Formula

Sheet
MATHEMATICS
CLASS 11

@NCERTKAKSHA

Vaishale
gain
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KAKSHA. Any reproduction in any form, physical or electronic
mode on public forum etc will lead to infringement of
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including FIR and claim of damages under Indian Copyright
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 BETS
Set: A set is well defined collections of objects.
(i) Objects, elements and members of set terms.
are
synonyms
(ii) sets are
usually denoted
by capital letters A, B, C, X, Y, 2 etc.

(iii) The elements of set represented by small letters a, b, c, 2 etc.

x,y,
a are

Roaster on tabular form: elements listed, separated and enclosed within brackets?3
are
by commas
curly
example:39.e, 1.0, 13 set of vowels.

set builder form: All elements possess a

single common
property. Example: <x:x is a vowel in
English alphabet

NCERT
cordinal number: of elements of set A is called cordinal number and denoted CA).
Number a
by

set: A set not contain element is called set the null set the void set.
Empty which does
any the
empty on or

Finite set. A set which is consists of definite number of elements is called finite set.
empty or a

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empty &
Infinite set: A set which is not consists of a indefinite number of elements is called infinite set.

Equal Set: A B said elements and A B.

Two sets and are to be equal if they have
exactly the same we write =

Otherwise, the sets are said to be unequal and we write AB

subset: A setA is said to be a subset of a set if every element of A is also an element of B.

AcB if at A - at B

Proper subset: If ACB and AB, then A is called a proper subset of B and B is called superset of A.

call
Singleton set. If a set A has
only one element, we it
singleton set.

Note: subsets of set of real numbers Nc <<Q, QCR, NKT T =

Irrational number

Intervals as subsets of R: (a,b) =

9x:a<<<b3 is an open interval, does not contain end points a b

(a,b) 9x:a<x<b> is closed interval, contain end points also

=

an

(a,b) 9x:a<x<b3 is interval tob,

including but
excluding b.
=
an open from a a

(a,b] 9x:a<x>b3 is interval from tob,

including b but
excluding
=
an open a a

Length of any interval. The number (b-a) is called the

length of any of the intervals (a,b), (a,b), (a, b) or

(a,b].
Power set. The collection all subsets of set A is called the set of A. denoted PCA).
of a power by

A that all called

Universal set: set contains sets in a
given context is Universal set denoted
by U.

Union of sets :
The A and B which consists of elements of 3, the elements
union of is the set all the common

The 'v" used to denote union.

being taken
only once.
symbol is the

AUB=<1: xt A or xt BE
some properties of the operation of union

(i) AUB =
BUA (Commutative law ( (iv) AUA: A (Idempotent law)
(ii) (AUB)UC =
AU(BUC) (Associative law) (V) UUA=U (Law of US

(iii) A UO A (Law of identity element, O is the

identity ofUS
=

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
I

Intersection of sets : The intersection of A and B is the set of all the elements which are common to both A

B. The 't' used to denote the intersection.

and symbol is

AlB=<1:xt A and xt B5
some properties of the operation of intersection

(i) ANB =
BNA (Commutative law (
(ii) (ANB(rC =
Ar(BIC) (Associative law)
(iii) P1A =
0, UNA A =

CLaw of $ and US

(iv) Al A: A (Idempotent law)

NCERT
(v) Ar(BUC): (ANBLUCANC) (Distributive law) i.e. a distributes over U.

Difference of sets : The difference of the two sets A and B in this order is the set of elements which
belong to A but not to B.

A-B =
<x:xCA and x BY Note: A-B FB =
A

complement of a set . Let u be the universal set and A a subset of U. Then the complement of A is the set of all elements of

KAKSHA
not the elements A. denoted Al
U which are of by
A = Sx:xCU and LepA3 obviously A' =
U-A

some properties of complement sets

1. Complement laws: (i) AUA'= U (ii) ANA'=0

2.
DeMorgan's law: (is (AUB)': A'lB' (ii) (ANB)'= A'r B

3. Law of double complementation:(A'': A

4. Laws of empty set and universal set: d' =

0 and v= 0

Practical problems on Union and intersection of two sets:

(i) n(AUB) n(A)+ x(B)

=

(ii) n(AUB) n(A)

=
+ x(B) -
nCANB)

(iii) If A, B and I are finite sets, then

n(AUBUC) n(A) =
+ x(B) + u(c) -
n(A1B) -
n(Br() -
n(A1C + n(ANBrc)

Note: If A is a subset of the universal set v, then its complement A is also a subset of U.

Important Note:

=
equal to C less then

Not equal to
#

<less then equal to

↓ subset >
greater than

I not a subset I greater than equal to

implies
=)
↓ superset
E) if and
only if P Not superset

a t Union
belongs to or contains in

t for all & Intersection

N: the set of the all natural numbers.

·such that I all

·the set of the
integers.
Q: the set of the all rational numbers.

R: the set of the all real numbers.

t

all
2: the set of the positive integers.
at the set of the all positive rational numbers.

R ·the set of the all positive real numbers.

