CHEMISTRY

CLASS 12

Formula
Sheet
NCERT Kaksha Vasghaldini
Solid
State

ingottij taaaati NCERT

primitive, ggo
a b c x B 0 =

Nacl, Zinc blende,

= =
= =

cubic
Body-centered CH
Face-centered

B ggo
Tetragonal primitive a b F
C x 0
white tin,
and the
=
= = =

KAKSHA
Orthorhombic 90° Rhombic sulphur,
x b
=

0
= =

KNOs, BaSOn

Primitive x B ggo Graphite, ZnO, CdS

Mexagonal
=

bF
=

a C
=

V =
1280

Rhombohedral Callite Calls

Primitive a b
=
=
c x =

0:U*90
Mgs cinnabar
or
Frigonal
primitive x 0 =
900 Monoclinic sulphur,
b
=

a+ + C
Monoclinic
End-centered B+gj0 Na2SO4. 1O HzO

* :
atoms ofeators
atoms
Type of cell
no. of
at corners
no.

in
of no
total one
atoms
of

simple cubic 8 I
cell(s(C)

Body -xt
centered 1
= 8 I
Cubic (bcc)

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 Distance between
Unit
nearest Radius Edge length
coordination
Packing
number
cell
neighbour (d) (r) (a) Efficiency

SCC A
I 24 6 32%

bCC ·
2 E uBr 8 68%

NCERT
fCC f * For 12 74%

2: no. of atoms in unit cell

d= <M m mass
=

density of Unit cell a

=

Edge length
a "Na M =
Molar mass

KAKSHA
Nat Avagadoo No.

Radius Ratio: Radius of the cation= r+

Radius of anion
-

the r

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 Solutions
p=Partial
pressure
Henry's law D kMT
=

=Henry's law constant

x
=
more fraction of the gas
Mass Percentage (w/w)

Massy of the
component:
Mass of the component x100 (solute component)
-

Total Mass of the solution

NCERT
volume
percentage (V/ V

volumes of the component: Volume of the component x

100

Total Volume of the solution

Mass by volume
percentage (w/ v

KAKSHA
Mass by volume 1:
Mass of solute
x 100
volume of solution

Parts Per Million (ppm)

ppm=Number of parts of the component X

186
Total no. of parts of all components of the solution

Mole fraction

Mole fraction of the component:

no. of moles of the component
Total no. of moles of all the component

Mole fraction of the solvent in the solution xA: UA

NA+ MB

xp nB
=

Mole fraction of the solute in the solution

MA+ MB

sum of the mole fraction of the component is

unity xn+xp= 1

Moles of solute
Molarity (M)
=

volume of solution in litre

(m) Moles of solute

Molality
=

mass of solution in
kg

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C
 Raoult's law for volatile solute PA partial vapour pressure of A

o partial vapour pressure of B

↑

pA
PA: PAPA,
=

of pure A
PB "POBCB
vapour pressure

RB of pure B
=

vapour pressure

Total pressure p= PA+PB

=

PtA+POpPB

Raoult's law for non-volatile solute

POn-P WB MA

NCERT
X
=

DOA MB WA

Elevation of boiling point (To =

Kom ko: ebulliscopic constant

UTb kb//WBX1000
=

MB

KAKSHA
X WA

Depression of freezing point UTy=kym ky= cryoscopic constant

k+XWBX 1000
UTy
=

MB X WA

WA: Mass of solvent

Osmotic pressure (i) T =
CRT
Wp "Mass of solute
MA
=
Molar mass of solvent

T
MBRT MB Molar of solute
=
mass
=

c
Molarity
=

T =

Temperature

T =
WBXRXT
MBX V

van't Hoff factor (i) Degree of Disassociation

i: Normal molar mass & =

i -
1
n number of ions
=

Abnormal molar n -
1
mass

&

i Observed
= colligative property
calculated colligative property

i =
Total no. of moles of particles after association/disassociation
no. of moles of particles before association/disassociation

Modified form of Colligative properties

Is pi-PN =
in 2) OTb =

ikom 3) UTy
=

ikym Yπ =

inpRT/v
Da HA

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 Electrochemistry
v =
Potential difference
Ohm's law v =
TR I :
current

