-4

Chapter
&
Moving charges
Magnetism
class 12
 Magnetic field: -

In electrostatics, we studied that a static charge produces an electric

field. Similarly, a moving charge or current flowing through a
conductor produces a magnetic field. The space in the surroundings of
a magnet or a current carrying conductor in which its magnetic
influence can be experienced is called magnetic field.

↳ Tesla -10aus
The SI unit of magnetic field is tesla (T)
strength
↳
The

sli
-
& NG
TESLD

Outside- N - S
- S-
Inside N

& ersted experiment:-

Consider a conducting wire AB be placed over the magnetic needle
parallel to it. It will be found that the North pole of needle gets
deflected towards the West as shown in Fig. (a). If the direction of
current is reversed, then the North pole of needle gets deflected
towards East as shown in Fig. (b).
f
-

A B
A B

NO ⑦ ↑Deflection &
eflection
&)
 Direction of Magnetic field: -

D) etermination of Magnetic field: -

Biot-Savart
# Law:-

Acc to this law." The

magnitude of at point P,
due to current element (Idl) is found to be directly
proportional to the current (I), the length of segment
(d)), Sind & Inversely proportional to the
" square
of distance from the wire to the
point (v).
dB & I

dB & SinO ↑- P (dB =

?)

·
·

dBd H
8
C b
c

-boafinga sing Scalar form

=>
 sino
No
dB: y

22 z
A B

on
obio rsing 23

the rector form

Magnetic field due to circular current

carrying loop: -

&I
Consider, a circular current carrying TI

!
loop with the centre'o', as shown
in fig. y
-> I

so
magnetic field intensity due to
selected current element is! -

I M

o
No sin
d B:

O = go"
AB:
No sin go
If N is the no. of circular
dB= If Loop:-
no 22
both side: B: WI
Integrate
-

SaB f **A E
2W
=

Not Se add
B:

Not, (1].
B:

toE
B: x 2 a

B=
WI
 Magnetic field due to an axis of circular Ring : -

:*

÷-¥i
a

'

; dB

dB since

Ho
2
dB ]
r

y
'
?É a
×

dB=M°_Idtˢj
4h B=M÷a÷ ,
R
[2- R ] - °

0=00
① B=M÷÷}r(2aR)
dB=M÷a -2¥
-

aar

Sino
B=Mˢz{sᵈ
B
-1dB 08

13=1%412%13
◦
2aR

f. ÷ -1¥ Sino
B-
,
✗
✗
In XOY : -
r
R r2=r2+a2
r
sin D= R
0 ( At
a- Oc
O P o
a
P
q
2aR

B=fM÷aId÷ %
0
13=1%-2%41×3
3=1%5%7,312
ZAR

13=1 ÷ Idf R '

2aR

B=M÷a% RJ ,
.
dl
2aR

[ d)
B=Mփ
R
◦
,
?⃝
 Ampere 's circuital law

"

Ace ,
to this law , the circulation of magnetic field
to Mo times the total
in a closed curve is
equal
current enclosed within the closed surface .

§
Iy
B. dl = µ◦ tin
Ii
①
• It is the att . method to find out Is

magnetic field
the .
④ 32 ⊖

This law is applicable for :

-

⑦
Is
B→ is tangential to its length
•
(dl ) .

• Ñ is normal to the length ( dl ) .

•
B→ is vanishes .

Application : -

# Magnetic field due to Infinite straight current

wire :
carrying +•
-

B ④ B
①
Consider a
loop straight wire g
^'
Current , Let
carrying I us select
>
's
loop circle , such
an Ampere as

that straight wire is

along the axis of
circular loop .
-
•

's
According to Ampere Law : -

MOI in
fall = Zar

§ Bdl =
-

B (2hr) Jin
=
µ ◦

Mo Zin
§ Bdl cos 0 =

µ 02in (0--0)
B=M{}
§ Bdl =

B§dl=µoIin
Solenoid ( Electromagnet )
• It is used to produce magnetic field .

wound in the
• It is an insulated long wire closely
form of a helix It's
.

length is
very long as
compare
to its diameter .