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 #RELATIONS AND FUNCTIOINS
Cartesian product: Given two
non-empty sets p and 8. The Cartesian Product PXQ is the set of all ordered

pair of elements from P and Qi.e., PXQ= [(1, q): ptp, gtQ?
If either por Q is the null set, then PXQ will also be
empty set, i.e. PXQ =
0

If A =
<a1,923 and B =

<ba,bz.bs, b.3 then AXB =

<(a,, b,), (a,, bc), (a,,ag), (debn), (acbc), (acbz), (acbs), (acbn)

Note: (i) Two ordered pairs are equal, if and

only if the
corresponding first elements are equal and the second

elements are also equal.

(ii) If n(A) p =
and n(B) =

9, then n(AXB) =
pg.

NCERT
(iii) If A and B are
non-empty sets and either A or B is an infinite set then, AXB is also a infinite set.

(iv) AXAXA= <(a, b, c: a, b, ctA3. Here (a,b,c) is called an ordered triplet.

Relations:

A Relation is from derived

a
non-empty set A to a
non-empty set is a subset of the cartesian product AXB. The subset is

by relationship first and element of ordered AXB. The second

describing a between the element the second the pairs in

element is called the

image of the first element.

KAKSHA
Domain: The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set A to a set B is called the

domain of the relation R.

Range: The set of all second elements in a relation & from a set A to Set B is called the
range of the relation R.

codomain: The whole set is is called the codomain of the relation R.

range-codomain.

Note: A Relation R from A to A is also stated as a relation on A.

Note: If n(A) =
p and n(B) =

9,

then, n(AXB) =
P9

the total no. of relation is =2pa

function: A relation f from a set A to a set is said to be a function if every element of SetA has one and

only one
image in set B.

If f is a function from A to Band (a,b) ef, then b is called the

image of a under f and a is called

the
preimage of f
bunder. The function - from A to B is denoted
by f: A - B

Real valued function: A function which has either in on one of its subsets as its
range is called a real valued function

some functions:

1.
Identity function: Let t be the set of real numbers. Define the real valued function f:R ->R by y f(x) xc for
= =

each (R. Such a function is called the

identity function.
2. Constant function: Define the function f: R - R
by y f(x) =

c,
=
xeR where c is a constant and each at R.

Here domain of fish and its is [c3.

range
3. Polynomial function: A function fix-R is said to be polynomial function if for each is in R,

y f(x)
=
=
do+ dx + a(x+....+ anxy, where n is a
non-negative integer and do.01,ac...., an tR.

4. Rotational function: Rotational functions are function of the

type f(x), where fee) and
gas are
polynomial functions of x

defined in a domain, where

glass + 0.g()
3. modulus f: R-is leek for each cetR is called modulusfunction
The function: The function defined by f(x) =

-
6.
Signam function:
The function f: R-R defined by full
S -

I, if x <0
is called the
signum function

F. greatest integer function: The function f: R-R defined f(x) (i), xtR the value of the greatest integer, less
by assumes
=

equal called the

than or to 1. Such a function is
greatest integer function.
 Algebra of real functions:Let fix - R &
g: X- R Note: A x0 =
1. Addition of two real functions: (f+g)(x) =
f(x) +
g(x) for all xeX

2. Subtraction of real function from another ·

(f-g)(x) =
f(x) g(x) for all xeX
-

3. Multiplication by a scalar ·
(af)(x) =
of(x), xeX

4. Multiplication of two real functions: (fg)(x) =

f(x() g(x) for all nex (pointwise multiplication

3. Quotient of two real functions:

(f(x) f(C, =
provided g(( 50, 11

NCERT
KAKSHA

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 #REGON @ AETY FUICTEOINB
B

acidran
a reason
Vertex 0 x A

offoota
(

Angleisameasure given
Initial side

about its initial point. Terminal

side
↓
B

The final position of the after rotation

way (Positive angle) (Negative angle)
is called terminal
Rotation is anticlockwise Rotation is clockwise

10: 0 1'= 60" l'onedegree) 1'Cone minute) I"Cone seconds

NCERT
0 =

angle
0 l 21 radian 360 value of
22
= =
T 3.14
l of length
=
=

an arc
=

M
radius It radian =
100
r =
of a circle

I radian = 188 10 π
=

radian
I M Iy8
Radian measure =

x Degree measure

188
sinix + COS-x =
1

KAKSHAEtavariaartist
180 Radian
Degree measure =

X measure

I 1+ tan"x =
sec

sin(x)=- since its

COS 1 + cot -x =
cosec

#
sin(x+y) Since
cosssing
cosy +
=

EOSi c OOS
sin(x-y): since
cosy -cosssing
cos(x + y) cosx
Cosy since sing
= -

cos(x y) c0sx
Cosy + since sing
-
=

cos(F -x) since

=

t =- since
tan2x = 2 tanc

I-tan"x

sin(F-x) cos
sin(I x) +
cos
=

Sin3x =
3 since -

4 sin3x

cos(T -x) =-
Cosy Sin(T1-x) =
Since COS3x 4COSx-3COSK
=

tan3x 3 tance tanic

cos(T1 + x) Sin(TH+x)
-

=-
Cosy
= -

Since =

1-3tan"x
cos(2T -x) =
cosk sin(2T1-xc)=- Since

stance-tan
COsx +
cosy 2Cos x+
y Cos x
y
-

tany
=

tan(x tance
y)
+

are
=

2 2
2-tanistancy
cosx- cosy =
-
2 sineity since-y
2 2
cotic city 1 cotx
cot(x +
y) =

cot(x-y) coty +1
-

coty +cotx
coty-cotx
sinx +
Sing = 2 sin ccty COS x -

y
2 2

since-siny 2cos sin

x=ni),
xty y
where nez x
since gives
-

0
=
=

2
cosx 0 =

gives x =
(2n+1) I, where new

2
cos(x + y) + cos(x y)
ecosxcosy
=
-

x =
nT + (-1) "y -where nEZ
since sing implies cos(x +y) cos(x
2 since
sing y)
- - = - -