R =
Resistance

specific Resistance 9 =

RA, A
1
=

=
A rea

length
(Resistivity)
G 1
conductance
=

NCERT
R

conductivity k =

b x t Gx
=

Wheatstone
bridge t
=

E,
an

KAKSHA
c =
Molar concentration

Molar Am kXV Mm kX 1008

conductivity
v volume
oR
= =
=

N'm- Limiting Molar

conductivity
C

Limiting Molar
Conductivity am: Am-bct
Kohlrausch's law N'm 0
=

x + U_1 d limiting
limiting
molar
conductivity of cation

+ molar
conductivity of Anion

Calculation of Molar conductives of a weak

electrolyte at infinite dilution

AmCCMsCOONS =

Nm(cHsCOONa) + NmCNCI -

N'm(Nacl
Nm
Degree of Dissociation a =

Nom

Dissociation constant k = c (nm)

NOm (ROm-dimS

solubility of sparingly soluble salts

solubility: to
EMF of a cell Ecell =

Ecathode -

EAnode
(cell potential)
gibb's Free
Energy UrG=-RTInkc oR UnG"=-2.303RT logK,

concentration cells (cell:

tgl log where C.>ch

Faraday's law

Firstlaw w 2XIXt 1. 0 =
1xt)
Probationality
=
2 =

second law W/ =
El
We Ez

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Nernst electrode
Equations for a
general reaction

Emn+/m Emn+/M-RFIn(Mn
=

[M]

Emn+/M Emn+/M
=
- 2.303RT I
log [Mnt]
HF

En+/m -0.059 bog

NCERT
Emnt/m
in
=
At 290K

Nernst electrochemical
Equations for a
general reaction

[C]"(DJd
Emn+/m Emn+/M
= -

ITn [A9a/BYP

Emn+/M

Emn+/M
Emn+/M
=

En+/M
= -
KAKSHA
-2.303RT

0.059
HF

log(C]
log(C]c(p r
'(DT
[A9a/BYP
At 290K

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 Chemical Kimetics

in
the
concentration
of
Rate of Reaction -

OR

the
in
concentration
of
Rate of Reaction -

NCERT
OR

Rate ofReaction
=-U(R) 0,
=

t
*

Reaction A+B-> Products -> Rate =

KCA)"/B/Yk=Rate constant

KCAT "/B]Y

KAKSHA
Reaction At B ->
Products -> Rate =

x-order of Reaction with respect to A

order of Reaction =
x+
y y
=
order ofReaction with respect to B

Zero order Reactions K =

(RSo- (R)

First order Reactions

k=2.303 log RFo
(RJ
order ty
=

Half life of a zero Reaction

2K

Half life of a first order Reaction + = 0.693

1 K

Integrated
tlog,piP)
Rate Equation for state k 2.305
a
gaseous
=

Arrhenius Equation K =
Ae-Ea/RT

log12 = Ea ein(* E) - GAF Activation Energyin

Collision Reactions
theory of Chemical

ZAB:
The collision
frequency of rectants A and the

Rate: P2ABe-Ea/RT Probability factor

-

e-Ea/RT=Fraction of molecules with energies equal to

or
greater than Ea

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 Surface Chemistry
Absorption isotherms k.p
x
=

taking logarithm both sides,

log
t logk
+ =

log

NCERT
Absorption from solution Phase k.C
t
=

taking logarithm both sides,

log t logk+
=

log
some
Enzymatic Reactions

KAKSHA
#.
auerdemateacea I the
source Reactions
Enzymatic
Yeast sucrOse ->
glucose and fructose
Glucose- Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

iastase
#)
Yeastt Strack -> Maltose
Maltose glucose
Yearsten
->

Urea -> Ammonia and Carbon dioxide

stomach proteins. Amino and

Types of colloidal systems

& ·

of
ension type Examples
phase medium colloid

t
solid solid some coloured
glasses and gem stones
solid Liquid SoL paints, cell fluids
solid Gas Aerosol smoke, dust
Liquid solid get Cheese, butter, jellies
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, hair cream

Liquid Gas Aerosol

Fog, mist, cloud, insecticide
sprays
Gas solid solid sol Pumice stone, from rubber

Gas Liquid FOAM Froth, whipped cream, soap lather

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 General Principles and Processes of
Isolation of Elements