Solenoid & toroid have

•

symmetrically geometric shapes ,

therefore we can
apply Ampere 's Law to find B→ .

→
Helical Spring

0*-0 MHz
"
Base ( Non and )
µ
-

±
I v2

it)
k
-

-11-4 -

(a) (b)

Condition : -

→ wire should be insulated

→ when solenoid will be freely suspended ,

it rests in N -
S direction only if current
,

it It will behave like

is flown through .

a
Magnet .

Note : on
changing the polarity of battery
-

the solenoid will be rotates at 180° .

→
-
-
-
-
--
.
-
→ -

&
_
.

I ✓
I

I (outward )

④ ④ ⑨ ⑨④
ii. -
- - -
- - -

⊕
-
-
-
-
-
.
-

④ ⑦ ⊕ ⊕
.

I. (Inward )
#
Magnetic field due to solenoid at the centre of straight
solenoid : _

of
n
Let be the turns D.-
-
n no .
per •
c

unit length of this Solenoid

ICoutward )
↑
' '

by passing through

%
n & Current
@ ④ ⑨ ⑨
µ
' '
it will be I .
-
-
-
-
-

's
-
-

in the
-

Ampere loop
- - -

A- B- *
- -

select . _ . _ • - - - - - - - - - - - -
•
- - -
- - - -
-

shape rectangular with the

-
-
-
-
-
-

④ ⑦ ⊕ ⊕⊕
_

length & breadth of h & ,

I( Inward)
respectively .

The cross-Sectional View of a

we have to Calculate TB fig
by
solenoid shown in .

Ampere 's loop !

-

⑤ Bdl = Mo Zin -
①

Here , Net magnetic field : -

§ Bdl -_§BBdl+§i3dlt§Bdl § Bdl

A B C
+
D

§Bdlcoso°t§BdC/s9it§Édc¢s0°+§↑3dl¢s9o°
B

A B
C D

=
Bdl
A

B§Bdl A

§ Bdl = B [ h] -

②
Here ,
No .
of turns per unit length : -

n=
Nln or Ninh

current in solenoid : -
Put ② & ③ in ①
Iin = NI 13h =
µ ohh I

d-in = nh I
-

③ B = Mon I
Magnetic force ( Em or Mt ) : -

%
^^

"

It is a vector field that describes the Mt

-•
µ⑨
magnetic influence on an Electric
charges
moving charge !
• I
of other

08

A
charge that is moving in magnetic a

field experiences force which is perpendicular

a

to its own velocity & to the magnetic field

Fm = q(✗Ñ) or Fm =
qv Bsino

by magnetic force
:
Workdone
-

w= F. d A

W = FDA cos 90

W = 0

# Motion of a
charged Particle in the
magnetic field : -

When a
charged particle moving ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗

to the
perpendicular magnetic field .
✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗

so the
charge particle follow ✗ ✗ I ✗

circular field ⑨→
path in .
✗ ✗

Note : -
The
charged particle continuously follow
cured
path in the Magnetic field .
it
form →
Complete circle Btsnward]
* #
Pm :
The
charge experiences the
↑
-
.

✗ * Funk Fm ✗ ✗
Fm = qvbsino ⑨→ ←
⑨
✗ ✗
⑨ →
I
✗ ¥
•
✗ ✗ ✗
 →I Case I
) 0=900/2700
Case 2) 0--00/1800 B
↑B
→
'

qvbsino F=9VBsin90
F-
, %
F=0 f- =
QVB
B-
Maximum force
↳' do
Circular
Fm = Fc Trajectory : -

qVB=mrI
R=m→ Radius of curvature

too charged particle

R=q%(p=mu ) in circular Motion .

Time taken to rotate in circular Path : -

D= SXT

Frequency : -

1- = Dls =
29%
1- =
( Fps)
f- =÷={÷m
Angular freq
"
: -

-1=2%74 w=2af

w=2X9B/☒m
1-= 2am
/QB
w
-9¥
-

incl >

pus
⑨rN >
Helical
Path ,

>
Lorentz Force : _

It is the combination of Electric Magnetic force

& on a
due to
point charge Electromagnetic field .