2nT
cosy implies
+
Cosx x sin (x-y)
y, where nee 2 since sin(x+y)
cosy +
= = =

tanc =
tany implies x nT =
+
y, where nez ecosssiny: sin(x+y)
-

sin(x-y)

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini

I
 quadrantal angles
· All
angles which are
integral multiples of
I are called quadrantal angles.
since 0 implies x=ni, is
any integer.
=

where n

cosse 0 implies (2n+1) I, is

any integer.
x where
=
=
n

t -x +
nπ, is
any integer.
COSe(T = where n

sinc

secx I x (2n +
1), where is
any integen
+
=

S
n

COSTC

(2n +1)
,
since, + is
any intege
tAUCC -
x where n

NCERT
COS 1

COt nπ, is
=COseec x +
any integer.
x where n

Sinc

Trigonometric Equations: Equations involving trigonometric functions of a variable are called

trigonometric Equations.
Principal solutions: The solutions of a
trigometric equation for which OFx2T are called principal

KAKSHA
solutions.

general solution: The in all

expression involving integer which
give solutions of a
trigonometric equation
is called the
general function.
Table:
Trigonometry Trigonometric functions in different quadrants:

·
·CO

Ex

y I
-

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini

I
 RENICE OF MATHEMATECAL ENUDUCTEOI
The Principal of Mathematical induction: Suppose there
given statement P(n) the natural
is a
involving no.

n such that

(i) The statement is true for n =

1, i.e., P(1) is true and

(ii) If the statement is true for n =

k (where K is some positive integer), then the statement is true for
n =
k+1, i.e., truth of P(K) implies the truth of P(k + 1).

Then P(n) is true for all natural numbers n.

NCERT
Basic step: The first step in a proof that uses mathematical induction is to prove that p(c) is true. This step is

called the basic step.

Inductive Step: The step where we

suppose that PCK) is true for some positive integer K and we need to prove

that P((> +1) is true is called Inductive step.

The
Inductive
hypothesis: assumption that the
given statement is true for n = k in inductive step is called

Inductive
hypothesis.

KAKSHA
Note: 1+2+ 3+. ... t n n(n+1)
=
is the connect one.

+ n 1)
1)(2n
x(n +
=
+

(ab) ab =

i+ 2 + 3+ n
(n(n 1)-
+
.... + =

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 COMPLEX INUMBERS AND QUADIATIC EQUATEOIS

- (real imaginary number)

numbers +
-> (real part) Rez

complex Numbers (2): general form 2 =

a+iB↳limaginary part) [mz
a,b=real numbers

Note: Two complex numbers 2:atib and 2:ctid are equal if a =

c and b =
d

Algebra of complex numbers:

NCERT
1. Addition of two complex numbers:

(a) The closure law: z, + 22

2,,22
=
two complex no.

(b) The commutative law: z, + 2c 2z+ 2.

=

additive
(71 22) identity
(6) The associative law: + (12+ 23)
+ 2s 2, +
p
=

The (zero complex no.) 0

(d) existence of additive
identity: Otio denoted 0 2 + 2
=
as

KAKSHA
+(
(e) The existence of additive inverse: a + i( -b) denoted as -2
(negative 1)
of 2 x) 0 =
-

6 additive

2. Difference of two complex numbers: 2, -2z 21 + ( zc) inverse

=

3.
Multiplication of two complex numbers: Let z1: at ib and 2,: stid, then, the product 1, 2,

is 2,2
=
(ac bd) -
+ i (ad + bc)

(a) The closure law: 2,22 2,,22

=
two complex no.

(b) The commutative law: 2, 2z 222

=

(1) The associative law: (7,22) Zs =

2,(2223) -multiplicative identity
(d) of multiplicative
The existence identity : It is denoted as 12.1 =
2

(e)
I
2.1 1
+b2denoted
-

of multiplicative
I
The existence inverse :
b + as OR 2 =
multiplicative
a

=
inverse
IfThe distribution law: (a) (c([c + 23) 2,22
=

+ 2
(b) (11 + 22) Is
=

212s+ [st3 71,22,26: three complex no.

4. Division of two complex numbers: 21 = 21 228

22 22

power of i:i 1
=

i =-
1 :3 =
-j i4 1
= is =
1 j6=- 1

=
1,i4k
+1 3
integerk,in
4k + 2
-1,14k
+
i,i j
Note:
Any
= = = -

Identities (21+ 22(= 2+ 2,"+ 22,22

(t -

22) 2+ 2 =
-

27,22
(21+ 22) 2 +37,22+ 3712,"
=

+ 73
(21 22) 24 37,22+ 37,24 73
=
-
-
-

2 x -

(y1 + 2z)(7, 22) =

-

Modulus: Let ib ib
z a+
conjugate: het z a +
= =

modulus of 2 (21 =
a
"
+ b2 conjugate of 2
2 =
a-ib

Note: can
medical cot
(x() = 2 F0

(d) (72 =

2122 (9) T,[Ez

=
E, Ec (f) 1F =
1713

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 Argand Plane: The plane
having a complex number
assigned to each of its point is

called the complex plane the

argand plane.

