passing
away from the electrode in all directions shown below in the figure. The flow of current into the
grounds depends on the resistivity of the soil in which the earth electrode is placed. The resistivity of
the soil may vary from 1 to 1000 ohm-m depends on the nature of the soil.
The resistivity of the earth depends on its temperature. When the temperature is greater than 0ºC,
then its effect on ground resistivity is negligible, But at 0ºC the water in the soil starts freezing which
increase their resistivity. The resistivity of the earth is also affected by the composition of some
soluble salts as shown in the figure below.
The resistance of the earth varies from layer to layer. The lower layer of soil has more moisture and
lower resistivity. If the lower layer contains hard and rocky soil, then their resistivity increases with
depth.
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REQUIRED NAME
01 Earth Megger
02 Spikes
03 Copper Wire
VIII. OBSERVATIONS:
Sl. No. Earth Resistance (Ω)
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Average Earth Resistance =
IX. PROCEDURE:
a) Connect the shorted terminals (C1 and P1) of the megger to the point at which earth resistance
is to be measured.
b) C2 terminal of the megger is to be connected to a earth spike and to be grounded at a dintance
of 75 ft.
c) P2 terminal of the megger is to be connected to a earth spike and to be grounded at a dintance
of 150 ft.
d) Now rotate the rotary switch of the megger and note the reading.
e) Repeat this process for a few times.
XI. CONCLUSION :
XII. DISCUSSIONS:
1. What is considered to be an acceptable ground resistance reading?
2. Can an insulation tester Megger be used to perform ground resistance tests?
3. Why do we perform earth resistance test?
XIII. REFERENCES :
Web links:
Books:
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II. TITLE : To Find the Breakdown Voltage of Transformer Oil
III. OBJECTIVE :
1. To study the function of transformer oil in transformer.
2. To study the source of transformer oil.
3. To study the types of transformer oil.
4. To get the breakdown voltage and di-electric strength of transformer oil.

After performing this experiment a students will be able to know -
1. the testing procedure to find the di-electric strength of transformer oil.
V. THEORY:
The oil used in transformer has two functions-
1. To create an acceptable label of insulation in conjunction with insulated conductor and

coil.
2. To provide a cooling medium capable of extracting quantities of heat without
detonation as an insulating medium.
Transformer oil is mineral oil (clean hydrocarbon oil). Vegetable and animal oils are not
used in transformer as the fatty acids that attacks the fibrous innovating material used.
Some of the important characteristics basically desirable are : -
A. Electric Strength:
Transformer oil should have high dielectric strength in order to minimize clearance between
coils from winding to tank. According IS-335-1972 specification for new insulating oil for
transformer and switchgear, the dielectric strength of new oils should be 3 kV / mm (rms). The
resistivity of new transformer oil is more than 13 x 1010 ohm. However if dust and small fibre are
present in oil, they tend to align themselves along electrical axis of force thereby forming paths
of low resistivity which may cause failure.
B. Viscosity:
The transformer oil viscosity should be small to permit rapid circulation of oil.
C. Purity:
The oil must not contain any acid, alkali or sulphur compound as these cause corrosion of metal
parts and insulation. The sulphur compound accelerates the product of sludge.
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D. Flash Point:
The flash point is the temperature at which oil vapour ignites spontaneously. The flash point of
an oil characteristics its tendency to evaporate. The lower the flash point, the greater is the
vaporization of oil. When oil vaporizes it looses its volume, its viscosity rises and an explosive
mixture may form. The flash point of the transformer oil should be greater than 1400 C.
E. Sludge formation:
Sludging means slow formation of hydrocarbon due to halting and oxidation their sludge
deposits itself on winding tank halts in cooling duet. Sludge is poor conductor of heat and
therefore it produces temperature gradient across winding insulator.
VI. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