Principal ones of some Important Metals

NCERT
I
Metal Ores composition

Bauxite (where 0<C(<1

Aluminium AlOx(OH(s -2x
Kalolinite
SAIzCOMTy SicOs]
Iron Maematite FezOs
Mangetite FesOu

KAKSHA
FeCOs
From pyrites
iderite

FeS2
copper copper pyrites CUFeSz
Malachite CUCOs. CUCOH)
Cuprite CH,8
copper glance CUrS
Zinc Zinc blende or Sphalerite InS
Calamine InCO3
Zincite InO

Gibbs free UG UH TUS

energy
= -

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 000rdination compounds

of and Typesof
·
oer orbitals Hybridisationonlybrid

ocanans
a tion
orbitalsin spee
NO.

sp3

NCERT
dsp2 Square planar
sp3d Trigonal bipyramidal
sp3d- O ctahedral

d "sp3
&

KAKSHA
Relationship between the wavelength of light absorbed and the

colour observed in some condition Entities

Ia
of light colour of
coordination wavelength of colour
coordination
enity light absorbed absorbed
Cnm) enity
2

[Co(NHz), C17 535 yellow violet

3+

[CO(NMs(z(M28)] 500 Blue

green
Red

Yellow
[CO (NNg),3
+
475 Blue orange

[CO(CN),)3 318 Ultraviolet Pale yellow.

[Cu(M20(n)2+

9. NO. Formula Name

I IPt(NMs)cCINOz] didamminechloridonitio -

N-platinum (11)
2
ICOCk(en),7 C diachlorobis lethane -

1,2-diamine) cobalt (III) chloride

3
1
Ks/Fe(C2O4's] potassium trioxalatoferrate (III)
4 (AgINMs?][AgICN(z] diamminesilver (I) (1)
dicyanoargentate

Mohr's salt FesOn. (NMy)c SOy. GHzO

Potash alum KesOn. ASOp. 24HzO
Carnallite KCI. MgCl2.6H2O

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 Some Important Reactions
Naming
swarts Reaction

Heat
3(CIn +2SbF3 5 3CCIF2 +2SDCI
Freon -
12

Sandmeyer's Reaction

NCERT
Natcl C

& CUcCl2, MCI &

> + Nc 4
~

: -

Benzene diazonium Chlorobenzene

chloride

KAKSHA
Nat
-

(1 Br

& CU2Brz, HBM &

>
~
+ Nc 4
:
Bromobenzene

Nat
-

(1 CN

&
CUCN &

>
f Ne 4
: KCN :

Cyanobenzene

Finkelstein Reaction

Dry Acetone
CM3CHe(1 + Nal
> CH3CH21 + NaCl

Ethyl chloride Ethyl Iodide

Dry Acetone
CH3CH2Br + Nal
> CH3CHz1 + NaBr

Ethyl bromide Ethyl Iodide

Warts Reaction

Dry other
CH3Br +2Na +
Br-CNz 3 CHsCHs +2 NaBr
Methyl Bromide Ethane

CH CH CH3 CH

CN3 CM Br+ 2 Na + Br CM
CNG
Pry other, CMs CHCH CH3
2, 3-Dimethylbutane
Isopropyl Bromide

f 2 NaBr

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 Reaction
Wurts
Fitting
-

ther
c1 Dry a
NaCI
CM CHs +2
2 Na +
=

3
-
x + -

other
c1 Dry NaCl
(Mg Cls +2
2Na +
=

3
-
x + -

Reaction
Fittings

NCERT
other
Dry
-
x1 + 2 Na + cl- - 2 Nack
+

Diphenyl OR
biphenyl

Frideal Craft Alkylation

-

KAKSHA
CH
L

Anhyd. Allls
CMyCl I HCL
+ :
+

Benzene Toluene

CH CH CH
CH3
CM3Cl
I +
: Anhyd. Allls : :

Toluene 0.
Xylene CH3 -Xylene

Dow's process

C & Na OH
I
-

023K, 300 atm Ht

+ 2 NaOH (ag) > 3
: (- NaCl, -

Hz0) : :