New
on

x+iy
=

x+y? is the distance between the point P(x,y) and the origin 0 (0,0).

The

and
x-axis

the
imaginary
and
y-axis
axis.
in the
argand plane, respectively, the real axis

·
The point (x,-y) is the mirror
image of the point (x,y) on the real axis
i ↑

Polar form of the complex no.: Let the point prepresent the non-zero

NCERT
complex no. 2
=x+ig
z=r)Cos0 + isino) where x =
MCOs0, y= rsing

n (x +
=

y
=
12) (modulus of2)
0:
argument of 2
langel
*
any complex only value 0 <IT
0
For no. 20, there cooresponds one
of in

KAKSHA
The value of ICOLT called principal of2
0, such that is the
argument
-

ARE outper
a
My
D
More o
x

As
-
Quadratic Equations axc+bx+c =
0 where a, b, cCR, at0, b"-4ac<

x=-b1b--4ac=-b14ac-b-;
then, the solution of the quadratic equation is,
2a 2a

A
Note: polynomial equation has at least one root.
A
Note:
polynomial equation of degree a has a roots.

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 IEEAR ENEQUALITIES
Inequality: Two real numbers on two
algebraic expressions related
by the
symbol''','on' from an
inequality

Types of inequalities: 1. Numerical inequalities: 3<3,7>5 5. slack inequalities · ax +

by c

2. literal inequalities: <<3,x?3 6. Linean inequalities: ax+ b 18

double inequalities: 4
=
inequalities: axl+bx+
3.
2-y 7. quadratic c > 0

4.strict inequalities: ax+

by <0, ax +
by > 0
solution set. The of which makes called of and the set
values is an
inequality true statement are solutions
inequality of

NCERT
solution is called solution set.

equations, followed rules:

While
solving linear we the
following

Rulel: Equal numbers be added Consubtracted from both sides of an equation.

may
Rule 2: Both sides of an equation may be multiplied (or divided) by the same non-zero number.

KAKSHA
We rules
state
following for solving an
inequality:

Rulel: Equal numbers

may
be added to (or subtracted from both sides of an
inequality without
affecting the
sign
of inequality.
Rule 2: Both (or divided) But
sides of an
inequality can be multiplied by the same positive number. when both

sides are multiplied or divided

by a
negative number, then the
sign of inequality is reversed.

graphical solution of Linear inequalities in Two variables:

- NE
graph of inequalities
and represented by shading
will be one

in
of

the
the half

corresponding
plane (called solution

half plane.
region
·
and
a se
Note: 1. The
region containing all the solutions of an
inequality is

called the solution region.

2. In order to
identify the half plane represented
by inequality, it is just sufficient to take any
an point (a,b)
(not online) and check represents
whether it satisfies the
inequality not. If it satisfies, then the
or
inequality the

half plane and shade the

region which contains the point, otherwise, the
inequality represents that half
plane which does not contain the point within it. For convenience the point (0,0) is preferred.
3.
points the line also
If an
inequality is of the
type ax+
by Icon ax+
by IC, then the on ax+
by =
c are

included in the solution So draw dark line solution

region. a in the
region.
4. of points the line not
If an
inequality is the form ax+
by con ax+
by <c, then the on ax+
by =
c are

included in the solution So draw broken dotted line in the solution

to be
region. a on
region.

Note: 1. To represent eca conc>a) on a number line, put a circle on the number a and dark line to the

left (or right) of the number a

2. To represent exaconc>a) on a number line, put a dark circle on the number a and dark line

to the left (or right) of the number x.

system of inequalities in inequalities

3. The solution
region of a the
region which satisfies all the
given in the

system simultaneously.

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 EIUTAFEOIS LAND GOM BE NATIONS
↑

Fundamental principle of counting: If an event can occur in a different ways, following which another

event can occur in a different ways, then the total number of occurence of the events in the given
order is men.

of different at time,
permutations. The number of permutations a
things taken a a where repetition is

not allowed, is denoted by "Pr. rPr = n! where 0 M = n

(x -

r)!
n! 1X2X3X.... Xn
1)! Factorial (1) (x2x3 =
=

n! xX(n
=
=
Notation (x: 3!
=

NCERT
Theorem 1 The number of permutations of different taken at and
a
things, a a time, where 0 <M=n

not n(n-1)(n-2). (n-r+1)

by "Pr.
the
objects do repeat is ... which is denoted

Theorem 2: The number of permutations of different taken at time, where repetition

a
things, a a is

allowed, is ne

KAKSHA
Theorem 3: The number of permutations of n
objects, where p objects are of the same kind and rest

are all different =

n!
p!