REQUIRED NAME
01 Transformer oil
02 Single phase
supply unit
03 High voltage test
setup
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VIII. OBSERVATIONS TABLE :
BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
SL. NO.
(kV)
IX. PROCEDURE
1. Stand on the insulating mat
2. Don’t put the rotary switch of the supply unit to the zero position immediately after breakdown
occurs.
3. Press ‘memory’ button to know the breakdown voltage.
4. Repeat this process for 5 times.
5. Calculate the average breakdown voltage.
6. Calculate the Di-electric strength
7. Slowly increase the voltage from the supply unit until breakdown occurs.
Di-electric Strength = Breakdown voltage of the insulator / Thickness of the insulator or gap between the
electrodes
XI. CONCLUSION:
Students should write the conclusion after the completion of the experiment
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XII. DISCUSSIONS :
1. Why transformer oil is used?

2. How many types of transformer oils are there?
3. What is Di-electric strength?
XIII. REFERENCES :
Web links:
Books:
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II. TITLE : Different parameters calculation by Power Circle Diagram
III. OBJECTIVE :
1. To know the procedure to calculate different parameters by power circle diagram.
1. Know the procedure to draw the power circle diagram.

2. Know how to calculate different parameters from it.
V. THEORY:
The transmission parameters are chain parameter or A,B,C,D parameter equation for a
two port network.
V1 = A.V2 + B.(-I2)
I1 = C.V2 + D.(-I2)
V1 = A B V2
I1 = C D -I2
Transmission parameters are used in the analysis of power transmission line, where they
are also known as general circuit parameters. The input point is called sending end and
the output point is called receiving end. To verify the parameters of network, power circle
diagram is one of the best method. There are two types of power circle diagram.
(1) Receiving end power circle diagram

(2) Sending end power circle diagram.
For receiving end power circle diagram, receiving end power diagram for voltage is
drawn with the help of general equation -
VS = AVR + BIR
For sending end power circle diagram voltage phasor diagram is constructed by the
equation,
VR = DVS – BIS
b. construction of receiving end and sending end power circle diagram.

1. at first from the T network we have to calculate the value of A,B,C, D, α, β, δ.
2. Taking a load, we have to find the voltage across the load terminal (receiving or sending end)
and the power, power factor of the load.
3. Take Vr, Ir, cosθ a reference scale.
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4. Then take all the parameters in terms of reference scale.

5. Take the phasor as shown in fig.
6. Draw the circle taking O as a centre and radius is equal to VS.Vr / B
VrIr

AVr2B () VrIr COS
O Vs Vr B
Receiving end power circle diagram.(O is the center , Vs Vr B is radious)
DVs2 B Vs Vr B

s Vs Is
Sending end power circle diagram(O is the center, V s Vr B is radious)
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REQUIRED NAME
01 Trainer Kit
02 Variac
03 Patch Chords
VIII. OBSERVATIONS :
(V) (A) (W) (Φ)
(V) (A) (W) (Φ)
IX. PROCEDURE
1. at first from the T network we have to calculate the value of A,B,C, D, α,
β, δ.
2. Taking a load, we have to find the voltage across the load terminal
(receiving or sending end)
6. Draw the circle taking O as a centre and radius is equal to V S.Vr / B
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A = √ [ZSO / (ZRO – ZRS)] ----------------------- (i)
[Use Z = V/ I and W = V I CosΦ]
XI. CONCLUSION:
Student should write conclusion after the completion of the experiment.
XII. DISCUSSIONS :
1. Why Power Circle Diagram is used ?

2. What is Sending end and Receiving end Power Circle Diagram?
XIII. REFERENCES :
Web links:
1. http://elearning.vtu.ac.in/P2/EE61/Ch01/html/0012.htm
Books:
2. Power System by NagrathKothari, McGraw Hill publication.
3. Power System by B. R. Gupta
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II. TITLE : Different parameters calculation by Power Circle Diagram
III. OBJECTIVE :
1. To know the procedure to calculate different parameters by power circle diagram.
1. Know the procedure to draw the power circle diagram.