Hunsdiecker's Reaction

DCIM
R-COOAg + Br Reflux
3 R-Br +AgBr +COzY

CCly
CHICHzCOOAg + Brz 3 CHsCHe-Br +AgBr +COzY
Reflux

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gatterman's Reaction

Cu/MCl
NzCl -(1 + Nz 4
-

Cu/MBr
-
.
NcCl 3 -Br + Nc 4+HCI

NCERT
Kolbe's Reaction

OH O Na OH OH
400K COONa COOH

NaOH H-f atm. H

Y - 3
: : +CO2 : :

KAKSHA
Phenol sodium sodium acid
salicylic
Phenoxide
salicylate (2-Hydroxybenzoic acid)
(Major Product

OH OCOCMs
COOH COOH

+ (CMzCO), O 3 +
CNgCOOH

salicylic
:
acid Acetic Benzoic acid
anhydride 2-
Acetoxy

William synthesis

R- x + Na0 -
R' >R-O -R'+ Nax

Alkyl halide Sodium alkoxide Ether

CH3 =CH2-1+ Na-0-cHz-CH3 >

CH3-CHe-O-CHc-CMs + Nal

Ethyl iodide sodium alkocide

Diethyl other

(Symmetrical other)

CHE
CMz

CH3-Br +Mao-b- CM >CHs-0-c-cHs +NaBr

I dis
Methyl CNg
bromide
Sodium tert-butoxide Methyl tert-butyl Ethere

CUnsymmetrical sther

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 Riemer-Tiemann Reaction

*
Oricacion
Nara co
oxa tothe
salicylaldehyde

NCERT
Rosemund Reaction
&

O O
If Pd/BasOn If
R-c-C1 t He < R-c -

H ↑

HCL

KAKSHA
Acyl chloride
Aldehyde

O O
If Pd/BasOn If
y
CHz-c-C1 t He CHg.-c-H + HCl

Acetyl chloride Acetyldehyde

Stephen Reaction

suck+ 2H(1 <

sucly + 2(H

H2O (boil)
CH3 CEN+2(H] + HCL >
CH3-CH
=
NH. HC( > CMz-CHO
Ethanenitrile Acetaldoxime Acetaldehyde
hydrochloride f

NMyCl

Etard Reaction
OCr(OH) C12
CM3 HC CHO

Ocr(OH) Cl

CS2 MzO
+ Cr102C2 7 3
: : :

Toluene Benzaldehyde

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gatterman-Kock Reaction

CHO

CO, HC1
>
: anhyd. AICIs cuCl :

Benzene
Benzaldehyde

NCERT
Clemmense Reduction

In-Hg
c =0+ Y/H] CHz +
HCI (cOnc.
>
H28

In-Hg

KAKSHA
CMg-CHe-CHz-CHO+(H] HCI (cOnc.
>
CH3-CHe-CHc-CHs + HqO
Butyraldehyde n-butane

Wolff.-Kishner Reduction

+
NMz
-

NH2 KOM
C0=

> C N-NH2 CHe Ne

=
3 +
-

HeO Ethylene glycol,

Hydrazone

CMy +
NMz
-

NH2 CHE KOM CMS

C0 > C N-NH2 CHe
=

Ne
=
3 +
-

HeO Ethylene glycol,

CHg CH3 CHz
Acetone Hydrazone Propane

Aldol condensation

ia
OH
dil. NaOH
Δ
&
>
CHy-c-M + H-CHe-CHO -
CH3 CH-CHz-CHO CHs-CH =
CH -
CHO

Etha H2O
-

butanal
3-hydroxy But-2-enal

Caldol)

OH O
ia
CH-cMr-c-CMg
O
11 BaCOH)2 I
v
CMs-c +
M-CHe-c-CNg-CM <
CHs-c =CH-c -

CHg
di bHs dMs
H2O
-

Acetone
-

Y-Hydroxy-4-methyl 4 -

Methyl pent-3-en-2-one

-pentane -
2 -
one

(Ketol)

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Cross aldol Condensation

ii) O O OH 8
dil NaOH

NO-CHe-CHz-c-H+CMs-(H-cHc-c-H
a 11 1
H- c =

H + H-CHe-c-M >

-
Cross aldol Product) (simple aldol Product)
Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde

NCERT
~Of
↑

8 8

#H-CHe-c-M
I I
CH-CH2-c-H CH =
CH- CHO

·
O
NaOH -

H28
3 3
+

KAKSHA
~ ~

Ethanal -
I

Benzaldehyde Cinnamaldehyde

O
O
I I
alc. NaOH
C-
CHO + CH3
-

I CH CM c
-
=
-
=
-

293K

Benzaldehyde Acetaphenone Benzalacetaphenone

(1.3 -

Diphenyl prop-2-en-1 -

one
(Major Product
+ H2O

Hell-Volhard Reaction
Zelinsky
-

&
(i) X2 / Red P
R-CHe-COOH > R- CH -
COOH
(ii) MzO
I
x-Halocarboxylic acid

&
(i) C12/ Red P
>CMs
PM
CMs-CHz-COOH = -
COOH
(ii) MzO
C
Propanoic Acid

2 -chloropropanoic acid

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Gabriel phthalimide Synthesis
O O O
I I I
: +KOM(a(c) / /
Cr Oh -
+ +R-X Cr
-c-NH >. -c-NK T N R
-

c-
~ -

l l l
Phalimide MzO/Ht
Y

NCERT
- COOH
R-NMz t
COOM

1 amine Pathalic acid

Hoffmann bromamide reaction

KAKSHA
R-CONMe + Brc+UNaOH -
R-NMz+NacCOs +2NaBr +2M.O

Acid amide 1 amine

CONH2 NH2
I I
i+
:
+ Brz + UKOH I
k2CO3 + 2KBM + 2H20
~

Benzamide Aniline

Carbylamine Reaction
(Isocynaide test)

0
R-NHz +CHCls +3KOH (a(c.) R-NC + 3K(1+ 3HcO
1 amine Alkyl isocynaide
NH2
I
:
NC
: O
f CHCls +3 KOH (a(c.) I +
3K(1+ 3HcO
~ ~

Aniline
Phengl
isocynaide

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Cannizzano Reaction

conc. KOH
2MCHO >CH3-OH + MCOO K

Formaldehyde Methyl Alcohol Potassium formate

CHO
CHy-OM coovia
I I I
: : :
corc. NaOH
7 t

NCERT
~
~ ~

Benzaldehyde Benzyl alcohol Sodium benzoate

CM3 CM3
↑Ms NaOH (50%)
I I
-

2CM379-cMO >CM379-CMi-OH +CM379-COONG

KAKSHA
I I I

CHg CHg CHg

2.2 -

Dimethylpropanal 2.2 -

Dimethylpropanol Sodium
2,2-dimethylpropanote

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Some Chemical compounds names & Molecular Formulas

Molecular Molecular
compound Name
Formula compound Name
Formula

Acetic acid Potassium Nitrate KNO3

CH3COOH

Hydrochloric acid MCL

Ammonium chloride NH4CL

NCERT
sulfuric acid Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH
H2SO4

Acetate
CH3COO
calcium nitrate
Ca(NOsI2
Peroxide H2Oz
Ammonia
NHz Hydrogen
silver chloride AgCI

KAKSHA
Nitric acid
HNO3
Barium sulphate BaSO4
Phosphoric acid My PO4

Sodium Phosphate NazPO4 Magnesium sulphate Mg5O4

calcium carbonate
CaCO3
sodium sulphite NagSO3

Sodium Bicarbonate 0 xalic acid MgCgOU

NaMCOS
Sodium potassium dichromate KgCMg07
Hydroxide NaOH

Zinc chloride 2nC12

Calcium
Mydroxide ca (OH)2
Ethanol CaMsOH
Zinc
hydroxide InCOHCe
NitrOUS Acid HNOG
Zinc sulphate InS04

Potassium Hydroxide KOH Phosphorus Pentachloride PC13

-

sodium nitrite
5) Iver nitrate
AgNOz NaNOg

Potassiune
sodium carbonate NagCO3 Permagnate KMnO4

Boric acid NgBOg

Magnesium Hydroxide MgCONc
potassium nitrite KNOg
Methane CHy

Sodium chloride NaCL Tartaric acid C4M60g

carban tetra chloride CCly

Aluminium Hydroxide Al (OH)

sodium Iron oxide FegOS

sulphate NazSO4

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-
s-block
Perodia
oblock
NCERT
d-block
-
I I

KAKSHA
↑ ↑

f"block

NcertKaksha/Umesh
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