Theorem 4: The number of permutations of a

objects taken all at a time, where pe objects are of first
kind, Pe objects are of the second kind,..... Pi objects are of the kt kind and rest, if any
are all different is n!
P1! P2! . . . .
PK!

combinations: The number of combinations of a different things taken a at a time, denoted

by "C
x( n!
r)!.0
-r = x
=

r!(n -

Theorem 3.npp M(r r!. =

0cr=x

Theorem 6: "(n +
"(q -
1
n+
=

1Ca

Note:

1. From above n! -
"Caxr!, i.e. "(n = n!

(n r)! -

r!(n -

r)!
"

pol"
In particular, if men, (n =
<

2. We define "C=1, i.e., the number of combinations of a different things taken

nothing at all is considered to

be 1. combinations is
merely counting the of ways in which all objects at time
Counting no. some on a

are selected.
Selecting nothing at all is the same as
leaving behind all the objects and we know that

there is
only one
way of doing so. This
way we define "c=1.

3. As n! = 1 =
4C, the formula "(n= n! is applicable for r =0 also. Hence "(r n!
=

·
0EM=n.
01(n 8)! -

r!(n r)! -

r!(n r) -

4.4(n n! n!
r= "C i.e.,
selecting a objects out of a objects is same as
rejecting
=(n
-
-

(n-r)!(n -

(n -

r))! -

r)!n! (n- r) objects.

5."(q- 4(a- a bora
=

x
=
-

b,i.e.,n =
a+b

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 BBEIN @ IEAL THEOREMM
Note: (a + b)0 1
=

(a + b) a + b
=

(a + b) a + 2ab
=

+ b3

(a + b)3 a + 3a-b
=

+ 3ab- + b3

(a + b)" (a + b)3(a + b) 9" + 4a3b

=
=
+ 6a-b-+ Hab3 + bY

Pascal's officients of the expansion in This called

Triangle. The are
arranged an
array. array is

NCERT
Pascal's Triangle
The of binomial
expansion a for any positive integral n

(a + b)" =

"a" + "C,ab+"C,a" b"+..... +"(n-9.6""+"Cnb"

Observations:

arcan "stands

KAKSHA
2. The notation for "Car5+"C,ab'+"C,ab"x....... +"Caubr, where 6 1 qn-n = =

Hence the theorem can also be stated as (a +b)" =

wcan-b"
2. The cofficients "an occuring in the binomial theorem are known as binomial officients.
3. There are (n+1) terms in the expansion of (a+b)", i.e. one more than the index.

7. In the successive terms of the expansion the index of a

goes on
decreasing by unity. It is n in the first
second term, and the of
term, (n-1) in the so on
ending with zero in last term. At the same time the index

and
b increases
by unity, starting with zero in the first term, I in the second so on
ending with n in

the last term.

3. In the expansion of (atbl", the sum of the indices of a and b is to -n in the first term, (n-1)+1 =
n in

the second term and so on Oth=n in the last term. Thus it can be seen that the sum of the indices of a and b

in term of the expansion.

every

some special cases

accandbiooacoc-McCnigtrGecnyr-..:
.TELUcne
a 1andb
=
= -

x( x)" rj -
=
-

"(yx + Y(yx--..... +(-1)"Y(nx

general term: In
general term of an expansion (a+b)"is Tax1 =

"(nan-e.be ((n+11th term)

Middle terms

(i) If n is even, then the number of terms in the expansion will be n+1. Since n is even so

(n 1)thi.e./k 27th
+ 2 +
In+2) is odd. Therefore, the middle term is 2 +
term.
2

ii) If n is odd, then In+1) seven, so there will be two middle terms in the expansion, namely,
th

(2) (ut2+1)
n + 1 term and term.

(ii) In the expansion of

(x+1, where 0, the middle term is
/2n+h+27* i.e. (n+11th term,

In is even. It is given by incaccult ranch (constant).

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 SEQUENCE ANDSEREEES
A of natural numbers
Sequence: sequence can be
regarded as a function whose domain is the set

or some subset of it of the

type (1,2,3...K3. sometimes, we use the functional notation

a(n) for an

series: Let al,d2,ds....... an be a

given sequence. Then, the expression a,+ac+ast....+ant....
is called the series associated with the given sequence. as+ az+ as+.... + an
=

51
Arithmetic progression: a, add, ated...

NCERT
+(n 1) d l (n 1)d
nth terms (general term) an a a +
= - = -

The of sn
x(2a + (n 1)d)
=

n terms
-

sum a =
first term

&=last term
d =
common difference
sn (a+1)
sum last is given, 1 of terms
=

of A.P. When first and term n =

the no.

Sn: the sum of n terms

KAKSHA
Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) A a+ b
=
a and b: two numbers

A Arithmetic Mean
2
=

geometric Progression (G.P. a, ar, art, ars.....

general term of 9.p. an =

arn-1 r =
common ratio

sum of n terms of 9.p. Sn= a + ar+ar"+an+..tar"

Case[ If M 1
=

Sn na
=

case I If Su a(yn 1)
1
sn a(1 r)
r +
OR
-
=
-
=

1- M 9 -

↳M<1 -> r>1

Geometric Mean (G.M.) G =

b, a,b>

Relationship between A.M and 9.M. A a

= =

(ra-051 "10,a,60
sum of first a natural numbers

sn 1
=

+ 2+ 3+...+n; sn n(n + 1)
=

sum of squares of the first a natural numbers

n(n + 1)(en + 1)
sn 1+ 2 + 3+...+n; sn =
=

sum of cubes of the first a natural numbers

sn 1+ 2+ 3+...+n;
=

sn (n(n + 11]"
=

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 BSIRAEGIT LENEES
"
Distance between the points P(x,y) and
Q(x2,y) is PQ (xxc x(1) +
(yz yc
=
- -

coordinates of a point dividing the line segment joining the points (x,y)) and
(xc.(2) internally
in the ratio min are