The net force on the charged + + + + + +

particle : -
✗ × × ✗ Ñ
↑ Fm
Ém
→
×
⑨×→* ×
Fnet = +
ו•
# É
✗ ✗ ✗

qÉ+q(ÑxÑ )
"
= ✗ × × ×
→ - - - -

(FIB )]
- - -

Fnet =
q[ É +

Ex : Cyclotron Velocity selector cathode ray tube etc

-

, ,
,

are the
Examples of combination of Electric &
Magnetic field
motion in combined Electric field & Magnetic field : -

selector :
#
Velocity
-

It is a device that is used to choose the charged

particle with particular velocity from a beam of charged
particle moving with different speed .

It is a
region in which there is a uniform É&B→ field .

initial
Those
fields are
perpendicular to
velocity ( Uo)
of charged particles that are
passing through this

regions .

+ + + + t t
>
V. =/ ¥ ( f- c- < FB )

gg×✗✗×
i. Fe = FB
qE =
qVoB ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ v. =
Egg C- c- = f-
B)

c- = ✓◦ B
✗"✗"✗"✗">vo-t§ ( Fe > FD
Vo
¥
- - - - - - -
_
 Force on a culsent
carrying conductor in the

Magnetic field :
-

Condition : -

Fm ↑
N D ↑ >>>

§[
I

fro § £3
> > 2) Fm ↑ → wire 1- Ñ
,
¥ ' 2
3) Force direction

depends Current &

%
→
<
^ > Magnetic field
+ -

< <

> >

Fm ← '

q
↑
④ B→
ar ↑I ←

⇐ ¥F
_

: × tm
^

:
←
Fm '
↑
< >

< <

When a current
carrying conductor is placed in a
uniform
magnetic field then ,
due to motion of free electrons inside
the conductor ,
a
magnetic force acts on it .

'

horizontally by means of
'
Take Al rod AB suspended it

connecting wire from a stand , placed a horse Shoes -

Magnet in such way that rod is placed bet 2 poles

a

of magnet If current passes through the rod the rod

.

get deflected by Magnetic force & If we reverse the

polarity the deflection also reversed
,
.
?⃝
 Force on current
carrying conductor : -

I
F=qc✗B→) >

>
f- Bsino ✗t e
=
qv I
F- let ✗ B ✗ Sino
1. >

= ✗
>

I ✗ TL
D= SXT ,
I =

F = It B Sind or F = I / ÑXÑ]

Note : -

F F
→ ←

Attract Repel
^ IA I
I
^ I ✗

← F
→
F

Force bet Parallel Infinite Current Carrying Conductor : -

'

Let consider AB & A' B' 2 infinite A

→
us are a
+ •

y
,,
long / conductors Ii & Iz are
wire ,
the
currents flowing through them & these

are at d dist apart . .

I, I
21

I
→ ←
F-12

B '
±
- N
B _
•

K-d→1
 The 2ⁿᵈ wire (Iz ) is placed in the magnetic field of
1ˢᵗ wire ,
so that ,
2nd wire experience a force : -

"
¥ ,

- - - - - -

↑ -
-
-
-
2- - - - - - - -
-
BT
②
-
i. '
'
_
.
.

,
' ^
Ii F ← ,
r ,
I, ^ ^I
'
' - 2
-
-
-
-
" '
- -
-
- -

' '
- -
-
- - - - -
- - - - -

←d →

Force on 2nd wire wrto 1st

wire :
put ② in ①
-

: F = IBI Sind
E.
.

¥2 ,
=
Iz Bil Sind
=
"
/%;÷)e
¥ ,
=
Iz Bil (0--90) ¥ , MoI
①
=

e- 2nd
-

We know that : _

B=µ◦I_
Force per unit
length of
2ⁿᵈ wire with respect to
2hr
1st wire
②
M{a÷
.

Bi =
-

Force on 1ˢᵗ wire wrto 2nd

wire : -

"
①B→z -
-
-
- -
← - -
-
- -

÷
-

↑
, ,

, i
"

⑨→f I2 22
1 ^ '
A I,
"
'
- --
-
t
→
- - -
- - - - -
- ... . . . -

← d→
Force on 1ˢᵗ wire wrto 2nd
wire :
Put ② in ①
-

: F = IBI Sind
E.
.