2. Know how to calculate different parameters from it.
V. THEORY:
The transmission parameters are chain parameter or A,B,C,D parameter equation for a
two port network.
V1 = A.V2 + B.(-I2)
I1 = C.V2 + D.(-I2)
V1 = A B V2
I1 = C D -I2
Transmission parameters are used in the analysis of power transmission line, where they
are also known as general circuit parameters. The input point is called sending end and
the output point is called receiving end. To verify the parameters of network, power circle
diagram is one of the best method. There are two types of power circle diagram.
(1) Receiving end power circle diagram

(2) Sending end power circle diagram.
For receiving end power circle diagram, receiving end power diagram for voltage is
drawn with the help of general equation -
VS = AVR + BIR
For sending end power circle diagram voltage phasor diagram is constructed by the
equation,
VR = DVS – BIS
b. construction of receiving end and sending end power circle diagram.

1. at first from the T network we have to calculate the value of A,B,C, D, α, β, δ.
2. Taking a load, we have to find the voltage across the load terminal (receiving or sending end)
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VrIr

AVr2B () VrIr COS
O Vs Vr B
Receiving end power circle diagram.(O is the center , Vs Vr B is radious)
DVs2 B Vs Vr B

s Vs Is
Sending end power circle diagram(O is the center, Vs Vr B is radious)
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REQUIRED NAME
01 Trainer Kit
02 Variac
03 Patch Chords
VIII. OBSERVATIONS :
(V) (A) (W) (Φ)
(V) (A) (W) (Φ)
IX. PROCEDURE
1. at first from the T network we have to calculate the value of A,B,C, D, α,
β, δ.
2. Taking a load, we have to find the voltage across the load terminal
(receiving or sending end)
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A = √ [ZSO / (ZRO – ZRS)] ----------------------- (i)
*Use Z = V/ I and W = V I CosΦ+
XI. CONCLUSION:
XII. DISCUSSIONS :
1. Why Power Circle Diagram is used ?

2. What is Sending end and Receiving end Power Circle Diagram?
XIII. REFERENCES :
Web links:
Books:
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Power System Laboratory Manual
II. TITLE : Study of Different Types of Insulators
III. OBJECTIVE :
1. To study different types of over head line insulators.

1. Identify and know different types of overhead line insulators.
V. THEORY:
There are three different types of insulators.
i) Pin Type
ii) Suspension Type.
iii) StrainType.
PIN TYPE INSULATORS:
It consist of a single or multiple shells (petticoats or rain sheds) adapted to be mounted on a
spindle to be fixed to the cross arm of the supporting stricture. Multiple shells are provided
to obtain sufficient length of leakage path. Design of shells is such that when the
uppermost shell is wet due to rain, the lower cells are dry and provide sufficient leakage
resistance. Horizontal distance between tip of lower most shell should be less as compare to
vertical distance between same tip and cross arm. Insulator and pin are to be mechanically
strong, normally upto 33KV.
BBIT Draft Copy prep. By. Dr.S.Chanda and A.K.Majhi. Teachers ,Students and all are requested to give suggestions to upgrade the quality
July’2015 Page 1

SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATORS:
Suspension type insulators are free to swing and the clearances required between the
power conductor and the supporting structure are more as compare to pin type
insulators. The length of the cross arm is more and they are also economical for voltage
more than 33KV. Each insulator is designed for 11 KV and for any operating voltage; a
string of insulators can be used. Mechanical stresses at the point of attachment are
reduce. Also in case of failure of one of the units in string, only that particular unit
needs replacement, rather than hole string.

SHACKLE INSULATOR OR STRAIN INSULATOR:
Shackle Insulators are used in low voltage distribution lines. They are otherwise known as
spool insulators. Shackle Insulators are used at the end of distribution lines or at
sharp turns where there is excessive tensile load on the lines. These insulators can be
mounted either in the vertical or horizontal position. The Shackle Insulator is mounted
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axially. The loading is on circumferential grooves in the insulator. The conductor is

secured in the groves by means of softbending wires. The insulators are bolted to the
crossarm of the pole.