I
mx,+nx, mye+hys
m + n m2 + I
In particular. If the coordinates of the midpoint of the line the points
m =
n, segment joining
(14) and
(x2,yc) are
I C4+CC2, Yotya

NCERT
2

(x(yc -yx) xc(y3 yx) xx(y, yz)] (x,ye), (12, Y) (es, 3

vertices are and
Area of triangle + -
+ -

Note: If the area of the

triangle ABC is zero, then three points A, B and a lie on a line, i.e.,
they are

collinear.

KAKSHA
slope of a line m =
tano (O90%

Note: The slope of x-axis is zero and slope of y-axis is not defined.

yz yz
-

slope of the line

through the points (x,y) and
(x2.y2 m =

x x1
-

If the line I, is parallel to le My

=
M2
tanx tanp
=

If the line I, and I are perpendicular me

= -

L OR My Mc
=
-1

MI

tan B tan (x+90%

=

=-CO+x = -

t
tand

Acute angle of between two lines with slopes me and me

tano=1me-mloltman to

collinearity of three points Three points are collinear

slope of AB= slope of BC
if and only if
point -

slope form y yz
-

m(x
=
-

x)

yz yc(x xy)
-

Two-point form
y yz
=
- -

x x1
-

slope-intercept form mx +C m(x-d)

case
y slopem andy intercepto case I
y
=

- =

slope m xc-intercepted
and

Intercept form
x
1 intercept and
x a
y-intercept as
-

+ =

Normal form xCOSw + ySincr =

p- Normal distance from the origin.

line (Ax +By+c1 0

Distance of a point from a d =
Ax+
By +c
=

from a point (x, ye)

A "+ BZ

Distance between two parallel lines d c Cz parallel lines Ax+ 0 and

two
By + 11 =
-
=

A2+ BZ Ax +
By + ( 0 =
 DONEC SSECTEOISS
sections of a cone.

The intersection of a

plane with a cone, ivertex)

the section so obtained

t
&

is called a conic section.

NCERT
circle, ellipse, parabola and
hyperbola: When the plane cuts happe of the cone, we have the
following
situations:
(a) When B- go, the section is a circle.

(b) When x<<go, the section is an ellipse.

·
(C) When the section is parabola.
B=x; a

(d) When Okp<X; the plane cuts

through *

·
KAKSHA
both the happes and the curves of intersection is
-
a
hyperbola.
sections:
Degenerated conic when the plane cuts at the vertex of the cone, we have the
following
different cases:

(d) When x<1go, then the section is a point.

(b) when B=x, the plane contains
generator of the

m
a

cone and the section is a

straight line. It is the

degenerated case of a parabola.

(2) pair of
When OBCX, the section is a
intersecting
straight lines. It is
degenerated case of a
hyperbola.

standard equation ofparabola En

e

I
E

ma circle equation

(h,k)
(x x)" +
-

(y 1) r3
-
=

N
centre at

circle radius:

w
r

(a) (b)
-
standard equations of an e

#= 1

=
x
-
=

D
·
(C)
Latus rectum of parabola Ha

F
catus rectum of ellipse 2b2 ·
A
(a)

The
eccentricity of an ellipse e =

- distance from the centere

Relationship between semi-major axis, semi minor axis and the distance of the focus from
the centre of the ellipse.
a
=
b" +c- ORC d2-yZ
=

eectamohyperbola.
standard equation of hyperbola

y=
-
x 1
a2

as

NCERT
The
eccentricity of an
hyperbola e =

- distance from the centere

Note: A hyperbola in which a b is called an equilateral hyperbola.

=

KAKSHA
 ENTRODUCTION TO FAREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETIRY
In three dimensions, the coordinate axes of a rectangular Cartesian coordinate
system are three

lines. The called

mutually perpendicular axes are the
x,y and I axes.

The three planes determined the pair of the coordinate planes, called XY, YI and 2X-
by axes are

planes.
The three coordinate planes divide the space into eight parts known as octants.

NCERT
The coordinates of p dimensional always written form of
a point in three
geometry is in the

triplet like (x, y. 2). Here

x,y and I are the distances from the XY, YI and 2x-planes.
(i)
Any point on x-axis is of the form (x,0,0)
(ii) Any point on
y-axis is of the form (0,y, 0

(iii) Any point on 2-axis is of the form (0.0, 2)

The coordinates of the
origin 0 ane (0.0.0

KAKSHA
coordinates
signs of the in
eight octant:

Ill
#

Octants - I # # # E #

coordinates d
+ +
- .

+
x + - .

y + + + +
-
-
- .