¥2 = I , Bal Sind
=

-4/7%1
¥2 = Ii Bzl (0--90) Éz = MoI
-

① I 2nd
We know that : -

B =
MOI
Force per unit
length of
Ist wire
298
with respect to
2nd wire
MOI ②
.

Bz =
-

2nd

→ →

MOTI
ᵗ÷= 1¥ =

2nd

Define 1
Ampere ( In term of Force)
+0 too
Here ,

I, = I2=1 A

D= 1m

we know that : -

I ^ ^ 22
,

÷=M%%
e-
F
= 4a✗10_ - N -00
2X A ✗ I
K- d -5$
>
2×10 N
/m
_

It is a current which flows through each of the 2

parallel uniform
,

long conductor , which are placed apart at 1m from each other

and which attract or repel each other with a force of 2×10-7N/ m
of their lengths .
 Magnetic dipole Moment : -
(m) m m

"

It is the product of pole strength &

?
:
the dist between them ( vector .

guang
Ñ=m ✗ 21 ¥4
"

current
carrying loop as
Magnetic dipole : -

ii.
ii. !?!!
: "
⇐
i
,r-¥¥
& i
.
.

i
' ; ,
¥ ¥
,

'
←
-
'
i :< : i _ _
i ia
I
-

I ini
-

. r
'
!
'

i '
n
v.

Current
carrying loop
Bar Magnet
Magnetic Moment ( M)
It is defined as the
product of current and the

µ
area of loop .
<

Ñ=IÑ >
Ñ
Direction →
Right hand Rut
Torque on current loop in Uniform Magnetic field

Let us consider a
rectangular loop PQRS of length
' '
'
a' & breadth b . It carries current I , Then . this

loop is placed in a
uniform magnetic field I _

'
Let 0 be an
angle between normal of plane Ñ &
the direction of B→ .

aÉ↑b '
,
↑"
-4¥ :[
' Q

%
E ]
-

} ↑ n
i
B
F
£
^
✗ za ! Er
>

¥ Of
bsin
P 0
,
,
I ^ s
Since
# 0,1 =

×,
b) Top View
OR = b Sino

a) side view

i.
Torque generated current
carrying loop
on : -

T = F ✗ Perpendicular Dist .

I = f- ✗ ( )
☐ R -
①
QR : moment
In 00 :
Magnetic
-

. ,

DR = bsinl M = 2A

I = Fb Sino -
② for N turns : -

M = NIA
i. F = IBI Sind
I = MB Sino
'

l= a ,
0=90
or
e. IB ab Sind
Ñ✗B→
=
=
Here , ab = A ( Area )
T= IBA Sino
For N no .
of coil ? -

I = NIBA Sino
-

③
 Coit Galvanometer
Moving
It is a device used to detect small electric current or measure its magnitude.

Principle :
-

Its working is based on the fact that when a current carrying coil is
placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque.

Construction : -

The moving coil galvanometer consists of a coil with many turns free to
rotate about a fixed axis, in a uniform radial magnetic field. There is a
cylindrical soft iron core which not only makes the field radial but also
increases the strength of the magnetic field. When a current flows
through the coil, a torque acts on it.

Front View
",

Top View
"
"
""
"
"
'
"
"

I 1 1 11 I 1 1 11
Needle
@ spring .
-

*
Magnet '
Magnet

¥
N
.
S

11 11 11 11 1 11

working : -

" '

Let current I flow through the rectangular coil of

A' When
'

N no . of turns across the sectional area .

in Uniform Radial Magnetic field .IE )

coil is placed .

Then ,
the coil Experiences a
Torque .

I = NIAB Sind

T= NIAB (0--90)
-
①
 due to
It also experiences a
twisting torque
spring .

T →
Twisting Torque
tact of
-20 ∅ Deflection →
7- c
∅ scale

.
: C = Torsional constant

NIAB = C
§
I = #
NBA

Galvanometer constant : -

G-
TBA
$
§
i. I I✗
= G or

Sensitivity
Current Sensitivity Voltage Sensitivity
=

¥
=
¥
[
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Saud agar
_
Sir

- -
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