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VII. PROCEDURE:
Draw neat sketch of the insulators.
VIII. CONCLUSION:
IX. DISCUSSION:
1. Which type of insulator is used on 132 kV transmission lines?

2. Where is the strain type insulators used?
3. Porcelain is produced by firing at high temperature of which all mixtures?
4. Why is the wavy structure of pin insulators used?
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X. REFERENCES:
Web links:
Books:
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Laboratory Manual for Power System Laboratory II ; EE692
II. TITLE : Study and analysis of an Electrical transmission Line Circuit with the help of
MiPower
III. OBJECTIVE :
1. To study the A.C. Load Flow by Newton Raphson method using MiPower software
1. Understand N-R load flow analysis and its use in Power system.
V. THEORY :
1. Defination Of Generator Bus.

->In generator bus P and V are specified while Q and δ are to be estimated.
2. Defination Of Load Bus.
->In load bus P and Q are specified while V and δ are to be estimated.
3. Defination Of Slack Bus.
->In load bus V and δ are specified while P and Q are to be estimated. The slack bus is nothing but
reference bus or power grid.
Type of bus Known or Specified Quantities Unknown Quantities
Genarating bus P ,|V| Q ,ϭ
Load Bus P,Q |V|,ϭ
Slack Bus |V|,ϭ P,Q
NIT PREPARED BY MILAN BANERJEE WITH THE HELP OF MR. SUDHANGSHU SARKAR Page 1
VII. SPECIFICATIONS:
MiPower Software
Assume the base voltage for the bus as 220 kV and system frequency as 60 Hz. Impedances and line
charging for the sample system.
Table : 1.1
Bus code Impedance Line charging
From - To R+jX B/2
1-2 0.02+j0.06 0.0+j0.030
1-3 0.08+j0.24 0.0+j0.025
2-3 0.06+j0.18 0.0+j0.02
2-4 0.06+j0.18 0.0+j0.02
2-5 0.04+j0.12 0.0+j0.015
3-4 0.01+j0.03 0.0+j0.010
4-5 0.08+j0.24 0.0+j0.025
Generation, loads and bus voltages for sample system
Table : 1.2
Bus Bus Voltage Generation Generation Load Load
No MW MVAR MW MVAR
1 1.06+j0.0 0 0 0 0
2 1.00+j0.0 40 30 20 10
3 1.00+j0.0 0 0 45 15
4 1.00+j0.0 0 0 40 5
5 1.00+j0.0 0 0 60 10
IX. PROCEDURE:
Open power system network editor(double click). Select menu option

Database Configure. Configure Database dialog is popped up as
shown below. Click Browse button.
Click here to specify the name of

the database
Open dialog box is popped up as shown below, where you are going to
browse the desired directory and specify the name of the database to be
associated with the single line diagram. Configure Database dialog will
appear with path chosen.
Uncheck the Power System Libraries and Standard Relay

Libraries . For this example these standard libraries are not
needed, because all the data is given on pu for power
system libraries (like transformer, line\cable, generator),
and relay libraries are required only for relay co-ordination
studies. If Libraries are selected, standard libraries will be
loaded along with the database. Click Electrical
Information tab. Since the impedances are given on 100
MVA base, check the pu status. Enter the Base MVA and
Base frequency as shown below. Click on Breaker Ratings
button to give breaker ratings. Click OK button to create
the database to return to Network Editor.
Procedure to Draw First Element – Bus
Click on bus icon Drag mouse on the workspace to draw the bus
(before drawing the bus must select the bus voltage from left side toolbar)
Give the bus ID and bus name click OK after entering data
click Save which invokes Network Editor.
After entering data click Save which invokes Network Editor. Follow the same procedure
for remaining buses. Following table gives the data for other buses.
Bus Bus Nominal
Number Name Voltage(kV)
2 South 220
3 Lake 220
4 Main 220
5 Elm 220
Note: Since the voltages are mentioned in pu, any kV can be assumed. So the base voltage is chosen as 220 kV.
Procedure to Draw Second Element – Transmission Line:

Click on TRANSMISSION LINE icon provided on power system toolbar.
To draw the line click between two buses and to connect to the from bus
double clicking LMB (Left Mouse Button) on the From Bus and join it to
the another bus by double clicking the mouse button on the To Bus
Element ID dialog will appear Enter Element ID number and

click OK Database Manager with corresponding Line/Cable Data
form will be open Enter the details of that line Enter Structure
Reference Number as given in the Transmission Line Data Click on
Transmission Line Library >> button Line and Cable Library form
will appear, Enter all the line data given in the Transmission Line Data.
After entering data Save and

Close. Line\Cable Data form
will appear. Click Save , which
invokes Network Editor to
update next element.
Procedure to Draw Third Element – Transformer:

Click on Two Winding Transformer icon provided on power system tool
bar. To draw the transformer click in between two buses and to connect to
the from bus double clicking LMB (Left Mouse Button) on the From Bus
and join it to another bus by double clicking the mouse button on the To
Bus Element ID dialog will appear click OK 2 Winding
Transformer Data form will appear Enter the manufacturer Ref. No.
Enter Transformer Data given in the Transformer Data table
Click on Transformer Library >> button Enter Transformer Library

details given in the Transformer Data table Click Save button and
close the screen Transformer Data form will appear Click Save
button, which invokes Network Editor In the similar way enter other
Transformer Details.
Procedure to Draw Fourth Element – Generator:

Click on Generator icon provided on power system tool bar Draw the
generator by clicking LMB (Left Mouse Button) on the Bus-1 Element
ID dialog will appear click OK Generator Data form will be
opened Enter the Manufacturer Ref. No. Enter Generator Data
given in the Generator Data Table Click on Generator Library >>
Button.
Procedure to Draw Fifth Element – Load:

Click on Load icon provided on power system tool bar Draw the
generator by clicking LMB (Left Mouse Button) on the Bus-4 Element
ID dialog will appear click OK Load Data form will be opened
Enter the Load details given in the Load Data Table.
Procedure to Solve Load Flow Study:
To solve Load Flow Studies choose menu option
Solve Load Flow Analysis and click on Execute
When Study Info button is clicked, following dialog will open. Newton - Raphson method and enter
acceleration factor as 1.4 and P-Tolerance and Q-Tolerance as 0.01. Click OK.
Execute load flow analysis and click on Report in the load flow analysis dialog to view report.
X. OBSERVATIONS:
No table required. Get report from MiPower and print the result.
X. CONCLUSION:
Students are advised to write conclusions on the case studies conducted with due consultation
with the guide.
XI. DESIGNING EQUATIONS :
XII. DISCUSSION:
1. What is the Requirement of load flow studies.
2. What is contingency analysis.
3. What is acceleration factor.
4. What is the limitation of Newton Raphson method.
XIII. REFERENCES :
3. Power System Simulation, M.A.Pai
II. TITLE: Dielectric constant, tan delta, resistivity test of transformer oil.
III.OBJECTIVE:
1. To find the Di electric constant, Tan Delta and resistivity of transformer oil.
IV. OUTCOME OF THE EXPERIMENT:

1. Know the testing procedure of determining Di electric constant of a transformer oil.

2. Know the testing procedure of determining Tan Delta of a transformer oil.
3. Know the testing procedure of determining Resistivity of a transformer oil.
V. THEORY:
Insulating liquids are generally used either to insulate components of an electrical network from each
other and from ground (alone or in combination with solid insulating materials) or to function as the
dielectric of a capacitor . The dielectric constant (or relative permittivity) of a material under given
conditions shows the level at which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux. In technical terms, it is the
ratio of the amount of electrical energy stored in a material by an applied voltage, relative to that stored in
a vacuum.
Resistivity is the resistance to leakage current through an insulating material. The lower the volume
resistivity, the higher the leakage current and the more conductive the material is. Good transformer oil
resistivity should be high. Lower transformer oil resistivity indicates the presence of moisture and
conductive contaminating agents. High resistivity reveals fewer free ions and ion-forming particles and
normally indicates a low concentration of conductive contaminants. Since insulation is meant to have
large resistivity, measuring that resistivity is difficult; therefore appropriate equipment and test method
should be used.
Dissipation factor (tan delta) and capacitance measurement at power frequency (50 Hz) has been
commonly used to diagnose the insulation integrity and condition of transformers. The main drawback of
this technique is that the measurement results obtained represent the status of the "complete" transformer
insulation systems - a combination of the bulk of oil, paper insulation and pressboard. The contribution of
each individual insulation material to the end result is not well known, and the degradation status of the
whole insulation structure and each material are difficult to separate. In order to improve comprehension
of the measurement results of this technique, the basic relationship between tan delta and each insulating
material has to be established first. Hence, in this paper, experimental investigation has been done by
studying the dielectric properties changes (tan delta and dielectric constant, epsiv tau) of mineral oil,
cellulose paper and pressboard with the affecting parameters, namely moisture and ageing. A simulation
model of the combined transformer insulation has been used to correlate the tan delta of each insulating
material to the measured combined value of a transformer.
NIT Page 1
Circuit diagram for resistivity test
NIT Page 2
Circuit diagram for tan delta test
Heating Chamber
NIT Page 3

REQUIRED NAME
01
02
03
VIII. OBSERVATIONS:
Di electric constant
Tan delta
Resistivity
IX. PROCEDURE:
A. Procedure for measurement of Dielectric constant:
For this measurement following equipments are used:
a) oil Loss Angle Meter (Oil test system Model: OTS2K1)
b) Three Terminal Oil Test Cell
Before proceeding to make this test, clean the oil cell thoroughly. This may be ensured by testing
empty clean cell on Million Megohm meter. The resistance should be practically infinite.
1. Connect the oil test system to 230v ac, 50 hz power supply.
2. Switch ON the equipment
3. Keep mode selector band switch in DISCHARGE mode
4. In the tan d & discharge mode Ac and Tan d % marked LED will glow.
5. Keep voltage at zero.
6. Mount the cell on an insulation based plate (such as Bakelite or glass or Pyrex sheet). Connect the
empty cell to the Oil Loss Angle Meter by the cables provided. The connection should be made as
follows.
i) Terminal marked HV should be connected to outer case terminal of the three terminal oil
cell with crocodile clip.
ii) Terminal marked LV should be connected to the inner terminal of the oil cell.
iii) Terminal marked GUARD should be connected to the middle terminal i.e. GUARD
terminal of the oil cell.
7. Now select Volts/Null switch to Volts position, and set voltage 500 v ac by set volts marked
variac or the desired voltage.
8. Select mode selector band switch to Tan d mode and Volts/Null switch to Null position.
9. Set 1.00 on the DPM with the help of the POT marked as Set Null at 5.00, and select discharge
mode by the mode selector.
10. Do not alter or disturb the voltage or Null control knob.
NIT Page 4
11. Pour required quantity of oil in the cell 60 ml app (When mode selector switch is in Discharge
mode there is no voltage at the terminals and operator can safely handle the oil cell).
12. Now select the Mode selector to Tan d mode
13. Null DPM will show a different reading. This new reading directly shows the Di electric Constant
of the sample under test.
14. Note that this meter gives the Di electric Constant in the range of 0.10 to 10
15. Also note that in this measurement Tan d meter is not used at all.
16. Select Discharge Mode after noting the reading.
B. Procedure for measurement of Tan d:

a) Oil Loss Angle Meter (Oil test system Model: OTS2K1)
b) Three Terminal Oil Test Cell.
c) Heating chamber.
Tan d for oils is normally measured at 900C.
1. Clean the oil cell thoroughly. This can be ensured by measuring Insulation Resistance on Oil Test
System in IR range which should be practically infinite.
2. Pour oil to be tested in the oil cell gradually, the oil enters the space cavity in between the two
electrodes of cell through holes provided.
3. Keep oil cell in heating chamber.
4. Connect heating chamber to 230v ac, 50 hz supply.
5. Switch ON the heating chamber with help of switch self illuminating mains ON.
6. Switch on the heater ON switch.
7. Insert sensing probe in the oil cell carefully.
8. The DPM on Heating chamber will indicate the temperature of the oil in cell.
9. Connect oil test system to 230v ac, 50 Hz power supply.
10. Switch ON the instrument.
11. Keep mode selector band switch in DISCHARGE mode
12. Keep voltage at zero.
13. Connect HV, LV and GUARD terminals from oil test system to heating chamber back panel
respectively. Connect the co axial lead from the heating chamber to the oil cell Black to LV,
Green to GUARD and cover the oil cell by the Acrylic box, the HV on LED will get ON.
14. When the temperature of Oil Cell in Heating Chamber reach to 90 0C or desired temperature, then
heater supply will cut off automatically and Trip ON indication lamp will go off and temperature
will rise 4 to 5 degree. The trip setting may be changed if required by adjusting the ‘TRIP SET’
control.
15. Select Volts/Null switch to Volts position and set AC vpltage 500 v on the DPM or the desired
value with the help of variac marked as DET volts.
16. Set zero on 31/2 DPM of Tan d % with the help of Set Zero pot in Discharge mode.
17. When the temperature is 900C while coolimg, Switch mode selestor to Tan d mode and with the
help of Set Null at 5.00 pot adjust the null meter to read 5.00. Read the reading on the DPM Tan d
% it display the Tan delta in % directly.
NIT Page 5
18. Select mode to Discharge position check zero on the Tan d % DPM, if not adjust zero on Tan d %
meter carefully with the help of SET ZERO control.
19. Switch mode selector to Tan d mode and with the help of Set Null at 5.00 pot adjust the null
meter to read 5.00 read the value of Tan d % DPM directly in percentage and note down the
reading.
20. Repeat steps 16 to 19 for verification.
21. If the Tan d is more than 19.99% select 199.9% range.
C. Procedure for Resistivity measurement:

a) Oil Loss Angle Meter (Oil test system Model: OTS2K1)
b) Three Terminal Oil Test Cell.
c) Heating chamber.
Resistivity is normally measured at room temperature.
1. Clean the oil cell thoroughly as explained and place it on insulation base plate such as glass or
Pyrex sheet.
2. Connect the Oil Test System to the Mains supply 230V AC, 50Hz
3. Switch ON the instrument.
4. Select Mode selector to Discharge Mode.
5. Select Volts / Null switch to Volts Position.
6. Select Operate / Set Zero switch to Set Zero position.
7. Set Range selector to range 1.
8. Keep the HV and LV leads open.
9. Select mode selector to IR range and set zero on the DPM with the help Set Zero pot provided
below the Operate switch. The same time DPM DC will display 500 volts. In IR range MΩ &
DC LED will glow.
10. Select mode selector to Discharge mode & connect the HV, LV & GUARD leads (Connect the co
axial lead from the heating chamber to the oil cell Black to LV, Green to GUARD and cover the
oil cell by the Acrylic box, the HV on LED will get ON). HV is directly connected through relay
contact whrn the Acrylic Box is covered.
11. Select IR mode and read the value of resistance by changing the range from 1 to 10 6, the display
should show blank. If not remove the test cell after selecting DISCHARGE mode. Then clean the
cell again and repeat the procedure till we get infinity reading at the highest range of interest.
CONNECT OR DISCONNECT THE OIL CELL ONLY WHEN INSTRUMENT IS IN
DISCHARGE MODE.
12. Pour the required quantity of oil in the test cell.
13. Keep the oil cell in Heating Chamber and connect the leads from Oil Test System.
14. Select IR range after 1 minute of charging note down the Insulation resistance shown of the
material by selecting the range from 1 to 106 were the reading on DPM is in between 10.0 to
100.0 note down the reading & multiplier & select Discharge mode.
15. Total Insulation resistance is:
Meter reading x Range Megohms
16. Calculate the Resistivity.
NIT Page 6
1. Total Insulation resistance = Meter reading x Range Megohms
2. Resistivity = Resistance shown in ohm x Cell constant
XI. CONCLUSION :
XII. DISCUSSIONS:
1. What is Breakdown voltage of transformer oil?
2. What is Tan Delta?
3. What is Di electric strength?
4. What is Resistivity?
XIII. REFERENCES:
Web links:
Books:
NIT Page 7

Determining ABCD Parameters of Transmission Lines

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Electrical Engineering Department

Power System Laboratory Manual EE - 592

II. TITLE : Determination of generalized constants A, B, C, D of a long transmission line

IV. OUTCOME OF THE EXPERIMENT :

After performing this experiment a students will be able to

Usually these parameters are named as follows:

A = Reverse voltage ratio with receiving end open.

B = Transfer impedance with receiving end shorted.

C = Transfer admittance with receiving end open.

D = Reverse current ratio with receiving end shorted.

We know, for a symmetrical network ZSO = ZRO and ZSS = ZRS

These parameters can be found as follows:

VI. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

VII. APPARATUS REQUIRED :

SL NO. APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY TYPE MAKER’S

Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading Wattmeter reading Phase angle

(V) (A) (W) (Φ)

(ii) Short circuit condition:

Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading Wattmeter reading Phase angle

(V) (A) (W) (Φ)

B = ZRS √ [ZRO / (ZRO – ZRS)] ------------------ (ii)

C = (1/ ZSO) √ [ZSO / (ZRO – ZRS)] ------------- (iii)

D = (ZRO/ ZSO) √ [ZRO / (ZRO – ZRS)] ---------- (iv)

[Use Z = V/ I and W = V I CosΦ]

1. What are the units of A, B, C, D?

II. TITLE : Simulation of DC Distribution by network analyzer.

IV. OUTCOME OF THE EXPERIMENT :

1. Distributor fed at one end:

2. Distributor fed at centre:

3. Ring Main distributor:

VI. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Figure 4 (Supply from single end)

Figure 5 (supply from centre)

VII. APPARATUS REQUIRED :

SL NO. APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY TYPE MAKER’S

4. For Distributor fed at one end (for figure 4)

Also measure the Voltage across different resistors.

5. For Distributor fed from centre (for figure 5)

I I1’ I2’ I3’ I1 I2 I3

Also measure the Voltage across different resistors.

II. TITLE : Earth Resistance Measurement by Earth Tester.

IV. OUTCOME OF THE EXPERIMENT :

Large Power Station – 0.5 ohms

VI. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

VII. APPARATUS REQUIRED :

SL NO. APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY TYPE MAKER’S

Sl. No. Earth Resistance (Ω)

Average Earth Resistance =

1. What is considered to be an acceptable ground resistance reading?

2. Can an insulation tester Megger be used to perform ground resistance tests?

3. Why do we perform earth resistance test?

II. TITLE : To Find the Breakdown Voltage of Transformer Oil

IV. OUTCOME OF THE EXPERIMENT :

1. the testing procedure to find the di-electric strength of transformer oil.

1. To create an acceptable label of insulation in conjunction with insulated conductor and

VI. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

VII. APPARATUS REQUIRED :

SL NO. APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY TYPE MAKER’S

VIII. OBSERVATIONS TABLE :

1. Why transformer oil is used?

II. TITLE : Different parameters calculation by Power Circle Diagram

1. To know the procedure to calculate different parameters by power circle diagram.

IV. OUTCOME OF THE EXPERIMENT :