+ + + +
- -

2
-

Distance between two points P(x,,y., 21) and

8(x,,y2, 22)

08
=

(xz x)" + (yz

- -

y!)" + (tz z1)-

-

The coordinates of the point R which divides the line

segment joining two points (2,y1, 2,
and 8(x,yc, 2c) internally and
externally in the ratio min is
given by

I montnees, mge+hys,
m+ n m +n
metres) and
/accines, myc-nys,
m -
n
mic is

m -

n
the
Case: The coordinates of the mid-point of the line
segment joining two points P(x,yc, 2,

I rest
and (02. Yes I
a
are
(2, ys +
ya, h1 +

2 2

Case
1: The coordinates & divides 4 the ratio k:L obtained
of the point which in are
by
k which
(Kent)', Kyz ys, K2c
I
+
taking given below 3
=
m are as +

U
1+ k 1 + k 1+ K

The coordinates of the centroid of the

triangle, whose rentices are (x, yc, 21, (rz, yz, ec
and (23.43, (s) are

I xxc iz xx,y1 yz+ y6,z1 2z+ Is

I
+ + + +

3 3 3

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 LETS AND DEERENATENEES
Limit: If the limits equal, that value called of f(x)
right and left hand then common is the limit at x a
=

and
w
denote it
by limfc ~
lim f(x) left hand limit off at a lim f(x) right hand limit of f(ac) at a

x+ a- x+ a-

Theorem 1: Let + and

be two functions such that both
limef(x) and
limg(c) exist. then

(islim(f(x) g(x) = lim f(x) +

lim glad civ (f(x).g(x) limf(x).
limec
=
=

x+a
is

NCERT
e x+a

(iii)
lim/F(<c] =lMateones
x 1
xn-ar
-

lim na
Theorem 2: For any positive integer n, =

x +a
xe -
a

KAKSHA
Theorem 3: Let f and
be any two real valued functions with the same domain such that f(x) >
g(x)
for somea,
for all is in the domain of definition, if both
imf(x) and
lime goal
exist a
then
linef(ce)-limag(x
Theorem 4: (sandwich theorem) · Let f, g and a be real functions such that f(x) =g(x)>h(e) for all

x in the common domain of definition. For some real number a, if

lim f(x) 1 (imi(x), (x)=1.
then
lime
= =

se- a x-a

Theorem 3: The two important limits (i lim since 1 (ii) line 1- COSx 0
following are = =

x +0 x x +0 x

Derivative: The derivative of function of at is defined

mf(a
f(a) +n) -

a a
by h

limf(x +
Derivative of function - at a points is defined by f'(x) df(x)
h) (
-

a =
=

n+ 0
f dx

first principle of derivative

Note: cim((x.f((x)) =
x
lim
x- C

Limits of polynomials and rational functions: A function - is said to be a

polynomial function if f(x)
is zero function on if f(x) =

ao a,x
+ + acx+..... + anx "
where his are real numbers such that auto for some natural number n.

Theorem 6: and (Leibnitz rule)

For functions u a the
following, holds:

(u r)'
(i)('=
(i) n' t r (ii) (ur' n'v n'v-ur' all
+ + ur provided defined
=

are
=

p2

f(x) nent for

Theorem 7: f(x) x= any positive integer n.
= =

Theorem 8:f(x) =

anx" + an-1x"+. ...

+
d,x + do be a
polynomial function where his are

all real numbers and auto. Then the derivative function is

given by
df(x) = Manx"" + (n -

1)an 1x"-+.....-
+ 2a,x + ac
dx

xx-
(sin()
cu =- Sinc
(x)
=

dx

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 MATHEMATECAL REASONEN G

Mathematical Statement: unit mathematical

The basic involved in
reasoning is a mathematical statement.

acceptable A
mathematically acceptable if it either true
Mathematically is called statement is
: sentence a

or false but not both.

statement. If
Negation of a statement: The denial of a statement is called the
negation of the p is a

NCERT
also statement denoted
statement, then the
negation of p is a and is
by
-
p, and read as 'notp!

like. "It case" "It

Note: while
forming the
negation of a statement, phrases is not the or

is also false that "are also used.

KAKSHA
compound statement: A compound statement is a statement which is made up of two or more

statements. In this case, each statement is called a component statement.

Rules for the compound statement with "AND"

1. The compound statement with "And is true if all its component statements are true.

compound 'And is false if component statement

2. The statement with
any of its is false.

Rules for the compound statement with "OR" Note: "if and
only if" (())

1. A compound statement with an 'on' is true when one component statement is true on both the component
statements are true.

2. A compound statement with an 'on' is false when both the component statement are false.

quantifiers: quantifiers are phrases like, "There exists" and "for all"
"

Implications: Implications are if then","only

-

if" and "if and only it."

p: a number is a multiple of 9.
If p and 9 is same as the
following:
9: a number is a multiple of 3.

~implies
2.p implies a (p -> 9) This
says that a number is a multiple of a implies that it is a multiple of 3.

2. p is sufficient condition for 9. This

says that
knowing that a number as a multiple of 9 is sufficient to conclude

that it is a multiple of 3.

3.4 only if 9. This

says that a no. is a multiple of a only if it is a multiple of 3.

4.9 condition for This that when is multiple of 9, it is multiple

is
necessary
p. a no. a a
a
necessary says
of 3.

3.-q implies up. This

says that if a no is not a multiple of 3, then it is not a multiple of 9.

contrapositive and converse: contrapositive and converse are certain other statements which can

be formed from a
given statement with "if -
then

validating statements:

Rulel: If p and 9 are mathematical statements, then in order to show that the statement

"P and a "is true, the

following steps are followed.
Step I snow that the statement p is true.

Step I snow that the statement is true.

q

Rule 2. Statements with "or"

If p and 9 are mathematical statements, then in order to show that the statement

"Pand a "is true, one must consider the

following:
that is show that be true.
case?
By assuming p false, a must

that is show that be true.

Case 1
By assuming a false, I must

NCERT
Rules. Statements with "if-then"

In order to prove the statement "if p and a "we need to show that
any one of the
following
case is true.

KAKSHA
case? that is show that be true. (Direct Method
By assuming p false, a must

Case 1 that is show that be false. (Contrapositive Method (

By assuming a false, I must

"

Rule 4. Statements with "if and

only if

In order to prove the statement "if it and only if a "we need to show

(i) If P is true, then a is true.

(ii) If a is true, then p is true.

contradiction: Here to check whether statement is true, that p is not

By a p we assume

true i.e.-p is true. Then we arrive at some result which contradicts our

assumption. Therefore, we conclude that p is true.

Counter example: The method involves example of situation statement

giving an a where the

is not valid.

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 BπAFESTECS
⑳ observations
7x given
x = c x =

n Total
=
no. of observations

Median i Mean

Ifmiseven, then report

If is odd, then
=

the the

(n 2)
M = + term term

Range -
Maximum value -

Minimum value

rvalue
Mode which most
occurs
frequently

NCERT
-

u (x =
- x)2
x

standard 5 = a (x x)2
= -

x
Deviation
Mean
↑ N
Sum of absolute values of deviations from 'a

KAKSHA
Mean Deviation M. D (x) =
i=
15x
No. of observations n

deviation for data

Mean
ungrouped Let n observations be xe,, x2, xg,..... COn.

25(x,- 1 tkxc,- M
To Mean
M.D.(,) e M.D.(M)
=

&
= =

M Median
=

Mean deviation for grouped data

(i) =

25fi M.D.(x) 1Efi(x

=

x) M. D. (M) =

2 FfiIC,-M1 where N =
EF:
i1
=

N i1
=

shortcut method for deviation about

calculating mean mean

i a
=

+
fidi Xh
Median =
1 +

Y-cxh
bassumed Mean Scommon factor
f

(c.4.)
Cofficient of variation 100,
0
it
variance and standard deviation x

C v -

15(2-360 15 -

- Variance

standard
(n"

deviation (c)

variance and standard deviation of a discrete frequency distribution

60 15+(x, 2
2fi(x,-ei)
-
-

ci) 0
=

Ni
1
=

variance and standard of distribution

deviation a continuous
frequency

6 02-22(x 30
12fils,-eil
-

1NEfix,2-15fir,)"
-
-

) -
on 0
=

shortcut method to find variance and standard deviation

G L
#
NEfy:-(fiyiY 0 =
n
N
Nifiy-(ifiy,) "where y xi-A
=
 *
@ BABELETN
Number of favourable outcomes
Probability formula:P(E)
=

Total number of outcomes

Outcomes space. A possible result of a random experiment is called its outcome.

sample space: The set of outcomes is called the sample space of the experiment.

sample point: Each element of the sample space is called a sample point.

sample 3
Event:
Any subset E of a space is called an event.

NCERT
types of events

1. Impossible Events and sure events. The empty set of Impossible events. The whole sample spaces sure events

2. Simple Event: If any event E has

only one sample point of a sample space, it is called a simple event.
(Elementary Event

3. Compound Event: If an event has more than one sample point, it is called a compound event.

events
Algebra of

1. Event of A. The set A'or s-A

Complementary

KAKSHA
2. The Event A or 'B': The set AU B

3. The Event 'A' and 'B': The set Al B

The
4.
Event "A but not 'B': The set A-B

events: A AnB 0
Mutually exclusive and B are
mutually exclusive if =

Note: simple events of a sample space are

always mutually exclusive.

Exhaustive Events: If GI, Ec,...., Enaren events of a sample spaces and if

GUErU.... UEn=Etis then Ec,Ez,..... In are called exhaustive events.

Probability ·Number P(wi) associated with sample point w, such that

(i) 0 <P(wi) =1 (ii) IP(wi) for all witS 1

=

(iii) PCA) =
5P(wi) for all witA
The no. of P(wi) is called
probability of the outcome wi

Equally likes outcomes: All outcomes with equal probability

Probability of an event: For a finite sample space with
equally likely outcomes.

- > number
PCA) = n(A) of elements in the set A

n(S) ->
number of elements in the set s

If A and B two events, then PCAUB) P(A) + P(B) P(ANB

are
any
= -

A exclusive, P(AUB) P(A) P(B)

If and B are
mutually then =
+

If A is event then (not A) 1 PCA)

any
: -

Conditional
Probability: If E and Fare two events with the same space of a random experiment, then the conditional

of E that I has occurred i.e.

Probability the event
gives
PCENF), provided
PIE) =

P(F)
P(F) 0

Probability of Conditional
Probability
↑

1.P(5) P(t) =
= 1 2. If A and B are two events in a sample spaces and F is an event of 5,

(i) P(E) P(5) P(ABC

such that PIF) to then; PAUB
+
-
=

5.P(E) 1P() =

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini